1.

D
[1]

2.

(a)

(1) for around carbon and its hydrogens

(1) for around oxygen and its hydrogen
Allow all dots or all crosses
Ignore circles around atoms
(b)

(i)

C(s) / (graphite) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) Correct species (1)

Allow oxygen above arrows rather than in box
Balancing and state symbols (1)
Second mark dependent on correct species except as below with
either hydrogen or oxygen or both as atoms
e.g
C(s) / (graphite) + 4H(g) + 4O(g)
Scores second mark

(ii)

Enthalpy / energy / heat(energy) change when one mole of a

substance (1)
Is formed from its elements (in their most stable / standard states) (1)
Under standard conditions of 298K/ 25 C / any stated temperature
AND 1 atm pressure / 101 kPa / 100 kPa (1)
Definitions based on lattice enthalpies may score third mark only

heat required / heat given out / heat taken in

(iii)

= -H1 + H2 (1)

= (2 285.8 + 393.5) (239.1)

= 726 (1)
Ignore units
Correct answer alone = 2 marks
+726 = 1
-440.2 = 1 if omit multiply by 2

Sri Lankan School

(c)

(i)

20.7 200 4.18 = 17305(.2) (J) ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 20000

OR
20.7 200 0.00418 = 17.305(2) kJ
ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 20
ignore signs
1
ignore mol

(ii)

0.848/32 = 0.0265 (mol)

ignore sf except 1 sf i.e. 0.03

(iii)

1
1

17305.2/0.0265 = 653000 (J mol ) (3sf)

OR
1

653 (kJ mol ) (3sf)

Ignore missing units but penalise incorrect units
Allow TE from (c)(i) & (ii)
(iv)

Any two from

As heat/energy absorbed by apparatus / heat/energy lost to
surroundings (1)
methanol not completely burnt / incomplete combustion (1)
methanol lost by evaporation (1)
cannot ensure all products are at standard conditions at end of
reaction / water is produced as a gas / reaction not carried out
in the standard conditions (1)

just heat/energy loss

just incomplete reaction
[14]

3.

B
[1]

Sri Lankan School

4.

(a)

(i)

system

= 109.2 + (6 69.9) 343 (1)

= (+)185.6(J mol

K ) / (+)186 (J mol

K ) (2)

K ) (1)

OR
(+) 0.186 (kJ mol

IGNORE units even if incorrect

correct answer with no working scores 2
Value using 1 for H2O = 163.9 scores 1
Use of value for H2O(g) (188.7) gives
1

898.4 (J mol

K ) (1)

correct value with incorrect sign scores 1

185
(ii)

Yes as (solid and) liquid forms (from solid) / number of moles

increases
OR

If S system in (i) is negative the sign is not as expected as liquid

forms from solid / number of moles increases

Disorder increases, with no ref to liquid or number of

moles
(iii)

First mark

S surroundings

88.1 (1000)
298
=
(1)

Second mark
= 295.6375
1 1
= 295.6 J mol K (1)
correct units must be shown but order not important
OR
1

0.2956 kJ mol K (1)

correct units must be shown but order not important
correct answer with or without working and correct units scores (2)
ignore sf except 1
correct value with positive sign scores 1

Sri Lankan School

(iv)

(185.6295.6)
1 1
= 110 (J mol K )
OR
0.110 (kJ mol

K )

could use 186 or 296 etc

TE from (a)(i) and (iii)
(+)602.8 (J mol
459.5 (J mol

K ) if value for 6H2O(g) was used in (a) (i)

K ) if value for one H2O was used in (a) (i)

Answers where values in J are added to kJ

(v)

Decomposition (at 298 K) will not occur as S total is negative /

Reactions are only spontaneous if total entropy change is positive /
decomposition not thermodynamically feasible / (hydrated cobalt
chloride) is thermodynamically stable
TE if answer to (a)(iv) is positive showing decomposition (at 298 K)
may occur
OR
Positive total entropy change doesnt indicate rate of reaction

(b)

(i)

First mark
Thermometer (1)
Second mark (dependent on first)
depends on choosing thermometer
as temperature change is small /
(%) error in balance smaller than for temperature reading
(%) error in pipette smaller than for temperature reading
(can be shown by calculation) /
as scale with greater degree of precision needed / scale with more
graduations needed (1)
IGNORE any references to accurate thermometer

(ii)

Use more cobalt chloride / less water (1)

To increase temperature rise (1)
Mark independently

Just use more reactants

Use more cobalt chloride and more water
repeat expt
add a lid or extra insulation to beaker
use distilled water

Sri Lankan School

(c)

(i)

QWC
Radius (of cation) increases (down group)
OR any two values of radius:
2+
2+
2+
Mg = 0.072, Ca = 0.100 / Sr = 0.113 (nm) data may be
shown beside the table (1)
2+

Radius Co = 0.065 nm
2+
OR Co radius smaller than other ions (1)
2+

Data on EITHER Co OR data showing increase in radius down

Group II required for BOTH of first two marks
Force of attraction between ions decreases (as radius of ions increases)
/ charge density of ions decreases / negative ion can come closer to
nucleus of positive ion (1)
ALLOW weaker ionic bonds
1

Predict lattice energy 2550 to -2900 (kJ mol ) (1)

IGNORE sign

Atomic radii unless ionic radii also given

Radius of cobalt chloride
Polarising power decreases
(ii)

First mark
Reference to enthalpy of hydration (may be in equation Hsolution
= -LE + Hhydration) (1)
Second mark
Solubility depends on relative size of lattice energy and enthalpy
of hydration (1)
Third mark
EITHER
Solubility more likely if Hsolution is negative
OR
(If Hsolution is positive,) may / will dissolve if Stotal is positive
ACCEPT solvation instead of hydration

Sri Lankan School

(d)

QWC
First mark
1
Third ionization energy high(er) for Mg / Mg = 7733 kJ mol , (third
1
ionization energy for Co = 3232 kJ mol ) (1)
Second mark
(Third ionization energy for Mg is high) because the electron is being
removed from an inner shell / full shell / 2p level / 2p orbital (1)
OR
Not compensated by higher lattice energy for Mg
of MgCl3 would be highly endothermic) (1)

3+

(and so Hformation
2
[20]

5.

B
[1]

6.

A
[1]

7.

(a)

MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

+

2+

ALLOW MgCO3(s) + 2H (aq) Mg (aq) + CO2(g) +H2O(l)

All formulae and balancing (1)
State symbols mark independently; can be given even if eg MgCl2
formula incorrect or for H2CO3(aq)(1)
2

CO3 (s) + 2H (aq) CO2(g) +H2O(l) (1 mark max)

ALLOW 1 missing/incorrect state symbol
(b)

Any two from

Bubbles (of gas)/ fizzing/ effervescence (1)
Solid disappears/ disintegrates /gets smaller /dissolves
OR MgCO3 disappears (if given as solid in (i)) (1)
IGNORE clear solution forms
Mixture gets warmer/cooler OR temperature change occurs/ heat
change occurs(1)

Carbon dioxide /gas given off

Precipitate forms (no TE for MgCl2(s))
Just exothermic

Sri Lankan School

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Moles acid = ((25 2/ 1000)) = 0.05/0.050 / 5 10

Ignore units and sf

Mass Mg CO3 = ((0.05 84.3 2)) = 2.1075/ 2.108 /2.11/2.1 (g)

ALLOW TE from (c)(i) and (a)
ALLOW Moles acid 84.3 2 for TE(from (i) (1) (4.2(15)) if factor
of 2 missing for TE from (a))
Ignore sf except 1 sf
Ignore units

2 / 2.12(g)
(iii)

To ensure all acid reacts/ all acid is used up / to ensure product

is neutral/ it (HCl) is neutralised

All reactants used up To ensure reaction is complete

(without reference to HCl) To ensure yield is high To
ensure magnesium carbonate is in excess
(iv)

Filter
ALLOW centrifuge/ decant/ pour off / (use) filter paper
Ignore comments about heating solution first to concentrate it

Sieve
Collect MgCl2 in filter paper
Use filter paper to dry crystals
Evaporate

Sri Lankan School

(v)

100% yield = (203.3 0.025) /5.08(25)g) (1)

(3.75 100)
yield = 5.08
= 74% (1)
OR

(3.75
Mol magnesium chloride = 203.3)
= 0.018445/0.01845/0.0184/0.018 (1)

(100 0.01845)
0.025
yield =
= 74% (1)
Second mark can be given as TE if expected
yield or number of moles is wrong.
ALLOW 73.82/73.78/73.8 /73.6 /other answers rounding to 74%
from earlier approximations /72 (from 0.018 moles)
Allow TE from (a) and or (c)(i) and or (c)(ii) If the ratio HCl to
MgCl2 is 1:1 ans 37% (2)
If moles of HCl in (c)(i) are wrong (2)
If (a) and (c)(i) are correct 37% scores (1)
If moles MgCO3 = 0.05 allow TE giving 37/ 36.9% Ignore sf except 1 sf 2
70
(vi)

Some stays in solution / losses on transferring from one container to

another/ loss on filtering /crystals left behind/some left on filter paper etc
Any one
ALLOW correct answers with other comments which are not incorrect
eg there may be some spillage and also .
1
Incomplete reaction/side reaction Lost as waste products
Lost to environment Lost in manipulation? Hydrolysis
Weighing errors Just spillage

(d)

(i)

Not 100% ionic /almost completely ionic

OR
(partial) covalent character/ almost no covalency
OR
Discrepancy in BH values indicates polarisation (of ions) (1)
Mark can be given if answer here refers to bond strength and the
answer above is included in (ii)

Magnesium chloride is covalent Magnesium chloride is

partially ionic
Just polarity of ions

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

QWC

I larger (than Cl-) (1)

so (ion) easier to polarise /distort (1)
nd

ALLOW for 2 mark

increases covalent character / more covalent than MgCl2 / converse
for MgCl2 / description of polarisation instead of the term
If clearly ions, allow reference to iodine instead of iodide (iodine
has a larger ion)
Read in conjunction with (i). Direct comparison not needed if (i)
covers bonding in chloride.

Size of atoms rather than ions I2 is larger than Cl2

I2 molecules are polarised Mg

2+

is polarised

Iodine more electronegative than chlorine

(e)

(i)

(100 20)
3
10 6
= 2 10 (g)
ALLOW 0.002(g)
1/500 (g)
6
2 10 kg
IGNORE % as unit
2 10

(ii)

= 0.0002

(More) soluble (in water)/ (more) soluble in blood stream/ can be given
as solution/ wont produce gas in stomach / wont react with stomach
acid/ doesnt produce CO2 Converse answers for MgCO3
Or other valid answers
ALLOW can be given in liquid form
1
MgCl2 is a liquid
MgCO3 is too reactive
[16]

Sri Lankan School

8.

(a)

Allow formulae throughout instead of names

Test : add bromine (water) /bromine solution ALLOW bromine gas
/bromination (1)
Result: no change with hexane / stays orange brown/ stays red brown/ stays
yellow and
nd
goes colourless with hex-1-ene(1) 2 mark cq on 1st
OR
Test : add (acidified) potassium manganate((VII)) (solution) (1)
ALLOW potassium permanganate for potassium manganate(VII)
Result: no change with hexane/stays purple
and
goes colourless / brown with hex-1-ene (1)
OR
Test : add alkaline potassium manganate((VII)) (solution) (1)
ALLOW potassium permanganate for potassium manganate(VII)
Result: no change with hexane/stays purple
|and
goes green with hex-1-ene (1)

Smokiness of flame
Bromide
Iodine
Goes clear
(b)

(i)

ALLOW Partially or fully displayed as long as the two H are trans

Allow bonds which go closer to the H than to C of alkyl
groups on l.h.s.
(ii)

QWC
C=C restricts rotation/ C=C prevents twisting /C=C cant rotate/ lack
of free rotation round C=C (so the groups cant change position
relative to the bond) (1)
Hex2-ene has different groups on the C at each end of C=C /
hex-1-ene has 2 hydrogens on the C at one end of C=C / hex-1-ene
doesnt have different groups on the C at one end of C=C / hex-1-ene
has no group which takes priority on the C at one end of C=C (1)
(answer can be considered from either hex 1- ene or hex-2-ene)

Alkenes cant rotate Double bond is fixed Bonds cant rotate

Double bond is on first carbon (unless further
explanation)

Sri Lankan School

10

(c)

(i)

ignore signs
(50 46 4.18) = 9614(J)/ 9.614 kJ (if converted to kJ
units must be stated)
ALLOW 9610 / 9600 /9.61 kJ /9.6 kJ

(50.32 46 4.18) = 9676(J)

(ii)

One mark each for moles of hexane energy change sign, units,
2 sig figs (for energy change calculated)
3

Moles hexane = 0.32/86 = (3.72 10 ) (1)

3
(9614/ 3.72 10 ) = 2584000 J/ 2584 kJ (1)
1
1
6
1
DH = -2600 kJ mol /-2 600 000 J mol / -2.610 J mol (1)
Allow TE:
1
1
0.32g in (i) (gives 61.53J), DH = -17 kJ mol /-17 000 J mol
4
1
/-1.710 J mol
50.32g in (i) (gives 9676J) DH = -2600 kJ mol
1
6
/-2.610 J mol
3

Rounding of moles to 410

max 2 (loses moles mark)

/-2 600 000 J mol

gives 2400 kJ mol

or-15 kJ mol

Answer alone (3)

Max 2 if negative sign missing and/or more than 2 sf or error in units 3
(iii)

Any 2 from:

Heat losses (from calorimeter)/ poor insulation

Incomplete combustion/burning

Incomplete transfer of heat/ loss by convection

Evaporation of fuel (after weighing)

Heat capacity of calorimeter (not included)/ heat absorbed

by calorimeter

Measurements not carried out under standard conditions

/H2O is gas, not liquid, in this experiment

Just energy losses

Not all hexane burns
Data books give average values
Hexane is impure
Human error

Sri Lankan School

11

(iv)

Error in reading temperature is less than the effect of ignoring heat

loss etc
ALLOW
Other errors are greater than error in temperature reading / Readings
are within margins of error/ The accuracy with the thermometer is
not significantly different from other measurement errors / 0.1C
is insignificant compared to temperature change / Using 0.1C
thermometer does not change significant figures in final answer
/ Using 0.1C thermometer does not reduce errors
1
Using 0.1C thermometer gives a more precise reading but
does not improve accuracy

(d)

(i)

Nickel / Ni
Finely divided nickel/ Raney nickel
ALLOW Platinum /Pt Palladium/ Pd Rhodium/ Rh
Accept one of the above answers combined with a comment
such as at high temperature, heat also needed, under
pressure, lumps of, powdered
Accept combinations of above answers eg Pt and Pd

Zeolite
Carbon
Hydrogen
Uv light
(ii)

Left hand arrow, pointing down, labelled DHc hex-1-ene + DHc

hydrogen/ -4003-286/-4289
OR
Pointing up with signs given above reversed (1)
Right hand arrow pointing down labelled DHc hexane / 4163
OR
Pointing up with signs given above reversed (1)
Ignore oxygen on both arrows
Arrows may be labelled DH1 etc if key given or use of numbers in
calculation makes this obvious.
(DHreaction 4163 = -4003 286 / or words applying Hess law correctly)
(DHreaction = 126 however obtained(1)
TE: If arrows point up and signs are not reversed (DHreaction = +126
Max (1)
3

Sri Lankan School

12

(iii)

Same (number and type of) bonds are broken and made in each reaction
/ one C=C (and one H-H) are broken and two C-H made
ALLOW
reaction is CH=CH- + H2 -CH2-CH2- each time
(Similar energy change) as in each case H2 reacts with C=C

All are alkenes going to alkanes

all have the same double bond which reacts in the same
way
[17]

9.

C
[1]

10.

C
[1]

11.

A
[1]

Sri Lankan School

13

12.

(a)

(i)

Energy change

Letter

H/kJ

mol
1

Lattice energy
for sodium
chloride

-775

Enthalpy change
of atomization
of sodium

+109

Enthalpy change
of atomization
of chlorine

+121

First ionization
energy of
sodium

+494

First electron
affinity of
chlorine

Enthalpy change
of formation of
sodium chloride

6 correct letters (3)

5 or 4 correct letters (2)
3 or 2 correct letters (1)
1 or 0 correct letters (0)
(ii)

-411

Expression such as:

D
= C + B + A+ F + E
- 411 = + 109 + 494 + 121 + F + ( 775)
F = 411 109 494 121 + 775 (1)
Answer:
1

F = 360 (kJ mol ) (1)

Check empty box in 22(a)(i), as
answer may be written there.
Answer must follow from working
Correct answer only (2)
Correct answer with some consistent working (2)

Sri Lankan School

14

(b)

(i)

(Bonding in NaCl) 100% ionic

OR
almost completely ionic
OR
no covalent character/(very) little covalent character

Molecule (0)
(ii)

QWC
AgI has (a degree of) covalent character (1)
due to polarization or distortion (of the anion) (1)

(c)

QWC
Any two of the following:

(outermost) electron further from the nucleus/atoms get

bigger/more shells

(outermost) electron more shielded (by inner shells of e-)

(force of) attraction between nucleus and (outermost)

electron decreases (down the Group) OR (outermost)
electron held less strongly (down the Group) OR (outermost)
electron becomes easier to remove (down the Group)

IGNORE any references to(effective) nuclear charge or more protons.

ions get bigger (down Group)

[10]

13.

