International Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2(8) August 2013, Pages: 404-414

TI Journals

International Journal of Engineering Sciences

ISSN
2306-6474

www.tijournals.com

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla

Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire):
Contribution to the Understanding of Gold Mineralization in the
Birimian Area of West Africa
Gbele Ouattara *1, Gnammytchet Barthelemy Koffi 2, Gnanzou Allou 3
1

Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny (INP-HB) / Dpartement Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minires (STeRMi) / Laboratoire
des Gosciences, Cadre de Vie, Environnement et Sciences Gographiques / Yamoussoukro (Cte dIvoire).
Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny (INP-HB) / Dpartement Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minires (STeRMi) / Laboratoire
des Gosciences, Cadre de Vie, Environnement et Sciences Gographiques / Yamoussoukro (Cte dIvoire).
3
CNRS-UMR8148 IDES, Laboratoire Interactions et Dynamique des Environnements de Surface, Universit Paris-Sud 11, Btiment 504, 91405 Orsay,
France.
2

AR TIC LE INF O

AB S TR AC T

Keywords:

The Dianfla granodiorite is intrusive in metasediments and metamorphosed volcano-sediments in the

gold prospect of Bouafl-Centre (Cte d'Ivoire). Using field data, thin sections, satellite imagery and
oriented drill cores data permit to determine the lithology of the different formations and geological
structures that affect them. It also helped provide some answers as the emplacement of the pluton, its
contribution to the structuration and the origin of the gold mineralization.

Pluton emplacement
Metasediments
Lithostructural mapping
Satellite imagery
Dianfla granodiorite
Gold mineralization
Cte d'Ivoire

The Dianfla pluton is an undeformed granodiorite with two facies (fine-grained leucocratic and a
medium-grained mesocratic facies). However, on its eastern border, in contact with its host rocks
(chlorite schists, sericite schists, graphitic schists, sandstones and greywackes), the pluton is highly
distorted, with the appearance of a mylonitic facies.
Geological structures are cleavages and schistosity with average direction N35 to N40W, faults and
fractures of varying directions (N-S, NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE), lithological contacts for most NNESSW to N-S, quartz veins and tension gashes filled with quartz and sulphides with N120 to N140, E-W
and NE-SW directions.
The model of mineralization that we propose is the following: Before the emplacement of the Dianfla
pluton, sinistral submeridional shear zones (Danangoro fault in the west and Okabo faults in the East) are
crosscuted by sinistral N50 to N60 faults. These allow openings for the rising of the magma. The
emplacement in the form of forced intrusion (diapiric pluton) causes several stresses on its borders. This
creates a mylonitic shear zone in the contact with the host rocks. The hydrothermal fluids were injected
into the cleavages planes to give a N40 mineralization (M1). The final Eburnean NW-SE shortening
causes the opening of N120 to N140 tension gashes. The latter will undergo a strong hydrothermal
alteration accompanied by sulphides, what will be a second phase of mineralization (M2).
2013 Int. j. eng. sci. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

1.

Introduction

The Birimian more generally refers to structured formations by the Eburnean orogeny (2500 to 1600 My, [1]. These formations are
metasedimentary basins, volcano-sediments and various granitoids generally oriented NNE-SSW [2]. In Cte d'Ivoire, they permit to the
discovery of several gold deposits. That is why they are predominant targets of mining exploration by many companies.
Works made by the BRGM in the Yaour mountains (East of the Bouafl gold province) helped to discover the Angovia gold deposit. In
2007, after several studies, CLUFF GOLD CI mining company highlighted another gold deposit, currently exploited by AMARA Mining.
Since July 2009, the Bouafl gold province is subject to high researches by NEWCREST CI SA Company. These works permit to the
discovery of a mineralized shear corridor in metasediments located in the Pakouabo-Okabo-Krigambo prospect at the East of the Dianfla
pluton. Knowing the structural control associated with the Dianfla pluton and its host rocks, as well as its contribution to the mineralization
can open new perspectives of research. The general objective that emerges from this work is to identify geological structures, associated
with the Dianfla pluton that could control the Bouafl mineralization and to expand the horizons of research. To do this we will
specifically: 1) Study the Dianfla pluton and direct host rocks on petrographic and structural plans, 2) Make a proposal for the
emplacement of the pluton and 3) Determine, its possibly contribution to the mineralization of Bouafl gold district.
Bouafl region contains a wide variety of formations with a predominance of granitoids, volcano-sedimentary and metavolcanic rocks
(Figure 1).
* Corresponding author.
Email address: gbele.ouattara@yahoo.fr

