Wind power forecasting is indispensable for successful wind integration.

Efficiently integrating wind energy into power systems requires that forecast an
d uncertainty information be incorporated into real-time decision support system
s and planning tools.
Higher levels of wind generation have shown to create uncommon system condition
and consequences that operators must learn to manage.
Efficient integration of wind energy requires grid operators to have access to a
proper mix of flexible resource ranging on the supply-side, delivery-side and d
emand-side.
Smart grid technologies can aid wind integration by providing additional system
flexibility.
Integrating wind generation could require changes in the physical grid, as well
as changes in operation business processes and information technology solutions
at work in control centres.
Grid reliability standards and regulatory policies as well as laws enacted at th
e local, state, regional, national and multi-national levels affect the integrat
ion of wind generation in the control centre.
The industry is on the verge of a new operating paradigm as high levels of wind
and other variable generation and increasing operation uncertainty become the no
rm today and even more so as we move towards 2030.An intermittent energy source
is any source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor ou
tside direct control. The intermittent source may be quite predictable, for exam
ple, tidal power, but cannot be dispatched to meet the demand of a power system.
A control system involves three basic elements: sensors to measure process varia
bles, actuators to manipulate energy capture and component loading, and control
algorithms to coordinate the actuators based on information gathered by the sens
ors
PSLF,EDSA, EZPower, and Digsilent, EPRI's Electromechanical Transients Program (
EMTP),MatLab, Simulink, PSCad,Amtech
IPSA+ ,PowerWorld ,PACE
http://w3.usa.siemens.com/smartgrid/us/en/transmission-grid/products/grid-analys
is-tools/transmission-system-planning/Pages/Wind-Farm-Model-Download.aspx
Open network case and diagram, add a busbar and an induction machine. Select eit
her 1 or 2 or 3 in the details.
Then go to dynamics in the left select device modules, select wind machine, get
the data.
The tip-speed ratio or TSR for wind turbines is the ratio between the rotational
speed of the tip of a blade and the actual velocity of the wind, v. The tip-spe
ed ratio is related to efficiency, with the optimum varying with blade design. H
igher tip speeds result in higher noise levels and require stronger blades due t
o large centrifugal forces.
Challenges that can be mitigated by research include:
Balancing wind's variability and, thus, uncertainty as a resource. The system ne
eds "operational flexibility" to reliably and economically integrate wind. "Oper
ational flexibility" means having the ability to use existing generation (gas tu
rbines or other rapid resources) to ramp up to support ramp downs in wind.
Transmission standards and technologies are needed to ensure that wind turbines,
which have different electrical characteristics than conventional generation, d
o not cause issues as higher penetration is reached.
Long-term system adequacy. Increased wind penetration brings greater variability
and uncertainty, which will induce increased cycling of conventional generation
, possibly affecting long-term sustainability of conventional generation.

Objective:
To study the impact and the issues of integration of a Wind Farm with the Nation
al Grid and to analyze the Integration of a 49.5MW wind Power plant with the Nat
ional Grid on PSS/E
What are the problems and issues (Voltage Dips, Harmonics, Voltage Stability, Po
wer Quality, Reactive Power) when integration is done and how to remove them?
How to model the existing Power Grid? (National Grid)
Harmonics Anakyses present or not? (Present in ETAP)
If we design the wind farm, will we consider the cable sizing, etc or just a mod
el. Analyses on this model is necessary or we can skip them? Because first we wi
ll need a stable windfarm in running condition.
How to integrate the Wind Farm with the Grid? Just connecting the output from th
e main bus of the Wind Farm to the modeled power grid?
The analyses are to be done on the whole system then?
Power Flow, Short Circuit, Harmonics, Stability Analyses.
No need to done contingency analysis as it depends on the topology of the system
which is unique.
What are the need of these analyses, when we know the problems. To see the magni
tude of the problems?
Possible ways to overcome these problems, STATCOM, FACTS Devices, Filters, Shunt
Compensators Use of DFIGs.
Data we need,
All parameters of Wind Turbine
Parameters of Transformers, Buses, Cables, Lines etc
Can this project be completed in an year? Or we should go for designed Wind Farm
(an extension to an already done project)
Studying of Issues and Impacts
Analyzing the Impacts
Suggesting Possible Ways to remove these
Connection of any device which will minimize these issues?

