6.

Data and Analysis

Water density, = 1000 kg/m3

Water velocity of the jet by the nozzle with diameter d = 5 mm

Q
V
A
3

m liter 1 m

x
x

2 3
s s m 10 liter

where
V

= Water velocity (m/s)

= Volumetric flow rate of water

= Area of nozzle with diameter d (m2)

x d 2 ... m 2

2
x d mm x
4

m
3

10 mm

Hence, the force measured is

Fm ea

weight (gram)
x 9.81m/s
1000 gram/kg
gram x 9.81x 10 3 Newton

RESULTS
Flat plate
Standard Weight

= 700 (g)
Time
(Second)

Q
(L/S)

Maximum Weight
V
(m/s)

Fth
(Newton)

= 1300 (g)

Weight
Load
(Gram)

Actual
Weight
(Gram)

Fmea
(Newton)

1300
1200

600
500

5.89
4.90

14.38
16.16

0.348
0.309

17.67
15.74

6.13
4.86

1.247

0.770

1.197

0.690

1100

400

3.92

18.71

0.267

13.60

3.63

1.134

0.593

7.99

1000

300

2.94

21.31

0.235

11.97

2.81

1.078

0.468

4.63

900

200

1.96

28.10

0.178

9.12

1.63

0.960

0.292

20.25

800

100

0.98

42.78

0.117

5.96

0.70

0.775

-0.009

40.00

700

Log Fmea

Percentage of relative
error

Log V

Log Fmea

Percentage of relative
error

Fmea Fth
x100
Fth
12.07
0.82

Hemispherical plate
Standard Weight

= 700 (g)

Time
(Second)

Q
(L/S)

Maximum Weight
V
(m/s)

Fth
(Newton)

= 1700 (g)

Weight
Load
(Gram)

Actual
Weight
(Gram)

Fmea
(Newton)

1700

1000

9.81

13.38

0.374

19.05

14.25

1.280

0.992

31.16

1600

900

8.83

14.3

0.350

17.83

12.48

1.251

0.946

29.25

1500

800

7.85

15.36

0.326

16.60

10.82

1.220

0.895

27.45

1400

700

6.87

16.66

0.300

15.28

9.17

1.184

0.837

25.08

1300

600

5.89

17.56

0.285

14.51

8.27

1.162

0.770

28.78

1200

500

4.91

19.47

0.257

13.09

6.73

1.117

0.691

27.04

1100

400

3.92

21.75

0.230

11.71

5.38

1.069

0.593

27.14

1000

300

2.943

23.15

0.216

11.00

4.75

1.041

0.469

38.04

900

200

1.962

25.70

0.195

9.93

3.87

0.997

0.293

49.30

800

100

0.981

28.63

0.175

8.91

3.12

0.950

-0.008

68.56

700

Log V

Fmea Fth
x100
Fth

Graph of Log Fmea Vs Log V

1.200

y = 2.7744x - 2.4792
R = 0.9369
1.000

0.800

y = 1.6585x - 1.299
R = 0.9985

0.600
Flate plane
Hemispherical plate
Linear (Flate plane)
Linear (Hemispherical plate)

Log Fmea (N)

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

Log V (m/s)
-0.200

1.000

1.200

1.400

OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this experiment are:
1. To measure the force produced by a jet on flat and curved surfaces.
2. To compare the experimental results with the theoretically calculated values
INTRODUCTION:
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type of water
turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on to vanes
or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on the vanes
generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to develop power. Although the concept
is essentially simple, such turbines can generate considerable output at high efficiency. Powers in
excess of 100 MW, and hydraulic efficiencies greater than 95%, are not uncommon. It may be
noted that the Pelton wheel is best suited to conditions where the available head of water is great,
and the flow rate is comparatively small. For example, with a head of 100 m and a flow rate of 1
m3/s, a Pelton wheel running at some 250 rev/min could be used to develop about 900 kW. The
same water power would be available if the head were only 10 m and the flow were 10m3/s, but
a different type of turbine would then be needed
SUMMARY
In this experiment the force generated by the jet of water striking a flat plate or a hemispherical
cup is measured and results are compared to those of the computed flow rate in the jet. Through
the use of simple moments an equation was derived so that the force exerted by the jet using the
jockey weight , the graduated length of the pivot arm, and the distance from the pivot to the jet
acting at zero point of the jockey weight will be measured. The force acting on the surfaces for
various flow rates is also measured. Results are represented in a table and in form of graphs.