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire): Contribution to the

405

Internat ional Jour nal of Engineeri ng Science s, 2(8) Au gust 2013

granitoids are Trondhjemite-Tonalite-Granodiorite type (TTG), two-mica granites and amphiboles granitoids located in the northwest and south-east of the area;
volcano-sedimentary formations consist of conglomerates, schists, metagreywackes, quartzites and metapelites located on either
side of the Dianfla pluton;
quartzic metavolcanics (metarhyolites) and non-quartzic (metabasalts, metaandesites) are located to the east of the area.
basic volcanics are few in the area, but we can found some in the south of the region (Koupela).

On the structural level, the deformation is essentially subhorizontal linear in the Ferk batholith. In the granodiorite of Dianfla, the mineral
lineation is vertical while it is subhorizontal in granitoids and volcanosediments (with plano-linear distortion) bordering the batholith Ferk
[3]. Many directions of faults and fractures were also found [4-7].

Figure 1. Geological map of the Bouafl region at 1/200000 scale (after Ouattara, 1998; [3]) 1. Metasiltites; 2. Meta-arenites; 3. Metagabbros; 4.
Undifferentiated metavolcanic (basalts, andesites ...); 5. Ferk Batholith; 6. Tonalite; 7. Amphibolites;. 8. Biotite granites; two micas granites; 10.
Granodiorites; 11. Metagranodiorites; 12. Porphyritic granites; 13. Porphyritic granodiorites; 14. Micaschists; 15. Basic metavolcanic rocks; 16. Rhyolites.

406

Gbele Ouattara et al.

Int ernational Journal of Engi neering Sc iences, 2(8) Au gust 2013

2.

Materials and Methods

Our work is organized around four themes. First, a literature search, then works on satellite imagery, field works, oriented drill cores
description, and finally the processing of data from any of the foregoing.
Concerning the satellite imagery, works were based on the processing and analysis of images. They lead us to observe geomorphologic
objects and to develop teleanalytic maps. Treatments are either analog way (on paper) or numerically (using software such as ENVI). In
addition, data from the geological maps are compared to satellite images taken from linear structures to give their structural significance [89]. When the anthropogenic of a linear structure has been proven (roads, railways, forest boundaries or cultivated areas, power lines ...),
then it is deleted. Thus, the remaining ones are likely to correspond to the fracturation [9-15]. Teleanalytic maps obtained were
supplemented by field observations and compared to existing mapping data to ascertain the geological nature of the observed objects,
geological structures in outcrop and relative chronology.

3.

Results

3.1 Petrographic Study

Dianfla Granodiorite
The Dianfla pluton is located in the western of the study area. It is bordered to the northeast and southwest by mafic rocks (basalts and
andesites), and pyroclastic rocks particulary in the Marahou National Park [3]. It has been described as a non-deformed and posterior to
metasediment rocks [16]. In fact, Dianfla granodiorite has a slightly elliptical shape with a NE-SW elongation axis. It is intrusive into
metasediments located on its western and eastern border. It outcrops in the form of small isolated inselbergs or slabs. It is on its eastern
border metamorphosed in a mylonitized granodiorite. Some sites are described below.