So how can a wind farm be integrated into the existing power network and how to
minimize the impact of this integration? Through our project, we will try to ans
wer these questions.
Can ignore Short Circuit Analysis (Already done this year, difficult in PSS/E, T
ime Saving)
Harmonic Analysis
External
Software
Too long (4 analysis)
Ideas we have to achieve the design?
50 buses, 33 turbines, 26 transformers
Objectives/Deliverables (In points)
Figure, graphs?
Objective No 8
{Summarize main reasons of doing this project, theme of project, need of your de
sign and what ideas you have to achieve theproposed design.}

4 Types of Wind Turbines:

Constant Speed Wind Turbine:
Consists of an induction generator connectly directly to the grid with capacitor
bank and soft starter.
Simple, robust, inexpensive, reliable
Uncontrolled reactive power, mechanical stress, limited power quality control as
all the fluctuations are transmitted to mechanical torque and then to electrica
l power.
Variable Speed Wind Turbines:
Generator torque is fairly constant and the variations in wind are absorbed by c
hanges in the generator speed.
Either Wound Rotor induction generator or synchronous generator is used.
Improved power quality, reduced mechanical stress, increased energy capture.
More losses in power electronic components, expensive, complex.
Windpower connection through HVDC Line to grid (offshore)
30. Does wind turbine production qualify me for LEEDS?
Yes, it is a big help with LEEDS scores.
Wind Turbine Design

Automatic Street Light Control

Hidden Active Cell Phone Detector
A hybrid solar and wind powered smart street light control.
MPPT
Around 250000 Saip SP-WSR001 with pole
400W 24V Wind Turbine
12V 100AH*2 Dry battery
(Deep Recycles Lead Acid Storage Battery)
LED light:24V70W, Bridgelux LED,40P*3W,30LUX/8M,6500K
Solar panel
poly/monocrystalline,35V80W,17%Conversion efficiency
Charge Controller for Solar
Wind Solar Hybrid Controller
Specs of existing and minimum price
No of modules
Control
Cost
Wind Turbine
Solar Panel
Battery
Controller
LED Lights
Casings
40W lighting with 3000 Luminous Flux
70W*2 Solar Panels
100Ah*2pcs
24V/10A Controller

400W 24V Wind Turbine

Controller: solar digital programmable intelligent controller, switch on/off by
light & time, 4~5 years life, 3 year warranty. CE & RoHS.It adopts PWM charge &
discharge mode, accurately control charge & discharge.100% power + 50% power + 3
5% power 3 stages timing controll function. Each stage can set 0~6 hours, you co
uld set working hours in each stage as you like.
More details
Wind-solar hybrid LED street light is an intelligent, small scale and off-grid L
ED street lighting system. It is composed of solar panel, wind turbine, storage
battery, wind-solar controller and a LED light source and light pole etc. This h
ybrid street light takes solar and wind as energy source and utilizes the energy
for the lighting automatically during the night.
Main technical parameters as below:
Wind turbine rated power: 300W, 400W, 500W
Wind turbine rated wind speed: 6m / s
Wind turbine fan leaf number: 3
Startup wind speed wind turbine: 3m / s
Wind turbine fan diameter: 1.4 meters
Solar panel: mono or polycrystalline silicon
Lifespan of solar panel: 20years
Storage battery: maintenance free lead-acid or gel battery
Battery life: 3-5 years
Light Source: high power LED, white, from 30W to 120W
Light pole: 6m, 8m, 9m, 10m, 12m
Control System: Microcomputer intelligent controller
Ambient environment: -30 degree -60 degree
Lighting Time: 8-10 hours, 10-12hour etc (as request)
Backup days: 2-3days, 3-4days, 5-6days (as request)
The helpful information below will be required to design the solar light:
1. Where will the solar light be installed?
2. Lighting time per night?
3. Backup days under rainy or cloudy weather?
4. Light pole height?
5 The power of LED Light source?
Dimmer, motion senser, timer, LDR,
How to make a wind turbine?
1) PMDC Motor
A motor which can produce 12V on low rpm
2) Blades (PVC Pipes)
3) Base or Bolt
4) Tail and mounting
5) Controller
6) 24/12 V Battery
7) 24V to 220 V inverter
8) Grid tie inverter
9) Net metering
50W Wind Turbine
2*25W Solar Panels
Hybrid Controller
Series controller
Voltage regulation
Automatic detection of voltage