(a)

(i)

2.90
58 = 0.05(00) (mol)
correct answer only (1)

(ii)

200 4.18 58.2

= 48655 (J) OR 48.655 kJ (1)
for correct T(1)
IGNORE sf
IGNORE signs at this stage

Sri Lankan School

15

(iii)

48655
0.0500 = 973 100 (J mol1)
= 973 kJ mol

(3 s.f.) / 973000 J mol

(3 s.f.)

answer (1)
sign and units (1)
[Do not award sign and units mark if
units given are just kJ or just J]
three sig figs (1)

(b)

(i)

CQ on (a)(i) & (ii)

Heat loss/energy loss

Accept
Incomplete combustion
OWTTE
IGNORE experimental error/
departure from standard conditions

Anything related to average values (0)

(ii)

Difference: less exothermic / less negative

IGNORE higher if written with less exothermic/less negative
Accept just lower/ less (1)
Justification: energy taken in to form gas/energy required to form
gas/energy needed to form gas/takes heat in to form gas/heat
required to form gas
Or reverse argument (1)
Mark these two points
independently

Just higher (0)

Just H2O(g) is not waters standard state

Sri Lankan School

16

(c)

(i)

Enthalpy / energy / heat (energy) change

(when)
one mole of a substance/one mole of a compound (1)
is formed from its elements (in their most stable states) (1)
298K / 25C / a stated temperature AND 1 atm pressure/100 kPa (1)
IGNORE any references to concentration

energy required
OR
energy released
one mole of product(s)
is formed from its reactants
room temperature/rtp
(ii)

Cycle or formula expression

H f = H1 H2
= (2 394) + (2 286) ( 870)
1

= 490 (kJ mol )

correct expression or cycle (1)

evidence for doubling both

H c [C] and H c [H2 ] (1)

answer (1)

Correct answer with no working scores full marks

3
[15]

14.

B
[1]

15.

C
[1]

Sri Lankan School

17

16.

D
[1]

17.

(a)

(b)

(c)

1
[3]

18.

D
[1]

19.

(a)

(b)

50
(6.02 10 24 )=
24
24
24
1.25 10 / 1.254 10 / 1.26 10
Allow TE from a
23

Mr = (23 + 42) = 65 (1)

50
Mass = (2 65 72 ) (1)
= 90/ 90.3g (1) Allow TE from (c)

1
1

Reject wrong unit eg kg

(c)

decrease

(d)

QWC (i) & (iii)

Sodium is hazardous (1)
May go on fire with water/ produces flammable gas with water/
produces explosive gas with water/ produces strong alkali with
water/ reacts with moisture on skin and becomes hot /corrosive (1)
nd

mark depends on reference to sodium

Reject unspecific comments about sodium being

poisonous / toxic / flammable without reference to water.
[8]

Sri Lankan School

18

20.

(a)

(i)

4410

(ii)

0.015

(iii)

(4.41/ 0.015) = 294 kJ mol

Value (1)
Negative sign and units (1)
TE for answer to (i)/ answer to (ii)

(iv)

QWC
Any two of:
Use an insulated container/(expanded) polystyrene cup
Use a lid
Use a thermometer calibrated to at least 0.5 C

(b)

(i)

QWC
No effect, as all copper nitrate reacts anyway. (1)
Enthalpy change is based on mass of solution heating up
/ SHC of the metal is very low. (1)

(ii)

QWC
Yes, temperature rise is smaller than it should be(1)
So enthalpy change less negative (1)

(c)

Use more concentrated solution (with correspondingly more magnesium). 1

[11]

21.

(a)

A Cu(g)
+
B Cu (g)
C 2Br(g)
2 marks for all correct but max 1 if state symbols wrong/ missing
1 mark for 2 correct
()

D Hf

Sri Lankan School

/ (standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of CuBr2) (1)

19

(b)

DHf = DHa(Cu) + Em1(Cu) + Em2(Cu) + 2 DHa(1/2 Br2) + 2 Eaff(Br) + DHlatt

OR
Lattice energy = D(other enthalpy changes) (1)
Can be shown using the numbers
= 141.8 (338.3 + 746 + 1958 + 2 111.9 + 2 342.6) = 141.8 2580.9
1
= 2722.7 = 2723 (kJ mol ) (2)
max 1 if no multiples of 2 for Br
max 2 (out of 3) if positive sign

(c)

(i)

QWC
Not 100 % ionic/ has some covalent character

Reject answers where it is not clear that bonding has

some intermediate character, but not entirely ionic or
covalent
(ii)

Non-spherical bromide / negative ion with bulge towards

copper / positive ion (1)

1
[8]

22.

(a)

Initially CuSO4 in excess so amount of reaction depends on amount of Zn

or
More CuSO4 reacts (as more Zn added) (1)
Accept CuSO4 in excess
Accept more Zn reacts
Reject reaction is exothermic
Graph levels off because all CuSO4 used up (1)

Accept Zn now in excess

Reject just Reaction is complete
(b)

(i)

Heat capacity (of metal)

low (compared with that of solution)

Accept metal has negligible/low specific heat capacity

Accept metal absorbs (much) less heat (than
solution/water)
(ii)

q = 50 63.5 4.18 = 13271.5 J

Units, if given, must be correct
Ignore signs

Accept 13300/13270/13272
Accept answer in kJ only if units stated
Reject 13271

Sri Lankan School

20

(iii)

1.25
Moles CuSO4 = 50 1000 = 0.0625 (1)
Correct answer with some working scores full marks
Accept Ecf from moles

13271.5
DH = () 0.0625 1000 (1)
1

= 212 (kJ mol )

1 mark for negative sign
1 mark for answer to 3 SF
Units, if given, must be correct

Accept Ecf from (ii) gives 213/212/212

(c)

(i)

Extra precision negligible compared with

approximations in calculations/heat loss

Accept measuring cylinder is least accurate measuring

instrument
(ii)

Use a lid on the cup (to reduce heat loss)

Accept extra insulation for cup

Accept weigh CuSO4 solution
Accept use burette/pipette to measure volumes
Reject repeat experiments
OR
use more accurate balance
OR
Smaller mass intervals
[10]

23.

(a)

BOX A
Ag(g) (1)
BOX B
F(g) (1)
C: enthalpy (change) of formation (of AgF )/Hf /Hformation (1)
IGNORE reference to standard

Accept heat of formation

Sri Lankan School

21

(b)

(i)

EITHER
Reference to atoms or molecules or F2 or I2 scores
(0) overall
FIRST MARK:
EITHER
iodide (ion) larger than fluoride (ion)
Accept just iodide has smaller charge density than
fluoride scores first mark
OR
Sum of ionic radii in AgI larger (than in AgF)
AgX scores (0) overall
OR

halide ion or X or anion increases in size down group (1)

Accept atomic radius of halide ion/X /anion increases

(down group)
SECOND MARK:
Charges (on anions) same (1)
THIRD MARK:
(so) weaker (forces of) attraction between ions (in AgI) (1)
Accept weaker ionic bonding (1)
Reject just weaker bonding (in AgI)
CORRECT REVERSE ARGUMENTS CAN SCORE ALL THE MARKS
OR
First and second combined by stating

I (ion) larger than F (2)

Accept just iodide has smaller charge density than
fluoride scores only one mark
THIRD MARK:
(so) weaker (forces of) attraction between ions (in AgI) (1)

Accept weaker ionic bonding (1)

Reject just weaker bonding (in AgI)
IGNORE ANY REFERENCES TO POLARISATION OF
IONS ANYWHERE IN (b)(i)

Sri Lankan School

22

(ii)

Theoretical value (assumes) 100% ionic OR

no covalent character (1)
(Experimental value is different) due to covalency
OR covalent character OR polarisation of anion(1)

Mention of AgX OR molecules scores (0)

(iii)

(as) size of anion increases (down group) (1)

Accept atomic radius of halide ion/X /anion increases

(down group)
Mention of AgX OR molecules scores (0) unless
already penalised in (b)(ii)
(anions) more easily polarised (down group) OR
more distortion of anion (down group) (1)
Accept more covalent character/ more covalent for
second mark
Reject more covalent bonding (0)
MARK THESE POINTS INDEPENDENTLY

2
[10]

24.

(i)

HSOLN = HLATT + HHYD

OR
= (958) + (464) + (506) (1)
1
= 12 (kJ mol ) (1)
Accept 12 kJ
CORRECT ANSWER ALONE SCORES 2

+12 scores (0)

(ii)

AgF soluble / AgF slightly soluble (1)

1

If +12 (kJ mol ) in (i), AgF insoluble (1)

as HSOLN exothermic / negative (1)
Accept because endothermic / positive (1)
MARK INDEPENDENTLY
Mark CQ on sign and magnitude of answer in (i)

2
[4]

Sri Lankan School

23

25.

(a)

Heat/enthalpy/energy change (for a reaction) is independent of

the path/route taken (depending only on the initial and final states)
OR
Heat/enthalpy/energy change (for a reaction) depends only on the
initial and final states.

Accept enthalpy change for a direct path is the same as

that of an indirect path.
Reject enthalpy change for the reaction is the same as
the sum of the values for each step.
(b)

heat change (= mC)

1 1
= 30g 4.18 J C g (30.123.7) C
for this expression or the answer
= (+)803 (J). (1)
Accept (+) 802.56 or 803 or 802.56
Units do not have to be in the calculation.
If candidate believes that 803 or 803 is the value of H
next two marks are lost.
H1 = 803 J 0.0187 mol
= 43 for sign and value (rounded or unrounded) (1)
1
to 2sf only and kJ mol (1) if value and units do not agree
loses both second and third marks
Correct answer plus some working (3)

Accept 802.56 0.0187

Accept 43000 J mol

Sri Lankan School

(2)

24

(c)

(i)

Multiplies the KHCO3 equation by 2 (1)

and subtracts the K2CO3 equation from it (1)
This can come from a cycle.
H = 2H2 H1 scores these first two marks
if H = H1 2H2 loses second and third marks
if H = H1 + 2H2 loses second and third marks
H = 2H2 H1
1

= (+ 29.3 2) (43) kJ mol

1
= (+)101.6 (kJ mol ) (1)
IGNORE SF
Correct answer plus some working (3)
Accept (+)101.5 if candidates uses 42.9 from (b).
Failing to multiply by 2 loses first mark above, but can then
score max 2 as follows:
H = H2 H1 (1)
1

(ii)

= +29.3 ( 43) kJ mol

1
= (+)72.3 kJ mol (1).
Third mark is consequential on candidate answer in (b),
1
e.g. if (b) equals + 43 kJ mol the answer will be
1
(+)15.6/15.7 kJ mol

QWC
reaction in solution produces H2O(l)
whereas thermal decomposition produces H2O(g)
OR
water produced in the decomposition is gaseous which is
not the standard state
OR
energy is required to vapourise (liquid) water

Reject heat required to vapourise water must be taken

into account

Sri Lankan School

25

(d)

First mark:
Kc is smaller as forward reaction is endothermic (1)
Equilibrium moves to left and so K falls scores (0)
Second mark:
The second mark can only be awarded if the amount of reactant/product
changes because of a change in Kc.
Increases the amount of KHCO3 /reactants
OR
decreases amount K2CO3 /products (1).
If Kc is said to be larger, then the second mark can be awarded
consequentially for saying that the amount of KHCO3 decreases, etc.

Accept equilibrium shifts to the left

Reject more KHCO3 than K2CO3
[10]

26.

(i)

3S (s) + O2 (g) + 2H2 (g)

correct entities (1)
state symbols and balancing (1)

(ii)

Energy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed (1)

from its elements (in their standard states) (1)
at 298K/quoted temperature and 1atm (1)

(iii)

(2 285.8) (296.8 +(2 20.6)) (1)

= 233.6/234 (kJ mol1) (1)
Allow transferred error for one minor slip (e.g. 20.4 instead of 20.6)
but not for omission of multiples.
Ignore units

Reject 233
Reject 230
[7]

Sri Lankan School

26

27.

(a)

N/N2 goes from 0 to 3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1)

If the oxidation number of N goes down hence reduced and the

oxidation number of H goes up and hence oxidised (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation and
which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified, scores
zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen scores
zero.
(b)

(i)

Calculation of bonds broken 463 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)

Calculation of bonds made 3886/ (= 2328) (1)
1
H = 76 (kJ mol ) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above

Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks

Correct answer alone scores 2 marks
(ii)

Average / mean bond enthalpy used for NH bond / ammonia

Reject just average bond enthalpies used

(iii)

Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong NN (1)
[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because NN is 944/ total bond breaking energy is
1
high/2252(kJ mol )

Sri Lankan School

27

(c)

(i)

QWC
One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are
successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more
successful conditions per unit time
Reject just more successful collisions
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E Ecat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just more successful collisions
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can
bond / be adsorbed) (1)

(ii)

Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.

Do not penalise just more collisions are successful more
than once

QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1)

Accept low temperature H is negative

Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]

Sri Lankan School

28

28.

(a)

(i)

Mass = 25 + 22.75 = 47.75 (1) or in equation below

47.75 4.18 10.5 = 2096 (J) (1)
(=2100 (J))
consequential on calculated mass

Accept correct answer with some working (2)

nd
Use of incorrect mass (e.g. m = 1 g) can gain 2 mark
Accept answer changed to kJ

(ii)

25 1.5
Moles (water)= 1000 = 0.0375 (1)
2096
( )
(1000 .0375) (1)
DH =
1

= 55.9 (kJ mol ) (1)

both value, in kJ mol1, and sign needed
[ignore SF]
Accept correct answer 55.9 or 56.0 kJ mol
working (3)
2100
()
(1000 .0375) (1)
DH =

3
1

with some

= 56.0 (kJ mol ) (1)

scores full marks
Conversion to kJ can be at final stage
(b)

Any one of
No heat is lost (to the surroundings)
OR
Polystyrene cup or thermometer have negligible heat capacity
OR
All the acid was transferred (from the beaker) to the polystyrene cup

Accept takes up negligible heat

[6]

29.

(a)

(i)

H6

(ii)

H 5
1
OR H 5
2
2

Reject DH5

Sri Lankan School

29

(b)

Either
Hf = H2 + H3 + H4 + H5 + H6
OR
Hf = (+178) + (1735) + 2 (+218) + 2 (73) + (2389)
1

= 186 (kJ mol ) (1)

Correct answer with no working (2)
Ignore kJ

2
[First mark only if doubles both Hat and electron affinity
for hydrogen]
[2nd mark is only consequential on failure to multiply
either Hat or electron affinity or both giving: 404 /
1

113 /331 (kJ mol )]

+186 scores (0)
+404 / +113 /+331 scores (0)

Sri Lankan School

30

(c)

EITHER
First mark:
Magnesium/Mg ion smaller (radius) than calcium/Ca ion
Or
the sum of the ionic radii in MgH2 smaller (than in CaH2) (1)
Accept magnesium ion has greater charge density than
calcium ion for first mark.
Reject reference to atoms or molecules or H2 scores zero
overall.
Second mark:
but charges the same (1)
Third mark:
(so) stronger (forces of) attraction between ions (in MgH2) (1)
[Correct reverse arguments can score both marks]
rd

Accept stronger ionic bonding for 3 mark in either

case.
+

rd

If H ions or hydrogen ions referred to, 3 mark cannot

be awarded in either case
rd

If just stronger bonding in MgH2, 3 mark cannot be

awarded in either case
OR
First and second mark combined:
2+
2+
2+
Mg (ion) or Mg (cation) smaller (radius) than Ca (2)
Third mark:
(so) stronger (forces of) attraction between ions (in MgH2) (1)
[Correct reverse arguments can score both marks]
Ignore references to polarisation of the hydride ion or covalent
character in the hydrides.
Ignore references to energy required to separate ions/break bonds

3
[7]

30.

(a)

Mg(s) + C(graphite) + 1O2(g) in both left hand boxes

Balancing (1)
state symbols for Mg/C/O2 must be present and correct at least once (1)

Accept C(s)
Accept everything in all boxes doubled (allow 2HCl rather
than 4HCl)
Reject equation with CO or CO2 in it

Sri Lankan School

31

(b)

(i)

0.1
3
0 24 = 4.17 10 / 0.00417

Accept 0.00416 (recurring)

Accept 0.0042
Reject 0.004
Reject 0.00416
(ii)

Moles of HCl at the start = 0.2 (1)

Moles of HCl reacted = 2 0.00417
= 0.00834 (1)
Moles of HCl left = 0.2 0.00834
= 0.19166 (1)
ignore sf

Accept transferred error from (b)(i)

Eg 0.192
0.1917
Reject 0.2
Accept 0.196
(forgetting to multiply by 2)
Worth max of 2
(ii)

Axes labelled and suitable scale must cover more than half
the provided grid and time must be on the horizontal axis (1)
All points plotted accurately and suitable curve/straight lines (1)
From 0 to 1 minute, must be straight horizontal line.
From 1 to 2 minutes, vertical or sloping line to 25.3 or
above. From 2 to 6 minutes, straight line or smooth curve.

Reject temperature scale starting at 0C (1 max)

(iv)

Energy change = 4.2 100 4.5

= 1.89 (kJ)

Accept 1890 (J)

Accept 1.9 (kJ)
Accept 1900 (J)
Accept with either + or or no sign
Reject answers using mass = 100.1g
Giving 1891.89 (J)
1
1
Reject J mol kJ mol

Sri Lankan School

32

(v)

1.89
DH = 0.00417
1
= 453 kJ mol (2)
1 mark for number and 1 for sign and units

Accept TE from (b)(i) and (iv)

Second mark dependent on the first
(vi)

Either lines drawn on graph to show maximum temperature

rise should be 4.5
Or
Some heat loss (and so the reading of 4.3 was too small)

Accept max temperature between 1 and 2 minutes

Reject rounded up to nearest 0.5
(c)

(i)

24 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 84 (g) (1)
Number of moles = 2.2/84 = 0.0262 / 0.02619 (1)
Ignore sf except if only 1 (i.e. 0.03)

Accept 0.026
Reject 0.0261
Reject 0.02

(ii)

1.05
H = 0.0262
1
= 40.1 kJ mol

Accept correct sign and units needed for mark

Allow K instead of k 40.131
Allow TE from (c)(i)
Reject 40.1
(d)

Hf = H1 + H2 H3 (1)
= 453 680 + 40
1
= 1090 kJ mol (1)

Only penalise missing units once

Accept 1093
Accept transferred error:
H1 = (b)(v)
H2 = 680
H3 = (c)(ii)
correct answer with no working gets 2 marks
Reject incorrect application of Hesss Law (0)

Sri Lankan School

33

(e)

Elements dont react together to form magnesium carbonate

Reject hard to measure temperature of solid

[18]

31.