Site 1: The outcrops are located in the west of the Dianfla village. They extend for several kilometers. The outcrops are massive
rocks without preferential orientation, with two facies; one leucocratic fine grains and other mesocratic medium grains. The
mineralogical composition reveals the presence of plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar, amphiboles, biotite and sericite. Plagioclase is
euhedral, large and constitutes the essential mineral phase. Rare clusters of biotite are often altered in sericite. We can found many
dark grained to microgranular enclaves, often rounded or angular. The mineralogical composition of these enclaves consists of
amphiboles, biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz and are strongly magnetized. These enclaves are gabbro and diorite composition.
The contact between these enclaves and granodiorite is rarely sinuous. Some sericite veins crosscut the pluton and are oriented N170.
Quartz and epidotes veins are in the N85 to N90direction. The study of thin sections reveals a grainy texture (Figure 2). The mineral
assemblage consists of quartz, plagioclase often saussuritized, albitized, damouritized with the appearance of a secondary formed
biotite (Bt2), with a sub-automorphic form of microcline, orthoclase, poikilitic amphiboles (actinolite) often destabilized in biotite,
sometimes with included clinopyroxene (diopside).

Site 2: The site is located behind the K domain of Kouassi field between Pakouabo and Krigambo. The outcrop is oriented N40
with 1 km longer with a width of up to 10 m. The rock is crushed with mylonitic texture, strongly magnetic, reflecting the presence of
some magnetite minerals. It has a schistose structure with N45 direction and dip to 70W. Some veins rich in quartz and sericite,
often deformed and boudinated, intersect outcrops in several directions: N40, N85, N100 and N160. Microscopic study reveals a
mylonitic texture. Minerals are difficult to observe, but the paragenesis is composed of plagioclase, orthoclase, sericite which
constitutes the bulk of the matrix, anhedral cordierite, quartz, mafic minerals not identifiable due to the alteration, and opaque
minerals. It is a mylonitized granodiorite.

Site 3: The study area is situated approximately 1 km at the north-east of the Pakouabo village. It is a massive rock oriented
N40. It is grainy, rich in plagioclase which is an essential mineral phase and is often albitized and damouritized. The matrix consists
of green to dark green sericite and epidotes. It is a mylonitized granodiorite. A N45 contact between a felsic rock and the mylonitized
granodiorite is visible on the outcrop (Figure 3). This rock is pink in the same direction of the mylonitized granodiorite in which it is
in vein. The essential minerals are feldspar, quartz and some mafic minerals. Silicification is marked by many tensions gashes filled
with quartz oriented N135 to N140 and power up to 26 cm. This rock contains disseminated sulphides (2%). This is an aplite vein.
The metasedimentary host rocks
Metasediments form the Marahou and Yaour basins (Figure 1). They represent the majority of the rocks in the study area. These rocks
consist of schists, micaschists, arkosic sandstones and para-amphibolites [3]; often similar to those of the Yaour mountains [17-18].
Metasediments are altered and are sericite schists and chlorite schists. Other rocks were observed on oriented drill cores. Several sites have
also been described.
Site 4: The outcrop is located in the south of Krigambo village. It is small isolated inselbergs. The rock has a schistose structure
oriented N60 and a subvertical dip. It is a dark green to black and is highly silicified. This silicification results in quartz veins
folded between the cleavages planes. It is a chlorite schist (Figure 4A).
Site 5: The outcrop is located in the bed of a river in south-western village of Krigambo. The rock has a higher cleavage than the
granodiorite with which it is in contact, and oriented N40. The only recognizable minerals are oxides and iron hydroxides. This is a
rock with a slightly crushed schistose structure. Minerals are quartz, mafic minerals and chlorite. It is an almost chloritoschiste as at
site 4 (Figure 4A).

