(Edu - Joshuatly.com) Pahang JUJ SPM 2011 Chemistry

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CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
A. Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes
1) Electrolytes
Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten states or aqueous solution
and undergo chemical changes.
Examples of electrolytes are:
a)
b)
c)
dilute acids and alkalis

molten zinc bromide
sodium chloride solution
Electrolytes are able to conduct electricity because there are free ions present in the molten or aqueous
state.
2) Non-electrolytes
Non electrolytes are substances that cannot conduct electricity either in molten state or aqueous solution.
Examples of non-electrolytes are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
naphthalene,
benzene
alcohol
tetrachloromethane
In other words, all non-electrolytes are covalent compounds which do not contain ions and thus, they are
not able to conduct electricity.
Battery
bulb is lighted
Molten
PbBr2
NaCl
Diagram 6.1:
An electrolyte can conduct electricity because of the presence of free moving ions.
1.
What is an electrolyte?
Substances that can conduct electricity when they are in molten state or
aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes.
2.
Explain why a sugar solution does not conduct electricity while a common
salt solution conducts electricity.
Sugar solution does not have freely moving ions while salt solution do have freely moving
ions.
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3.
Classify the following into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Ammonia, NH3 solution.
Glucose solution.
Molten lead.
Potassium chloride crystals.
Zinc sulphate solution.
Molten naphthalene.
electrolytes
electrolytes
non-electrolytes
non-electrolytes
non-electrolytes
electrolytes
non-electrolytes
Info-Chemy
The word -isis actually means to break up in Greek.
The term Electrolysis was introduced later then by Michael Faraday.
B. Electrolysis of Molten Compound

Electrolysis
1.
When electricity is passed through molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 a reaction take
This is called electrolysis.
2.
Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in either molten or aqueous state are broken down
into their constituent by passing electricity through them.
3.
The electrolysis cell is the set of apparatus needed to conduct electrolysis.

It should consist of the followings:
a)
b)
c)
4.
battery
an electrolyte
two electrodes
Remember that:
i)
ii)
5.
6.
place.
An electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of an electric source is

called the anode.
An electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of an electric source is
called the cathode.
In molten electrolyte, the ions move freely.

During electrolysis, negative ions (anions) move to anode.
Positive ions (cations) move to chatode.
A new substance then formed at each electrode.
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Experiment: To Investigate the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr 2.

1.
2.
3.
Lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 is an ionic compound.

2+
Hence, it consists of the positive lead (II) ions, Pb and
the negative bromide ions, Br .
In solid lead (II) bromide, PbBr2, these ions do not move freely but are held in a
fixed positions in a lattice. When it melts, the ions are free to move.
Battery
mentol
switch
Cathode
Anode
Lead(II)
2+
ion, Pb
molten lead(II) bromide,

PbBr2
Diagram 6.2: Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr2
4.
During the molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2,

-
i) the negative bromide ions, Br are attracted to the anode,

2+
ii) the positive lead(II) ions, Pb are attracted to the cathode.
In the molten state, heat energy that is provided breaks down the
electrostatic forces so that ions are able to move freely. Thus we have:
2+
PbBr2 (s) Pb + 2Br
What happens to the cathode and anode?

5.
At the anode, two bromine atoms combine to form a bromine gas.

The half equation that we have are as below:
-
2Br (l) Br2 (g) + 2e2+
At the cathode, lead(II) ions, Pb undergo discharge whereby each of the ions
accepts two electrons to form a lead atom. The half equation are as follows:
2+
Pb (l) + 2e Pb(s)
7.
Combining the two half equations, we get the overall equation that represents the electrolysis of
molten lead (II) bromide.
2+
Pb (l) + 2Br (l) Pb (s) + Br2 (g)

The process of discharge can either be donating electrons or accepting electrons
Bromine gas, Br2 is red-dish brown in color and is poisonous.
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Test :
1.
State the meaning of the following terms.

a) anode
An electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of an electric source.
b) cathode
An electrode which is connected to the negative terminal of an electric source.
c) electrolysis
A process whereby compounds in either molten or aqueous state are broken
down into their constituent by passing electricity through them.
2.
A molten oxide, Q2O3 is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

a)
Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis.
Battery
mentol
switch
Anode
Cathode
Carbon
electrodes
b)
molten oxide,
Q2O3
Write the formulae for the ions present in the electrolyte.

3+
Formulae ions are Q and O

c)
2-
State the ions that move to each of the electrodes during the electrolysis.
2-
i) the negative ions, O are attracted to the anode,

3+
ii) the positive ions, Q are attracted to the cathode.
d)
Write the half equation of the reaction at each of the electrodes.

2-
Half equations: anode terminal: O O2 + 2e

3+
Half equations: cathode terminal: Q + 3e 3Q
d) Named the substances formed at each of the electrodes.
Positive electrodes: an atom of substance Q is performed.
Negative electrodes: an oxygen gas is released.
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CHAPTER 6 :ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Voltaic Cell
Electrolytic cell
Electrical energy is supplied to produced

chemical reaction
Chemical cell
Chemical reaction produced the electrical energy
Example of simple voltaic cell
1. Voltaic cell also known as galvanic cell.

2. Denial cell is another example of a voltaic cell.
3. In Denial cell, the two solutions are connected through a salt bridge or a
porous pot.
4. The solution used in the salt bridge is usually a diluted acid or a solution of
sodium or potassium salts.
5. The function of the salt bridge or porous pot is to stop the two electrolytes from mixing.
But allow the movement of the ions in order to complete the electric circuit.
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How does a voltaic cell work?
Reaction in the voltaic cell using magnesium ribbon and copper plate as electrodes
The electrochemical series
Li
K
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Increasing
tendency
of metals
to lose
electron
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
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The apparatus set-up of a Daniell Cell

using a salt bridge
The apparatus set-up of a Daniell Cell

using a porous pot
Zinc is higher than copper in the electrochemical series. Thus it releases electrons more
easily than copper. Each zinc atom donates two electrons to form a zinc ion.The zinc ions
are released into the electrolyte. The zinc plate dissolves gradually.
Since the Zinc is higher than copper in the electrochemical series. It acts as the cathode of
the cell(negative terminal).
The ionic equation of cathode:Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e
Copper as the anode of the cell (positive terminal).The electrons are accepted by the
copper(II) ions to form copper metal. The copper plate becomes thicker gradually.
The ionic equation of anode: : Cu2+ (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
The intensity of the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution decreases as the
concentration of copper(II) ions decreases gradually.
Decreases donates ion electrons zinc plate anode cathode thicker accepted
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Cells
Used in
Torches
Radio
Electrical toys
Cassette
players
Motor vehicles
Cassette players
Electrical toys
Appliances which are in
use for long periods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nospillage
Small in size
Easily carried about
Produces regular current and
voltage
Obtained in different sizes
Cannot be recharged
Not long lasting
Electrolyte tends to leak
Low voltage is produced
Can be recharged
Produces a high voltage and use
for a long period of time
Produces high current(up to 75A)
for heavy duty purposes
Big in size
Expensive
Leak charges when not in used
Spillage of acid can occurr
Heavy and difficult to carried
about
Last longer than dry cell

Produces constant current
No liquid electrolyte
Expensive
Cannot be recharged
Electrolyte leakage can occur
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Cells
Used in
Advantages
Cameras
Watches
Calculators
Small in size
Last a longer time
Very mobile and easily used
Electrical toys
Cassette players
Radios
Can be recharged
Smaller size than accumulator
No spillage
Can be recharged up to 500
times
Disadvantages
Very expensive
Cannot be recharged
Mercury is not environment
friendly
Expensive
Transformer is needed for
recharging
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Differences between electrolytic and voltaic cell