PWM control
Multistage charging technology
Current compensated load disconnection
Automatic load reconnection
Temperature compensation
Electronic protection functions
Overcharge protection
Deep discharge protection
Reverse polarity protection of load, module and battery
Automatic electronic fuse
Short circuit protection of load and module
Overvoltage protection at module input
Open circuit protection without battery
Reverse current protection at night
Wind-turbine auto brake and brake switch for manual operation
Battery overvoltage shutdown
9403
Inverter
Dynamic compensation of reactive power, by means of thyristor as well as
IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) technology
Induction generators, however, do not contribute to regulation of grid voltage n
or frequency, and
They are substantial absorbers of reactive power.
IGs must be connected to very stiff grids.
If Beyene is linking a stiff (or strong) grid, there is need to:
* Meet Power Authority harmonics levels requirements
* Control the neutral leg of the converter mainly due to the presence of local s
ingle-phase loads connected before the PCC.
* Current controller to regulate P & Q to the grid.
If linking a weak grid, then in addition to the above, he should:
* Implement a frequency control (maybe droop control)
* Design a voltage controller to handle possible changes in network voltage.
Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) decides if the grid is weak or strong. (If SCR<5 weak
)
Power Quality,
Voltage fluctuations, Voltage dips, LVRT, Flickers, Harmonics, Tripping due to d
isturbance,
Tower Shadows, Shear Effects, Turbulence Effect, Weak grids, , Intermittent sour
ce, Reative Power Issues, Geographical Issues
Power system security
Transient Stability
While aggregating, wind speed decrement per row should be considered. Also the e
ffect of temporary delay due to propagation of wind through distance must be con
sidered.

Tunnel effect: When wind turbine is placed between two hills or any narrow area,
wind speed is increased there and it may be useful.
Hill effect: Since hill is covered from the downside, wind pressure increases, w
hich may be useful.
In synchronous wind generators, DC is supplied by grid or ourselves?
High speed generators are used in wind turbines as The maximum torque, a generat
or can handle, is dependent on rotor volume. For a given power output, if speed
is high, torque is low, rotor volume is low and cost is low.
Direct grid connection mean that the generator is connected directly to the (usu
ally 3-phase) alternating current grid.
Indirect grid connection means that the current from the turbine passes through
a series of electric devices which adjust the current to match that of the grid.
With an asynchronous generator this occurs automatically.
It is a very useful mechanical property that the generator will increase or decr
ease its speed slightly if the torque varies. This means that there will be less
tear and wear on the gearbox (Lower peak torque). This is one of the most impor
tant reasons for using an asynchronous generator rather than a synchronous gener
ator on a wind turbine which is directly connected to the electrical grid.
An asynchronous generator is different, because it requires the stator to be mag
netised from the grid before it works.
Opti Slip
An interesting variation of the variable slip induction generator avoids the pro
blem of introducing slip rings, brushes, external resistors, and maintenance alt
ogether.
By mounting the external resistors on the rotor itself, and mounting the electro
nic control system on the rotor as well, you still have the problem of how to co
mmunicate the amount of slip you need to the rotor. This communication can be do
ne very elegantly, however, using optical fibre communications, and sending the
signal across to the rotor electronics each time it passes a stationary optical
fibre.
In indirect grid connection, generator is runs in its own and is controlled elec
tronically, (using an inverter), so that the frequency of the alternating curre
nt in the stator of the generator may be varied. In this way it is possible to r
un the turbine at variable rotational speed. Thus the turbine will generate alte
rnating current at exactly the variable frequency applied to the stator.
Conversion to Direct Current (DC)
AC current with a variable frequency cannot be handled by the public electrical
grid. We therefore start by rectifying it, i.e. we convert it into direct curren
t, DC. The conversion from variable frequency AC to DC can be done using thyrist
ors or large power transistors.
Conversion to Fixed Frequency AC
We then convert the (fluctuating) direct current to an alternating current (usin
g an inverter) with exactly the same frequency as the public electrical grid. Th
is conversion to AC in the inverter can also be done using either thyristors or
transistors.
Thyristors or power transistors are large semiconductor switches that operate wi
thout mechanical parts. The kind of alternating current one gets out of an inver
ter looks quite ugly at first sight - nothing like the smooth sinusoidal curve w
e learned about when studying alternating current. Instead, we get a series of s
udden jumps in the voltage and current, as you saw in the animation above.
Filtering the AC:
The rectangular shaped waves can be smoothed out, however, using appropriate ind
uctances and capacitors, in a so-called AC filter mechanism. The somewhat jagged
appearance of the voltage does not disappear completely, however, as explained
below.