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire): Contribution to the

407

Internat ional Jour nal of Engineeri ng Science s, 2(8) Au gust 2013

Site 6: The outcrop is located after the Okabo village in the north. This is a schistosed rock yellow orange to yellow green. The rock
is oriented N40 and the dip is 80 to the west. The structure is lepidoblastic. Recognizable minerals are oxides, iron hydroxides and
quartz. The rock is altered and silicified. Indeed, we observe quartz veins associated with sericite and sulphides. We are also in the
presence of sericite schist (Figure 4B).
Site 7: The outcrop is located to the South-East of Senoufokro village on the road to Aka N'Guessankro. It is a schistose rock
oriented N45 and dipping 75 to the west. The structure is lepidoblastic. Mineralogy consists of quartz, sericite, oxides and
hydroxides of iron. This is a sericite schist as at site 6 (Figure 4B).

Figure 2. Overview of the Dianfla granodiorite (A: dark enclaves; B to E: thin sections; Bt = biotite, Am = amphiboles, Op = opaque minerals, Pl =
plagioclase, Qz = quartz, Cpx = clinopyroxene, Opx = orthopyroxene, TNT = titanite).

Gbele Ouattara et al.

408

Int ernational Journal of Engi neering Sc iences, 2(8) Au gust 2013

Figure 3. Aplitic facies showing many veins and tension gashes filled with quartz and sulphides.

Figure 4. Photographs of thin sections of chlorite schist (A) and sericite schist (B).

3.2 Structural Study

Spot XS multispectral imaging
The visual interpretation of SPOT XS optical image, shows the Dianfla pluton smoother and bluish color. It contours are traceable with
reasonable accuracy while the metasediments are characterized by a combination of colors from orange to dark brown. Several fractures
directions can be identified (Figure 5): 1) submeridional fractures (F1) of Danangoro; 2) NE-SW to NNE-SSW fractures (F2) of Krigambo
and Tibta; 3) NW-SE to NNW-SSE fractures (F3) of Dianfla and west of Tibta; 4) E-W fractures (F4) very rare in North Okabo and
South-East Krigambo.
Landsat 7 ETM +
The visual interpretation of the image in 432 composite color (Figure 6) permits to define the different lithologies and get several directions
of fractures. Depending on the textures and tints, four major lithologies are distinguished. These are: the tonalite of Bouafl (brown),
granodiorite of Dianfla (orange) showing numerous circular structures, metabasalts in the North East and South West of the Dianfla pluton
(green), metasediments (yellow), which often show a network river system as "Fishbone". On the structural level, several fractures were
mapped: 1) N-S fractures: Danangoro, Tibta and Okabo East; 2) NE-SW to NNE-SSW fractures bordering or not the Dianfla pluton; 3)
NW-SE fractures; 4) some E-W fractures.
3.3 Field data
In the granodiorite
At Site 1: The outcrops are weakly or no deformed. Plagioclase and hornblende sometimes present a subvertical stretching lineation. The
only visible structures are fractures of different directions. Three directions of fractures were observed: N90, N175 and N05. These
fractures show all sinistral displacement. In other outcrops, fractures with N75, N80, N135, N145, N165 directions were observed.
At Site 2: Different markers of brittle and ductile deformation were observed.

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire): Contribution to the

409

Internat ional Jour nal of Engineeri ng Science s, 2(8) Au gust 2013

an early schistosity characterized by alternating light and dark minerals with a subvertical dip;
two plans of cleavages with N40 and N70 directions affect the formation;
quartz veins, sometimes boudinated, showing sinistral (N90 and N125) and dextral (N100, N90 and N70) shear zones;
deformed quartz veins;
joints with N140, N100, N105, N90, N80 and N45 directions;
tension gashes with N90 direction intersected by N140 and N-S fractures;
en-echelon tension gashes towards N100 and N140.