455.6 + 4 121.7 (4 407.4)

Multiples (1)
Hess applied (1)
1
= 687(.2) kJ mol (1)
ignore sig fig
In general deduct one mark for each mistake
One wrong or missing multiples (2max)
Hess the wrong way round (2max)
No sign with answer (2max)
Examples: +169.9 (no multiples at all is two errors) (1)
1052.3/+535 (either multiple missing) (2)
930.6 (2 Cl atomisation) (2)
+687.2 (Hess misapplied) (2)
+1052.3/535/+930.6 (1)
169.9 (0)
[3]

32.

(a)

Correct answer 73.1 g with some working (2)

Accept 73.05 g / 73.06 g / 73 g
There are several ways of achieving this
e.g.
1
(molar mass) CH4 = 16 (g mol )
1

OR (molar mass) CH4 = 12 + 4 (g mol ) (1)

1000 16
219
= 73.1 g (1)
OR
219 kJ is produced from 16 g of CH4 (1)
1000 16
219
1000 kJ is produced from
= 73.1 g (1)
OR

1000
Number of moles CH4 = 219 = 4.57 (1)
The mass of CH4 = 4.57 16 = 73.1 g (1)
Accept 80 g max 1
nd

mark is consequential on their molar mass

Ignore sig figs in final answer BUT units essential

Sri Lankan School

34

(b)

QWC
E
CH

+ 2C l

C + 4H C l

CH4 + (2)Cl2 and C + (4)HCl at correct levels (1)

H correct / 219 (1)
activation energy hump (does not need to be labelled) (1)
Accept

or

double headed arrow

Reject activation energy hump shown as straight lines

Reactants and products

H
Explanation:
Reaction/it has a high activation energy (1)
IGNORE reactants/methane and chlorine are kinetically stable
in combination with high activation energy
uv provides energy to break ClCl bonds (1)
OR
Cl radicals are produced in the presence of uv
Reject UV provides the reactants with energy to
overcome the Ea
IGNORE any references to thermodynamic stability

5
[7]

Sri Lankan School

35

33.

(a)

QWC
enthalpy / energy / heat change when 1 mol of a substance (1)
Accept heat / energy / enthalpy released
Accept both element and compound instead of substance
Reject energy etc required
Reject reactant instead of substance
is burnt in excess/burns completely in air/oxygen (1)
Accept complete combustion with air/oxygen
OR reacts completely with air/oxygen
Reject reacts with oxygen
conditions of 1 atm/ 100 kPa/101 kPa pressure and
specified temperature/298 K (1)

Reject room temperature

(b)

(i)

Bottom box
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
balance and state symbols (1)
Left arrow label
2HcC + 3HcH2
OR (2x 394) + (3x 286) (kJ) units not essential
OR 788858
OR 1646 kJ (1)
right arrow label
HcC2H5OH
OR 1371 (kJ) (1)

(ii)

HfC2H5OH = (2x 394) + (3x 286) (1371) (1)

1

= 275 (kJ mol ) (1)

OR
1 mark for their left hand arrow minus their right hand arrow
1 for correct consequential sign and answer

Wrong unit negates last mark (but allow kJ)

[8]

Sri Lankan School

36

34.

(a)

In (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) penalise 1SF on the first occasion only.
ACCEPT 2SF
(i)

Mass methanol burnt = 0.34 (g) (1)

0.34
32 = 0.0106 (1)

Accept 0.011, 0.01063, 0.010625

CQ on incorrect calculation of mass
Correct answer with some working (2)
(ii)

Temperature rise = 43.5 22 (= 21.5) (C) (1)

21.5 4.18 50
1000
(Heat energy =)
= 4.49 (kJ) (1)
The temperature rise mark can be scored from the heat
energy expression

Accept CQ on incorrect calculation of temp.

Correct answer with some working (2)
Reject answer in Joules

(iii)

Answer (ii)
4.49

Answer (i) 0.0106 (1)

Accept CQ on (i) and ii)
1

= 422.9 (kJ mol ) [calculator stored value]

Accept answers in the range 420 to 424
OR
1
= 423.6 (kJ mol ) [using rounded values] (1) minus
sign and value both required
Correct answer with some working (2)

(b)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

If the final answer is incorrect the 2nd mark is only

accessible if energy is divided by moles in first part of calculation

1 .0
21.5 100 = ()4.65 %
IGNORE SF

37

(ii)

(21.5 + 1.0 =) 22.5 (C)

OR
(44 21.5)=22.5 (C)
OR
104.65

21.5

100 = 22.5 (C)

CQ on % error in b(i) if this is used to calculate the temperature

Reject all other values

(c)

(i)

Evaporation (of methanol/alcohol)

Accept turns to vapour

OR methanol volatile
Reject balance faulty or spills or Methanol reacts
(ii)

Carbon (1)
Lower/less exothermic (1) ignore references to incomplete
combustion

Accept soot
Reject any other substance
[11]

35.

(a)

(i)

2+

Mg (g) (+) O (g)

Reject if state symbols missing

Reject if 2e included in box

(ii)

H1 (Enthalpy of) formation (of MgO) (1)

H2 (Enthalpy of) atomisation (of Mg) (1)
st

nd

H3 1 plus 2
st

nd

OR 1 and 2

electron affinity (of O)

electron affinity (of O) (1)

Accept recognisable abbreviation such as EA for

electron affinity.

Sri Lankan School

38

(iii)

Hf = 602 = (+150) + (+2186) + (+249) + (+657) + LE

OR
(LE =) (+657)(+249)(+2186)(+150)+(602)(1)
Doubling electron affinity and/or atomisation values
scores (0)
(LE =) 3844 (kJ mol1) (1)
Correct answer only with no working (1 max)

Reject any incorrect sign in algebraic expression (0)

(b)

(i)

The electrons around the iodide ion are drawn

towards the magnesium ion
2+

Accept (Mg ) polarises (I ion)

Accept distortion if clearly linked to the iodide ion
Accept Mg ion
Accept I ion OR iodine ion
Reject any reference to atoms or molecules
e.g. Mg polarises..
Reject iodine/I/I2 is polarised
Reject wrong polarisation e.g.
magnesium ion is polarised

2+
I polarises Mg
(ii)

Radius/size (of ions) (1)

Accept distance between ions
OR Sum of (ionic) radii
OR Type of crystal structure
OR Madelung constant
Reject atomic radius
charge (on ions) (1)

Accept Charge density

Sri Lankan School

39

(iii)

Less (exothermic) (1)

Accept Smaller
OR more endothermic
OR Less negative
OR Lower
Reject higher/greater
covalent character (strengthens lattice) (1)
Accept theoretical value based on purely/100 % ionic
model
Reject any implication of magnesium iodide being totally
covalent
Mark each aspect independently

2
[11]

36.

(i)

Enthalpy change when 1 mol of gaseous ions (1)

Accept energy or heat
Reject any implication of an endothermic process
e.g. energy required
Reject .1 mol of gaseous atoms
is dissolved such that further dilution causes no
further heat change (1)
Accept added to water/reacts with water instead of
dissolved
Reject just hydrated
Reject just completely hydrated
IGNORE standard conditions
Accept is dissolved to form an infinitely dilute solution
OR
Is dissolved in a large/excess/infinite amount of water
Mark each aspect independently

Sri Lankan School

40

(ii)

EITHER
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1)
Expression quoted or correctly used in at least one of
the calculations below
Accept answer only with no working (1)
HSOLN MgSO4 = (2874) + (1920)
1

= +954 (kJ mol ) (1)

HSOLN = BaSO4 = (2374) + (1360)
1

= +1014 (kJ mol ) (1)

Accept answer only with no working (1)
Enthalpy of solution of MgSO4 less endothermic/more
exothermic/more negative than for BaSO4, so MgSO4
more soluble than BaSO4 (or reverse argument) (1)
Reject just solubility/Hsoln depends on a balance
between lattice and hydration energies
OR
(both) lattice energies and hydration enthalpies
decrease from MgSO4 to BaSO4 (or down group) (1)
Accept The hydration energies decrease faster..
Reject ()500 and ()560 stated without further explanation
(but) lattice energies change less (1)
HSOLN = (HLE + HHYD) (1) stated in words or symbols
Reject just solubility/Hsolution depends on a balance
between lattice and hydration energies
so Hsoln less exothermic/more endothermic/more
positive for BaSO4 so less soluble
OR so Hsoln more exothermic/more negative/less
endothermic for MgSO4 so MgSO4 more soluble (1)

4
[6]

37.

(a)

QWC
Heat/enthalpy/energy change per mole for formation of a compound/
substance (1)
IGNORE any mention of standard conditions or temperature
Accept normal OR stable instead of standard
Reject energy required
OR
Energy given out
(in a stated physical state) from its elements in their standard states (1)

Sri Lankan School

41

(b)

(i)

H = (+90.2 4) + ( 242 6) ( 46.1 4)

1

= 907 (kJ mol ) (2) IGNORE sf

Correct answer with no working scores (2)
One mark for correct use of all three coefficients
One mark for correct use of signs throughout

(ii)

(c)

1268 (kJ mol )

IGNORE sf

(i)

Because it is the more exothermic

(ii)

QWC*
changes the activation energy for a reaction by changing the
mechanism/route (1)
lowers it for Reaction I more than for Reaction II
OR catalyst specific for Reaction I (1)
[Comparison is essential]

(d)

(i)

To protonate the nitric acid

+
OR to generate NO2
+

OR increases the concentration of NO2 compared with nitric acid alone

(1) IGNORE comments concerning H2SO4 being a catalyst
+

2H2SO4 + HNO3 H3O + NO2 + 2HSO4

+

or H2SO4 + HNO3 H2O + NO2 + HSO4 (1)

or both of:

+
+
+
H2SO4 + HNO3 H2NO3 + HSO4 then H2NO3 H2O + NO2 OR
+

H2NO3 + H2SO4 H3O + NO2 + HSO4

If candidate says to generate the electrophile, the mark

+
can be awarded if NO2 is shown in the equation
(ii)

sulphuric acid protonates nitric acid

OR nitric acid accepts a proton / H+ from the sulphuric acid (1)
Answer may refer to the equation forming H2NO3

Reject just H2SO4 is dibasic and HNO3 is monobasic or

similar arguments

Sri Lankan School

42

(iii)
+

N O

N O

H SO
N O

N O

+H 2SO

allow equivalent using the circled symbol for benzene;

Curly arrow from double bond/ circle towards N of electrophile (1)
Correct intermediate. (if a broken ring is used for the delocalised
electrons it must extend over the other 5 carbons) (1)
Curly arrow from CH bond back into ring (1)

allow loss of H in the last step

(iv)

Any dinitrobenzene isomer OR any trinitrobenzene

(v)

QWC

delocalised () electrons over the benzene ring (1)

Accept delocalised pi system
Reject just Delocalised ring
Reject just Delocalised bonds
substitution regains/retains the stabilisation energy (1)
Accept stability for stabilisation energy
which would be lost if addition occurred (1)

3
[18]

38.

(a)

(i)

E[Ca(OH)2] = 25.0 4.2 16.5 = 1730 (J)

E[CaO] = 25.0 4.2 25.5 = 2680 (J)
Both correct for 1 mark
Ignore negative signs in front of values / missing/wrong units

Accept 1732.5 / 1733 / 1700 J

Accept 2677.5 / 2678 / 2700 J
Answers in kJ acceptable
Reject 1732 J
Reject 2677 J

Sri Lankan School

43

(ii)

1.00
74.0 = 0.0135 mol
Answer must be decimalised

Accept 0.014

1
Reject 74 / 0.01

(iii)

1732.5
1
H1 = 0.0135 = 130 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)
2677.5

1
H2 = 0.0135 = 200 (kJ mol ) ( 2 s.f.)

st

1 mark for method (dividing energy by number of moles)

nd
2 mark for both answers given to 2 sig fig and including
negative signs.
nd
st
2 mark is dependant on 1

Allow TE from (a)(i) and (a)(ii)

(b)

(i)

Hreaction = H1 H2 /relevant values being subtracted (1)

1

= 130 (200) = + 70 kJ mol (1)

Mark independently
nd
For 2 mark: correct arithmetic, sign and units needed

Allow TE from (a)(iii)

Ignore sig. figs.
(ii)

Using a glass beaker / no lid is likely to lead to heat loss (1)

(glass) beaker has significant heat capacity (1)
No apparent check made to ensure that Ca(OH)2 was heated
long enough/difficult to know whether Ca(OH)2 was fully decomposed (1)
The likely use of an insufficiently accurate thermometer (1)
Any TWO valid and agreed sources of error
2

(iii)

Measuring temperatures of solids (with a lab thermometer)

isnt accurate / is difficult (1)
Bunsen/high temperatures are involved (above bpt. of
Hg/ethanol) so lab thermometers cant be used (1)
Difficult to know when Ca(OH)2 has fully decomposed (1)
Given high temperatures involved, impossible to use
thermometer to measure energy taken in by the Ca(OH)2 (1)
Any ONE of these

1
[9]

Sri Lankan School

44

39.

(a)

Enthalpy/heat/energy change for one mole of a

compound/substance/ a product (1)
NOT solid/molecule/species/element
Reject heat released or heat required unless both mentioned
to be formed from its elements in their standard states (1)
ALLOW normal physical state if linked to standard conditions
Reject natural state / most stable state
standard conditions of 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature (298 K) (1)3
Reject room temperature and pressure
Reject under standard conditions

(b)

(i)

Bonds broken
NN (+)945
and
()1308

Bonds made
6NH ()2346 (1)

3HH ()2253 (1)

H = 945 +1308 2346
= 93 sign and value (1)

1
H = 93 = 46.5 (kJ mol )
rd
sign and value q on 3 mark (1)
2

Accept 46.5 (kJ mol ) with working (4)

Accept + 46.5 with working max (3)
Accept +93 with working max (2)
(ii)
N

(E n th a lp y )

+ (3 )H

H
OR
93

(2 )N H

Accept 46.5
Correct labelled levels (1)
Reject Reactants and Products as labels
H labelled (1)
direction of arrow must agree with thermicity
Accept double headed arrow
Diagram marks cq on sign and value of H in (b)(i)
IGNORE activation energy humps

Sri Lankan School

45

(iii)

350500 C (1)
Accept any temperature or range within this range
higher temperature gives higher rate (1)
but a lower yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
Accept favours endothermic reaction more than
exothermic so lower yield
OR
Lower temperature give higher yield because reaction is exothermic (1)
but rate is slower (1)
3
Accept cq on sign of Hf in (b)(i) or levels in (ii)
Reject lower temp favours exothermic reaction

(iv)

(v)

Iron / Fe (1) IGNORE any promoters

no effect on yield (1)

temp would have to be much higher for a reasonable rate then

yield would be too low
lower activation energy implies reasonable rate
OR
Allows reaction at a lower temp at a reasonable/fast rate giving
a reasonable yield.

Accept rate too slow without catalyst at a temp giving a

reasonable yield
Reject to lower activation energy of reaction
(c)

(i)

advantage
higher (equilibrium) yield/more NH3 in equilibrium
mixture/equilibrium shifts to right (1)
because smaller number of (gaseous) moles/molecules on rhs (1)
IGNORE any reference to change in rate

Reject just more ammonia

Sri Lankan School

46

(ii)

disadvantage
(plant more) expensive because thicker pipes would be needed
OR
cost (of energy) for compressing the gases/cost of pump
OR
Cost of equipment/pressure not justified by higher yield

Accept stronger or withstand high pressure for thicker

Accept vessel/container/plant /equipment/reaction
vessels for pipes
Reject just more expensive
Reject just thicker pipes etc
Reject apparatus
[18]

40.

IGNORE sig figs provided 2 or better in (i) and (ii)

(i)

T = 26 C (1) STAND ALONE

Heat change = 104 26.0 4.09=11060 J (1) ignore sign at this point
The second mark may be appearing in part (ii)

If use 100g answer is 1063(4)

And gives 355 as the final answer
If use 4 g gives 425.2 and gives 14.2 kJ mol

(ii)

4.00
Moles = 133.5 (1) = 0.02996
Accept 0.03

Answer in (i)
1

moles
1000 (1)
1

= 369 (kJ mol ) (1)

1

Accept 369 (kJ mol ) with some working (3)

Error carried forward if wrong Mr
Accept 369000 J mol

3
1

(max 2)

does not score 3 marking point

Reject 369000 kJ mol

rd

[5]

Sri Lankan School

47

41.