Characteristic
Electrolytic cells
Chemical cells
Energy
Electrical energy produces chemical

reactions
Chemical reactions produce electrical energy.
Current
Current supply into the cell.
Current produced by the cell
Cathode: terminal negative
Cathode: terminal positive
Anode : terminal positive
Anode : terminal negative
Positive
terminal
Anion gives out electrons to anode
Electrons receive by positive terminal.
Negative
Terminal
Cation accept electron from negative

terminal.
Electrons given out from negative terminal.
Pairs of graphite, platinum or suitable

metals.
Pair of different metals.
Anode/Cathode
Type of
electrode
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CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
8.1
Definitions of salts
+
A salts is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H from an acid is replaced by a metal ion
+
or an ammonium ion, NH4
Example;
8.2
Types of salts
Soluble salt salts that can be dissolve in water at room temperature
Insoluble salt salts cannot be dissolve in water at room temperature
8.3
Summarised of the solubility of salts

All sodium , potassium and ammonium salts are soluble in water
All nitrate salte are soluble in water
All chloride salts are soluble in water except :
-
silver chloride (AgCl)
mercury (I) chloride (HgCl)
Lead (II) chloride (PbCl2) - soluble in hot water but insoluble in cool water
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All sulphate salts are soluble in water except

-
Lead (II) sulphate ( PbSO4)
Barium Sulphate (BaSO4)
Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4)
All carbonate salts are insoluble except
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)
Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3
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Exercise 1
a) Complete the table with the chemical formulae of salts
b) Marked the insoluble salts from the table.
Sulphate salts
H2SO4
Nitrate salts
HNO3
Carbonate
Salts
H2CO3
Chloride salts
HCl
Iodide salts
HI
K2SO4
KNO3
K2CO3
KCl
KI
Na2 SO4
NaNO3
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaI
2+
CaSO4
Ca(NO3)2
CaCO3
CaCl2
CaI2
2+
MgSO4
Mg(NO3)2
MgCO3
MgCl2
MgI2
2+
ZnSO4
Zn(NO3)2
ZnCO3
ZnCl2
ZnI2
2+
PbSO4
Pb(NO3)2
PbCO3
PbCl2
PbI2
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3
(NH4)2CO3
NH4Cl
NH4I
2+
BaSO4
Ba(NO3)2
BaCO3
BaCl2
BaI2
Hg2SO4
HgNO3
Hg2CO3
HgCl
HgI
Ag2SO4
AgNO3
Ag2CO3
AgCl
AgI
Metal ion
Na
Ca
Mg
Zn
Pb
NH4
Ba
Hg
Ag
8.4
Preparation and purification of soluble salts

-
Sodium salts
Potassium salts
Ammonium salts
Acid + alkali
salts +
water
Soluble Salts
Acid + metal oxide salts +
-
Others salts
Acid + metal
water
salts + hydrogen gas
Acid + metal carbonate
salt + water + carbon dioxide
The salts formed during preparation of soluble salts contain impurities. Therefore, these salts need to be
purified through a process known as recrytallisation.
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Exercise 2
Fill in the blank with the suitable reactants
1. Nitic acid
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. sulphuric acid
magnesium oxide
zinc
magnesium chloride + water
zinc sulphate + hydrogen gas
+ calcium carbonate calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide
4. hydrochloric acid
8.5
sodium nitrate + water
sodium hydroxide
Preparation insoluble salts

Prepared by precipitation method / double decomposition reaction.
8.6
Chemical and ionic equations
In the formation of the precipitate of barium sulphate, BaSO4, the chemical equation can be written:
Example : BaCl2(aq)
2+
Ions
Ba
+ Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)
2-
+ Cl + Na + SO4 BaSO4 + Na + Cl
Ionic equation : Ba
2+
2-
+ SO4
BaSO4
(shows the ions that take part in the reaction)
Exercise 3
Complete the table
Insoluble Salt
ZnCO3
AgCl
BaSO4
PbCl2
PbSO4
CaCO3
Ions
2+
2-
Zn
, CO3
+
Ag
2+
Ba
2+
Pb
2+
2-
, Cl
2-
, SO4
,
2-
+ CO3 ZnCO3
-
+ Cl AgCl
Ag
, SO4
2+
2+
Zn
, Cl
Pb
Ca
Ionic equation
2CO3
2+
+ SO4 BaSO4
Ba
2+
Pb
2+
Pb
2+
Ca
+ Cl PbCl2
2-
PbSO4
2CO3
CaCO3
+ SO4
+
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8.6
Numerical problem involving stoichiometric reaction in the preparation of salt
A balanced chemical equation for a reaction in preparation of a salt can be used to calculate the
stoichiometric quantities of the following
Masses of reactants
Volumes and concentrations of reactants
Masses of products
Volumes of products
Example;
Ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 is use as a fertilizer. 29.8g of this salt is prepared by neutralizing
phosphoric acid, H3PO4 with ammonium gas, NH3. Calculate the volume of ammonium gas, NH3 reacted at
room conditions.
3
-1
[Relative atomic mass; H=1: N =14: P=31; O= 16; Molar volume; 24 dm mol at room conditions]
Solutions;
2.88 g
=
a. Calculate the number of moles
[3(14) + 12(1) + 31 + 4(16)

= 0.2 mol
b. Write a balanced chemical equation
H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)

3 mol
Compare the mole ratio of NH3 and

(NH4)3PO4
1 mol
c. Calculate the number of moles of NH3 base on

the mole ratio
= 3 X 0.2 mol
d. Calculate the volume of NH3
= 0.6 mol X 24 dm mol
Volume = number of mole X volume
= 0.6 mol
= 14.4 dm
-1
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B.
Qualitative Analysis of Salts
What is Qualitative analysis?

Qualitative analysis is a chemical technique used to determine what
substances are present in a mixture but not their quantities.
In the qualitative analysis of salts, we need to identify the ions that are present in salts. This can
be done by analysing their physical and chemical properties.
Observations on the physical properties of salts

1.
Colour and solubility in water
Certain physical properties of salts such colour and solubitity in water are observed to help us infer
certain cations and anions that are present in salts.
The table shows the colour of salts in solid , in aqueous solution and the solubility of
salts in water
Salt
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl
Ammonium nitrate,NH4(NO3)3
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3
Calcium nitrate ,Ca(NO3)2
Magnesium sulphate, MgSO4
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
Zinc sulphate, Zn SO4
Zinc nitrate ,Zn(NO3)2
Lead(II) chloride , PbCl2
Lead(II) sulphate , PbSO4
Lead(II) carbonate , PbCO3
Copper(II) chloride , CuCl2
Copper(II) sulphate , PbSO4
Copper(II) carbonate , PbCO3
Iron(II) sulphate , FeSO4
Iron(III) chloride , FeCl3
Sodium nitrate , NaNO3
Sodium carbonate , Na2CO3
Potassium nitrate , KNO3
Potassium carbonate , K2CO3
Colour in
solid
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
white
Blue
Blue
Green
Green
Brown / Yellow
white
white
white
white
Solubility in
water
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
insoluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
insoluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
soluble
Colour
in Aqueous solution
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
Blue
Blue
Pale green
Brown/Yellow/ Yellowish brown
colourless
colourless
colourless
colourless
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The table shows the colour of different cations in the solid form or in aqueous solution
Observation
Blue solution
green solution
Yellow/Yellowish-brown/
brown solution
Green solid
Brown solid
White solid
Colourless solution
Inference
2+
Ion copper (Cu ) present
2+
Ion Iron(II) Fe present
Ion Iron (III) Fe
3+
present
2+
Hydrated Fe , CuCO3
3+
Hydrated Fe salt
+
+
+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
Salts of Na , K ,NH4 , Mg , Ca Al , Zn , Pb
(If the anions are colourless)
+
+
+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
Na , K ,NH4 , Mg , Ca , Al , Zn , Pb
The table shows the solubility of different types of salts in water