At Site 3: The aplite is a vein (1 to 1.5 m power) in the mylonite. Mylonitic granodiorite is affected by greenschist facies metamorphism
due to the presence of minerals such as sricite, chlorite and epidotes. A subhorizontal mineral lineation and the presence of two planes of
cleavage N65 and N100 is observed. Quartz veins intersect the mylonite following N135, N40, N30 directions. The aplite is
crosscuted by many rich quartz tensions gashes (Figure 3). These structures are oriented N165, N140 to N135, N110 and N80. The
mylonite is not affected by these many structures. Chronologically, the N-S sinistral fractures are older and those of E-W are the latest.

Figure 5. Extract of SPOT XS image of the study area.

Figure 6. Extract from the Landsat 7 ETM+ in 432 colorful composition of the Bouafl region and its lithostructural interpretation.

Gbele Ouattara et al.

410

Int ernational Journal of Engi neering Sc iences, 2(8) Au gust 2013

In the metasedimentary rocks

At Site 4: a contact zone is observed between the granodiorite and metasediments. This is a weakly fractured zone. The schists have a
regular flow that reflects a N60cleavage and microfolds of quartz veins. It should be noted as a subhorizontal alignment of minerals in the
general direction of the cleavage. This area has been the scene of a compressive tectonic due to the flattening of minerals.
At Site 5: Two types of rocks with two different orientations (N40 and N60). The contact area is marked by ductile deformation. We can
observe quartz veins with N120 direction and a dip of 45SE, and other towards N140-80SW. The schist is crosscuted by fractures with
N100 direction.
At Site 6: The rock is oriented N40 -80 SE. Observable structures are: N40 cleavage dominant and a second E-W crenulation cleavage
(Figure 7); a quartz vein with N85 direction and another N20; N40 and N120 fractures and 35 NE dip.

Figure 7. Crenulation cleavage S2 (vertical) in sericite schists.

3.4 Oriented drill cores data

The cored holes were drilled (Diamond Drill) on the eastern border of the Dianfla pluton, precisely in the Pakouabo-Okabo-Krigambo
prospect. The holes were drilled on the supervision of the NEWCREST CI SA company and had intercepted the mineralization. Structural
data were pooled and interpreted by types of structures (quartz veins, schistosity/cleavages, faults and lithological contacts).
Quartz veins: Of all measurements, quartz veins are oriented NE-SW with a mean direction of N40. The average dip is 82 to the
NW (Figure 8A). Some veins have E-W and NW-SE directions.
Schistosity and cleavages: They are mostly oriented NE-SW, with a mean direction of N35. Dips are very variables
(subhorizontal to subvertical). However, the average dip is 88 NW (Figure 8B).
Faults: They have variable directions: N-S, NE-SW, E-W, NW-SE. But the majority of these faults is in the NE-SW direction. Dips
are also variables, but the average dip is 40 to the southeast (Figure 8C).
Lithological contacts: They show two major directions (NNE-SSW and N-S). Dips of these contacts are very high and subvertical
(average 85SE, Figure 8D).

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire): Contribution to the
Internat ional Jour nal of Engineeri ng Science s, 2(8) Au gust 2013

Figure 8. Wulff stereograms and roses diagrams of quartz veins (A), schistosity and cleavages (B), faults (C) and lithological contacts (D).

411

Gbele Ouattara et al.

412

Int ernational Journal of Engi neering Sc iences, 2(8) Au gust 2013

4.