(a)

(i)

Br2 Br (1)
state symbols (1)
Br2(g) Br(g) scores only one
e.g.
Br2(l) Br(g) (2)
Br2(l) 2Br(g) (1) ie for state symbols
Br2 Br (0)

Reject wrong halogen or use of X (0)

(ii)

Energy change when 1 mol (1)

Accept heat or enthalpy for energy;
energy released instead of energy change
Reject energy required
of a solid/crystal/lattice (1)
is formed from its (isolated) gaseous ions (1)
IGNORE standard states

Just balanced equation

+

e.g. Na (g) + Cl (g) NaCl(s)

can score only last two marks
(b)

MgCl2 has (a degree of ) covalent character (1)

Mention of atoms or molecules scores (0) for all of (b)(ii)
due to polarisation of the anion (1)
2+
(by Mg cation)
Reject just Mg

Sri Lankan School

2+

(strongly) polarising

48

(c)

As group descended, radius of M

OR cation increases (1)

2+

(ion) increases

Accept reverse arguments

Accept size instead of radius
Reject mention specifically of atoms (e.g. Mg atoms) or
molecules (MgCl2 molecules) scores (0) for all of part (c)
Charge on ions remains the same/2+ (1)
Accept correct formulae of cations for charge mark
Accept charge density decreases scores one of the first two
marks
(down group) weaker forces of attraction between ions (1)

Reject weaker bonds

OR weaker bonding
[10]

42.

(a)

(i)

An ion which is unchanged during the reaction owtte

An ion which does not take part in the reaction

Reject an ion which does not change its state

Reject use of word element instead of ion
2

(ii)

SO4

(iii)

Zn + Cu Zn + Cu
IGNORE state symbols

2+

2+

++

Zn

2+

= Zn

Accept Zn + Cu
Accept Zn + Cu

Sri Lankan School

1
++

2+

+ Cu

+ Cu

49

(b)

measuring cylinder

Accept burette
Accept pipette
Accept volumetric pipette
Accept graduated pipette
3
Accept 50 cm pipette
Accept pipette = pipette filter
Accept reasonable phonetic spelling e.g. pipet, biurette
Reject beaker
Reject biuret
Reject graduated flask
Reject volumetric flask
Reject beaker or a pipette
Reject pepite
Reject conical flask
(c)

Any two
polystyrene conducts heat less well than metals/less heat lost
to surroundings (1)
Accept discussion of either polystyrene or metal
has a lower (specific) heat capacity/absorbs less heat energy (1)
Plastic inert whereas metal container might react (with CuSO4) (1)

(d)

Zinc 5/65.4 = (0.0765/0.08/0.076/0.77) (1)

Copper sulphate 50/1000 = 0.05 (1)
Copper sulphate / Cu

2+

/ CuSO4 (1)

Accept consequential on copper being less than zinc

Accept zinc is in excess
IGNORE sig figs

Sri Lankan School

50

(e)

(i)
70

a llo w e ith e r

60

50

T e m p e ra tu re
/C

40

30

20

10

40

80

120
160
T im e / s

200

240

correctly plotted points (1) All 7 (including 0, 22)

must be correctly plotted
points joined by suitable lines (1)
Accept curve/straight lines
[If you cannot see a line, check twice, if still not visible send to
review as out of clip]
(ii)

reaction not instant / so some time before all heat

energy released/measured (1)
Accept energy lost
(temperature (slowly) declines) as heat energy given out
(to the surroundings) (1)

Reject no temp change for first 60 s because zinc has not

been added. Slow to start
Reject temp slowly declines because reaction is complete
Reject no marks for describing shape of graph without
explanation
(iii)

66 69 C

Reject 65.5 and less and 69.5 and more

Sri Lankan School

51

(f)

(i)

50 4.2 45 = 9450 (J) for 67C

Ignore units unless value and units are incompatible e.g.
9240 kJ (0)
9.24 J (0)

Accept TE from e(iii)

e.g.
66 = 44 rise = 9240
68 = 46 rise = 9660
69 = 47 rise = 9870
65 = 43 rise = 9030
(Allow minus sign) ignore sign
70 = 48 rise = 10080
65.5 = 43.5 rise = 9135
allow use of 65 even if different value in (iii)
Reject 55 for mass of solution + zinc
(ii)

Max Temp

9870
0.05
9660
0.05
9450
0.05
9240
0.05
9030
0.50

197,000 = 197 kJ mol

69

193,000 = 193 kJ mol

68

189,000 = 189 kJ mol

67

185,000 = 185 kJ mol

66

180,600 = 181 kJ mol

65

This first mark is for dividing by 0.05 (1)

Value and sign (1)
units and 3 or 4sf (1)

3
st

Accept if 0.08 only 1 mark lost

[18]

43.

(a)

(i)

(18 1.35) = 24.3/ 24.30 (kJ) (1)

(ii)

24.3 44
24.3
0.5
kJ from 1 mole =
/ 0.0114 / 24.3 88 (1)
1

H = 2140 (3SF) (kJ mol ) (1)

Second mark must have negative sign and 3SF
Allow TE from incorrect value in (i)

2
1

Accept H = 2138.4/ 2138/+2138 (kJ mol )for 1 mark

Sri Lankan School

52

(iii)

Incomplete combustion / combustion to C or CO. Not

complete combustion (1)

Reject not all of the propane burns.

Reject comments on accuracy of equipment.
(b)

(i)

C 3H 8(g ) +

5 O 2(g )

+6490 kJ m ol

3C O

(g ) + 4 H

O (g )

6805 + 8464

3 C (g ) + 8 H (g ) + 1 0 O (g )
+6490 = Hc + (6 805 + 8 464)
Hc =+6490 4830 3712
= 2052 kJ mol

1
1

Accept 2050 (kJ mol )

Balancing cycle with 5O2 and 10 O(g) (1)
1
H1 = (6 805 + 8 464) = (+) 8542 (kJ mol ) (1)
1

(ii)

Final value 2052 (kJ mol ) (1)

IGNORE SF
Allow TE from an incorrectly calculated H1 if method clear.

H2O is gas in equation/ not standard state

OR mean bond energies differ from bond energies in these
compounds / Environment in these compounds changes bond
energies from the mean.

Accept H2O is liquid in H combustion calculation but ges in

bond energy calculation.
Reject mean bond energies are used without qualification
Reject all the substances are in the gasous state
(c)

(i)

Free radical (1) substitution (1)

Accept reverse order

Sri Lankan School

53

(ii)

2C3H7 C6H14 (1)

Two (propyl) radicals may combine /a radical and a
molecule may produce C6H14 (in a propagation step) (1)

Accept C3H7 + C3H7 C6H14 (1)

Accept multiples
Accept C3H7 + C3H8 C6H14 + H (1)
Full mechanisms may be shown
(d)

(i)

2-chloropropane: white precipitate/ solid /cloudiness (1)

Reject white colour
Reject creamy
2-iodopropane: yellow precipitate / solid (1)

Accept ppt appears slowly with chloropropane and quickly

with iodopropane (1)
Accept pale yellow precipitate
Accept white colour and yellow colour 1 out of 2

(ii)

Ag (aq) + I (aq) AgI (s)

Formulae (1)
State symbols (1)
Minor error in formula with correct state symbols max 1

Accept max 1 out of 2 for wrong halide

(iii)

Propan-2-ol/ CH3CH(OH)CH3 (1)

Accept displayed formula

C H 3C H -C H 3
O H
Reject molecular formula C3H7OH
[17]

Sri Lankan School

54

44.

(a)

(i)

2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Ignore punctuation (Commas and hyphens may be interchanged)

Accept 2,4,4 - trimethylpentane

Reject pentan for pentane
2-dimethyl-4
methylpentane
2,2-dimethyl-4-methyl
pentane
2-methyl-4,4-dimethyl
pentane
2,4-trimethylpentane
(ii)

C4H9

1
Accept C8H18 C4H9

(iii)

C2H4

1
Reject CH2CH2

(iv)

Positive because energy is required to break (CC) bonds

(and not completely replaced (from new bonds made))
OR Positive because cracking requires (continuous) supply of
heat so must be endothermic

Accept two CC bonds are broken and one C=C made

Reject positive because it only occurs at high temperature
(v)

C8H18 + 17/2 O2 8CO + 9H2O

OR 2C8H18 + 17 O2 16CO + 18H2O
OR C8H18 + 9/2 O2 8C + 9H2O (or doubled)
Oxygen on left and correct formulae of products (1)
balancing (1)
Second mark depends on first and a sensible hydrocarbon
formula must be used.

Accept balanced equations including CO and/or C with

CO2
17/2 can be written 8.5 or 8
Allow balanced equations based on C8H18 with a smaller
alkane in the products for 1 mark eg
C8H18 + O2 CO + C7H16 +H2O (1)

Sri Lankan School

55

(b)

(i)

Increase in pressure: No effect as number of

moles/molecules (of gas) doesnt change during reaction (1)
Increase in temperature: more NO as forward reaction
endothermic OWTTE (1)
One mark for two correct predictions with incorrect explanations

Reject increase in temperature moves equilibrium to the

right
(ii)

(iii)

Rate increases as converter gets hotter (as reaction is

exothermic)

N2 / nitrogen is (major) part of air/ N2 unreactive/ not

poisonous/ not a greenhouse gas / not acidic

Accept correct harmful properties of other 3 gases

(iv)

Line from level of reactants to maximum labelled EA (1)

Curve of similar shape above existing curve, starting and
finishing at same levels, with maximum above original maximum (1) 2
[12]

45.

(a)

Heat/enthalpy/energy change per mole of substance/compound/product

OR
heat/enthalpy/energy change for the formation of 1 mol of substance/
compound/product (1)
heat released and heat required not allowed unless both mentioned
NOT molecule
from its elements in their standard states (1)
at 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature/298 K (1)
NOT room temperature and pressure
NOT under standard conditions

(b)

(i)

3
1

(H = 306 (399)) = (+) 93 (kJ mol )

ALLOW kJ
Incorrect units lose mark otherwise

Sri Lankan School

56

(ii)

The equilibrium moves to right hand side

OR amount of dissociation increases (1)
Because the (forward) reaction is endothermic (1)
Needs to be consistent with (i)
If (i) has a negative answer (exothermic)
equilibrium moves to left hand side (1)
Because (forward) reaction is exothermic (1)
If answer to (i) is +93 or 93 but state that this is exothermic
If reaction moves to left hand side (1)
If reaction moves to right hand side (0)

(iii)

add chlorine (1)

which drives equilibrium to the left (1)
OR
increase the (total) pressure (1)
because there are fewer (gas) molecules on left hand side (1)
OR
add PCl3 (1)
Which drives equilibrium to the left (1)

2
[8]

46.

(a)

(i)

enthalpy/heat/energy change/produced [NOT required]

when one mole of gaseous ions (1)
are dissolved in excess water/ to infinite dilution (1)

(ii)

Bonds formed / attraction between (1)

cation and O/lone pair (in water)

+
OR anion and H (in water) (1)
If bond between anion and cation (0)
(b)

as magnesium has a much smaller ion (than barium ion) (1)

and has same charge

OR charge shown (1)

so stronger attraction between ions (1)

ALLOW stronger bonds between ions
charge density scores 1 (out of first 2 marks)
IGNORE references to polarisation and covalency of the ions

Sri Lankan School

57

(c)

(i)

cycle:
for each labelled arrow joining correct species.

L a ttic e E n e rg y

M g (O H )2 (s)
H

M g

2+

( g ) ( + ) 2 O H ( g )

s o lu tio n

H
M g

2+

h y d ra tio n

(a q ) (+ ) 2 O H (a q )

Species and stoichiometry (1)

State symbols (1)
Labels appropriate to direction of arrows (1) ALLOW numerical values
ALLOW cycles using -LE
3
(ii)

DHsolution = - LE + DHhydration

OR numbers (1)

+5 kJ mol (1)
Consequential on candidates cycle eg
1
calculation from cycle with one OH giving +555 kJ mol (2)
2
BUT correct answer with working (2) even if the (c)(i) cycle is wrong

(d)

Calculation of DHsolution of Ba(OH)2 as -55 kJ mol

OR
LE down by 675 but DHhydration down by 615
ALLOW LE down but DHhydration down by less (1)

\ DHsolution is more exothermic (1)

\ solubility is greater (1)
nd

3
st

2 mark dependent on 1
rd
nd
3 mark dependent on 2
ALLOW consequential marking if DHsolution less exothermic
[15]

47.

(a)

(i)

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 (1)

DH = (3 394) - (3 110) (822)
1
= 30 (kJ mol ) (2)
Multiply by 3 twice (1)
Correct answer with sign (1)
ALLOW consequential calculation if wrong stoichiometry
If O2 given as product 1 max on consequential calculation

Sri Lankan School

58

(ii)

(i) is more likely because the rate of a reaction between a solid

and a gas will be faster than that between two solids
ALLOW
(i) is more likely because it is exothermic (and (ii) is endothermic)
OR
products in (i) are more thermodynamically stable relative
to reactants than in (ii)

Consequential on (a)(i)
pH 2 4
(b)

(i)

Kp =

pH 2 O 4

(1) ps are essential NO [ ]

1. 6 4
4
= 1.2 = 3.16 / 3.2 and no units (1)

Consequential on Kp expression provided no Fe or Fe3O4 included

(ii)
QWC

KP decreases (1)
Because forward reaction release heat / exothermic
OR reverse reaction absorbs heat / endothermic (1)
Dependent on Kp decreases

nd

Do not allow 2 mark if decrease is explained in terms of position

moving to the left, UNLESS moving is a consequence of Kp decreasing.
(c)

IGNORE state symbols

X: 2H2O + O2 + 4e
2+

(-)

4OH (1)

(-)

(-)

OR this OR multiples (1)

Y: Fe Fe + 2e / Fe - 2e Fe
IF and Y not identified 1 (out of 2)

2+

(1)

iron(II) hydroxide
(1)
ALLOW Fe(OH)2 / [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4]
(d)

covalent bonds labelled (1)

dative bonds labelled OR shown as arrows (1)
ALLOW dot and cross diagram (2)
Structure with Fe-Fe bond does not score first two marks
Tetrahedral (around Fe) (1)
ALLOW good 3-D diagram dependent on 4 covalent/dative bonds around Fe
If Al2Cl6 ALLOW max 2 (out of 3)
Any mention of ionic 0 (out of 3)

Sri Lankan School

59

(e)

(i)

add (aqueous) sodium hydroxide / ammonia (1) ALLOW OH (aq)

red/brown/foxy red/red-brown/rust ppt/solid (1)
OR
add (aqueous) potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)/hexacyanoferrate(II)
ions (1)
(Prussian) blue ppt/solid (1) - ALLOW result for near miss spelling
of reagent
OR
add (aqueous) potassium thiocyanate (1)
blood red (solution) (1) NOT ppt

(ii)

3+

Fe

polarises the (OH bond in water) ligands (1)

3+

2+

[Fe(H2O)6] + H2O [Fe(OH)(H2O)5] + H3O

OR in words
eg deprotonation (of the ligand) by the (solvent) water (1)
+

the H3O / H (aq) ions make the solution acidic (1) - stand alone

3
[19]

48.

(a)

Difficult to decide when reaction complete/ reaction may be incomplete (1)

OR All CaCO3 may not decompose (1)
OR Difficult to measure temperature changes in solids (1)
OR T or Hreaction cannot be determined because heat is supplied (1)
OR Necessary temperature cannot be reached (1)
OR No suitable thermometers (for measuring temperature change at high
temperatures) (1)
ALLOW heat is required so temperature change will not be accurate
NOT Heat is supplied so temperature cannot be
measured/ will not be accurate

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

Reaction occurs quickly / incomplete reaction (in reasonable time)

with lumps (1)
Heat losses occur if reaction is slow (1)

4.2 20 2.5 = 210 (J) OR 0.210 kJ

IGNORE +/- signs
Incorrect units (0)

60

(iii)

Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.02 (1)

210
10 500
0.02
(1)
H1 = 10500 J mol

OR 10.5 kJ mol 1 (1)

ALLOW TE from (ii)

1 for incorrect/missing sign/units
nd
Third mark depends on correct method for 2 mark
(iv)

Hr = H1 H2 (1) = 10.5 (181)

ie use of Hess

= (+) 170.5/ (+) 171 ( kJ mol ) (1)

ALLOW T.E. from (iii)
Watch for adding J to kJ
(c)

(Standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of calcium carbonate)

ACCEPT Hformation / Hformation/formation
NOT Hf / Hf

1
[10]

49.

(a)

(i)

H(g) +

O(g)

Cl(g)

in top RH box

H2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g) in lower box

Brackets around the state symbols are not required

(ii)

(iii)

(b)

589 667 = 78 (kJ mol )

ALLOW final answer on its own

667 464 = (+)203 (kJmol )

ALLOW final answer on its own

(i)

(1 )

(1 )

(1 )

+ +

C l
+ +

(1 )

+ +
+
+

ALLO W

C l

+
+

+ +

ALLOW all dots/crosses

ALLOW 1 max if electrons are correct but atoms are not identified
If ionic dot and cross diagram (0)

Sri Lankan School

61

(ii)

100 106 (1)

as lone / non-bonding pairs take up more space/
repel more strongly than bonded pairs (1)
NOT bonds being repelled/H and Cl being repelled

(c)

No change (1)
as number of gaseous reactant molecules = number of gaseous product
molecules (1)
ALLOW 1 max if candidates state or imply a very small change with correct
justification
eg hardly changes
doesnt change much
very little effect/change
2
[9]

50.

(a)

Dynamic reaction continuing (all the time) (1)

ALLOW rate forward = rate back
Equilibrium concentrations (of the substances) do not change /
remain the same (1)
NOT concentrations all equal
NOT amounts do not change

(b)

(i)

350 450 C OR 620-720 K (1)

>1 5 atm (1)
2
Values can be given in kPa or kNm

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

High yield favoured by low temperature (1)

High rate favoured by high temperature (1)
So, temperature used is a compromise (1) conditional on first two marks
ACCEPT correct inverse argument

(iii)

Too costly for extra yield

OR Position of equilibrium is well to right under these conditions
OR Corrosion problems at high pressure
OR Only need elevated pressure in practice to push gases through system
OR Capital cost high
OR Maintenance cost high
OR High energy cost
OR Sulphur dioxide liquefies.
NOT too costly without explanation
NOT too dangerous
1

62

(c)

(i)

H = 2Hf(SO3) 2 Hf(SO2) = (395 2) ( 297 2) (1)

1

= 196 (kJ mol ) (1) IGNORE units

1

196 (kJ mol ) with some working (2)

No consequential mark other than failing to multiply by two to get
1
98 kJ mol max (1)
Any positive answer (0)

QWC

(d)

(ii)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Hf is defined as formation from elements

OR Hf of an element is defined as 0 (in its standard state)
OR all elements are given the value zero
It is an element on its own (0)

V2O5 OR V205
NOT name
2 5
NOT V O .
If name and formula given, ignore name.

