World appl. programming, Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014. pp.

213-220

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World Applied Programming

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ISSN:
2222-2510
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Improvement of Power Quality in Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution

Networks in Different Voltage Conditions using DSTATCOM
Hadi Afkar *
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand , Birjand, Iran.

Mohammad Ali Shamsinejad

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand , Birjand, Iran.
*Corresponding author: h.afkar@birjand.ac.ir

Keywords

Abstract

DSTATCOM
Power quality
Distribution network

Compensation of on-linear loads and load balancing are among important issues in modern distribution
systems. For this purpose, the need for DSTATCOM (distribution static compensator) for improvement of
the power quality is increasingly felt. In this paper, by introducing the new control method the role of using
DSTATCOM in improvement of the power quality in four-wire distribution systems in different voltage
conditions is investigated. This role is evaluated in load balancing, reactive power compensation and
decrease of harmonics. A three-phase four-wire distribution system that fuels the non-linear load in different
voltage conditions is considered for stimulation studies. The results of stimulation have been presented by
means of MATLAB/SIMULINK software which shows the control method ability of DSTATCOM in
improving the power quality.

1. Introduction
A large part of the distribution network loads includes induction motors, fans, pumps, etc. which lead to the imposition of reactive power to the
grid and the increase of losses, voltage instability and occupation of useful network capacity. On the other hand, we're faced with the growing
increase of power electronic convertors in commercial, industrial and domestic sectors that cause the pulling of the non-sinusoidal current and
reactive power from the grid; thus, by creating distortions in the voltage, they affect their adjacent bars. In addition to this, existence of
unbalanced loads in the distribution network has a negative impact on transformers and generators and by high flow of neutral wire, they
aggravate the negative effects of harmonics and reactive power in four-wire distribution networks [1-3]. Imposition of reactive power,
unbalanced and distorted currents lead to a reduction of power quality in distribution networks; thus, compensation of non-linear loads and load
balancing are among important subjects in modern distribution systems.
DSTATCOM is a tool that is widely used for compensation of reactive power, load balancing and harmonic elimination. The basis of
DSTATCOM that is connected to the load in parallel is injection of flow to the system in order to remove imbalance and distortion on the side of
load or source. The performance of DSTATCOM is dependent on the control algorithm used for extraction of components of the reference flow.
For this, several control schemes have been presented in different sources. These algorithms are based on the theory of instantaneous reactive
power (IRP), IRP theory modified, the theory of synchronous reference frame (SRF), theory of symmetrical components (SC), flow equalization
method using Dc bus voltage regulation, schemes based on neural network, instantaneous active and reactive current component method to
eliminate harmonics, etc [4-15].
In this paper, the improved theory of instantaneous active and reactive current components which has been presented in [2], is deployed for a
three-phase four-wire system in different voltage and load conditions and the results obtained from stimulation are presented by means of
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
1. The improved method of the instantaneous active and reactive components of the flow
Fig.1 shows the basis of the method in the block diagram. The major difference between this method and the SRF method is speed of the
reference frame. In this method, the turning method is obtained from network voltages, which is dependent on harmonics and voltage unbalance
and instantaneously changes depending on the waveform of distribution network three-phase voltages. In this method, reference flows are
obtained from instantaneous active and reactive components of the load flow.
Load flows and network voltages in stationary reference frame ( 0 ) by means of the Clarke turned relations are obtained as below.

(1)

(2)

il0
1 2 1 2
il 2 1
1 2

3
il
3 2
0
Vs0
1 2 1 2
Vs 2 1
1 2

3
Vs
3 2
0

1 2 ila
1 2 ilb

3 2 ilc
1 2 Vsa
1 2 Vsb

3 2 Vsc

In order to calculate the turning angle, source voltages in stationary reference frame are passed through low-pass filter. Use of this filter causes
more sensitivity of the method to the harmonics.
Load flows in the rotating frame of reference ( d q 0 ) by means of the Park transformation are calculated based on the following relation.

Hadi Afkar *, Mohammad Ali Shamsinejad

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World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

il0

ild
(3) ilq

0
1
2
0 cos
3 0 sin

tan 1 (

Vs F
Vs F

0 il0

sin il

cos il

Table 2 shows the voltage and flow vectors in the two stationary and rotating frames of reference. The turning angle is sensitive to harmonics
and voltage unbalance.
By means of the following transformations and relations, the angle can be omitted from (3).