Discussion

4.1 Emplacement of the Dianfla granodiorite pluton

The granodioritic pluton is plagioclase and amphiboles rich. We know that the granodiorites magmas are likely, in a shallow crust, to
generate a "diapir". The metamorphic grade is generally low in the rocks, as elsewhere in West Africa [19-24]. So we can think that the
environment of the emplacement of the Dianfla pluton corresponds to the contexts of emplacement of diapirs [25-27].
In addition, in the border of the pluton, the cleavages are oriented N45 in the North West (South of Pakouabo) and become N-S to NNESSW in Northern Okabo. This shows that the emplacement caused a reorientation of these geological structures.
4.2 How can we explain the mylonitic zones in contact areas?
The contact areas are conducive to contact metamorphism. Host rocks heated and compressed by the magma will tend to deform ductily.
But how to explain the sense of the sinistral displacement? It should then review the main fractures, their directions, their dips and their
order of appearance.
Two submeridian faults have been clearly defined. These sinstral faults are the Danangoro faults in the West and the Okabo faults in the
East. These two faults, if they work together, in the same period, could not open the metasediments for the ascent of magma. We believe
that other fractures with different directions could result in openings. The N50 to N60 sinistral fractures posterior and who are very
regular in the region, particulary in the tonalite of Bouafl (also containing sulphides), combined with those of submeridional directions can
lead to openings for the emplacement of the Dianfla pluton (Figure 9), as a pull apart type. However, this configuration does not permit
openings in the triple points (zones A, B, C, D; Figure 9) which allow the recovery of mineralizing fluids.
It has been shown that the triple points near plutons are very favorables to gold mineralization zones. We also know that the area A (Figure
9) corresponds to the Bouafl-South and Bouafl-Centre prospects. These zones, especially that of Bouafl-Centre, shows significant gold
mineralization. So, how to explain the mineralization?

Figure 9. Emplacement model of the Dianfla granodiorite pluton.

4.3 Origin of the mineralization

Mineralization has several directions, including NE-SW (according to cleavage) and NW-SE (according to tension gashes). We believe that
the emplacement of the Dianfla pluton has generate a first mineralization in the direction of the regional cleavage in host rocks (S1: N40).
The regional tectonic shortening known throughout the Birimian of West Africa, with NW-SE direction ending Eburnean orogenic cycle
(causing a second crenulation cleavage S2, Figure 7) was able to generate the NW-SE (N140 to 120) tension gashes. These have enabled
the rise of late hydrothermal fluids. Chronologically we have:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Emplacement of the Dianfla pluton followed by mineralization in the host rocks (M1) subparallel to the cleavages.
N40 to N45 fracturation of the granodiorite and emplacement of aplitic veins.
Regional NW-SE shortening creating N120 to N140 tension gashes.
Rise of hydrothermal fluids to generate a second mineralization (M2).
Further investigations should be conducted to better understand the paragenesis of the two phases of mineralization suspected
earlier.

Related Structures Linked to the Emplacement of the Dianfla Granodiorite Pluton (Central Cte dIvoire): Contribution to the

413

Internat ional Jour nal of Engineeri ng Science s, 2(8) Au gust 2013

5.

Conclusion

To achieve the objectives listed in the introduction, we used petrographic data (macroscopic and microscopic) and structural data (satellite
imagery SPOT XS and Landsat 7 ETM+, field data and oriented drill cores data).
At the end of our study, we can say that the Dianfla granodiorite has two facies (one mesocratic the other leucocratic) and has many
enclaves (gabbros and diorites). This pluton is weak or no deformed. However, in the contact areas, in the eastern border, we have a
mylonitized granodiorite. The host rocks consists of chlorite schists, sericite schistes, graphitic schists, politic schists, greywackes and
metavolcanics.
In structural terms, host rocks are affected by different structures. These are cleavages, schistosities, fractures, faults and quartz veins.
Schistosities, cleavages measured on outcrops and and oriented drill cores have N35 to N40 average direction and a dip of 88NW. Faults
show variable directions (N-S, NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE) with an average dip of 40SE. Lithological contacts are NNE-SSW and N-S
(subvertical). Quartz veins intersect other structures and have NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE directions.
The low-grade metamorphic environment in the host rocks shows that the granodiorite would be emplaced in a diapiric form. Its
emplacement and its lateral swelling exerted strong stress on the rocks. In Pakouabo area, stress oriented NW-SE, eventually led to N120
to N140 tension gashes.
The emplacement of the Dianfla pluton could cause a subparallel gold mineralization to the regional cleavage (M1). Then, a N40 to N45
fracturation led to the emplacement of aplitic veins. The regional NW-SE shortening at the end of the Eburnean orogeny has created N120
to N140 tension gashes which were subsequently mineralized (M2). In view of the available data, we can consider at least two phases of
mineralization (M1 and M2).