Advantages of Indirect Grid Connection:

Variable Speed
The advantage of indirect grid connection is that it is possible to run the wind
turbine at variable speed.
The primary advantage is that gusts of wind can be allowed to make the rotor tur
n faster, thus storing part of the excess energy as rotational energy until the
gust is over. Obviously, this requires an intelligent control strategy, since we
have to be able to differentiate between gusts and higher wind speed in general
. Thus it is possible to reduce the peak torque (reducing wear on the gearbox an
d generator), and we may also reduce the fatigue loads on the tower and rotor bl
ades.
The secondary advantage is that with power electronics one may control reactive
power (i.e. the phase shifting of current relative to voltage in the AC grid), s
o as to improve the power quality in the electrical grid. This may be useful, pa
rticularly if a turbine is running on a weak electrical grid.
Theoretically, variable speed may also give a slight advantage in terms of annua
l production, since it is possible to run the machine at an optimal rotational s
peed, depending on the wind speed. From an economic point of view that advantage
is so small, however, that it is hardly worth mentioning.
Disadvantages of Indirect Grid Connection
The basic disadvantage of indirect grid connection is cost. As we just learned,
the turbine will need a rectifier and two inverters, one to control the stator c
urrent, and another to generate the output current. Presently, it seems that the
cost of power electronics exceeds the gains to be made in building lighter turb
ines, but that may change as the cost of power electronics decreases. Looking at
operating statistics from wind turbines using power electronics (published by t
he the German ISET Institute), it also seems that availability rates for these m
achines tend to be somewhat lower than conventional machines, due to failures in
the power electronics.
Other disadvantages are the energy lost in the AC-DC-AC conversion process, and
the fact that power electronics may introduce harmonic distortion of the alterna
ting current in the electrical grid, thus reducing power quality. The problem of
harmonic distortion arises because the filtering process mentioned above is not
perfect, and it may leave some "overtones" (multiples of the grid frequency) in
the output current.
No real-life power source is ideal and generally can deviate in at least the fol
lowing ways:
Variations in the peak or RMS voltage are both important to different types of e
quipment.
When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1
minute, the event is called a "swell".
A "dip" (in British English) or a "sag" (in American English the two terms are e
quivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal volta
ge by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.
Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of nomina
l can produce a phenomenon known as "flicker" in lighting equipment. Flicker is
rapid visible changes of light level. Definition of the characteristics of volta
ge fluctuations that produce objectionable light flicker has been the subject of
ongoing research.
Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "spikes", "impulses", or "surges
", generally caused by large inductive loads being turned off, or more severely
by lightning.
"Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 m
inute. The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops somewhere bet
no light). It comes fro
ween full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power