Compounds
Sodium salts
Potassium salts
Ammonium salts
Nitrate salts
Chloride salts
Sulphate salts
Carbonate salts
2.
Solubility in water
All are soluble
All are soluble
All are soluble except AgCl, HgCl and PbCl2 (soluble in
hot water)
All are soluble except BaSO4, PbSO4 and CaSO4
All are insoluble except sodium carbonate, potassium
carbonate and ammonium carbonate
Tests for gases

Gases are often produced from reactions carried out during laboratory tests on salts. By identifying the
gases
Evolved , it is possible to infer the types of cations and anions that are present in a salt.
The table shows the test and the result of different gases
Gas
Oxygen gas,
O2
Hydrogen gas ,
H2
Carbon dioxide gas ,
CO2
Ammonia gas, NH3
Chlorine gas, Cl2
Hydrogen chlorine
gas , HCl
Sulphur dioxide gas ,
SO2
Nitrogen dioxide gas ,
NO2
Method
Put in glowing wooden splinter
Into the test tube
Put in lighted wooden splinter
Into the test tube
Bubble up the gas through
lime water
Put in moist red litmus paper
Into the test tube
Put in moist blue litmus paper
Into the test tube
drops of concentrated ammonia
NH3 solution into the test tube
Bubble up the gas
into purple acidified potassium
manganate (VII), KMnO4 solution
Test with moist blue litmus paper
Observation
Wooden splinter is rekindled /lighted
pop sound produced
Lime water turns milky/cloudy/chalky
Moist red litmus paper turns blue
Moist blue litmus paper turns red and
then turns white/bleaches
Dense white fumes produced
Purple acidified potassium
manganate (VII),KMnO4 solution
decolourises
moist blue litmus paper turns red
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3.
Action of heat on salts
Effect of heat on carbonate salts

Carbonate salt
Copper (II) carbonate,
CuCO3
Zinc carbonate ,
ZnCO3
Lead(II) carbonate,
PbCO3
Sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3
Calcium carbonate,
CaCO3
Potassium carbonate,
K2CO3
Magnesium
carbonate, MgCO3
Colour of salt
before heating
Green powder
Colour of residue
Hot
cold
Black
Black powder
powder
Effect on lime water

The gas liberated turns
lime water milky
lime water milky
lime water milky
White solid
Yelow solid
White solid
White solid
Brown sold
Yelow solid
White solid
White solid
White solid
No change
White solid
White solid
White solid

lime water milky
White solid
White solid
White solid
No change
White solid
White solid
White solid

lime water milky
Effect of heat on nitrate salts

Nitrate Salt
Colour
of salt
Colour of residue
Hot
cold
Copper (II) nitrate,

Cu(NO3)2
Blue
solid
Black
powder
Black
powder
Zinc nitrate,
Zn(NO3)2
White
solid
Yellow
solid
White
solid
Lead(II) nitrate,
Pb(NO3)2
White
solid
Brown
solid
Yellow
solid
Sodium nitrate,
NaNO3
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Potassium nitrate,
KNO3
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Magnesium nitrate,
Mg(NO3)2
White
solid
White
solid
White
solid
Iron(II) nitrate,
Fe(NO3)2
Pale
Green
solid
Iron(III) nitrate,
Fe(NO3)3
Brown
solid
Pale
Green
solid
ReddishBrown
solid
Pale
Green
solid
ReddishBrown
solid
Test on gases liberated

A brown gas that turns blue litmus paper to
red is liberated. The gas liberated also
ignites a glowing splinter
A colorless gas that rekindles a glowing
splinter is liberated
A colorless gas that rekindles a glowing
splinter is liberated
A brown gas that turns blue litmus paper
Page | 19
The table shows the comparison of the effect of heat on carbonate and nitrate salts
Metal
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold
Effect of heat on carbonate salt
Effect of heat on nitrate salt
Are not decomposed by heat
Decompose to nitrite salt and oxygen gas.
Decompose to metal oxide and carbon

dioxide gas.
Decompose to metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide

gas and oxygen gas.
Decompose to metal, carbon dioxide

gas and oxygen gas.
Decompose to metal , nitrogen dioxide gas

and oxygen gas.
Most sulphate salts are not decomposed by heat. Only a few sulphate such as iron (II) sulphate, zinc
sulphate and copper sulphate decompose to sulphur dioxide or sulphur trioxide gas when heated.
All chloride salts are stable when heated except ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride sublimes and
decomposes to produce ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
The table shows the deduction of the types of ion present based on the gas produced
Type of gas produced
CO2
O2
NO2
SO2
NH3
Type of ion present(anion)

2Carbonate ion (CO3 ) present except Na2CO3 and K2CO3
Nitrate ion (NO3 ) present
Nitrate ion (NO3 ) present except NaNO3 and KNO3
2Sulphate ion (SO4 ) present
+
Ammonim ion (NH4 ) present
Exersice:
1. State three examples of
a) soluble salts
Potassium carbonate
Lead(II) nitrate
Ammonium chloride
b) insoluble salts
Magnesium carbonate
Lead(II) sulphate
Argentum chloride
2. Which of the following salts is soluble

Lead(II) chloride
Sodium carbonate
Calcium sulphate
Barium sulphate
Page | 20
3. Identify the gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue
Ammonia gas
4. Gas X has the following properties
Colourless
Acidic gas
Turns lime water milky
Gas X is carbon dioxide gas
5.
Heat
Salt P
Metal oxide X
Gas Y
Colour of metal oxide X is yellow when hot and white when cold. Gas Y turns lime water milky.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Name gas Y carbon dioxide gas

Name metal oxide X zinc oxide
Name salt P zinc carbonate
Write an equation to represent the action of heat on salt P
ZnCO3 (s)
ZnO (s)
CO2 (g)
6. A sample of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 was heated strongly. Write down the expected
observation.
Copper(II) nitrate decompose to produce black colour of residue when hot and cold. A brown gas
that changed moist blue litmus paper to red and colourless gas that lighted up a glowing wooden
splinter are produced.
Quantitative Analysis of Salts

Tests for anions
Reagent / Condition
Observation
Anion
Add dilute hydrochloric acid /

nitric acid / sulphuric acid into a
test tube gas liberated is
immediately bubbled through
lime water.
Effervescence.
Colourless gas
turns lime water
milky.
CO3 ion
2-
Ionic Equation
(if any)
2-
CO3 + 2H
CO2 + H2O
Page | 21
Reagent / Condition
add nitric acid and silver
nitrate solution
Add dilute hydrochloric acid /

nitric acid and barium chloride
/ barium nitrate solution
Observation
Anion
White precipitate
formed.
Cl ion
White precipitate
formed.
SO4 ion
Brown ring
formed
NO3 ion
Add dilute sulphuric acid and

ass iron(II) sulphate solution.
Then drop carefully and slowly
concentrated sulphuric acid
Ionic Equation
(if any)
Ag + Cl AgCl
2+
Ba
+ SO4
BaSO4
2-
Confirmatory Test for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NH4+ Ions