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

[18]

[19]

Yace, I., 1993. Les complexes volcano-sdimentaires prcambriens en Afrique de lOuest, Symposiunm sur le protrozoque infrieur. CIFEG, 23.
Tagini, B., 1971. Esquisse structurale de la Cte dIvoire. Essai gotechnique rgional. Thse de Doctorat Univ. Lausannne (Suisse) et SODEMI
(Abidjan, Cte dIvoire), 302.
Ouattara, G., 1998. Structure du batholite de Ferk (Secteur Zunoula, Cte dIvoire); Impact sur linterprtation de la godynamique du
paloprotrozoque dAfrique de lOuest 2,1 Ga. Thse de Doctorat Universit Orlans (France), 277.
Fabre, R., 1985. Les effets tectoniques des dcrochements NS senestres dans les formations volcaniques birimiennes de la rgion du Yaour, centre de
la Cte dIvoire. C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 300(19) : 955-960.
Fabre, R., P. Ledru and J.P. Milesi, 1990. Le Protrozoque infrieur (Birimien) du centre de la Cte-dIvoire: volution tectonique et corrlations. C.R.
Acad. Sc. Paris, 311(II) : 971-976.
Feybesse, J., 2001. Gomtrie et cinmatique des fractures contrlant la mise en place des veines et veinules de quartz de la mine dor dAngovia
(Yaour, Cte dIvoire). Compagnie Minire dAfrique, Rapport interne, unpublished work.
Affian, K., F.B. Anoh, E.V. Djagoua, M. Robin, M.C. Azagoh, P. NGuessan, K.F. Kouam, M.B. Saley and J. Bimi, 2004. Contribution de la
tldtection la recherche de gisement dor dans la rgion dAngovia en Cte dIvoire. Tldtection, 4(3) : 277-288.
Kouam, K.F., 1999. Hydrogologie des aquifres discontinus de la rgion semi-montagneuse de Man-Danan Ouest de la Cte dIvoire). Apport des
donnes des images satellitales et des mthodes statistique et fractale llaboration dun systme dinformation hydrogologique rfrence spatiale.
Thse de 3me cycle, Universit de Cocody-Abidjan, Cte dIvoire, 194.
Lasm, T., 2000. Hydrogologie des rservoirs fracturs de socle: analyses statistique et gostatistique de la fracturation et des proprits hydrauliques.
Application la rgion des montagnes de Cte dIvoire (Domaine Archen). Thse Universit de Poitiers (France), 274.
Faillat, J.P., 1986. Aquifres fissurs en zone tropicale humide : structure, hydrodynamique et hydrochimie (Afrique de lOuest). Thse de doctorat s
Sciences Naturelles, Universit du Languedoc-Montpellier II, France, 534.
Lasm, T. and M. Razack, 2001. Lois dchelle dans la fracturation des roches dures cristallines et dans le rseau hydrographique associ. C.R. Acad.
Sc. Paris, Science de la Terre et des plantes, 333 : 225-232.
Lasm, T., F.Kouam, N. Soro, J.P. Jourda and J. Bimi, 2004. Analyse gostatistique de la fracturation extraite de l'imagerie spatiale aroporte et
satellitaire. Application la rgion de Man-Danan (Ouest de la Cte d'Ivoire). Revue Ivoirienne des Sciences et Technologie, 5 : 135-154.
Kouam, F.K., M.J. Penven and B.H. Kouadio, 2006. Contribution des images daster de terra et dun modle numrique daltitude la cartographie
morphostructurale du massif des toura (Ouest de la Cte dIvoire). Tldtection, 6(2): 103-121.
Ouattara, G., G.B. Koffi and K.A. Yao, 2012. Contribution des images satellitales Landsat 7 ETM+ la cartographie lithostructurale du Centre-Est de
la Cte dIvoire (Afrique de lOuest). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 1(1) : 61-75.
Ouattara, G., G.B. Koffi and B.D. Yao, 2013. The remote sensing imagery, New challenges for geological and mining mapping in the west African
craton - The example of Cte dIvoire. International Journal of Geography and Geology, 2(1): 1-13.
Jaujou, M., 1970. Le lev gologique du degr carr de Bouak, Rapport de fin de mission 1964-1970. Direction des mines et de la gologie, Abidjan,
Cte dIvoire, 151.
Saou, H., G.B. Koffi and C. Grard, 2001. Apport de l'imagerie satellitale (optique et radar) la cartographie ptrostructurale du Yaour : son impact
sur l'exploration minire. Travail de Fin d'tude, Compagnie Minire d'Afrique, cole Suprieure des Mines et de Gologie, Institut National
Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, 102.
Koffi, G.B., G. Ouattara, A.N. Kouamelan and J.P. Deroin, 2013. Etude ptro-structurale des volcano-plutonites des Monts du Yaour : Contribution
la comprhension du contexte mtallotectique de la minralisation aurifre (Centre de la Cte dIvoire). International Journal of Innovation and
Applied Studies, 2(4) : 635-644.
Pons, J., P. Debat, C. Oudin and J. Valero, 1991. Emplacement and evolution of a synkinematic pluton (Saraya granite, Senegal, West Africa). Bull.
Soc. Gol. Fr., 162: 1075-1082.