63

(ii)

R e a c ta n ts /R
(E n th a lp y /
/S O 2 + O 2
h e a t / e n e rg y )

P ro d u c ts /P /S O

U n c a ta ly s e d

(1 )

C a ta ly s e d

(1 )

E u th a lp y le v e ls

(1 )

U n c a ta ly s e d

(1 )

C a ta ly s e d

(1 )

E u th a lp y le v e ls

(1 )

A LLO W

(E n th a lp y /
h e a t / e n e rg y )

R e a c ta n ts /R
/S O 2 + O 2

P ro d u c ts /P /S O

ALLOW endothermic intermediates

ALLOW single hump for catalysed pathway: (energy)
If the diagram shows H endothermic, then can score the first two marks.
rd

If y-axis label is wrong 3 mark can not be awarded

rd
Catalysed and uncatalysed labels missing scores 3 mark only
If two diagrams drawn, full credit can be given if the catalysed
Ea is clearly less than the uncatalysed.
If H and Ea confused, then max 2

QWC

(iii)

Changes mechanism to one of lower Ea

OR to a different route with lower Ea (1)
NOT Lowers Ea alone.
Reactants (chemically) adsorb on catalyst surface
OR (at given T) more collisions have E > Ea
so more successful collisions (1)

(e)

Forms (a difficult to condense) mist / fog / smoke / too violent /

too exothermic
NOT extremely reactive

1
[18]

Sri Lankan School

64

51.

(a)

Heat / enthalpy / energy change (for a reaction) / H (1)

is independent of the pathway / route (between reactants and products)
OR depends only on its initial and final state (1)
Both marks can score from a diagram and equation

(b)

(i)

H = {(4x + 435) + (2x + 498)} (1)

+ {(2x 805) + (4x 464)} (1)
IGNORE signs for first two marks, ie marks for total
enthalpies of bonds broken and made.
1

= 730 (kJmol ) (1)

rd
3 mark is consequential on their values for first two marks
1

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

+ 730 (kJmol ) (max 2)

(Enthalpy of) combustion

DO NOT penalise standard

At 1 atm pressure OR
stated temperature (1)
ACCEPT 298 K / 25 C

101 / 100 kPa OR

1 bar (1)
2

Reaction has H2O(g) (rather than H2O(l)) (1)

nd

So not standard conditions (1) 2 mark is conditional on the 1

Average bond enthalpies used (so not specific) (1 max)

QWC

(c)

st

(Exothermic so) products are at lower energy than reactants (1)

Reactants are therefore thermodynamically unstable
st
(with respect to products) (1) Consequential on 1 mark
NOT reaction or system is thermodynamically unstable
Can argue from point of view of products.
Ea is high (for noticeable reaction at room temperature) (1)
NOT Ea high on its own
So reactants are kinetically stable (with respect to products) (1)
rd
Consequential on 3 mark
If reaction instead of reactants is used (3 max)

4
[14]

52.

(a)

Two intersecting straight lines through data

Sri Lankan School

65

(b)

(c)

(d)

(i)

27.0 cm ALLOW 1.0 cm

(ii)

9.3 0.5 C

(i)

(b) (i) 2
1000
ALLOW correct answer with no working

(ii)

(c)(i)

(iii)

1000
(c)(ii) 50 (1)
Correct answer see table below (1)

(i)

50 + (b)(i) (1)

(b)(ii)
4.2 (1000) = answer (1)
nd

Must use (b)(i) in calculation to score 2 mark

If the units are given, they must be correct

H
(ii)

(d) (i)

0.05 (c) (iii) answer plus units

sign (1)
numerical answer, using candidates figures, to 2 or 3 s.f. (1)
1
kJ mol (1) can be in J or KJ

Table of answers
(b)(i)

(b)(ii)

(c)(i) & (c)(iii)

(ii
)

(d)(i)
/
kJ

(d)(ii)
/
k
J
m
o
l

26.0

9.4

0.052

1.04

9.
6

3.00
3.
06

57.7

5
8
.
8

26.5
Sri Lankan School

9.4

0.053

1.06

3.02

57.0
66

9.6

3.0
8

5
8
.
1

27.0

9.4

0.054

1.08

9.6

3.04
3.1
0

56.3

5
7
.
4

(e)

Insulate calorimeter / (polystyrene) cup

OR put (calorimeter) in a (glass) beaker
OR put a lid on

1
[13]

Sri Lankan School

67

53.

(a)

3.5
0.50 / 1 2
Number of moles / 7
(1)
If candidate does first part only, working must be shown
23

Number of atoms = 3.01 10 (1)

23
ACCEPT 3.0 OR 3 OR 3.010(10 )
23
NOT 3.01
nd

If all working shown, allow TE for 2

Correct answer with no working (2)

(b)

(i)

mark

Ignore units
2

2Li((s)) + 2H ((aq)) 2Li ((aq)) + H2((g))

ALLOW multiples Ignore state symbols
+
++
Li

Cl

(ii)
(1)

(1)

Allow all dots or all crosses on Cl

Max 1 if no/wrong charges
If covalent (0)
Do NOT penalise if electrons not shown in pairs
Maximum 1 if Li and Cl not labelled
Li and Cl symbols can go below diagram
Square brackets not essential
Allow number of protons/positive charges in nucleus as
alternative to symbols for Li and Cl
(iii)

Any two from:

Temp 298 K/ 25 C OR at a specified temperature
Unit of temperature needed
NOT room temperature
(Acid/solution) concentration 1 mol dm
5

/ 1 molar
2

Pressure 1 atm / 10 Pa / 1.01 10 Pa/10 k Pa /

5
2
101 k Pa/10 N m / 76 cm Hg
NOT pressure of hydrogen OR pressure of reactants
NOT atmospheric pressure
Must be the most stable/usual/normal physical states
NOT standard states
If more than 2 conditions given, deduct 1 mark for each incorrect answer

2
[7]

Sri Lankan School

68

54.

(a)

(b)

C10H8
ALLOW (C5H4)2
NOT (C6H4)2

(i)

(ii)

600
NOT + 600
NOT 600

Naphthalene is more/very stable than double bonds suggest (1)

st
Must be a comparison for the 1 mark
Therefore the electrons/bonds may be/are delocalised
(over the ring system)
OR it is a delocalised system (1)
No TE from (i)
Delocalised mark can be given if delocalisation mentioned in (iii)

(iii)

No
because it is likely to react like benzene / delocalised structure /
no double bonds
OR bromine not a strong enough electrophile without a catalyst
OR yes but only if bromine [NOT bromine solution] and a catalyst 1

(c)

(i)

Reagent
2-chloropropane (1)
ALLOW 1-chloropropane OR other halogenopropanes
NOT chloropropane
NOT bromo-2-propane
ALLOW formula with or without non-systematic name
ALLOW ClCH(CH3)2 OR (CH3)2CHCl OR C(CH3)2HCl

OR ClC(CH3)2H

Catalyst
aluminium chloride / AlCl3/Al2Cl6
OR aluminium bromide / AlBr3
OR iron(III) chloride/FeCl3 (1)
()

NOT AlCl4
NOT iron on its own

(ii)

If both correct but wrong way round 1 (out of 2)

electrophilic (1)
substitution (1)
Can be given in any order
Mark independently

2
[9]

Sri Lankan School

69

55.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

1664
4 = 416 (kJ mol 1)

IGNORE + signs

energy needed to break bonds:

2 436 + 193 = (+)1065 (1)
energy change in making bonds:
348 + 4x 416 + 2x 276 = () 2564 (1)
1

enthalpy change = 1065 2564 = 1499 (kJ mol ) (1)

rd
[value and ve sign needed for 3 mark]
ALLOW T.E.
+ 1499 with working scores (2)
(b)

C not in standard state / C not solid

1
[5]

56.

(a)

(i)

ALLOW CH3

(b)

ALLOW any correct representation that shows the structure

(ii)

alkanes

(i)

enthalpy / heat / energy change when 1 mole of substance / element or

compound (both) (1)
is burnt in excess oxygen (NOT air) / completely / reacts completely (1)
with oxygen (1)
3
at 1 atm pressure and specified or stated temperature

(ii)

2C4H10 + 13O2 8 CO2 + 10H2O

correct formulae (1)
balancing (allow multiples of half values) (1)

Sri Lankan School

70

(c)

(i)

Mr of butane is 58(g mol ) (1)

2877
58 = 49.6 / 50 (kJ g1) consequential on Mr (1)
(ii)

A comparison of any two or three fuels by mass (1)

E.g. C4H10 gives out most energy per gram
A comparison of any two or three fuels by volume (1)
3
E.g. C8H18 gives out more heat than ethanol per cm
A comparison of states e.g. C4H10 gas, C2H5OH and C8H18 liquids (1)
and consequence of state on use as fuel in motor vehicle (1)
E.g. gases need big fuel tank to be stored at high pressure
OR liquids need smaller tank

4
[13]

57.

(a)

(i)

Points accurately plotted (1)

Two straight lines of best fit. (1)
NOT dot-to-dot, IGNORE any other joining up.

(b)

(ii)

Suitable extrapolation to find maximum temperature rise at 3 min (1)

Value from candidates graph 0.5 C (1)
(43.5-44.5C for accurate plot)
2

(iii)

(The best fit line) allows for cooling effect

OR heat loss
OR calculation of more accurate temperature change
OR response time of the thermometer
OR slowness of reaction
NOT more accurate on its own

Heat change = 50 4.18 DT (= 9196J or 9.196kJ)

Consequential on (a) (ii)
If no units given, assume J
If kJ must be correct value
1
Wrong units eg kJ mol (0)
IGNORE SF or sign

(i)

Sri Lankan School

71

Density = 1g cm / total volume after reaction 50 cm / total mass is 50 g.

3
ACCEPT 1g = 1 cm
ACCEPT Density is same as that for water
ACCEPT Heat capacity of metal is irrelevant
NOT density = 1
1

(iii)

(1.0 50 / 1000) = 0.05(0) (mol)

(iv)

(c)

(ii)

answer to (b) (i)

answer to (b) (ii) (1)
1
divide by 1000, value, negative sign (for units of kJ mol ). (1)
1
ALLOW answer in J mol if unit given.
IGNORE SF.

Improvement is a stand alone mark, reason is not

Any two from:

QWC Improvement: Place a lid on the polystyrene cup (1)

Reason: Reduces heat loss (1)
Improvement: Use a pipette or burette (to measure the volume of solution) (1)
Reason: More accurate (way of measuring volume) (1)
Improvement: Use more precise thermometer / digital thermometer (1)
Reason: Gives more accurate temperature change (1)
Improvement: Mechanical stirrer / magnetic stirrer (1)
Reason: to ensure complete / or faster reaction (1)
NOT spread heat
Improvement: Measure temperature more often
Reason: Allows for better extrapolation (1)
OR can obtain a more accurate value of maximum temperature /
temperature change from graph

NOT repeating few times

NOT cotton wool insulation alone
NOT more accurate weighing.
[14]

Sri Lankan School

72

58.

(i)

Potassium ion / K larger than Ca

Must not refer to atoms

QWC*

2+

(1)

2+

K smaller charge than Ca (1)

Must not refer to atoms, but CAN say potassium has a smaller charge
( than calcium)
+

Charge density of K is less than charge density for Ca

st
explanation is worth (1) out of these 1 two marks
+

2+

without

Less attraction between (K and I ) ions (1)

NOT just weaker bonds
ACCEPT reverse argument
IGNORE references to extent of covalency

(ii)

2+

Potassium ion / K less polarising (than Ca ) (1)

KI (close to) 100 % ionic / no covalent character (1)
CaI2 partially/ significantly covalent
OR
Correct description of anion polarisation in CaI2
NOT just distortion of anion (1)

3
[6]

59.

(a)

(i)

(1)
cycle with state symbols or as energy level diagram. (1)
labels (in symbols, words or numbers) (1)

2+
D Hsoln = D Hlat + D Hhyd Ca + 2 D Hhyd OH OR values
D Hlat = 1650 + 2 (460) (16.2) (1)
= 2553.8

Sri Lankan School

73

(ii)

Solubility increases down the group (1)

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)
QWC
D Hhyd of cation decreases / less exothermic (1)
but D Hlatt decreases more (1)
therefore D Hsol gets more exothermic / increases (1)

(b)

(c)

(i)

Calcium hydroxide will be less soluble at the higher temperature, (1)

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)
because the reaction is exothermic (left to right) (1)
(an increase in temperature will cause a) decrease in the value of K
(and (1) hence drive the equilibrium to the left).
3

(ii)

The solubility will decrease,

(if this is wrong, no marks available in this part)

because the addition of OH ions will increase [OH ] /

concentration of OH (1) driving the equilibrium to the left. (1)

The three gases are:

hydrogen bromide
bromine
sulphur dioxide

) (1)
) OR formulae (1)
) (1)

The hydrogen chloride / CaCl2 / chloride evolved is not a strong enough

reducing agent to reduce / cannot reduce the concentrated sulphuric acid (or
sulphuric not a strong enough oxidising agent to ) (1)
4
[18]

60.

(a)

(b)

2+

2-

(2+)

(2-)

Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) Ca CO3 (s)

left-hand side (1)
right-hand (1)
BUT if all formulae correct (including charges) but missing/
wrong state symbols 1 max
(i)
(ii)

Sri Lankan School

(Energy = 100 4.2 1.5 =) (+) 630 (J)

NOT 630 (J)

Quantity of CaCl2 = (50/1000) 1.00

= 0.05 mol

74

(iii)

(630/0.05)
1
1000
H =
= + 13 kJ mol [2 SF]
answer (i) (ii) (1)
sign, units and 2 SF (1)
nd

(iv)

(v)

(c)

st

2 mark dependent on 1 unless clear method given

1
Answer can be calculated in J mol
1
+ 13 kJ mol with no working (2)
1
+ 13 000 J mol with no working (2)

Temperature, since T is so small (and therefore leads to

relatively large % error) / thermometer has limited accuracy
Heat loss / gain not sufficient

Thermos flask / (expanded) polystyrene/plastic cup / a beaker

contained in a larger one lagged with cotton wool
OR
Calorimeter (unqualified) (0) BUT with cotton wool/
insulated/lagged etc gets (1)

1.5 C / no change

1
[9]

61.

(a)

(i)
Bonding pairs can be shown horizontally
or vertically in all positions
Can be all dots/crosses
IGNORE inner shells of electrons if shown
Watch for lone pairs on O
H can be above or below O

Sri Lankan School

75

(ii)

Electron pairs/electron clouds repel allowing bigger angles

in three dimensions
OR
It is a three-dimensional shape being represented in two
dimensions
OR
Explanation of why angles are not 90 in CH3 / are not 180
in COH (1)
HCO or HCH = 109 / 109.5
OR
COH = 103-105 (1)
Angle can be stated rather than marked on the diagram but
must be between two bonds, not between two atoms
ALLOW it is tetrahedral not flat/two dimensional
NOT Tetrahedral on its own

(b)

(i)
Arrow is essential
Watch out for arrow direction

1
(ii)

Shorter/atoms are closer in CO (as multiple bond) (1)

More electrons / greater electron density (between the two
nuclei) in the bond (1)
nd
st
2 mark depends on 1

(c)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

ACCEPT vice versa argument for methanol

CH3OH(g) C(g) + 4H(g) + O(g)

Watch out
Watch out
for wrong
for H2
state symbol

76

(ii)

2039 = 3E(C-H) + E(C-O) + E(O-H) (1)

= 3(413) + E(C-O) + 464
E(C-O)= 2039 1239 464
1
= (+) 336 (kJ mol ) (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)
1

If CH not multiplied by 3, giving (+)1162 (kJ mol ) 1 max

(iii)

Balanced cycle with state symbols and data (1)

Calculation

1
Hf + 2039 = 1837.9 kJ mol

Hf = 1837.9 2039 = 201(.1) kJ mol

Hess applied correctly with allowance for 4H (1)
which will give correct sign
Answer with units (1)
ALLOW TE from use of 1H or wrong Hat
If 4H not used allow TE from cycle answer = 855(.1) kJ mol
max 2 (out of 3)
If + 336 kJ mol

used instead of correct Hat answer = (+) 1501.9 /

(+) 1502 kJ mol max 2 (out of 3)

Penalise same error once ONLY
(iv)

More negative as energy is given out when the liquid forms (from
the gas)
OR
More negative as more/stronger intermolecular bonds/forces are made
IGNORE type of intermolecular bond

Sri Lankan School

77

(v)

Hydrogen bond/ dotted line between O in one molecule and

hydroxyl hydrogen in another (1)
Bond angle 180 (1) must go across H
nd
2 mark depends on correct atoms in bond
ALLOW diagram showing methanol/ethanol
NOT diagram showing methanol/ethanol and water
ALLOW minor slip eg one missing H on a CH3
(d)

Temperature
Low temperature as forward reaction is exothermic / reverse reaction
uses heat / endothermic (1)
Pressure
Pressure high as number of molecules/moles is decreasing / fewer /
3 molecules/moles go to one (1)
If numbers specified must be correct
NOT 2 molecules go to 1
NOT 2 gases go to 1
Explanation using Le Chatelier is fine BUT not Le Chatelier on its own
ALLOW 1 mark for correct choice of temperature (low) and pressure (high)
with some attempt at explanation
2
[17]

Sri Lankan School

78

62.

