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Chemistry Important Definitions

Boyle's Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure.

Charles' Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Gay-Lussac's Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, the pressure is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Avogadro's law: Equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the
same number of molecules.

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Diffusion: Diffusion is the net movement of a substance (e.g., an atom, ion or molecule) from
a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Effusion: Effusion is the process in which a gas escapes through a small hole.

Graham's law of effusion:

Graham's law states that the rate of effusion or of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of its molecular weight.

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Mean Free Path:

The mean free path is the distance that a molecule travels between

collisions.

Avogadros number: Avogadros number is the number of units in one mole of any
substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.022 1023. The units may be
electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the substance and the
character of the reaction.

Modification of the Ideal Gas equation: Vander wells equation of state:

The van der Waals equation is a modification to the ideal gas law that corrects for non-zero gas
volume and intermolecular interactions.
The Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT, can be derived by assuming that the molecules that make up the
gas have negligible sizes, that their collision with themselves and the wall are perfectly elastic,
and that the molecules have no interactions with each other.
The van der Waal's equation is a second order approximation of the equation of state of a gas that
will work even when the density of the gas is not low.

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Behavior of Real Gases: Amagats Curve:

Adhesion: Adhesion is the force of attraction between molecules of different substances.

Example: Water is attracted to other substances

Cohesion: Cohesion is the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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Example: water is attracted to water

Viscosity: Viscosity is a measurement of how resistant a fluid is to attempts to move

through it. A fluid with a low viscosity is said to be "thin," while a high viscosity fluid is said to
be "thick." It is easier to move through a low viscosity fluid (like water) than a high viscosity
fluid (like honey).

Surface Tension: Surface tension is the energy, or work, required to increase the surface
area of a liquid due to intermolecular forces. Surface tension forces are due to intermolecular
forces between the liquid's molecules at the liquid's outer boundaries. these intermolecular forces vary
depending on the nature of the liquid.

System: A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a

common purpose.

First law of thermodynamics Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change
forms. In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same. For a thermodynamic
cycle the net heat supplied to the system equals the net work done by the system.

Example: you have a pot of water at room temperature. You add some heat to the system. First, the temperature
and energy of the water increases. Second, the system releases some energy and it works on the environment
(maybe heating the air around the water, making the air rise).

Second law of thermodynamics: in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the
system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial state.

A car that has run out of gas will not run again until you walk 10 miles to a gas station and refuel the car. Once the
potential energy locked in carbohydrates is converted into kinetic energy (energy in use or motion), the organism
will get no more until energy is input again. In the process of energy transfer, some energy will dissipate as heat.

LaPlace's Law : The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension
required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure.

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Osmotic Pressure: Osmosis is the diffusion of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane.

When a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from a solvent, then only solvent molecules are
able to pass through the membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure difference
needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure of a
solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in solution.

Colligative Properties: Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the
concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute. Colligative
properties include:
vapor pressure lowering,
boiling point elevation,
freezing point depression,
and osmotic pressure.

Boiling point elevation: Boiling point elevation is a colligative property of matter. Boiling point
elevation occurs when the boiling point of a solution becomes higher than the boiling point of
a pure solvent. The temperature at which the solvent boils is increased by adding any non-volatile
solute.
A common example of boiling point elevation can be observed by adding salt to water. The boiling
point of the water is increased.

Freezing point depression: freezing point depression is a colligative property of matter.

Freezing point depression occurs when the freezing point of a liquid is lowered by adding
another compound to it. The solution has a lower freezing point than that of the pure solvent.
For example, the freezing point of seawater is lower than that of pure water. The freezing point of
water to which antifreeze has been added is lower than that of pure water.

Kownan Mursalin Mazed