2+
3+
Confirmatory Test for Fe and Fe

Reagent
Add Sodium hydroxide solution
until excess
Add Sodium hydroxide solution
until excess
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution

Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
Potassium thiocyanate solution
Confirmatory Test for Pb
Method
Observation
Green precipitate formed
Brown precipitate formed
Green precipitate formed
Brown precipitate formed
Pale blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Greenish-brown solution
Pale red colouration
Blood red colouration
Conclusion
Fe 2+ ion present
2+
Fe ion is present
Fe 2+ ion present
2+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion is present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Fe ion is present
3+
Fe ion is present
2+
Observation
Ionic Equation
2+
+ 2Cl PbCl2
2+
+ 2I PbI2
Using aqueous solution of chloride

3
- 2 cm of any solution of Cl +
3
2+
2 cm of any solution of Pb
3
dilute with 5 cm of distilled water
heat until no further change occurs
allow the content to cool to room
temperature using running water from
the tap
A white precipitate
is formed
When heated
dissolve in water to
form colourless solution
When cooled white
precipitate reappear
Pb
Using aqueous solution of iodide

3
- 2 cm of any solution of I +
3
2+
2 cm of any solution of Pb
3
dilute with 5 cm of distilled water
heat until no further change occurs
allow the content to cool to room
temperature using running water from
the tap
A yellow precipitate
is formed
When heated
dissolve in water to
form colourless solution
When cooled yellow
precipitate reappear
Pb
Page | 22
Confirmatory Test for NH4

Method
3
Observation
+
2 cm of any solution of NH4 + 2 cm of

NaOH / KOH / Ca(OH)2 heat put a
piece of moist red litmus paper at the
mouth of the test tube
Reaction with Nesslers Reagent
3
+
3
2 cm of any solution of NH4 + 2 cm of
Nesslers Reagent shake well
- Moist red litmus paper turns blue
- A brown precipitate is formed
To Identify the Anions and Cations in Unknown Salts

Describe chemical tests that can be carried out in the laboratory to differentiate between
(a) lead(II) nitrate solution and aluminium nitrate solution
Sodium sulphate solution is added slowly into the test tube.
If a white precipitate is formed, the solution is lead(II) nitrate.
If no change occurs, the solution is aluminium nitrate.
(b) aluminium nitrate solution and zinc nitrate solution
Aqueous ammonia solution is poured slowly into the test tube until in excess.
If a white precipitate dissolves ,the solution is zinc nitrate.
If a white precipitate that is insoluble the solution is aluminium nitrate.
(c) ammonium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution
Nesslers Reagent is added into the test tube.
If a brown precipitate is formed, the solution is ammonium chloride.
If no change occurs, then the solution is potassium chloride
(d) iron(II) sulphate solution and iron(III) sulphate solution
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution is added in the test tube.
If a dark blue precipitate is formed, the solution is iron(III) chloride.
If no change occurs, the solution is iron(II) chloride.
Or
Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is added in to the test tube.
If a greenish-brown solution is formed, the solution is iron(III) chloride.
Or
Potassium thiocyanate solution is added in to the test tube.
If a blood red colouration is formed, the solution is iron(III) chloride.
Page | 23
(e) sodium chloride and sodium sulphate

Silver nitrate solution is poured into the test tube.
If a white precipitate is formed, the solution is sodium chloride.
If no change occurs, the solution is sodium sulphate.
Or
Barium chloride solution is poured into the test tube.
If a white precipitate is formed, the solution is sodium sulphate.
If no change occurs, the solution is sodium chloride.
Page | 24
Page | 1
Page | 26
Using Reagent : Sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

CATION SOLUTION
Add / put in NaOH SOLUTION
Precipitate
Colourless/
Unchanged
Coloured
NH4+
White
Fe2+
Green
Zn2+
Pb2+
Al3+
Fe3+
Brown
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Blue
To add/ put in
EXCESS NaOH
solution
Dissolved/soluble in excess
NaOH solution
Pb2+
Zn2+
Undissolved / not soluble

In excess NaOH solution
Al3+
Mg2+
Ca2+
add KI solution
To add/ put
in
2-
add ion SO4 solution
ion SO4 2solution
White
Yellow
Precipitate
Precipitate
[PbSO4 ]
Colourless
2+
Al
3+
[CaSO4 ]
add / put in
Pb2+
colourless
Precipitate
Zn
[PbI]
White
Mg2+
Ca2+
NH3 solution
colourless
Zn2+
White precipitate
Al3+
Page | 27
CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
Exercises:
1.
A salt is
l
ll
lll
lV
an ionic compound
formed from an acid and bases
an acidic compound
an alkaline compound
A l and ll only
B. ll and lV
C. l, ll dan lll only
D. l, lll dan lV
2.
A salt is formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ of an acid is replaced by

l
ll
lll
lV
a metal ion,
an ammonium ion
an anion
a hydroxide ion
A l and ll only
B. ll and lV
C. l, ll dan lll only
D. l, lll dan lV
3.
Which of the following salt are soluble in water

l
ll
lll
lV
sodium nitrate
potassium carbonate
silver chloride
ammonium carbonate
A l and ll only
B. l and lll only
C. l, ll dan lV only
D. l, lll dan lV
4.
Which of the following salts is insoluble in water?

A.
B.
C.
D.
lead nitrate
copper nitrste
barium sulphate
calcium chloride
Page | 28
5.
Insoluble salt can be prepared through

A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
Calcium carbonate is an insoluble salt. It can be prepared by using

A.
B.
C.
D.
7.
calcium oxide and sodium chloride

calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide
calcium chloride and sodium carbonate
calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate
Calculate the volume of 0.2mol/dm3 sulphuric acid , H2SO4, thats is needed to react
completely with 10cm3 of 0.5mol/dm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.
Crystallisation
Recrystallisation
Precipitation reaction
Neutralization reaction
5 cm3
10cm3
12.5cm3
15cm3
Nitric acid react with metal X to produce a salt according to the chemical equation
X + 2HNO3
X(HNO3)2 + H2
Calculate the volume of 1,5 mol/dm3 nitric acid that is needed to completely react with
0.54g of metal X
(Relative atomic mass: X=24)
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
25cm3
30cm3
35cm3
40cm3
If 20cm3 of a metallic hydroxide, 0.5 mol dm-3 reacts completely with 20cm3 of hydrochloric
acid, 1 mol dm -3, what is the formula of the chloride of metal M which results?
A.
B.
C.
D.
MCl
MCl2
MCl3
M2Cl3
Page | 29
10.
A white salt Y is heated strongly. It was found that a brown gas, which turned damp blue
litmus paper red, and a colourless gas which rekindled a glowing splint, were produced.
The residue left behind was brown when hot and yellow when cold. The salt Y is most
probably.
A.
B.
C.
D.
zinc nitrate
silver carbonate
copper(ll) carbonate.
lead(ll) nitrate
Reaction of sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid forms a type of

salt, sodium chloride.
1.
a)
What is the meaning by salt?

....................................................................................................................
b)
State examples of salts used in daily life.

......................................................................................................................
c) Is sodium chloride a soluble salt ?

