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How it is done?
Standard symbols and notations representing instruments or control devices are placed to the
pipings and vessels. Standard symbols and notations are available from ISA-5.1(1984) standard.
Methodology?
Process piping and sub-piping
A thick straight line represent main process piping
PG
Identification letters
First letter
Measured or
initiating variable
Succeeding letters
Modifier
Readout or
passive function
A Analysis
Alarm
B Burner, combustion
User's choice
C User's choice
D User's choice
User's choice
Sensor (primary
element)
Ration
(fraction)
Glass, viewing
device
H Hand
High
Current (electrical)
J Power
Time, time
schedule
Indication
Scan
Time rate of
change
L Level
M User's choice
Control station
Light
Middle,
intermediate
User's choice
O User's choice
Orifice, restriction
P Pressure, vacuum
Point (test
connection)
Safety
Switch
Transmit
U Multivariable
Multifunction
Vibration,
V mechanical
analysis
Event, state, or
presence
Multifunction
Multifunction
Valve, damper,
louver
W Weight, force
User's choice
Record
T Temperature
X Unclassified
User's choice
Integrate,
totalizer
R Radiation
S Speed, frequency
Low
Momentary
N User's choice
Q Quantity
User's choice
Differential
G User's choice
Modifier
Control
E Voltage
F Flow rate
Output
function
Well
X axis
Unclassified
Y axis
Unclassified
Unclassified
Relay, compute,
convert
Driver, actuator
Naming rule
'
"
#
"
#
$ " %
'
' &$
' &$
&
Complete guide on P&ID symbols & notations are available from ISA 5.1 (R1984)
Examples
!
#
!
&
&
)
'
' &$
$
*
Symbols
Instruments / control devices:
Control
valves
Manual
valve
OR
Not darkened
Manual
valve
OR
Darkened
Always open
Always closed
NC
Solenoid
valve
=
NO
NO
Normally open
NC
Normally closed
NC
Device names
Devices (hardware)
Current to pneumatic
transducer
Symbols
Notations
I/P
I/P
PRV
PSV
Thyristor
TY
TY
Inverter
VY
VY
Examples
PG
= Pressure Gauge
PIC
FT
= Flow Transmitter
TT
= Temperature Transmitter
TE
product
Feed
Flow controller
Current to pnuematic transducer
TT
TC
Fuel
Control valve
I/P
FC
TC
SP
Electrical signal
Pneumatic signal
Temperature controller DCS function
FT
12
11
ASD
SP,
Set point
Controller
Final
Control
Element
Process
PV,
Controlled
Variable
PV,
Controlled Variable
Sensor
Merit?
Simple design. Easy to tune (for linear, fast & short dead time
processes: flow, level & pressure).
Demerits?
Slow recovery for slow process upon load disturbance or change in
set point (such as temperature control). A process with long dead
time may exhibit oscillatory process response and with longer
settling time.
SP,
Set point
Controller
1
Controller
2
PV,
Controlled Variable
PV,
Controlled Variable
Final
Control
Element
Process 2
Process 1
Sensor
2
Sensor
1
Merit?
Faster recovery time as compared to SISO feedback
control.
Demerits?
Controllability will be worst than SISO if both
controllers were not properly tuned.
PV,
Controlled
Variable
10
D,
Disturbance
SP,
Set point
Feedforward
Disturbance
Controller
Sensor
Final
Control
Element
Feedback
Controller
Process
PV,
Controlled
Variable
PV,
Controlled Variable
Sensor
Demerit
a) Fail to work if any of the sensor broke
down.
b) Poor process controllability due to
inaccurate process model.