(a)

(i)

Starts at zero and approaching x-axis (1)

Maximum greater and at lower energy(1) T2 needs only to be just
higher than T1
T2 curve must go below T1 curve approaching the x-axis
2
(ii)

As the temperature increases the energy of the particles increases (1)

Use the diagram shading areas
OR more particles to the right hand side of EA line (1)
and so more (successful) collisions/particles have energy greater /
equal or greater than the activation energy (1)
NOT equal on its own
NOT mention of frequency of collisions on its own

(iii)

A catalyst provides an alternative route with a lower activation energy/

which requires less energy (1)
so more collisions / particles have energy greater than the activation
energy (1)
2

Sri Lankan School

79

(b)

(i)

e.g.

Measure the volume of gas given off in a given time / count bubbles /
obscuring cross using limewater (1)
and then repeat over a range of temperatures (1)
No diagram max 3
If method shown cannot possibly work max 1 ie waterbath or
sensible range of temperatures BUT NOT different temperatures
Penalty
1 for poor diagram

4
(ii)

Positive
1 mol goes to 4 moles/particles (so more disorder) /increase in number
of moles/particles (1)
products include a gas (and so more disorder) (1)
NOT 1 mole of compound/element goes to 4 moles of
compound/element
If negative 0 (out of 2)

(iii)

Positive with some explanation e.g. Ssurroundings = H/T OR

because reaction is exothermic (1)
H is therefore negative and so Ssurroundings must be positive (1)
If negative given in (ii) allow TE here

2
[15]

63.

(a)

Enthalpy / heat/energy change when 1 mol of a substance (1)

NOT heat needed
is burnt in excess / burnt completely in air/oxygen (1)
under standard conditions of 1 atm pressure & stated temperature / at 298 K (1)
3

Sri Lankan School

80

(b)

Bonds broken 4 C-H = + 1740

996
2 O=O 2736 (1)
Bonds made 2 C=O = 1610
1856
4 HO 3466 (1)
1

H = + 2736 + (3466) = 730 (1) (kJ mol )

(c)
C H 4(g ) + 2 H 2 O (g )

C O 2 (g ) + 4 H 2 (g )

4 H 2 (g ) + C (s) + O 2 (g )
Cycle (1)
do not allow the word elements
Arrows labelled D Hf etc or numbers (1)
Hr = 394 ( 75) 2 (242) (1)
1

= + 165 (1) (kJ mol )

4
[10]

64.

(a)

(b)

Step II

Wait before reading temperature/ take a series of

(temperature) readings (1)

NOTE

Ignore any references to time or more accurate thermometer

Step III

Stir after each addition / leave thermometer in solution

throughout/do not rinse (1)

Drawing two best fit lines (second line can be through first three points) (1)
Extending to a maximum (1)

2
3

Curve between 20 and 25 cm scores first mark only

Note if use wrong last point for first line, no marks can be scored.
Hand sketched (without ruler) scores one mark only.
(c)

Reading T consequentially (1) expected T = 7.0 0.1 (C) 2sf for T

3
Reading VN consequentially (1) expected VN = 22.5 to 23.0 (cm ) 3sf for VN
3

T = 6.9 (C) VN = 25.0 (cm ) scores (1) only

Sri Lankan School

81

(d)

(i)

(ii)

Heat calculated using candidates values in (c)

ignore 3 or more SF at this stage

Answer to (d )(i )
0.025
()
Method consequentially (1)
Answer, sign and 24 SF (1)

Vol

Heat/kJ

H/kJ mol

7.0

22.5

1.39

55.6

7.0

23.0

1.40

56.0 /
56.2

25.0

1.44

57.7 /
57.6

6.9

[9]

65.

(a)

(b)

Energy/heat change (1) ALLOW Enthalpy change

when gaseous ions (1) NOT one mole of gaseous ions
form 1 mole of solid/crystal/lattice (1) NOT form one mole of an ionic
compound without physical state
OR
Energy change etc per mole (1)
Suitable equation (1)
State symbols (1)
If from its elements 0 (out of 3)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Sri Lankan School

161 122 519 + 349 409 = 862 (kJ mol )

working (1)
answer (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)
+ 862 with working (1)
Wrong answer with only one error (1)

Less endothermic due to weaker (metallic) bonding (1)

+
Li/Li is smaller OR vice versa in terms of potassium (1)

(Ionic) charge (1)

Size/radius (1)
Charge density unexplained (max 1)

covalent character /not 100 % ionic/ not purely ionic (1)

+
due to polarisation/distortion of anion / Ag is highly polarising (1)

82

(d)

(i)
H
M X

(s)

(g )

X (g )

la tt

(a q ) +

S o m e in d ic a tio n it is 2 v a lu e s
X (a q )

s o ln

OR
energy level diagram
Species including state symbols (1) ALLOW 2+/2ions
Arrows correctly labelled (1)
If L.E. arrow , must be shown as LE
ALLOW a specific example eg NaCl
(ii)

Hsolution = Lattice energy + () hydration enthalpies

ALLOW balance between lattice energy and hydration enthalpies (1)
the more exothermic Hsolution the more likely the compound is to dissolve
(1) stand alone
OR
If () hydration enthalpies are greater than lattice energy (1)
The compound (is likely to) dissolve. (1)
2

(iii)

(From CaSO4 to BaSO4) the lattice energy changes by less than the
hydration enthalpy / lattice energy changes by 106, hydration by
1
290 KJ mol (1) so enthalpy of solution process is more endothermic/
st
less exothermic so solubility falls (1) dependent on the 1 mark
2
[17]

Sri Lankan School

83

66.

(a)
(b)

thermal decomposition / redox

NOT reduction or oxidation on their own
(i)

Formation of 1 mole of the compound/substance (1)

from its elements (1)
in their standard states/ under standard conditions/ (temperature
and pressure) at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure (1)

(ii)

Cr2 loses formula mark

2 max

Mark independently formulae (1)

number of moles (1)
arrows and state symbols (1) depend on one mark being given for
the above.
3

(c)

-1

(iii)

0 / zero (kJ mol )

(iv)

4 242 + 1140 (OR 2108) 1810 (1)

-1
298 kJ mol
value (1)
signs and units (1) dependent on value being one of these given

Exothermic + attempt at explanation (1)

Bonds are formed when a gas turns to a liquid (1)
ACCEPT answers based on kinetic theory
Evaporation is endothermic (therefore by Hesss Law) the reverse
must be exothermic

2
[13]

Sri Lankan School

84

67.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Cl in HCl: 1 / 1
O in H2O2: 1 / 1

Cl in Cl2: 0 (1)
O in H2O: 2 / 2 (1)

hydrochloric acid/hydrogen chloride/chloride ion/ HCl/Cl

NOT chlorine UNLESS the chlorine in HCl

N.B. Read whole thing through.

Look for good use of chemical language eg use of molecule / atom
O.N. of 2 Cls has increased by (1 2=) TWO
O.N. of 2 Os has decreased by (1 2=) TWO
OR
In terms of electron exchange from one oxidation state to another.
OR
Can consider total oxidation numbers remaining constant eg sum of O and Cl
O.N. = 4 on left, sun of O and Cl O.N. = 4 on right too.
1
[4]

68.

(i)

C12(g) (+) O2(g)

ALLOW T. E from (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

DH at [Cl2O(g)] = 80.3 + 492.6 = + 412(.3) (kJ mol )

SIGN essential
PENALISE wrong units
Correct answer with no working (1)
ALLOW TE from(ii), provided Hess Law applied correctly
for their cycle

E[Cl O] (= (+ 412.3)) = (+)206(.2) (kJ mo1 )

ALLOW TE from (iii)
ALLOW (+)206.15
ALLOW missing sign

1
[4]

69.

(a)

enthalpy/heat (not energy) change for one mole of a compound / substance (1)
to be formed from its elements (1)
in standard states or under standard conditions of 1atm pressure and stated
temperature (298 K). (1)
3

Sri Lankan School

85

(b)

(i)

DHc = [(394) + (2 286)] (75)]

1

(ii)

(c)

(d)

= 891 kJ mol
1
891 kJ mol with working (3)
1
605 kJ mol with working (2)
all other non-typo values (max 1) for 2 286
1
891 kJ mol with no working (1)

(negative so) exothermic

(consequential on (i))

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

species (1)
balancing (1)

QWC
Must compare the two fuels for full marks
Only datagenerated advantages and disadvantages to score.
Methane is a gas and ethanol is a liquid plus a valid comment about
storage in vehicle, e.g. methane requires heavy container to store gas
under pressure / large container required to store gas, whereas easy to
store liquid in fuel tank (1)
Any 2 of
Methane cheaper per kJ of heat released (than ethanol)
Methane cheaper (per tonne than ethanol)
Methane produces more heat per gram (than ethanol)
Cheaper / more heat implies a comparison

(e)

C2H5 OH + [O] CH3CHO + H2O (1) not CH3COH

C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O (1) (allow CH3CO2H)
st

Allow CH3CHO + [O] CH3COOH if CH3CHO is a product in 1 equation 2

(f)

conc. H2SO4 /Al2O3 / conc or syrupy H3PO4 or names (1)

For acids, conditions: heat (if temp stated conc sulphuric 150 C200 C
phosphoric 50 to 100C)
For aluminium oxide, conditions: pass vapour over hot Al2O3 (1)

2
[16]

70.

(a)

(i)

5.00 + 84.0 = 0.0595 mol

(ii)

50.0 4.18 6.5 (1) ignore sign

1000 (1) = 1.36kJ mark consequentially
(1.49.kJ if use 55.0 g (1))

Sri Lankan School

86

(iii)

(b)

(i)
(ii)

Answer to (ii) answer to (i) (1) /correct method.

(expected answer +22.6 to + 22.9 for 50.0 g or +24.8 to +25.1 for
55.0g)
Answer with positive sign to 3 sfs (1)

Increase temperature for Na2CO3 and decrease for NaHCO3 (1)

Larger DT with Na2CO3 (or consequential on (a)(iii) (1)

No heat lost/gained to/from surroundings/reaction is complete

shc of the solution is the same as water
3
Allow 1 cm of solution has a mass of 1g
10 1
Do not allow shc is 4.18 J g C

1
[8]

71.

(a)

(i)

240 (kJ mol )

(ii)

360 (kJ mol )

Penalise incorrect units once only

Overlap of p-orbitals / p (system) (1)

(results in) delocalisation (1)
1
makes benzene (more) stable (by 152 kJ mol ) (1)
QWC*

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

87

(b)

(i)
(ii)

AlBr3/ AIC13 / FeBr3 / Fe

Formula must be correct; no names

Ignore curly arrows in this first step; mark species only

(consistent with catalyst)
+

B r 2 + A lB r 3

B r + A lB r 4

(1 )

Br

Br

Br

(1)

+H

(1) structure
(1) arrow

Alternative way of showing part played by catalyst

Br

B rA lB r 3

Allow Kekul intermediate

+

(iii)

Br
H

Electrophilic substitution

1
[11]

72.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

Nichrome/platinum wire/ceramic rod (1)

cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered sample and heated in flame (1)
rd
both ideas needed for 3 point.

Electrons promoted/excited to higher energy levels (1)

Fall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
/wavelength/emr (1)

Sodium/Na

88

(b)

(i)

4.18 100 1.1 (1)

= 460J / 0.460 kJ/459.8J (1)

Mr MgSO4.7H2O = 246 (1)

12.3/246 = 0.05 (1) Allow TE

460/0.05
1
1
+9200 J mol /+9.2 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)
1 for incorrect SF.
ALLOW TE from b(i) and/or b(ii)

(i)

DHr = DH1 DH2

(ii)

+9.2 85.2
1
= +94 kJ mol (1)
sign and units (1)

(ii)
(iii)

(c)

[15]

73.

(a)

(i)

1
ACCEPT all dots/crosses
(ii)

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

Trigonal pyramid/Tetrahedral/Three leg stool shape (1)

must be some attempt at 3D or correct name
107 ALLOW 92-108 (1)

repulsion between four pairs of electrons gives

tetrahedral shape (1))
Greater repulsion of non-bonding electrons/lone pair
closes down tetrahedral bond angle (1)

89

(b)

(i)

PH3(g) P(g) + 3H(g)

(ii)

Hess applied (1)

Multiples (1)
1
Correct answer + 963(.2)/960 kJ mol (1)

Answer to (ii) divided by 3

1
+ 321(.1)/320 kJ mol

(iii)

[10]

74.

(a)

(i)

Methanol is the biggest/ most complex molecule / greatest MR /most

atoms/most electrons
1

(ii)

DSsystem = 239.7 197.6 2(130.6)

l 1

= 219.1/ 219 J mol K

Method (1)
answer + units (1)

(iii)

yes as 3 molecules 1 OR yes as (2) gases a liquid

(iv)

DSsurr = DH/T (stated or used) (1)

1

= (129/ 298) = +0.433 kJ mol K / +433 J mol

1 for wrong units/ no units / more than 4 SF
1 for wrong sign/ no sign
(v)

DStotal = 219.1 + 433 = +213.9 / +213.8 J mol

K /+ 432.9 (1)

2
1

K / +214 J mol

K /

1 1

+0.214 kJ mol K (1)

Positive so possible (1)
(b)

(i)

Temperature
Faster at 400C (1)
even though yield is lower (1)
Pressure
Higher pressure improves yield of methanol (1)
Higher pressure increases rate (1)
Maximum 3

(ii)

Not in same phase as reactants. ALLOW state instead of phase

(iii)

Kp = p(CH3OH)/p(CO)p(H2)

(iv)

Partial pressure of methanol = 200 55 20 = 125 atm (1)

2
Kp = (125)/5520

= 5.68 10

Sri Lankan School

/ 5.7 10

atm

(1)

90

(c)

(i)

Number of molecules / fraction of molecules with energy EA /number

of molecules which have enough energy to react.
1

(ii)

Vertical line / mark on axis to show value to the left of line EA

1
[17]

75.

(a)

(i)

Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on formation of 1 mole of a compound (1)

from its elements (1)
in their standard states/ at 1 atm pressure and stated
temperature (298 K) (1)
3

(ii)

(2 34) (2 90) (1)

1
DH = 112 kJ mol (1)
1
1
+ 112 kJ mol or 56 kJ mol (1)

enthalpy change consequential on (ii) (1)

activation hump shown (1)
diagram properly labelled DH with arrows, named reactants and
products (1)

(iii)

(b)

(iv)

Products thermodynamically more stable than reactants exothermic 1

(v)

Reaction has a high activation energy /

reactants are kinetically stable

Dynamic constantly moving / still reacting/

Rate of forward reaction equals rate of reverse reaction (1)
Equilibrium concentrations/ amounts constant (1)

position of equilibrium moves right (1)

fewer moles/ molecules on R.H.S. (1)

products removed from reaction system/ not in the system for

long enough

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

[16]

76.

(a)

Density = 1.0 g cm
3
OR 1 cm (of water) weighs 1 g

Sri Lankan School

91

(b)

(c)

(d)

(DT = 38.1 19.5 =) 18.6 (C) calculated or correctly used (1)

200 4.18 18.6
1000
= 15.5/15.55 (kJ) (1)
Correct answer with some working (2)

(Mass used = 198.76 197.68 = ) 1.08 calculated or correctly used

(1)
1.08
Moles = 46.0 = 0.0235 / 0.02348 (1)

Answer to (b)
Answer to (c) (1)
15.5
e.g. 0.0235
1

negative sign and kJ mol

answer correct to 3sf (1)
(e)

(1)
3

(i)

Ethanol vaporises/evaporates (1)

(ii)

Carbon/soot (1)
Incomplete combustion/insufficient oxygen so reaction does
not go to completion (1)

2
[11]

77.

(a)

(i)

2+

2+

Mg(s) + Cu (aq) Mg
entities (1)
state symbols (1)

(aq) + Cu(s)
2

(ii)

DH

(r)

= DH f[Mg

2+

(aq)] DH f [Cu

entities including state symbols (1)

arrows (1)
Hess applied (1)

Sri Lankan School

2+

(aq)]

92

(b)

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(c)

4.215060 (1)
= 37800 / 38000 J (1)
OR 37.8 / 38 kJ

37800 / 530000
= 0.07(13) (mol)

1000 0.0713 / 8
3
= 8.9(2) cm
ALLOW TE from (i) and (ii)

Heat losses to surroundings /container / through container (1)

Heat capacity of chemicals not considered (1)
Incomplete reaction / mixing (1)
Any two reasonable points

2
[11]

78.

(a)

(i)

a particle / species /group with an unpaired electron /OWTTE

(ii)
(iii)

1
homolytic

(b)

B and C

(c)

(i)

C12

(ii)

+242 + 4 + 339 = 93 kJ mol

(A + B +
F)
OR
1
+4 97 = 93 kJ mol
(B + C)
Method (1)
answer with units (1)

(d)
(e)

1
+

CH4

CH3Cl

HCl
1

(i)

-242 kJ mol

(ii)

Exothermic because a bond has been formed.