......................................................................................................................
2.
Suggest the materials which can be used to prepared soluble salt, magnesium salt
respectively in the following table using the method for preparation of soluble salts
Methods for preparation of soluble salt

1. Acid
2. Acid
3. Acid
4. Acid
+
+
+
+
alkali
salt + water
metal oxide (base)
salt + water
metal
salt + hydrogen gas

metal carbonate
salt + carbon dioxide + water
Materials
Salt
Page | 30
barium hydroxide, lead(ll) iodide, magnesium sulphate,

potassium carbonate, copper(ll) sulphate, silver chloride,
calcium nitrate, barium sulphate
3.
Classified the above salts into soluble and insoluble salts

Soluble salts
4.
Insoluble salts
Table below shows the reaction between acid and alkali and produced salt solution.
complete the table below
Acid
Alkali
Hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
Potassium hydroxide
(KOH)
Nitric acid (HNO3)

.
..
Aqueous ammonia
(NH3)
Salt solution
Sodium nitrate
(NaNO3)
Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4
.. ...
Chemical equation
HCl + KOH KCl + H2O
HNO3 + NaOH NaNO3
+ H2O
HCl + NH3
NH4Cl + H2O
Page | 31
5.
Diagram below shows a flow on the preparation of insoluble salt.

BaSO4
(Ba+2, SO4-2)
Solution A with positive

ion of the salt (soluble salt)
Ba(NO3)2
precipitate C
(insoluble salt with
Positive & negative ions)
BaSO4
a)
Solution B with negative

ion of the salt (soluble salt)
( Na2SO4 )
solution D
( soluble salt )
NaNO3
Name the reaction of preparation of insoluble salt

..
b)
List three examples of insoluble salt
c)
Based on the information given in table above, complete the table below
Solution A with
positive ion
Solution B with
negative ion
Precipitate C,
insoluble salt
Silver sulphate,
Ag2SO4
Sodium
chloride, NaCl
Silver chloride,
AgCl
Barium nitrate,
Ba(NO3)2
Lead(ll) nitrate,
Pb(NO3)2
Solution D
Sodium
sulphate,
Na2SO4
Barium
sulphate,
Ba2SO4
Lead(ll)
carbonate,
PbCO3
Page | 32
6.
20cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate is added to a beaker containing 0.56g R.
(Relative atomic mass; R = 56)
a)
How many moles of silver nitrate have reacted?
b)
How many mole of R have reacted?
c)
Determine the number of mole of silver nitrate to number of moles R in

simplest terms.
Page | 33
7.
Diagram 1.1 shows the method of preparing a soluble salt.
Metal oxide powder
Excess metal oxide
Salt solution
-3
50 cm of 2.0 mol dm acid
Salt solution
Heat
The solution is allowed to cool

Salt crystals are obtained
Diagram 1.1
(a)
State one step that is required to speed up the reaction betwen metal oxide
and acid
.....................................................................................................................
(b)
Based on Diagram 1.1, state two substances that are used to prepare zinc
chloride salt
(i)
...............................................................................................
(ii)
................................................................................................
Page | 34
(c)
Complete Diagram 1.1 by drawing the set up of apparatus used to obtain the salt
crystals in the space provided.
(d)
Name the type of reaction for preparing the salt using this method.
............................................................................................................
(e)
The following solutions are used in the reaction:

Solution X : Sodium sulphate solution
Solution Y : Lead (II) nitrate solution
Complete the ionic equation below for the formation of lead(II) sulphate salt, PbSO4
....................................................
(f)
PbSO4(s)
The following reaction can be used to prepare copper(II) chloride salt.
CuCO3
2HCl
CuCl2
H2O
CO2
Excess copper(II) carbonate is added to react with 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid to form the salt.
Calculate the mass of the salt formed.
[Relative formula mass of the salt formed is 135]
[3 marks]
Page | 35
Essay questions:
(a)
Insoluble salt can be prepared by double decomposition method.

Explain with an example the meaning of double decomposition.
(b)
(i)
Explain an experiment on how could you prepare a dry sample

of copper(II) nitrate salt in the school laboratory.
(ii)
You are given a sample of copper(ll) nitrate salt.

Describe how you would test for the presence of copper ions
and nitrate ions in the sample
PAPER 3
Structure Question
5.0 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 potassium sulphate solution was filled in eight test tubes of equal size and height.
Then 1.0 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 barium chloride solution is added to the first tube, followed by 2.0 cm3, 3.0
cm3, 4.0 cm3, 5.0 cm3, 6.0 cm3, 7.0 cm3 and 8.0 cm3 respectively in the other test tubes. The test tube is
put aside. When the precipitate salt settled, its height was measured and recorded.
Test tube
Volume of potassium sulphate solution (cm3)

Volume of barium chloride solution (cm3)
5.0 5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.0 2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Height of the precipitate (cm)
0.4 0.8
1.3
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
a)
State the hypothesis of the experiment.

....................................................................................................................
b)
Name the precipitate form in the test tube

......................................................................................................................
c)
State the variables for this experiment.

i)
manipulated variable
...........................................
ii)
responding variable
...............................................
Page | 36
iii)
constant variable (pembolehubah yang dimalarkan)

..................................................
d) Plot the graph of the height of the precipitate against the volume of barium
chloride solution.
Page | 37
e)
From the graph drawn in (d), determine the minimum volume of barium chloride
solution required to react completely with 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 potassium
sulphate solution.
...
f)
Calculate the number of moles of sulphate ions that react with 1 mole of
barium ions.
g)
Write the ionic equation to represent this reaction.
Page | 38
CHAPTER 8: SALTS
Answer:
Exersices:
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. D
Subjective Question
1
a)
b)
c)
A salt is an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion from acid is
replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion from an alkali/bes.
Flavour to food,plaster of paris in medical feild.
Barium sulphate to identify tumor in the intestines
soluble salt
2
Materials
a). Magnesium + hydrochloric acid
b). Magnesium + sulphuric acid.
c) magnesium + nitric acid
3.
soluble salts
magnesium sulphate
copper(ll) sulphate,
potassium carbonate,
calcium nitrate
Salt
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulphate
Magnesium nitrate
insoluble salts
lead(ll) iodide
silver chloride
barium hydroxide
barium sulphate
4.
Acid
Alkali
Salt solution
Potassium chloride
(KCl)
Chemical equation
Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)
Sulphuric acid
(H2SO4)
Hydrochloric acid
(HCl)
H2SO4 + NH3
(NH4)2SO4 + H2O
Ammonium
(NH4+)
Ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl)
Page | 39
5.
a)
b)
Double decomposition/precipitation reaction

1.
lead(ll) iodide
2.
silver chloride
3.
magnesium carbonate
c)
Solution A with
positive ion
Solution B with
negative ion
Precipitate C,
insoluble salt
Solution D
Potassium
sulphate,
K2SO4
Ammonium
carbonate,
(NH4)2CO3
6.
a)
b)
Ammonium
nitrate, NH4NO3
No. of mol of silver nitrate = MV

1000
= 0.5(20)
1000
= 0.56
56
No. of mol of R = mass

RAM
= 0.01 mol
= 0.01 mol R
c) 1: 1
7.
(a)
Heat the acid / Stir the mixture
(b)
i.
ii.
zinc powder
hydrochloric acid
Filter paper
(c )
Salt crystals
(d)
Precipitation method / double decomposition reaction
(e)
Pb2+
SO42-
PbSO4
Page | 40
(f)
Number of mole hydrochloric acid
= 2 x 50 = 0.1 mol
1000
Number of mole of copper(I) chloride
= 0.1/2
= 0.05 mol
Mass of copper(II) chloride
= 0.05 x 135
= 6.75 g
Essay Questions
(a)
Example:Na2SO4(aq)
Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4(s)
2NaNO3(aq)
Double decomposition is the reaction of exchange of the ion that

take place between lead(II) ion and sulphate ion producing lead(II) sulphate
(b)(i)
1. Pour nitric acid into a beaker.
2. Add copper(II) oxide /copper(II) carbonate powder until excess.
3. Stir the mixture
4. Filter the solution mixture
5. Pour the filtrate into an evaporating dish
6. heat the solution until it becomes saturated.
7. Allow the solution to cool
8. Filter out the crystals.
9. Dry the crystals by pressing between a few pieces of filter papers
10. CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
(b)(ii) 1. Solid of copper(II) nitrate is dissolved in water (and producing blue solution).
Test for Cu2+
2.
3.
Add sodium hydroxide solution into a test tube

Blue precipitate is formed
Test for NO34.