Vd Vdq V Vs2 F Vs2 F and Vq 0

(4)

cos

Vs F
Vs2 F Vs2 F

,sin

Vs F
Vs2 F Vs2 F

Fig.1: block diagram of the improved method of instantaneous active and reactive components of the flow

Fig.2: flow and voltage vectors in stationary and rotating references

Thus, we will have:

il

(5) d
ilq

1
Vs2 F Vs2 F

Vs F
V
s F

Vs F il
Vs F il

Instantaneous active and reactive flows can be analyzed into the two mean (dc) and vibrational parts.

ild ild il d , ilq ilq il q

Transformation of the component of the main harmonic positive sequence, constitutes the load flow of dc part and transformation of all
harmonics above the flow and the component of the main harmonic negative sequence of the flow constitutes the vibrational part of the

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Improvement of Power Qualityin Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution Networks in Different Voltage Conditions using DSTATCOM
World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

instantaneous active and reactive flow. By omitting the dc component from the signal of active and reactive flows by means of filter,
compensator reference flows are obtained. Reference flows are shown as below.
*
*
istd
il d , istq
il q

Thus, compensator reference flows in the stationary frame are calculated by the following relation.

ist*
1
*
Vs2 F Vs2 F
ist

(6)

Vs F
V
s F

*
Vs F istd

*
Vs F istq

By applying the inverse Park transformation, the compensator reference flows in the abc frame are calculated by the following relation.
*
ista
*
(7) istb
*
istc

1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1
1 2
1 2

3
3 2 3 2
0

il0
*
ist
i*
st

These signals of the reference flow are applied on Hysteresis cycle controller or PWM.
Features of system and DSTATCOM
Fig.3 shows the features of the system and the DSTATCOM under study. In the structure of DSTATCOM three single-phase voltage source
convertors (VSC) have been used that operate in control of the band hysteresis cycle or PWM. Using the three sources of single-phase voltage
helps the load balancing in unbalanced loads. Every voltage convertor is connected to network by a transformer which causes the isolation of
network from convertor. In DSTATCOM one capacitor has been used which helps in reducing the costs. In the path of connection of
DSTATCOM to network, passive filter has been used in order to filter the high frequency harmonics of the compensator flow.
Stimulation and results
The results of system stimulation and control algorithm have been obtained by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK software

Fig 3: features of the system and DSTATCOM under study

Stimulation was implemented for a kind of non-linear load in different network conditions. The load under study is a non-linear load connected
to the distribution network. Features of load and system have been presented in table 1 [2].
1. 1 Balanced sinusoidal network
The results of DSTATCOM performance for sinusoidal and balanced voltage conditions have been shown in fig. 4. As can be seen in the figure,
network flows after compensation are acceptably balanced and sinusoidal and according to the voltages and flows of each phase it is observed
that the power factor has improved as well. According to the peak rate of the flow before and after compensation, the liberalization of network
capacity can be harvested.
1. 2 Sinusoidal and unbalanced network
The results of DSTATCOM performance for sinusoidal and unbalanced voltage conditions have been shown in fig.5. In this state, network
voltage and load flow are both unbalanced. Based on the figure,sinusoidal and balanced network flow, improvement of power factor and
reduction of network capacity can be observed after compensation.

Hadi Afkar *, Mohammad Ali Shamsinejad

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World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

Table 1: features of the system under study

230 V
Network voltage
50 Hz
Network frequency
Cdc=1000F,R=5,Lf=6mH,
Features of DSTATCOM
L=1mH,C=1000F,Ra=75, Rb=35, Rc=50
Features of load
1. 3 Non-sinusoidal and balanced network
The results of the DSTATCOM performance for non-sinusoidal and balanced conditions have been depicted in fig.6. In this state, network
voltage and load flow are both distorted. In these conditions also positive performance of DSTATCOM in the network flow becoming more
sinusoidal and balanced, improvement of power factor and reduction of network capacity can be observed in the figure after compensation.
1.4 Non-sinusoidal and unbalanced network
The results of the DSTATCOM performance for non-sinusoidal and unbalanced voltage conditions have been depicted in figure 7. This state is
the worst state that might take place; network voltage and load flow are both distorted and unbalanced. According to the figure, use of
DSTATCOM and the proper control fit has been effective in the network flow becoming more sinusoidal and balanced, improvement of power
and reduction of the network capacity.

2. Results
The results obtained from stimulation in previous sections such as size of network voltages, network flows and their harmonic rate and power
factor before and after compensation have been shown in tables 2 and 3. The data of these tables show more exactly the positive performance of
the DSTATCOM control method on load flow in different network conditions.
Table 2: network voltages and power factor for different stimulation conditions
Network voltage
Network
Network
Different
Vsc
Vsb
Vsa
power factor
power factor
conditions THD
rms
THD
rms
THD
rms
after
before
%
[v]
%
[v]
%
[v]
compensation compensation
0
230
0
230
0
230
0.99
0.89
1
0
230
0
230
0
184
0.989
0.895
2
7/62 231.26 7.62 231.26 7.62 231.26
0.981
0.851
3
10/2 231.19 11.17 211/3
9.77 241.14
0.987
0.896
4

Table 3: Network flows and power factor in the two compensated and uncompensated states in different stimulation conditions
Network flow after compensation
Network flow before compensation
Different
in
isc
isb
isa
in
isc
isb
isa
conditions
TH
TH
TH
rms
rms
rms
rms
THD
rms
THD
rms
THD
rms
1
rms [A]
D
D
D
[A]
[A]
[A]
[A]
%
[A]
%
[A]
%
[A]
%
%
%
0/66
3/47 9/31 3/73 9/30 3/25 9/33 24/04 113/09 13/06 105/95 17/98 121/99 9/18
2
0/66
5/29 8/96 5/77 9/17 3/73 8/67
23/4 113/09 13/06 105/95 17/98 122/02 7/34
3
0/71
4/57 9/63 4/73 9/62 4/48 9/64
25/8 120/46 14/04 113/31 19/29 128/7
9/81
4
0/64
6/3
9/05 4/24 8/42 5/38 8/75 22/02 113/42 12/82 100/62 15/45 116/24 9/05
1