m the noticeable to significant dimming of regular incandescent lights, during s

ystem faults or overloading etc., when insufficient power is available to achiev
e full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting. This term is in common usage h
as no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system v
oltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase syste
m operating margins.
"Overvoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 m
inute.
Variations in the wave shape
usually described as harmonics.
Variations in the frequency.
Nonzero low-frequency impedance (when a load draws more power, the voltage drops
).
Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current,
then stops demanding it suddenly, there will be a dip or spike in the voltage d
ue to the inductances in the power supply line).
A bypass switch is used with soft starters as thyristors use 1% to 2% of the ene
rgy running through them. So bypass switch is activated when the turbine has bee
n soft started.
Preventing "Islanding"
Islanding is a situation which may occur if a section of the electrical grid bec
omes disconnected from the main electrical grid, e.g. because of accidental or i
ntended tripping of a large circuit breaker in the grid (e.g. due to lightning s
trikes or short circuits in the grid). If wind turbines keep on running in the i
solated part of the grid, then it is very likely that the two separate grids wil
l not be in phase after a short while.
Once the connection to the main grid is re-established it may cause huge current
surges in the grid and the wind turbine generator. It would also cause a large
release of energy in the mechanical drive train (i.e. the shafts, the gear box a
nd the rotor of the wind turbine) much like "hard switching" the turbine generat
or onto the grid would do.
The electronic controller of the wind turbine will therefore constantly have to
monitor the voltage and frequency of the alternating current in the grid. In cas
e the voltage or frequency of the local grid drift outside certain limits within
a fraction of a second, the turbine will automatically disconnect from the grid
, and stop itself immediately afterwards
Most rapid variations in wind are compensated by the rotor inertia so these are
not traveled on the power. By using variable speed or variable slip generators a
nd pitch controlling, power quality is improved.
Tower Shadow Effect or 3P Effect or shielding effect, Shear Effect, Islanding, W
ake effect, Park effect
Some wind farms exhibit a phenomenon known as 3P, that is, a power oscillation a
t three times the blade turning speed. The 3p frequency is typically about 1 Hz.
The oscillation is thought to be due to the wind shielding effect of each blade
of a three blade turbine as it passes the tower. If the shielding effect were t
o reduce the blade torque output to zero, then the wind turbine output would dec
rease by one third at these times. The effect seems less than the theoretical ma
ximum, resulting in a reduction of about 20%.
The physical mechanism is an impressed torque oscillation that is transmitted th
rough the gearbox without frequency change. Reactive power demands will vary dur
ing this duty cycle. Because oscillations of this periodicity may excite small s
ignal stabilities in the power system, utilities will seek to ensure that wind f
arms minimize 3P. Measurement shows that DFIGs smooth 3P oscillations whereas an
cillary energy storage equipment may be necessary to smooth the power oscillatio
ns of fixed-speed WTGs.

Flicker is hard to define, but is generally taken to be a discernible regular in

crease and decrease in the luminescence of incandescent luminaries connected to
the system.
Fixed speed wind turbines produce power pulsation due to shear effects and tower
shadows and this could result in a voltage fluctuation that could cause flicker
s on the grid; however, the effects are reduced in variable speed wind generator
s. Wind turbines emit flicker as a result of switching operations, such as start
ups, and as a result of rapid fluctuations in the output power during continuous
operation. Wind farms get disconnected from the grid during the high wind seaso
ns and could cause a flicker.
Capacitors are sensitive to harmonic distortion in the voltage, and a high level
of harmonics can be harmful to the capacitors. It is important to ensure that t
he 8 % total harmonic distortion and the weighted distortion factor of 0.84 are
not exceeded in the point of common coupling for each capacitor bank.
The worst switching situation occurs when the capacitor bank is connected to the
grid. An RCL circuit is formed, which will cause an oscillatory response with a
peak of 1.8 times the rated voltage amplitude.
Voltage variations, voltage flicker, harmonics causes the malfunctions of equipm
ents. It leads to tripping of protection devices, damaging the sensitive equipme
nts.
VOCABULARY
Ground drag
The friction that occurs between the surface of the Earth and the mo
ving air molecules (wind) that flow over it. Ground drag reduces the velocity of
the wind.
Surface roughness
A measurement of the smoothness of the surface the wind is blo
wing over. High surface roughness (urban areas, forested hills, etc.) leads to i
ncreased ground drag, greater turbulence, and a more dramatic wind shear. Low su
rface roughness (smooth prairie or sea) has very little turbulence and less shea
r.
Wind shear A change in wind speed or direction at different heights above the Ea
rth
Wind shear coefficient
A value used to calculate the variation in wind speed wit
h respect to height.
Wind site assessment (siting)
The process of analyzing local wind resource and o
bstacles to determine the best location to place a wind turbine.
Wind turbulence Wind passing over or around obstacles will tumble, swirl, slow,
and change direction. This turbulent wind is not good for a wind turbine.
Wake effect The two main effects of a wake are:
1) A reduction in the speed which in turn reduces the energy.
2) An increase in the turbulence of the wind, potentially increasing the dynamic
mechanical loading on downwind turbine.
Wake effect in wind farm performance: steady state and dynamic behaviour F. Gonz
elez Longatt