414

Gbele Ouattara et al.

Int ernational Journal of Engi neering Sc iences, 2(8) Au gust 2013

[20] Pons, J., C. Oudin and J. Valero, 1992. Kinematics of large syn-orogenic intrusions: example of the Lower Proterozoic Saraya Batholith (Eastern
Senegal). Geol. Rundsch., 81(2): 473-486.
[21] Pons, J., P. Barbey, D. Dupuis and J.M. Leger, 1995. Mechanisms of pluton emplacement and structural evolution of a 2.1 Ga juvenile continental
crust: the Birimian of southwestern Niger. Precambrian Research, 70: 281-301.
[22] Naba, S., 1999. Structure et mode de mise en place de plutons granitiques embots: exemple de lalignement plutonique paloprotrozoque de
Tenkodogo-Yamba dans lEst du Burkina Faso (Afrique de lOuest), Thse, Univ. Dakar (Senegal), 236.
[23] Soumaila, A. and M. Konat, 2005. Caractrisation de la dformation dans la ceinture birimienne (paloprotrozo que) de Diagorou-Darbani (Liptako
nigrien, Afrique de l'Ouest). Africa Geoscience Review, l(12-3) : 161-178.
[24] Naba, S., 2007. Proprits magntiques et caractres structuraux des granites du Burkina Faso oriental (Craton Ouest Africain, 2,2 2,0 Ga) :
implications godynamiques, Thse doctorat, Univ. Toulouse, France, 175.
[25] Delor, C., Y. Simon and M. Vidal, 1995. Peri-plutonic gravity driven deformations and transcurrent tectonics between 2.2 and 2.1 By: a case study
from the Birimian Cycle in Ivory Coast. 8th EUG, Strasbourg, France, 102.
[26] Vidal, M., C. Delor, A. Pouclet, Y. Simon, G. Alric, 1996. Evolution godynamique de lAfrique de lOuest entre 2-2,2 Ga: le style Archen des
ceintures vertes et des ensembles sdimentaires Birimiens du Nord-Est de la Cte dIvoire. Bull. Soc. Gol. France, 167(3): 307-319.
[27] Vidal, M., C. Gumiaux, F. Cagnard, A. Pouclet, G. Ouattara and M. Pichon, 2009. Evolution of a Paleoproterozoic weak type orogeny in the West
African Craton (Ivory Coast). Tectonophysics, 477: 145 159.