5.
6.
7.
Add dilute sulphuric acid into a test tube

Add iron(II) sulphate solution
Slowly add concentrated sulphuric acid
Brown ring is formed.
Page | 41
Paper 3
a)
The height of precipitate is directly proportional to volume of barium

chloride solution.
b)
Barium sulphate
c) i)
Volume of barium chloride solution
ii)
Height of the precipitate
iii)
Volume of potassium sulphate solution
d)
Plot the graph of the height of the precipitate against the volume of barium
chloride solution.
e)
5.0cm3
f)
i.
ii.
g)
Ba+2 + SO4-2 BaSO4
0.005 mol of barium ions react with 0.005 mol of sulphate ions
1.0 mol of barium ions will react with 1.0 mol of sulphate ions
OXIDATION & REDUCTION

REDOX REACTIONS
1.1
The meaning of REDOX reaction
REDOX reaction A reaction where both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time.
1.2
Defination of REDOXS
1. REDOX is a reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur at the same time
2. OXIDATION is a reaction which involves loss of electron or loss of hydrogen
or increase oxidation number.

3. REDUCTION is a reaction which involves gain of electron or reducing the oxidation number.
Example :
(i) Mg
Mg
2+
+ 2e
Magnesium undergoes oxidation because magnesium loss electron or the oxidation number increases from
0 to +2
Page | 42
(ii) H2S + Cl2
S + 2HCl
H2S. is oxidized to sulphur It acts as a , reducing agent. Chlorine gas is reduced to chloride ion/HCl .
It undergoes reduction and acts as an oxidizing agent. agent.
(iii) Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
2+
Zn Zn + 2e : Zinc atom undergoes oxidation because it lose electron and the oxidation number of
zinc , increase from 0 to +2 Zinc acts as a reducing. agent.
+
2H + 2e H2 : Hydrogen ion undergoes reduction. because it gain electron and the oxidation number
decrease from +1 to 0. Hydrogen ion acts as an oxidising. agent.
(iv) Cu
2+
+ 2e
Cu
Copper (II) ion undergoes reduction because it gain electron and the oxidation number decrease from +2 to 0
The copper (II) ion acts as an oxidising agent.
EXERCISE 1
Calculate the oxidation number for the underlined elements.
Tentukan nombor pengoksidanan bagi unsur yang digaris.
i.
KMnO4
ii.
MnO2
iii.
CO32-
iv.
CO2
v.
CO
vi.
NH3
vii.
NO3-
viii.
NO2
ix.
NH4+
Page | 43
Answer:
(i)
(v)
(ix)
Mn =+7
C = +2
N = -3
(ii)
(vi)
Mn = +4
N = -3
(iii)
(vii)
C =+4
N = +5
(iv)
(viii)
C = +4
N = +4
EXERCISE 2
State which of the following equation is redox reaction or not. Explain why.
a. NaOH + HCl
b. 2 Na + Cl2
NaCl + H2 O
2 NaCl
c. CaCO3 + 2 HCl
CaCl 2 + H2 O + CO2
d. Zn + CuO
ZnO + Cu
e. Pb + 2 AgNO3
Pb(NO3) 2 + 2 Ag
f.
BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
g. SO 2 + 2 H 2 S
3 S + 2 H 2O
h. Cl 2 + 2 FeCl2
2 FeCl3
i.
2 Na + 2 H2 O
2 NaOH + H2
j.
Br2 + 2 KI
2 KBr + I2
2 NaCl + ZnCO3
BaCl2 + Na 2 SO4
k. Na2 CO3 + ZnCl2

Answer:
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
Not a redox reaction. No changes in oxidation number of reactant

Redox reaction. Sodium undergoes oxidation , chlorine undergoes reduction
Redox. Zinc is oxidezed and copper ion/ CuO is reduced
Page | 44
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
Redox, SO2 is reduced, H2S is oxidized

+2
Redox, Fe is oxidized, Chlorine is reduced
Redox, sodium is oxidized, H2O is reduced
redox , KI/ Iodide ion is oxidized, bromine is reduced
Writing Equations For Redox Reactions
1.3
Equations for redox reactions are :

(i)
Chemical Equation for the reaction.
(ii)
Half equation for oxidation (loss of electron/ increase in oxidation number).

Half equation for reduction (gain in electron/ decrease in oxidation number).
(iii)
Overall Ionic equation for redox reaction formed by combining half equation for
oxidation and half equation for reduction (the number of electrons in both the half equations
must cancel each other).
Example 1 :
Reaction
Chemical Equation for the reaction
Aluminium and copper(II) sulphate
2Al + 3CuSO4
Al
Half equation for oxidation
Al
Half equation for reduction
Cu2+
Changing of the coefficient of the half

equation of oxidation*
equation of reduction*
Ionic equation
3+
Cu2+ SO42- Al
Al3+
+
SO42-
3Cu
Cu
+ 3e
2e
2Al3+
2Al
3Cu2+
Al2(SO4)3
Cu
+ 6e
6e
2Al + 3Cu2+
3Cu
2Al3+
+ 3Cu
* Make sure that the number of electrons released in half equation for
oxidation are equal to the number of electrons received in half equation
for reduction.
Page | 45
EXERCISE 3
1
Sodium metal reacts with water
sodium
water
Reaction
Sodium and water

Ionic equation
Answer:
Reaction
Sodium and water

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Na
Na
2H+

2Na
2H+
Ionic equation
OH-
Na+
+ e
2e
2Na+
Na+
H+
2e
2Na + 2H+
OH-
H2
H2
+ 2e
H2
2Na+
+ H2
Page | 46
Copper(II) oxide react with dry hydrogen gas (Determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide)
Copper(II) oxide
Dry hydrogen gas
Reaction
Copper(II) oxide and hydrogen gas

Ionic equation
Answer:
Reaction
Copper(II) oxide and hydrogen gas

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Cu2+
Cu
H2
2H+
H2
Cu2+
Ionic equation
H2 + Cu2+
H+
+ 2e
2e
Cu
2H+
+ Cu
Page | 47
1.4
Analysing Redox Reactions in :

1.4.1
Displacement of metals from its salt solution.
1.4.2
Electrolytic and Chemical Cell (Voltaic cell)
1.4.3
Rusting of Iron // Corrosion of Metal
1.4.4
Displacement of halogen from its halide solution.
1.4.5
3+
3+
2+
Change of : Fe2+ Fe and Fe Fe
1.4.6
Transfer of electron at a distance.
1.4.7
Reactivity Series of Metals and Its Applications.
1.4 .1 Redox Reaction in the Displacement of Metals from its Salt solution
Electrochemical Series :
Electrochemical Series is an arrangement of elements according to their tendency to release
electrons to form a positive.ion (cation).