8 wind turbine = 1 Aggregate model of 12 MW (On PSS/E)

Wind Farm Model on ETAP (36 buses, detailed)
Comparision of aggregate and separate wind farm model
ETAP = 1 wind turbine complete => Copy paste, 36 turbines
Interconnections and system model.
Grid modelling*

Energy cannot be created nor consumed, only transformed. Therefore, since wind t
urbines produce electrical power from the wind energy, it's clear that the wind
leaving the turbine must have a lower energy content than the wind arriving in f
ront of the turbine.
A wake will be created behind the turbine. Flow in this trail is quite turbulent
and slowed down when compared with the flow arriving in front of the turbine. O
n the above picture, the wake can be seen thanks to the addition of smoke to the
air passing through the turbine.
In order to avoid too much turbulence around the turbines downstream, wind turbi
nes are usually spaced at least three rotor diameters away from one another. In
the main wind direction turbines are usually spaced even more, as explained belo
w.
Park Effect
Because of the wake effect, each wind turbine will slow down the wind behind it
as it converts wind energy into electricity. Ideally, it would be interesting to
space turbines as far apart as possible in the prevailing wind direction in ord
er to minimise energy losses.
On the other hand, land use and the cost of connecting wind turbines to the elec
trical grid encourage to reduce the space between them. A compromise must then b
e found between these two parameters. Typically, the energy loss is about 5 perc
ent.
Park Layout
Park Layout
Usually, the space between turbines in wind parks is somewhere between 5 and 9 r
otor diameters apart in the prevailing wind direction, and between 3 and 5 diame
ters apart in the direction perpendicular to the prevailing winds. In the above
example, turbines (white dots) have been spaced by 7 diameters apart in the main
wind direction and by 4 diameters in the perpendicular direction.

Electrical Grid Studies:

We can connect a wind farm either directly to the grid in case grid must have a
high short circuit level, or to a substation which is a point of common coupling
of all the wind farms. This substation is then connected to suitable node or no
des.
CEW-WPP is directly connected to Nooriabad due to its reasonably high short circ
uit level.
How to select the point of connection?

It is important to first see if the nearby substation has enough short circuit s
trength to connect to a wind farm having characteristics of time varying output
because flicker and harmonics' resonance are a function of short circuit MVA of
the node where this variation would be occurring.
The higher the short circuit level, the lesser the impact of time variant genera
tion from WTGs.
Load Flow Analysis for NTDV/HESCO network for June 2013 was carried out. June wa
s selected because it represents conditions when there is neither maximum therma
l nor maximum hydel and yet it falls within the high wind season and we can best
judge the impact of maximum wind power output in June.
Load flow of the network in close vicinity of CWE-WPP was carried out.
First was without CEW-WPP, which shows that existing 132kV Jhimpir-Nooriabad D/C
to be sued for the evacuation of 4 wind power plants existing before CWE in the
same vicinity in Jhimpir cluster is just enough to absorb their power, and has
no limitations in terms of power transfer capacity under normal as well as N-1 c
ontingency.
Short Circuit Analysis was carried out in order to assess the strength of the ne
twork of 132 kV for the grid of Southern HESCO. Fault levels also included the c
ontributions from other wind farms.
Tihs analysis will not only give us the idea of the fault levels without CEW-WPP
but also it will tell us how much the contribution of fault current from CEW-WP
P may add to the existing fault levels. Also the probable nodes to connect the w
ind farm can be determined.
After comparing the short circuit strengths both in terms of maximum and minimum
, of the substations of 132 kV in the vicinity of CEW-WPP viz. Nooriabad, Jhimpi
r and Thatta, we find that Nooriabad and Jhimpir are strong point with relativel
y gigher short circuit levels, whereas Thatta is worst.
In fact Nooriabad draws strength from its direct connection with Jamshoro-old ha
ving direct connection with a very strong source of Jamshoro.
Jhimpir draws its strength from its direct connection with Kotri where sits a me
dium size gas turbine power plant and also have connection with Jamshoro. But Th
ata and the grids connected in the branches that emanate from Thatta towards Suj
awaal etc. are poor due to weak sources feeding these branches.
After performing the Dynamic Response test, it was noticed that the governer res
ponse of gas turbines at Kotri would respond faster than the steam turbine gover
nors at Jamshoro, Hub and Guddu. The substation of Jhimpir in the vicinity of CE
W-WPP is directly connected to Kotri and that is an encouraging aspect about the
location of CEW-WPP.
After comparing the short circuit strengths both in terms of maximum and minimum
, of the substations of 132 kV in the vicinity of CEW-WPP viz. Nooriabad, Jhimpi
r and Thatta, we find that Nooriabad and Jhimpir are strong point with relativel
y higher short circuit levels, whereas Thatta is worst.
A power grid can be named as 'weak' when it is electrically far away from the in
finite bus of the interconnected power system. The weak grids have lower short c
ircuit power than strong grids.
The short circuit power level in a given point in the electrical network represe
nts the system strength.
The short circuit impedance, the real and reactive power output of the wind farm
determines the voltage difference. The variations of the generated power will r
esult in the variations of the voltage at PCC. When the short circuit impedance
is small, then the grid can be named as strong and when it is large, then the gr
id is said to be weak. Since strong and weak are relative concepts, for a given
electrical wind power capacity P, the short circuit ratio (Rsc) is given by: Rsc
= Ssc/P where Ssc is the short circuit power. If Rsc> 20 then strong grid.

