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inferential types
of questions
What is inference ?
An inference is an educated guess about
unstated ideas in a passage. Because authors
dont always clearly state every idea in a
passage, you have to make inferences by :
drawing conclusions,
forming generalizations, or
making predictions.
Note : When you make an inference, look
for evidence in the text that will support your
educated guess.
Let's
do
some
simple
exercise....
exercise...
Let's Infer
'The shade of the tree
beating back the heat; and
James changed his dress
and applied sunscreen.'
Explanation
'The shade of the tree beating back the heat; and
James changed his dress and applied sunscreen.'
What shall we infer ?
3 Types of inferrence
Drawing conclusion
Forming generalization
Making prediction
1 .DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
This type of inference is like putting together all the
details or information stated in the passage with information
that is implied or with guesses you make based on your own
experience.
In other words, you answer questions such as:
DRAWING CONCLUSION
Example
Based on the following paragraph, what can you
conclude about the weather in Farmington,
Colorado?
Meanwhile Pauls mother turned the television to a
national weather channel. Theres a big snowstorm
hitting parts of Colorado and New Mexico, she said.
She grabbed an atlas from the bookshelf and flipped
quickly to the index. Theres a Farmington,
Colorado, she said, flipping back to the map to check
the towns location, but its not in the right area. She
turned back to the index. Theres also a Farmington,
New Mexico, she called, and it looks to be right in
the middle of the storm.
Answer
What about the weather in Farmington, Colorado?
Ans : It is not snowing there.
What information did you use to draw this
conclusion?
Pauls mother compares the location of the storm on
the television map to the map in the atlas and says
that its not in the right area.
2. FORMING GENERALIZATIONS
A generalization is a judgment. Making
generalizations depend on being able to put
together what you know and what you have read.
Example : Suppose you read a newspaper article
about an increase in the number of Little League
teams being formed in cities across the
United States. From this information you might
make this.
Little League is becoming more popular in
the United States.
3. MAKING PREDICTIONS
When you make a prediction in a passage, you guess
what might happen based on information in the
passage with your own experience.
As you read, try to guess or predict what will
happen next.
Have a track on what clues helped you make
that prediction?
Note : Remember, predictions can be changed as
you read new details. You should continually make
predictions as you read and confirm or adjust those
predictions as you continue to read.
Passage
Passage
Warm-blooded animals have elaborate physiological controls to
maintain constant body temperature (in humans, 37C). Why
then during sickness should temperature rise, apparently
increasing stress on the infected organism? It has long been
known that the level of serum iron in animals falls during
infection. Garibaldi first suggested a relationship between fever
and iron. He found that microbial synthesis of siderophores
substances that bind iron in bacteria of the genus Salmonella
declined at environmental temperatures above 37C and stopped
at 40.3C. Thus, fever would make it more difficult for an
infecting bacterium to acquire iron and thus to multiply. Coldblooded animals were used to test this hypothesis because their
body temperature can be controlled in the laboratory. Kluger
reported that of iguanas infected with the potentially lethal
bacterium A. hydrophilia, more survived at temperatures of
42C than at 37C, even though healthy animals prefer the lower
temperature. When animals at 42C were injected with an iron
solution, however, mortality rates increased significantly.
Research to determine whether similar phenomena occur in
warm-blooded animals is sorely needed.
Clue
Warm-blooded animals have elaborate physiological controls
to maintain constant body temperature (in humans, 37C). Why
then during sickness should temperature rise, apparently
increasing stress on the infected organism? It has long been
known that the level of serum iron in animals falls during
infection. Garibaldi first suggested a relationship between fever
and iron. He found that microbial synthesis of siderophores
substances that bind iron in bacteria of the genus Salmonella
declined at environmental temperatures above 37C and stopped
at 40.3C. Thus, fever would make it more difficult for an
infecting bacterium to acquire iron and thus to multiply. Coldblooded animals were used to test this hypothesis because their
body temperature can be controlled in the laboratory. Kluger
reported that of iguanas infected with the potentially lethal
bacterium A. hydrophilia, more survived at temperatures of
42C than at 37C, even though healthy animals prefer the lower
temperature. When animals at 42C were injected with an iron
solution, however, mortality rates increased significantly.
Research to determine whether similar phenomena occur in
warm-blooded animals is sorely needed.
Question
Which of the following can be inferred about warmblooded animals solely on the basis of information in
the passage?
(A) The body temperatures of warm-blooded animals
cannot be easily controlled in the laboratory.
(B) Warm-blooded animals require more iron in periods
of stress than they do at other times.
(C) Warm-blooded animals are more comfortable at an
environmentaltemperature of 37C than they are at a
temperature of 42C.
(D) In warm-blooded animals, bacteria are responsible
for the production of siderophores, which, in turn,
make iron available to the animal.
(E) In warm-blooded animals, infections that lead to
fever are usually traceable to bacteria.
Process Of Elimination
Eliminate the wrong answers. Typically, the wrong answers to an inference
question will have one or more of the following characteristics:
Distortion of a detail (tying two details together in a way the author
didnt intend)
Making an inference that is the opposite of what is stated in the
passage
Making an inference that is out of the scope of the paragraph or the
entire passage.
Using extreme language (since most inferences are reasonable and
easy, youll rarely find words like never, or always, in the correct
answer choice.
WATCH OUT for inaccurate / contradictory information.
Note : Make sure your answers are supported by accurate
information from the specified passages.
Make sure that the answer choice you decide on does not violate or
contradict the Main Idea of the passage - if it does, the answer choice
is probably wrong.
Answer
Which of the following can be inferred about warmblooded animals solely on the basis of information in
the passage?
(A) The body temperatures of warm-blooded animals
cannot be easily controlled in the laboratory.
(B) Warm-blooded animals require more iron in periods
of stress than they do at other times.
(C) Warm-blooded animals are more comfortableat an
environmental temperature of 37C than they are at
a temperature of 42C.
(D) In warm-blooded animals, bacteria are responsible
for the production of siderophores, which, in turn,
make iron available to the animal.
(E) In warm-blooded animals, infections that lead to
fever are usually traceable to bacteria.
Passage
Question
It can be inferred from the passage that if business
interests had won the debate on provisions of the 1973
Endangered Species Act, which of the following would
have resulted?
(A) Environmentalist concepts would not have become widely
popular.
(B) The definitions of key terms of the act would have been
more restricted.
(C) Enforcement of the act would have been more difficult.
(D) The act would have had stronger support from
Congressional leaders.
(E) The public would have boycotted the industries that had
the greatest impact in defining the act.
We need to Predict
Answer
It can be inferred from the passage that if business
interests had won the debate on provisions of the 1973
Endangered Species Act, which of the following would
have resulted?
(A) Environmentalist concepts would not have become widely
popular.
(B) The definitions of key terms of the act would have been
more restricted.
(C) Enforcement of the act would have been more difficult.
(D) The act would have had stronger support from
Congressional leaders.
(E) The public would have boycotted the industries that had
the greatest impact in defining the act.