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Improvement of Power Qualityin Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution Networks in Different Voltage Conditions using DSTATCOM
World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

fig. 4: DSTATCOM performance in network with sinusoidal and balanced voltage, (1) three-phase network voltage, (2) frequency spectrum of
network voltage in phase a, (3) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase a, (4) network voltage and flow before compensation of
phase b, (5) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase c, (6) network three-phase flow after compensation, (7)network voltage and
flow after compensation of phase a, (8) network voltage and flow after compensation of phase b, (9) network voltage and flow after
compensation of phase c, (10) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase a, (11) frequency spectrum of network flow
before compensation of phase b, (12) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase c, (13) frequency spectrum of network
flow after compensation of phase a, (14) frequency spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase b, (15) frequency spectrum of
network flow after compensation of phase c, (16) network neutral wire flow before and after compensation, (17) compensator three-phase flows

Hadi Afkar *, Mohammad Ali Shamsinejad

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World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

fig. 5: DSTATCOM performance in network with non-sinusoidal and balanced voltage, (1) three-phase network voltage, (2) frequency spectrum
of network voltage in phase a, (3) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase a, (4) network voltage and flow before compensation
of phase b, (5) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase c, (6) network three-phase flow after compensation, (7)network voltage
and flow after compensation of phase a, (8) network voltage and flow after compensation of phase b, (9) network voltage and flow after
compensation of phase c, (10) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase a, (11) frequency spectrum of network flow
before compensation of phase b, (12) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase c, (13) frequency spectrum of network
flow after compensation of phase a, (14) frequency spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase b, (15) frequency spectrum of
network flow after compensation of phase c, (16) network neutral wire flow before and after compensation, (17) compensator three-phase flows.

10

11

12

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Improvement of Power Qualityin Three-Phase Four-Wire Distribution Networks in Different Voltage Conditions using DSTATCOM
World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

13

14

15

16

17

fig. 6: DSTATCOM performance in network with non-sinusoidal and balanced voltage, (1) three-phase network voltage, (2) frequency spectrum
of network voltage in phase a, (3) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase a, (4) network voltage and flow before compensation
of phase b, (5) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase c, (6) network three-phase flow after compensation, (7)network voltage
and flow after compensation of phase a, (8) network voltage and flow after compensation of phase b, (9) network voltage and flow after
compensation of phase c, (10) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase a, (11) frequency spectrum of network flow
before compensation of phase b, (12) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase c, (13) frequency spectrum of network
flow after compensation of phase a, (14) frequency spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase b, (15) frequency spectrum of
network flow after compensation of phase c, (16) network neutral wire flow before and after compensation, (17) compensator three-phase flows.

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Hadi Afkar *, Mohammad Ali Shamsinejad

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World Applied Programming Vol(4), No (10), October, 2014.

fig. 7: DSTATCOM performance in network with non-sinusoidal and unbalanced voltage, (1) three-phase network voltage, (2) frequency
spectrum of network voltage in phase a, (3) frequency spectrum of network voltage in phase b, (4) frequency spectrum of network voltage in
phase c, (5) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase a, (6) network voltage and flow before compensation of phase b, (7)network
voltage and flow before compensation of phase c, (8) network three-phase flow after compensation, (9)network voltage and flow after
compensation of phase a, (10) network voltage and flow after compensation of phase b, (11) network voltage and flow after compensation of
phase c, (12) network neutral wire flow before and after compensation, (13) compensator three-phase flows, (14) frequency spectrum of network
flow before compensation of phase a, (15) frequency spectrum of network flow before compensation of phase b, (16) frequency spectrum of
network flow before compensation of phase c, (17) frequency spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase a, (18) frequency
spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase b, (19) frequency spectrum of network flow after compensation of phase c.

3.

Conclusion

In this paper, after stating DSTATCOM as a tool for improvement of power quality in distribution networks, the improved control method of
instantaneous active and reactive components of flow for DSTATCOM connected to the three-phase four-wire distribution network was
introduced. In order to show the capability of the control method, a sample distribution network with unbalanced non-linear load was stimulated
in different voltage conditions such as its being unbalanced and harmonic. The data show that use of DSTATCOM and the proper control
method will be capable of the considerable improvement of load unbalance in the distribution network. Also, it is effective in the considerable
reduction of harmonics in non-linear loads and improvement of the power factor. Due to the reduction of the network flow rate after
compensation, it also causes liberalization of the network capacity. The results indicate that use of proper control method for DSTATCOM,
increases its ability to function in different voltage conditions of the network.

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[8]
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[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
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