Less endothermic (1)

the bond is weaker (1)

1
1
2
[11]

79.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

It is the enthalpy / heat (energy) change / evolved for the

formation of 1 mol of urea (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states / at 1 atm and stated temperature {298K} (1) 3

93

(b)

AMENDED (ignore units)

{(-333.0) + ( 285-8)} {(2 46.2) + (393.5)}
= - 618.8 + 485.9
= - 132.9 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)
Correct answer alone (1)
+ 132.9 kJ (2)
Omitting the 2 gives 179.1 kJ (2)
+ 179.1 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hesss Law gives 1104.7 kJ (2)
+ 1 1 04.7 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hesss Law and omit 2 gives 1058.5 kJ (1)
+ 1058.5 kJ (0)
NOT AMENDED (ignore units)
{(632.2) + (285.8)) ((2 46.2) + (393.5)} (1)
= - 918.0 + 485.9
= - 432.1 kJ (3)
Correct answer with some correct working (3)
Correct answer alone (1)
+ 432.1 kJ (2)
Omitting the 2 gives 478.3 kJ (2)
+ 478.3 kJ (1)
Incorrect application of Hesss Law gives 1403.9 kJ (2)
+ 1403.9 kJ (1)
Incorrect Hesss Law and omit x2 gives 1357.1 kJ (1)
+ 1357.1 kJ (0)
[6]

80.

(a)

A species with a lone pair / pair of electrons (1)

NOT negative ion alone or as an alternative

which it uses / donates to form a (dative) covalent bond (1)

Sri Lankan School

94

(b)

Ammonia / NH3 (in ethanol) (1)

(i)

heat (1) NOT heat under reflux UNLESS in a sealed tube

If a temperature is quoted it must be greater than 100C
in sealed tube / under pressure / concentrated (1)
If a pressure is quoted it must be greater than 1 atm
Conditions are dependent on correct reagent.
If ammonia and an additional reagent max (1) for two correct conditions.
3
(ii)

Carbon-bromine bond stronger / higher bond enthalpy than

carbon iodine / Ea for C-Br is higher than C-I
IGNORE any extra explanations involving the alkyl groups

(c)

Identify bonds broken and made (1)

e.g. Energy in + 464 or + 3340
AND Energy out (-) 656 or (-) 3532 (1)
Energy needed to break bonds energy released to make bonds = 36 (1)
e.g. C-I + 464 656 = + 36
or C-I + 3340 3532 = + 36 (1)
Correct evaluation dependent on use of 36 (1)
i.e. C-I = 228 kJ mol

(1)

Correct answer with some correct working (3)

If final answer is negative max (2)
If 36 is on the wrong side, then 156 max 2 (-156 (1))
If miss out 36, then 192 max 1

H
H

C
H

(d)

O
O

ALLO W O H
1
[10]

Sri Lankan School

95

81.

(a)

for energy level of product lower than reactant both labelled with species (1)
for activation hump DH (1)
for Ea being correctly marked (1)
Arrow must not point downwards
for DH being correctly marked (1)
e.g.

E
N

+ (3 )H

E n th a lp y
H

(2 )N H

E x te n t o f r e a c tio n
(b)

(i)

starts at or near origin (not on x or y axis) skewed distribution that is

reasonably asymptotic to the x-axis (1)
for Euncat (must not be to the left of the peak) (1)
for Ecat to the left of Euncat (1) and still not to the /eft of the peak

e .g .
E acat
N o of
M o le c u le s

E auncat

E n e rg y
(ii)

With the catalyst a greater number/proportion of the molecules (1)

This point must be linked to the diagram in some way,
e.g. labelled shading
have E Ecat / sufficient energy to react (1)
and so more collisions result in reaction / more successful
collisions (1)

Sri Lankan School

96

(c)

At 25C no / few molecules / collisions have E Ea./

sufficient energy to react (1)

At higher temperature the (average) energy of the molecules

increases (1)

At 400C a greater proportion of the molecules/collisions

have energy greater than/equal to the activation energy (1)

3
[13]

[CO 2 ][H 2 ] 4

82.

(a)

Kc =

(1)

CH 4 H 2 O 2

Starting amounts:

CH 4 10g / 16 g mol 1 0.625 mol

H 2 O 54 g / 18g mol 1 3.0 mol

(1)

Equilibrium amounts:
CH4 = 0.625 2.0 = 0. 1 25 mol (1)
H2O = 3.0 2.0 = 2.0 mol (1)
CO2 = 0.0 + 2.0 = 0.500 mol (1)
H2 = 2.0 mol (given)
Equilibrium concentrations:
3

above values 4 dm (1)

Kc
2

-6

= 1.0 (or 1 or 1.00) (1) mol dm (1)

(b)

(mark consequently)
[CH4] = 0.03125 mol dm

-3

[H2O] = 0.500 mol dm

-3

[CO2] = 0.125 mol dm

-3

[H2] = 0.50 mol dm

-3

[CO 2 ] eq [H 2 ] eq

[CH 4 ] eq [ H 2 O] eq

0.125 0.50 4
0.03125 0.500 2

DH = (-394) [(-76) + (2 242)] (2) 1 mark for 2, 1 mark for signs and values
1

= + 166 (1) kJ mol

166 scores zero

Sri Lankan School

97

(c)

A catalyst (of nickel) is used because the reaction, even at 750C, is too slow /
to speed up the reaction (1)
Then any six of the following eight points:
a temperature of 750C is used:

as the reaction is endothermic (1)

a high temperature increases the value of the equilibrium constant (1)

and so increases the equilibrium yield (1)

a high temperature also favours a fast rate (1)

but a temperature > 750 would be too expensive / cause engineering

problems (1)
Temperature could score up to 5 but max 6 for T and P combined.
If their calculation in (b) gives an exothermic answer, mark consequentially
[exothermic (1), decreases Kp (1), decreases yield (1) but faster rate(1), so 750
is
compromise of fast rate and lower yield (1)]
A pressure of 30 atm is used

even though the reaction goes from 3 to 5 gas moles / more gas moles of
right of equation (1)

causing a decrease in equilibrium yield (1)

but a moderately high pressure is needed to push the gases through the
7
plant (1)

Ignore any reference to rate

Pressure could score up to 3 but max 6 for T and P combined.
Do not give all 7 marks unless the candidate has expressed their ideas clearly
[18]

83.

(a)

(b)

(i)

H2O is proton / H / hydrogen ion donor

(ii)

Strong base ionises completely in water/solution

or weak base does not ionise/ interact to any extent in water
or strong base is a better proton acceptor than weak base
Dont allow definitions based on rate

2N2(g) +6H2(g) + 5O2(g)

Correct diatomic elements with state symbols (1)
Balanced cycle (1)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

98

(ii)

ie DH = 4(90.2) + 6(241.8) 4(46.1) (2)

= 360.8 1450.8 + 184.4
1
= 905.6 kJ mol
1
= 906 kJ mol (1)
1 for incorrect significant figures
correct use of Hess cycle (1)
correct use of multiples (1)
consequential answer with correct sign and units (1)

3
[7]

84.

(a)

(i)

x
o
o
H x C xo N oo
x
o
(ii)

O R

x o
H ox C xx oo N oo

180 (1)
Two regions / areas of negative charge / electrons repel so as to
be as far apart as possible (1)

(b)

4HCN + 5O2 2H2O + 4CO2 + 2N2

(c)

Mark according to quality of argument given.

2
1

No mark if answer

effectively requotes the question without amplification

is chemically unsound

is nonsensical

Answer must come to a conclusion and then look......

for EITHER a sophisticated statement about dangers of HCN
OR the usefulness of perspex.
Not enough to say No, because it is very toxic but a developed
point such as Danger of an escape of HCN is an unacceptable risk
to local residents would score.
Alternatively, an argument in favour of its use could be based on the
existence of adequate risk assessment and/or procedures for evacuation
in the event of an emergency or need for a safer alternative to glass or
other justification for use of Perspex.
(d)

(i)

H(g) + C(g) + N(g) (1)

H2(g) +C(s/graphite) + N2(g) (1)
all formulae correct, but missing state symbols: 1 max

Sri Lankan School

99

(ii)

2
4 1 3 + E (C

N )
+
=
AC CE
w ith

+ 1 1 0 (k J m o l1 ) (1 )
A C C E P T re v e rse d a rro w
w ith 1 1 0 (k J m o l 1)

2 1 8 + 7 1 7 + 4 7 3 (1 )
+ 1 4 0 8 (k J m o l 1)
P T re v e rse d a rro w
1 4 0 8 (k J m o l 1)

M U S T b e n u m e ric a l v a lu e s
(iii)

E (CN) = 1408 110 413

1
= +885 (kJ mol )

1
[10]

85.

(a)

Enthalpy or heat change or heat energy / released when 1 mol

of substance / element or compound (need to say both) (1)

is burned in excess oxygen / completely / reacts completely (1)

at 1 atm pressure and specified temperature (1)

(b)

DH = 2DHc(C) + 2DHc(H2) - DHc(CH3COOH) (1) for this or

equivalent cycle drawn;
DH = (394 2) + (-286 2)(874) (1)
1
= -486 kJ mol (1)

(c)

(Enthalpy of) formation / DHf (1)

(d)

correct orientation of energy levels / labelled (at least one) (1)

DH shown - number allowed (1)

reaction profile showing Ea (1)

[if based on (b) max 2]

a c tiv a tio n e n e rg y
C (+ O 2 )
E n th a lp y
H
C O

[10]

Sri Lankan School

100

86.

(a)

(i)

Reaction is complete (1)

addition of cooler NaOH causes temp to fall (1)

(b)

(ii)

20.0 cm (1)

(iii)

20.0 2.00 / 1000 (1)= 0.0400 mol

(iv)

20 1.00 / 1000 (1) =0.0200 mol

(v)

1 : 2 (1) MUST be consequential on working in (iii) to (iv)

(vi)

Cu(OH)2 (1) Consequential provided that the ratio of Cu to OH is

a whole number

(i)

7.2 C (or K) (1)

(ii)

q = 1210 J / 1.21 kJ (1) Consequential on (b)(i)

(iii)

DH = 1210 J / 0.020 (1) ie. method Mark consequentially on (a)(iv)

and (b)(ii).

sign (1)

Correct units (1) (*)

2 max if numerical error (*)

In final answer
(c)

No stirring / poor mixing (1)

Specified method of stirring or mixing e.g. magnetic stirrer / swirl cup

between additions (1)
or

Solutions at different initial temperatures (1)

Allow them to stabilise at room temperature (1)

Do not allow anything to do with heat loss. Do not allow more accurate
thermometer` since the one specified is good enough.

2
[14]

Sri Lankan School

101

87.

(a)
(b)

20

1000 0.5 = 0.01

Energy change = 20 4.18 26.3 = (2198.68)

2198.68
DH = () 0.01 (1)
220, ALLOW 4sf 219.9, no units needed
OR 220,000 J (1)

2
[3]

88.

(a)

(i)

Forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate (1)

so there is no change in the proportions of reactants and products (1)2

(ii)

Proportion of HI expected to become smaller (1)

because reaction will respond to temperature increase by shifting in the
endothermic direction (1)
2

(iii)

No change expected because catalysts affect only the rate at

which equilibrium is attained.

(b)
E n e rg y

E a
(u n c a ta ly s e d )
H 2 (g ) + l 2 (g )
(p ro d u c ts )

E a
(c a ta ly s e d )

2 H l(g )
(re a c ta n ts )

P ro g re s s o f re a c tio n
Products at higher energy level than reactants (1)
Line going up from reactants to peak (corresponding to transition state),
then down to products (1)
Second line with lower peak representing the catalysed reaction (1)
Activation energies of uncatalysed and catalysed reactions correctly marked (1) 4
[9]

89.

(a)

Measure (volume/ amount of gas) with a gas syringe / inverted burette

OR Loss in mass with (top pan) balance
OR Described titrimetric method (1)
..........at regular time intervals (1)

Sri Lankan School

102

(b)

(c)

(i)

Rate is proportional to (hydrogen peroxide) concentration

OR Index of (hydrogen peroxide) concentration in rate equation is 1 1

(ii)

Rate = k(1)[H2O2((aq))]

(iii)

Measure/ calculate/ find several/two hal-lives (1)

(Check) halflives are constant (1)

(i)
N um ber of
m o le c u le s
w ith k in e tic
e n e rg y, E

E n e rg y E
E

General shape of T1 graph (1)

General shape of T2 graph: higher temperature peak lower
and moved to the right (1)
Check that graphs start at zero penalise once
Check that graphs do not meet energy axis penalise once.
(Many) more molecules with energy in excess of EA/ Emin / a certain value
(1)
Can be shown (as shading) on the diagram
Activation energy shown (1)
4

Sri Lankan School

103

(ii)
1 /T /1 0

In (ra te )

Axes correct with correct labels (1)

Sensible Scales as shown
but can be shifted up/down or right/left (1)
Points correct with best fitting straight line (1)

Sri Lankan School

104

(iii)

Gradient = 9700 (allow 9200 to 10200) (1)

Ea = gradient / Ea = 8.31 gradient (1)
R
1
1
= +81 kJ mol / +81000 J mol
ALLOW 76 to 86
Correct answer, units, sign, 2SF (1)

3
[16]

90.

(a)

Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the neutralisation

/ reaction of one mole of a monobasic acid /
hydrogen ions (by an alkali)
or
Enthalpy / heat (energy) change on the formation of one mole of
water when an acid is neutralised
Or
+
Enthalpy change per mole for reaction H + OH ,
H2O (1)

(b)

q = mcDT (1) other unambiguous symbols/names

= 100 4.18 6.90 (1)
= 2884 J including units (1)
3
Consequential on sensible chemistry in line 2 i.e. use of 50 for mass or temp
in K or data for temperature, transposed(max2). Ignore sign of answer
Allow 3 or 4 significant figures

(c)

2884/0.05 (1)
answer from (b) 0.05/allow answer from (b) 20
1
= 57.7 kJ mol (1) accept 57.6
If wrong sign (max 1)
If wrong units (max 1)

(d)

Ensures all acid reacts / neutralisation (of acid)

+
completed / reaction (of acid) completed / all H reacted (1)

1
[7]

91.

(a)

(i)

Sri Lankan School

Enthalpy or heat change / released when 1 mol of

substance (1)
is burned in excess oxygen / completely (1)
all substances in standard states (at a specified temp)/
at a pressure of 1 atm. (1)

105

(ii)

Suitable cycle (need not be labelled but if labelled,

these must be correct) (1)
working (1)
answer (1)

e .g . C
( H

com b

1/2

(H

C a rb o n )
C O

(iii)

(H

C O

fo rm

com bC

C O )

a rb o n m o n o x id e )

(1 )

= -394 -(-283) (1)

1
= -111 (kJ mol ) (1)
Penalise 1 mark if units incorrect

(some) CO2 is always produced in the reaction (1)

(E n e rg y )

C ( + 1/2 O 2 )

(1 )
C O

(iv)

1
Consequential on (a) (ii)
n.b. if no answer in(a) (ii), correct diagram can still score

(b)

Methane (and oxygen) / reactants thermodynamically unstable

w.r.t. products (1)
Must be a comparison
Since reactants are at a higher energy level (than products) (1)
or reverse argument
Reactants / methane, oxygen kinetically stable (1)
Due to high activation energy (1)
If no reference to methane in the answer (max 3)

4
[12]

Sri Lankan School

106

92.

(a)

(b)

Note 1 mark for improvement 1 mark for related reason in each case to max 4
marks. Reason must relate to improvement. Max 2 for improvement. Max 2 for
reason.
Improvement

insulate beaker / polystyrene cup / plastic cup / use lid (1)

Reason

Prevents / reduces heat loss or absorbs less heat (1)

Improvement

Use pipette / burette (1)

Reason

More accurate (than measuring cylinder) (1)

Improvement
(1)

Measure temperature for several minutes before the addition

Reason

Allows more accurate value for the initial temperature (1)

Improvement

Measure temperature more often (1)

Reason

Allows for better extrapolation / more accurate

temperature change from graph (1)

Improvement

Read thermometer to 1 dp / use more precise

thermometer/ digital thermometer (1)

Reason

Gives more accurate temperature change (1)

Improvement

Stir mixture (1)

Reason

Ensure even temperature / reaction faster less heat loss

with time (1)

Improvement

Use finely divided iron / smaller pieces (1)

Reason

Reaction faster less heat loss with time (1)

Not speeds up alone

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Heat change = 50.0 4.18 15.2J

= 50.0 4.18 15.2 / 1000kJ
= 3.18kJ or 3180J (1)
Ignore sig. fig. Allow mark if units omitted
If units quoted but wrong eg 3.18 J score 0.

No of mols of copper sulphate = 50.0 0.500 / 1000

= 0.025 (1)

Enthalpy change per mol = 3.18/.025 = 127kJ (1)

negative sign (1) stand alone
consequential on (i) and (ii)
-1
max 4 sig fig and answer must be in kJ mol even if units omitted.

2
[8]

Sri Lankan School

107

93.