Electrochemical Series
K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au
Electropositivity decreases
EXERCISE 4
You are provided with strips of metal W, X, Y and Z and their salt solutions. Describe how you would show
the order of these metals in the electrochemical series in descending order of electropositivity. Your
explanation shoud include observations and conclusions.
1.4.2
REDOXS in electrolytic and Chemical Cell (Voltaic cell)
Page | 48
EXERCISE 5
1. Compare and contrast cell P and cell Q. Include in your answer the observation and half equations for
the reactionsn of electrode in both cells.
Page | 49
2.
Diagram below shows the voltaic cell. Zinc act as negative terminal and copper act as
positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is 1.1 volt.
a. State the direction of electron flow in the circuit?
b. What is the function of porous pot?
c. Write the half equation for the reaction at
(i) zinc electrode:
(ii) copper electrode:
d. Write the ionic equation for the reaction in the above cell.
e. State which electrode oxidation process take place?

.
f.
(i) What will happen to the intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate in beaker B?
.................................................................................................................
Page | 50
(ii) Explain your answer in (f)(i).

........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
g. (i) What will happen to the voltmeter reading if zinc electrode is replace by
magnesium electrode and magnesium sulphate.
(ii) Explain your answer in (g)(i).

.
Diagram below shows the set up of the apparatus used for the electrolysis of
2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Carbon electrode Y
Carbon electrode X
Hydrochloric acid
A
(a)
State all the ions present in the electrolyte.

..................................................................................................................
(b)
State the products formed at electrode X and Y.

X : .......................................................................................................................................
Y :.............................................................................................................................
(c)
Write the half equation for the reaction at

(i) electrode X :............................................................
(ii) electrode Y :.............................................................
Page | 51
(d)
(e)
(f)
Name the substance which is

(i)
oxidized : .........................................................
(ii)
reduced : .................................................................
Name the
(i)
oxidizing agent : .............................................................................
(ii)
reducing agent : ..............................................................................
State the oxidation number of chlorine in chloride ion?

................................................................................................................
Table below shows the concentration of copper chloride in solution X and Y.
Solution X
Solution Y
0.001 mol dm-3
2.0 mol dm-3
Both solutions are electrolyzed separately using carbon as electrodes.

(a)
Write the half equation of the reaction that takes place at the anode for
electrolysis of
(i)
solution X :
(ii) solution Y :
Page | 52
(b)
Name the products formed at the cathode and anode.

Product formed at :
Anode
Cathode
Solution X
Solution Y
(b)
The products collected at the anode in the electrolysis of solutions X

and Y are different.
Explain why.
(d)
(e)
Name the substance oxidized in the electrolysis of :

(i)
solution X :
(ii)
solution Y :
Name the substance reduced in the electrolysis of :

(i)
solution X :
(ii)
solution Y :
Page | 53
1.4.3 Redox Reaction in Corrosion of Metal [ Rusting of Iron]

EXERCISE 6
1
Draw a labelled diagram to show how the rusting of iron involved the ionization of iron and
the flow of electron.
Diagram below shows the use of zinc plates on an iron ship to prevent rusting.
TAQ 8388
Iron ship
Zinc plate
Sea water
(a)
Explain how the zinc plates protect the iron ship from rusting.
(b)
Write the half equation for the reaction in (a).
Page | 54
The diagram shows the set-up of the apparatus to study the effect of other metals on the
rusting of iron nails.
Jelly + phenolphthalein + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
nail
P
(a)
Copper
Iron
nail
Iron
nail
Iron
nail
What is the function of :

(i)
phenolphthalein?
(ii)
potassium hexacyanoferate(III) solution?
(b)
State the observation for each test tube P, Q, R and S after a few days.
(i)
Test tube P
(ii)
Test tube Q
(iii)
Test tube R
(iv)
Test tube S
Page | 55
(c)
Based on the observations,

(i)
state the metals that can prevent the rusting of iron nail
(ii)
state the metal that can accelerate the rusting of iron nail.
(iii)
arrange the four metals i.e. iron, zinc, magnesium and copper in
ascending order of their electropositivity.
(d)
(i)
State the type of reaction that takes place when iron rusts.
(ii)
Write the half equation for the reaction in (d) (i).
(iii)
What is the purpose of test tube R in this experiment?
Metals will corrode when exposed to the atmosphere over a period of time.
The rate of corrosion depends on the position of the metal in

the Electrochemical Series.
(a)
If magnesium and iron are exposed to the atmosphere . Which metal will
Corrode faster?
Explain your answer.
.
.
(b)
Why are the products made of aluminium self-protected from corrosion?
Page | 56
(c )
Electroplating is one way to control the rusting of iron. Suggest two other
ways to prevent iron from rusting?
1.4.4 Redox Reaction In Displacement of Halogen From Its Halide Solution.

EXERCISE 7
1
Predict whether the following reactions occur or not.

[ If the reaction occurs, put a tick ( ) ; if no reaction occurs, put a cross ( X ) ]
Reactants
Products
KI
+ Cl2
KI
+ Br2
KBr + Cl2
NaI + Br2
NaBr + I2
KCl + Br2
NaCl + I2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
( ) / (X)
Iodine is formed when bromine water is added to potassium iodide solution.
(a)
How do you confirm the formation of iodine in the experiment?
(b)
(c)
Write the half equation for the chemical change that takes place in :
(i)
bromine water
(ii)
potassium iodide
(iii)
a reducing agent
(iv)
an oxidizing agent :
Write ionic equation for redox reaction.
Page | 57
(d)
Suggest halogen X that can replace bromine water so that iodine is also
formed.
1.4.5 Redox Reaction In The Change Of
Fe2+
Fe3+ and Fe3+
Fe2+
EXERCISE 8
1
Chlorine water is added drop by drop to 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution in a test
tube. The test tube is warmed gently.
(a)
Write the :
H
Half equation of oxidation :
e
a
Half equation of reduction :
t
Overall ionic equation :
In one experiment to investigate for the changes of Fe 3+ ions to Fe 2+ ions,

hydrogen sulfide gas is pass through iron(III) chloride solution. The reaction is
representing with chemical equation below.
2 FeCl3 + H2 S
(a)
2 FeCl2 + S + 2 HCl
State two observation in the above experiment.

i.................................................................................................
ii.................................................................................................
(b)
(i)
What is the type of reaction in the above experiment?
.........................................................................................................
(ii)
What is the function of hydrogen sulphide in the reaction?
.................................................................................................
(iii)
Suggest another substance that can act as hydrogen suphide in

the above reaction.
.......................................................................................................
Page | 58
(c)
What is the oxidation number of sulphur in hydrogen sulphide?

............................................................................................................
(d)
(i)
State the changes in the oxidation number of iron in the

experiment?
(ii)
Write the half equation for the changes in iron in the above
experiment?
.......................................................................................................
(iii)
How to confirm iron (II) ion is produced?

.......................................................................................................
1.4.6 Redox Reaction In term of Transfer of Electron at a Distance
EXERCISE 9
1
Diagram 2 shows the set- up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between iron(II)
chloride solution and potassium manganate(VII) solution through the transfer of electrons
at a distance.
G
Carbon electrode
P
Iron(II) chloride solution
Carbon electrode
Q
Potassium
manganate(VII)
Dilute sulphuric acid

DIAGRAM 2
Page | 59
(a)
What is the function of dilute sulphuric acid?
(b)
In Diagram 2, draw the direction of the flow of electrons.
(c)
(i)
What is the colour change in the solution around electrode P?

...............................................................................................................
(ii)
Describe a chemical test to determine the product formed in the solution

at electrode P.
.
...............
(d)
What is the substance that is being oxidized in the experiment?

Explain why.
.
(e)
Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode Q.
(f)
Suggest another reagent that can replace potassium manganate(VII) solution.

...........
(g)
What is the change in oxidation number of manganese in the reaction?
Page | 60
The apparatus set up below is to investigate the redoxs reaction.
(a)
How do you know the reaction has started?