3.15
pitch angle
angle between the chord line at a defined blade radial location (usually 100 % o
f the blade radius) and the rotor plane of rotation
3.16
power coefficient
ratio of the net electric power output of a wind turbine to the power available
in the free stream wind over the rotor swept area

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/wind_resource/wind/wind04.htm
l
Park Effect
https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uac
t=8&docid=YvVK0z_BUo5EaM&tbnid=n7kA_lmS8SQ28M:&ved=0CAMQjhw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww
.solacity.com%2Fsiteselection.htm&ei=f1SPU6z2M4PY7AasroCoBQ&bvm=bv.68235269,d.ZW
U&psig=AFQjCNHQyB0R4ht2awDEz_LG34sQ-dgHyw&ust=1401988512434886

Hill effect

Wake effect diagram reference

An Extended Pattern Search Approach to Wind Farm Layout Optimization
Bryony L. Du Pont and Jonathan Cagan
[+] Author and Article Information
J. Mech. Des. 134(8), 081002 (Jul 23, 2012) (18 pages)
doi:10.1115/1.4006997
History: Received March 14, 2011; Revised May 02, 2012; Published July 23, 2012;
Online July 23, 2012

Wind Energy Conversion System:

Produced power by the formula: P = 0.5*p*A*Cp*V^3
Dependence on:
Rotor swept area
Air density
Power Coefficient
Wind speed
Cp = 0.59 is a theoretical limit by Betz law.
BETZ LAW:
As principle idea the power contained in a wind stream can not be extracted comp
letely by a wind turbine, because for this purpose the wind stream would have to
be slowed down to a wind speed of zero. As a result the air masses would not mo
ve out behind the turbine and there would be no space for the air masses followi
ng. The maximum efficiency of a wind turbine found by Betz is a value of 59%.
The distribution of wind speeds can be described by mathematical approximations
used by meteorologists. For temperate climates the Rayleigh Distribution is a go

od approximations. For the purpose of the estimation of wind energy production,

the Energy pattern factor or Cube factor of these distributions are important. I
ncluding the cube factor allows considering the additional information about the
shares of high wind speeds in the estimation function. A Rayleigh Distribution
typically has a cube factor of 1.9.
Table of Contents
Grid Integration
Chapter 2 Introduction to PSS/E
Stability Issues headings
Frequency Fluctuation
Power Quality Solutions
FACTS devices
Appendices
Diagram WTG Type 3 and 4 recheck

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:

Wind power introduction

Type 1,2,3,4
Wind Farm Integration
Issues related to Integration
Selection of Site
Selection of Point of Connection
Micro-sittings