11
TC
I/P
TT
Heated
product out
Product
in
Steam in
Steam out
12
TC
FC
TT
FT
Heated
product out
Product
in
I/P
Steam in
Steam out
13
TC
TT
FC
I/P
FT
L/L
Heated
product out
TT
Product
in
Steam in
FT
Steam out
14
FC
I/P
FT
Steam in
Heated
product out
FT
Product
in
Steam out
15
Reboiler vapor
Condensate
Bottom product
Steam
Condensate
BACK TO BASICS
How to read
P&IDs
Instrumentation detail varies with the degree of design complexity. For example, simplified or
conceptual designs, often called process flow diagrams, provide less detail than fully developed
piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Being able to understand instrumentation symbols
appearing on diagrams means understanding ANSI/ISAs S5.1-1984 (R 1992) Instrumentation
symbols and identification standard. S5.1 that defines how each symbol is constructed using
graphical elements, alpha and numeric identification codes, abbreviations, function blocks, and
connecting lines.
D e ciphe r ing sym bols
ISA S5.1 defines four graphical elementsdiscrete
instruments, shared control/display, computer
function, and programmable logic controllerand
groups them into three location categories (primary
location, auxiliary location, and field mounted).
Discrete instruments are indicated by circular
elements. Shared control/display elements are
circles surrounded by a square. Computer functions
are indicted by a hexagon and programmable logic
controller (PLC) functions are shown as a triangle
inside a square.
Adding a single horizontal bar across any of the
four graphical elements indicates the function
resides in the primary location category. A double
line indicates an auxiliary location, and no line
places the device or function in the field. Devices
located behind a panel-board in some other
inaccessible location are shown with a dashed
horizontal line
Letter and number combinations appear inside
each graphical element and letter combinations are
defined by the ISA standard. Numbers are user
assigned and schemes vary with some companies
use of sequential numbering, others tie the
instrument number to the process line number, and
still others adopt unique and sometimes unusual
numbering systems.
The first letter defines the measured or initiating
variables such as Analysis (A), Flow (F),
Temperature (T), etc. with succeeding letters
defining readout, passive, or output functions such
as Indicator (I), Record (R), Transmit (T), and so
forth.
Ex a m ple sh ow s t h e st or y
Referring to the Example P&ID diagram, FT 101 represents a field-mounted flow transmitter
connected via electrical signals (dotted line) to flow indicating controller FIC 101 located in a shared
control/display device. A square root extraction of the input signal is applied as part of FIC 101s
functionality. The output of FIC 101 is an electrical signal to TY 101 located in an inaccessible or
behind-the-panel-board location. The output signal from TY 101 is a pneumatic signal (line with
double forward slash marks) making TY 101 an I/P (current to pneumatic transducer). TT 101 and
TIC 101 are similar to FT 101 and FIC 101 but are measuring, indicating, and controlling
temperature. TIC 101s output is connected via an internal software or data link (line with bubbles) to
the setpoint (SP) of FIC 101 to form a cascade control strategy.
Often P&IDs include a cover page where common and typical terms, symbols, numbering systems,
etc., are defined. On the example, Typical YIC would likely appear on the cover page and the
simplified form of YIC would appear throughout the P&IDs.
Typical YIC indicates an on/off valve is controlled by a solenoid valve and is fitted with limit switches
to indicate open (ZSH) and closed (ZSL) positions. All inputs and outputs are wired to a PLC thats
accessible to the operator (diamond in a square with a solid horizontal line). The letter "Y" indicates
an event, state, or presence. The letter "I" depicts indication is provided, and the letter "C" means
control takes place in this device.
Adherence to ISAs S5.1 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification standard ensures a consistent,
system independent means of communicating instrumentation, control, and automation intent is
developed for everyone to understand.
Field mounted
Auxiliary location
accessible to
operator
Discrete
instruments
Shared display,
shared control
Computer
function
Programmable
logic control
1. Sym bol size m ay vary according t o t he user's needs and t he t ype of docum ent .
2. Abbreviat ions of t he user's choice m ay be used when necessary t o specify locat ion.
3. I naccessible ( behind t he panel) devices m ay be depict ed using t he sam e sym bol but wit h
a dashed horizont al bar.
Source: Cont rol Engineering wit h dat a from I SA S5.1 st andard