(a)

(i)

Equation (1)

O H

O
+

O H

H 2O

(1 )

2 H 2O

There are several ways of answering the rest of this section

Alternative 1
E = + 2.47V (1)
This is positive, therefore reaction feasible (1)
Alternative 2
Both E values are positive, so sum of E is positive (1)
Therefore reaction is feasible (1)

N um ber /
f r a c tio n o f
m o le c u le s
( w ith
e n e rg y E )

(ii)

E a cat

(E )

Maxwell-Boltzmann graph - 1 mark for shape of graph

1 mark for correct axes
plotted and labelled
1 mark for Ea and Eacat
Do not award third mark if either of the E values is on left hand
side of max on hump
Explanation
area under graph to right of Ecat> area to right of Ea (1)
greater number/ fraction of molecules or particles have enough
energy to react on collision or greater number of effective /
successful collisions (1)
If draw two graphs showing different temperature ignore
(iii)

Sri Lankan School

The reactant/ 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (and the product/ quinone both)

have delocalised ring (or resonance) systems/ or described
delocalisation (or resonance) (1)
these average bond energies are for localised bonds / do not
apply to benzene ring compounds / compounds with delocalised
or resonance systems. (1)
2

108

(b)

(c)

20 dm oxygen is 20/24 = 0.833 mol (1)

3
amount peroxide in 1 dm = 0.833 mol 2 (1) = 1.67 mol
3
-1
mass 1.67 mol 34 g mol = 57 / 56.6 / 56.7 / 56.8 g (dm ) (1)
+

(i)

H2O2 O2+ 2H + 2e (1)

(ii)

2MnO4 + 6H + 5 H2O2 2Mn + 8H2O + 5O2

species on correct side of equation (1) balance (1)

2+
MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn + 4H2O If the overall equation, is
not correct allow 1 mark for this equation if correct
ignore

(iii)

1
2+

Higher concentration increases collision frequency / more collisions

per unit of time (1)
therefore causes increase in reaction rate (1)
More successful collisions therefore faster gets 1 mark
2
(no reference to higher concentration)
[18]

94.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(b)

Enthalpy/heat change for formation of 1 mole of a

compound (1)
from its elements (1)
in their standard states / or stated temperature of 298K
(25C) and 1 atm (or suitable unit) (1)

= -60.4 - (52.3-36.2) (1)

-1
= -76.5 (Kj mol ) (1)

negative sign means reaction exothermic/gives out heat (1)

if no answer given to part (ii) must give general explanation
that negative means exothermic and positive means
endothermic reaction

Energy in = (612 + 366) = 978 (1)

Energy out = 348 + 412 + 276 = 1036 (1)
Energy change = 978 1036 = -58 (1) consequential
If candidates choose to include the four C-H bonds the above
figures are 2626, 2684 and -58

Sri Lankan School

109

(c)

Average values from many compounds used in bond

enthalpies (1)
Actual values for these compounds probably slightly different
/ or, calculation in (a) (ii) uses real / actual / experimental
/standard/ values (1)
n.b. do not accept arguments based on error

2
[11]

95.

(a)

Lattice Energy:

enthalpy or heat energy released (could mention the

process is exothermic or value negative) (1)

a when gaseous ions (1)

(come together to) form / mole solid / crystal / lattice (1)

but not substance
if equation given could get state marks and energy change
marks if DH shown

Enthalpy of Atomisation:

heat energy change for the formation of one mole of gaseous atoms (1)

from an element in its standard state (1)

(b)

not standard conditions

if state or imply exothermic max 1

(i)

correct step shown (1) must identify change

(ii)

+150 + 736 + 1450 + (2 121) + 642 = 3220

= 2493 + 2x (1)
2x = 727
x = 363 1 (1) sign vital
n. b. -727 scores 1, 303 scores 1, -606 scores 0

Sri Lankan School

110

N a + (g ) + H (g ) + e

N a + (g ) + H (g )
N a (g ) + H (g )

N a ( g ) + 1/ 2 H 2 ( g )

N a ( s ) + 1/ 2 H 2 ( g )

N a H (s )

(c)
Marking points on cycle

all correct species and steps plus state symbols where crucial (1 mark)
n. b. crucial steps Na (s) to Na (g) + gaseous ions to solid NaH
complete cycle (1 mark)
H2 to H (1 mark)
n. b. the whole cycle could be doubled to give 2 electron affinity
n. b. an energy diagram as above is not essential any correct
cycle in any representation is equally acceptable
+
n. b. any cycle containing H scores 0 marks

[11]

96.

(a)

There are several routes to the answer; one possible route is given below.
Alternative routes are acceptable.
DHlatt = ( 411) (-364) (+121) (+494) (+109) (1)
1

= -771(1) (kJ mol )

Possible wrong answers:
710.5 1 mark - wrong use of DHatom of Cl
+771 (0) marks - lack of understanding of cycle

Sri Lankan School

111

(b)

Reference to fact that doubly charged ion(s) involved in the MgO (1)
Reference to fact that this leads to stronger forces of attraction (than in NaCl) (1)
or
Comparison of charge (1)
Comparison of radii (1)
or
Lattice enthalpy depends upon sizes of ions and charges or charge density (1)
+
2+
Na and Mg magnesium is smaller and double charged/

2
Cl and O oxygen is smaller and double charged (1)
2

(c)

AgI is (partially) covalent (1)

Calculation assumes 100%/ fully ionic / point charges / perfect spheres (1) 2
[6]

97.

(a)

(i)
(ii)

2 14 100 /60 (1) = 46.67 / 46.7% (1)

Low(er) solubility / not easily leached

non-explosive
neutral
less osmotic pressure / less scorching
slow release Any two for 1 mark each
2

(b)

Condensation polymerisation formed of a multiple unit with elimination of a simple

molecules (1)
Diagram (1)

O
C l

C l

e.g.

Or formation of a polyester

O
Polyamide - polymer containing

N H

/ -CONH- / -NHCO-(1)
Quality of language (1)

Sri Lankan School

112

(c)

(d)

(e)

Ammonia is the stronger base because ammonium ion is the weaker acid (1)
or
The weaker the acid, the stronger is its conjugate base (1)
+
Therefore (NH4 weaker acid / smaller Ka) ammonia is stronger base (1)
or
+
Ka for NH4 is less than Ka for conjugate acid of urea (1)
therefore the ammonia is the stronger base (1)
ammonia is stronger base alone = (0)

Bromine (1)
NOT aq
NaOH (1)
Order of adding/addition and heat (1)

(ii)

NH2NH2 (1)

(i)

Ammonium nitrate is a solid / not a gas (1)

(ii)

KP = PNH3 . PHNO3 (1)

(i)

PNH3 = 15.7 = 3.96 atm (1)

3.96 atm = 3.96 1/50 moles of ammonia
= 0.079 moles (1)
Moles of NH4NO3 = 8.00/80 = 0.100 (1)
% dissoc = 0.079/0.1 100 = 79% (1)
(iii)

Energy level of product higher than energy level of reactant =

thermodynamically stable (1)
Reaction 1 exothermic therefore thermodynamically unstable /
product more thermodynamically stable than reactants (1)
Reaction 2 endothermic therefore thermodynamically stable /
products less thermodynamically stable than reactants (1)
High activation energy means kinetically stable (1)
Correct statement about either or both being kinetically stable (1)

5
[25]

98.

(a)
(b)

Enthalpy change / heat changes (1)

is independent of route (1)

Enthalpy or heat change for complete combustion / complete reaction with

oxygen / burning in excess air (1)
per mole of substance (1)
1 atm or standard states (1)

Sri Lankan School

113

(c)

(i)

(ii)

CC + 5CH + CO + OH + 3O=O = +4719 (1)

4C=O + 6OH = 5750 (1)
1
DH = +4719 5750 = 1031 kJ mol (1)

Diagram showing an exothermic reaction and labelled products and

reactants / equations (1)
Showing energy barrier (1)
Consequential marking on (i)

C 2H 5O H + 3O

2CO

+ 3H 2O
2
[10]

99.

(a)

(280/2 = )140 (1)

5510/114 (1) = ()48.3 (1)

(b)

Eg. Hydrogen
Less pollution (1)
Greater energy per unit mass (1)
renewable resource (1)
Eg. Octane
Liquid easily transported (1)
More readily available (1)
The two reasons must relate to the same fuel no mark for fuel itself

(c)

The answer requires a disadvantage for the fuel chosen in part (b)
Hydrogen needs to be made using electricity / idea of storage problems developed (1)
Octane (air) pollution or non-renewable (1)

1
[6]

Sri Lankan School

114

100. (a)

(b)

(c)

Three possible reasons

Reason 1
Any fluctuations in temperature smoothed out / minimizes reading error / allows
line of best fit to be drawn (1)
Reason 2
Able to allow for cooling effect / able to calculate more accurate temperature
change / need to find highest temperature (1)
Reason 3
Reference to problem of how the experiment is carried out practically e.g.
reaction slow / too much to do all at once (1)
Any 2
2
Extrapolation of lower and upper temperatures at 3.5 min (1)
DT correct to + 1.0C according to candidates method (1)
Consequential on sensible method of finding temp
change between 3 and 4 minutes

DH = - 4.18 candidates DT
DH correctly calculated (1)
with consequentially correct sign and to 3 or 4 SF (1)
This is consequential on part (b)

2
[6]

101. (a)

(i)

The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change / released when 1 mol of

benzene is formed (1) from its elements (1) under standard conditions
2

(ii)

The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change when 1 mol of benzene burns (1)
in excess oxygen / burns to form carbon dioxide plus water / is completely
oxidized under standard conditions (1)
The second mark is not awarded if standard conditions are not
mentioned in part (i) or (ii).
2

6C + 3H

C 6H

H 1

H 2
6C O

(b)

+ 3H 2O

For correct cycle shown (1) or equivalent equations

DH1 = 6 (394) + 3 (286) = 3222 kJ (1) for either showing calculation or
answer
1
DHf = 3222 (3273) = +51 kJ mol (1)
3

Sri Lankan School

115

(c)

Benzene has p electrons delocalised (1) Therefore bond energy NOT that of C
C or C=C

lo c a lis e d (1 )
+215

E n e rg y

D e lo c a lis e d (1 ) c o n s e q u e n tia l
+51

6 C (s) + 3 H 2(g )
4
(d)

(i)

rate = k[benzene][bromine]

(ii)

rate would be decreased (1)

Ea of rate determining step (or the idea of it) would be increased (1)2
[14]

102. (a)

(i)

p(COCl 2 )
Kp = p(CO) p(Cl 2 )

(ii)

Consequential on (i)

(units marked here or below)

CO + Cl2
Eq
mol
Mol ( 1.15)
frac
p.p. ( 1.3)

Kp

0.15

0.15

COCl2

0.85 (1)

0.130 0.130 0.739 (1)

0.170 0.170 0.961 (1)

0.961
33
(0.170) 2
(1)
(or 33.4) atm

(iii)

Not [ ]

(1)

Reaction is exothermic left to right (1)

\ increase in temp causes K to decrease (1)

(b)

Bond energy in CO is about 3 times that of CO/equals sum of CO and C=O/one

CO and one C=O therefore triple bond /3 bonds
1

(c)

COCl2 + 4NH3 (NH2)2CO (1) + 2NH4Cl (1)

COCl2 + 2NH3 NH2COCl (1) + NH4Cl (1)
but COCl2 + 2NH3
COCl2 + NH3

Sri Lankan School

(NH2)2CO + 2HCl (1)

NH COCl + HCl (1)

2

116

(d)

(i)

CH3NH2

(ii)

CH3CN / CH3CN

(iii)

C2H5CH(OH)CN

C 2H

C 2H

and

C N

H O

N C

H O

(e)
Consequential on d(iii)

1
[15]

H
103. (a)

(i)

Nx H ( 1 )
H

Bx x F

(1 )

Can be all or all x

Shape for NH3 pyramidal (1)

Shape for BF3 planer triangular (1)
o

Both bond angles NH3 104 to 180 and BF3 120 (1)

(b)

(ii)

NH3 has H bonding (between (d+ H and d N) (1)

which is stronger than van der Waals (1)
others have van der Waals (1)
van der Waals get larger as molecules have more electrons / get larger (1)
\ intermolecular forces stronger PH3 SbH3 (1)
5

(i)

Dative covalent bond / donation of lone pair ammonia

(ii)

HNH becomes 109 (1)

o
FBF also becomes 109 (1)
Or both become 109 (2)
both become tetrahedral / HNH increases FBF / both become same (1)
2

Sri Lankan School

BF3(1)

117

(c)

Amount hydrazine = 1000g/32g mol = 31.25 mol (1)

1
4
DHc = 1.83 10 / 31.25 = 585.6 kJ mol
(1)
Break NN
Make NN
944
4 NH + 388 4
4 OH 463 4
O=O + 496
(Bond energy NN + 2048)
2796 (1)
(Bond energy NN + 2048) 2796 = 586
1
\ Bond energy NN = + 162 kJ mol (1)
4
[17]

H 2N
104. (a)

(i)

C O 2C 2H

Benzocaine is

or H2N C6H4 CO2C2H5

(1)

(1)

(NH2 group in any position on ring) (1 for each group);

Either:
+
+
RNH2 + H RNH3 (1)
RNH2 + CH3COCl RNHCOCH3 + HCl (1)
RCO2C2H5 + NaOH RCO2Na + C2H5OH (1)
RCOONa + HCl RCO2H + NaCl (1)
Or:
amines are bases and react with acids (1)
Amines react with acid chlorides to form amides (1)
Esters are hydrolysed by alkali to salt and alcohol (1) The carboxylic acid
is formed on acidification. (1)
6
(ii)

N H

RCOOH + NaHCO3 RCOONa + H2O + CO2 (1)

C O 2H + H N O 2+ H

C O 2 H + 2 H 2O

(1)
+

H O 2C

O H

H O 2C

Coupling in any position on phenol ring

(iii)

Sri Lankan School

O H

(1)

Substance X forms a zwitterion / dipolar molecule/ compound of formula

+

H3N COO (1)

Ionic substances tend to be soluble in water and have high melting
temperatures (1)
Quality of language (1)
3

118

(b)

(i)

[HA] = 21.37g / 137g mol (1) = 0.156 mol dm

5
3
Ka = 1.20 10 mol dm (1)
+

[H ] = [A ] = (Ka [HA]) (1) = 1.37 10

pH = 2.86 (1)
(ii)

mol dm

[A ] = 0.0500mol dm (1)
3
[acid] = (moles of original acid moles NaOH)/0.100 (1) = 0.0280 mol dm
+
[H ] = Ka [HA]

[A ]
5
6
= 1.20 10 (0.0280/0.0500) (1) = 6.72 10
6
pH = lg[6.72 10 ] (1) = 5.17
Alternative answer route via Henderson Equation acceptable

(c)

(i)

HA + H2O H3O + A DH = + 8.3 kJ mol

DH = 57.2 kJ mol

HA + OH A + H2O
(ii)

1
1

H3O + OH 2H2O

H + OH H2O or H3O + OH 2H2O (1)

Strong acid/strong base:

+

DH = + 8.3 57.2 = 48.9 kJ mol

(2)

Answer alone scores 1 mark only

Ionisation is endothermic (1) Ka increases and pH falls (1)

2
[25]

105. (a)

(i)

enthalpy change/ energy change/heat change/heat given out/ energy

released
per mole of substance burning in excess oxygen / burning completely
(in oxygen )under standard conditions (2)
All three points in bold (2 marks) two points (1 mark)

(ii)

C2H6(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) DH = 1560.0(kJ mol )

correct stioichiometry (1 3 = 2
3) (1)
correct state symbols (g g
g
l) water must be liquid (1)
Correct value of DH (if 2 C2H6 etc. in equation
1

DH must be 3120 kJ mol ) (1)

Sri Lankan School

119

2 C (s) + 3 H 2 (g ) + (3 O 2 )

C 2 H 6 ( g ) + ( 3 0 2 ) H = h e a t o f f o r m a t i o n

2 C O 2 (g ) + 3 H 2 O (1 )

(iii)

Cycle (fully balanced) (1)

DH formation ethane = 2(393.5) + 3(285.8) ( 1560)
= 787 857.4 + 1560
1

= 84.4 (kJ mol )

Working (1) answer (1)
(b)

This mixture is thermodynamically unstable

Either as the reaction is very exothermic
Or energy level of products below energy level of reactants (1)
This reaction is kinetically stable because the activation energy is high (1)2

(c)

(i)

atom/species with an unpaired electron (1)

(ii)

where one atom or group replaces (not substitutes) another (1)

reference to molecule rather than group or atom scores (0)
if the word substitutes is used the mark can be
awarded for a relevant example

(iii)

one electron goes to the carbon atom (to form a radical) (1)
the other goes to form a bond with the chlorine atom (1)
The second point could be shown on the diagram on the question paper
2

(iv)

(d)

Cl + Cl Cl2
or CH3CH2 + CH3CH2 C4H10
or Cl + CH3CH2 CH3CH2Cl (1)

break CH
+ 412
make HBr
366 (1)
1
DH = + 46 (kJ mol ) (1)
Correct answer with no working (2)

Sri Lankan School

120

(e)

(from expt 1 & 2:/ [CN ] const ) [C2H5Br] doubles, rate doubles
st

1 order wrt C2H5Br (1)

(from expt 1 & 3:/ [C2H5Br] const) [CN ] doubles, rate doubles
st

1 order wrt CN

(1)

Rate = k[CN ][C2H5Br] (1)

The rate equation is consequential on the answers to the first part of the section
3
(f)

(i)

Route I as both reactants appear in rate equation rate determining step

OR Route I as route II would be zero order wrt CN (1)

U n c a ta ly s e d

C a ta ly s e d

r e a c ta n ts
p ro d u c ts

(ii)

Correct profile for uncatalysed (1) ignore intermediate if shown

Correct profile for catalysed (1)
Labelled products lower energy than reactants
A correctly drawn unlabelled diagram can score maximum 2 marks 3
[24]

106. (a)

(i)

st

1 ionisation energy of sodium

st
1 electron affinity of chlorine
enthalpy of atomisation of sodium
enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine
lattice energy of sodium chloride
enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride
all six (3); 5 4 (2), 3 2 (1), 1 0 (0)

(ii)

B
F
C
A
E
D
3

D =A+ B + C + E + F
= 121 + 494 + 109 770 364 (1)
1
= 410 kJ mol (1)
The answer might be filled in in the table; if so and there is no working then
(1) only. Answer is consequential on the letters chosen in (i).
2

Sri Lankan School

121

(b)

calculations assume ions are point charges / separate / no distortion / uses the
ionic model (1)
silver iodide has some / significant / degree of covalent character polarisation of
the iodide by the silver (1)
2

(c)

bigger atoms electrons further from nucleus (1) i.e. size

more shielded (1)
ionisation energy decreases (1)

3
[10]

Sri Lankan School

122