......................................................................................................................
(b)
What is the function of potassium chloride?

.......................................................................................................................
(c)
What is the color changes that can be observed at M of U tube in half an hour of
experiment.
....................................................................................................................................
(d)
Give one test to confirm the product at M?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(e)
What is
reduced:..........................................................................................
oxidized:
(f)
Write the half equation for the reaction which occurs at N
Page | 61
(g)
Name one substance that can replace chlorine water to get the same product at M
(h)
(i)
If potassium iodide is replaced by iron(II) sulphate, what will observed at M

.
(iii)
Explain your answer.
Page | 62
1.3.7 Redox Reaction In The Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications
EXERCISE 10
1
Determine whether the following reactions occur or not.

If the reaction occurs, mark and if not, mark X.
Reactants
(a)
Hydrogen + zinc oxide
(b)
Magnesium oxide +
carbon
(c)
Copper + zinc oxide
(d)
Aluminium + carbon
dioxide
(e)
Carbon + silver oxide
(f)
Hydrogen oxide + copper
(g)
Iron(II) oxide + hydrogen

gas
(h)
Magnesium + steam
(i)
carbon dioxide + lead
(j)
Iron + lead(II) oxide
/ X
Chemical Equation
Page | 63
Diagram 2.1 shows the set-up of the apparatus for an experiment to construct the
Electrochemical Series through the ability of metals to displace other metals
from their salt solution.
Silver nitrate solution
Zinc plate
Diagram 2.1
The experiment was repeated using copper and P metals to replace zinc and
P nitrate
solution to replace silver nitrate solution.
Table 2.2 shows the result obtained.
Experiment
Metal
Zinc
II
Copper
III
Silver nitrate solution

Silver metal is
displaced.
Silver metal is
displaced.
Silver metal is
displaced.
P nitrate solution
P metal is displaced.
No reaction.
Table 2.2
(a)
What is meant by Electrochemical Series?

.....................................................................................................................
(b)
Based on the results in Table 2.2, arrange the metals silver, copper, P
and zinc in ascending order of electropositivity.
More electropositive
(c)
Name the suitable metal P.
Page | 64
(d)
Based on Experiment I :
(i)
Zinc can displace silver metal from silver nitrate solution. Explain
why.
(ii)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
(iii)
What is the change in the oxidation number of zinc?
(e)
Diagram 2.3 shows the set up of apparatus for the reaction between
metal P and copper(II) nitrate solution.
Copper(II) nitrate
solution
Metal P plate
Diagram 2.3
What is the colour change of the of copper (II) nitrate solution?.
Explain why.
(f)
State two uses of the Electrochemical Series besides the determining the
ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution.
.........
......
Page | 65
ANSWER:
EXERCISE 4
1.
Procedure
1.
2
3
Fill four test tube with salt solution of W, X, Y and Z

Add a strip of metal W into each test tube respectively
Repeat the steps above for metals X, Y and Z
Observation:
Salt metal solution
Metal
Deposit
X No deposit
Inference
1
Deposit formed when metal W is put in the salt solution of X, Y and Z
Metal W is more electropositive than metal X, Y and Z
2
Deposit formed when metal X is put in the salt solution of Y and Z
Metal X is more electropositive than metal Y and Z
3
Deposit formed when metal Y is put in the salt solution Z
Y is more electropositive than Z
No deposit formed when metal Y is put in the salt solutions of W and X
Metal Y is less electropositive than W and X
4
No deposit is formed when metal Z is put in the salt solutions W, X and Y
Metal Z is less electropisitive than W, X and Y
The descending order is
W, X, Y, Z
Conclusion
Metal that is more electropisitive will displace the metal which is less
electropositive from its salt solution.
Page | 66
EXERCISE 5
1
Charateristic
1. Types of cell
2. Energy changes
3. Name of the
electrode
4. Ion in electrolyte
5. Half equation
6. Observation
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
3.
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
Cell P
Cell Q
Electrolytic cell
Chemical/voltaic cell
Electrical energy to
chemical energy
Positive electrode/anode:
Copper
Negative electrode/
cathode:copper
Anion: SO4-2, OHCation: Cu+2, H+
Anode / positive electrode:
Cu Cu+2 + 2e
Cathode/negative electrode:
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Chemical energy to
electrical energy
Positive electrode/cathode:
copper
Negative electrode/ anode:
zinc
Anion: SO4-2, OHCation: Cu+2, H+
Anode/negative electrode:
Zn Zn+2 + 2e
Cathode/ positive electrode:
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Positive electrode: brown
Positive electrode/ anode:
solid/ electrode become
copper dissolve
thicker
Negative electrode/cathode:
Negative electrode: zinc
Brown solid
dissolve/ becomes thinner
The blue color fade
The blue color fade
zinc to copper
to separate the electrolyte and allows transfer of ion between 2 solution
(i)
Zn Zn+2 + 2e
(ii)
Cu+2 + 2e Cu
Zn + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu
zinc electrode/ negative
(i)
decrease
(ii)
The concentration of copper ion decrease
(i)
increase
(ii)
The distance between Mg and copper is higher in
electrochemical series
H+, Cl-, OHX: hydrogen gas
Y: chlorine gas
(i)
X: 2H+ + 2e H2
(ii)
Y: 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
(i)
chloride ion
(ii)
hydrogen ion
(i)
oxidizing agent: hydrogen ion
(ii)
Reducing agent: chloride ion
-1
Page | 67
4.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
(b)
Product formed at :
Anode
Cathode
Solution X
Oxygen
copper
Solution Y
Chlorine
copper
(c )
The type of ion that is selected to be discharged at anode in

solution S
solution Y is different. In solution X, OH- ion is selected because the
position of
OH- ion is lower than Cl- ion in the Electrochemical Series. In solution Y,
Cl- ion is selected because the concentration of Cl- ion is higher than
OH- ion.
(d)
(i)
(ii)
X: Hydroxide ion
Y: Chloride ion
(i)
(ii)
X: copper ion
Y: copper ion
(e)
Page | 68
EXERCISE 6
1.
O2
Fe2O3 . xH2O (rust)

O2
OH
Fe2+
-
Water droplet
OH-
Fe
Fe2+
2+OH
e-
(a)
Zinc is higher than iron in the Electrochemical Series.

Zinc is more electropositive than iron.
Zinc has higher tendency to release electron than iron.
Zinc is ionized/oxidised
Electron flow from zinc to iron
(b)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
(a)
(i)
(ii)
To detect the presence of OH- ions.

To detect the presence of Fe2+ / iron(II) ions.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
No blue colour is formed.

No blue colour is formed.
Intensity of blue colour is low.
Intensity of blue colour is high.
(c )
(i)
(iv)
(v)
Zinc and magnesium

Copper
Copper, iron, zinc and magnesium
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
O2
Iron
Oxidation
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
As a control experiment
Page | 69
4.
(a)
Magnesium.
Magnesium is more electropositive than iron.
Magnesium atom is easier to release electron compare to iron atom
(b)
the oxide layer is non porous and firmly coated the aluminium
(c )
covering the surface with oil/ paint

Alloying the iron with chromium
Electroplating with metal higher than iron in the electrochemical series
EXERCISE 7
1
Reactants
KI
+ Cl2
KI
+ Br2
KBr + Cl2
NaI + Br2
NaBr + I2
KCl + Br2
NaCl + I2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.
(a)
Add the starch solution

The color turns blue
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(vi)
(c )
Br2 +
(d)
chlorine
/ X
Products
KCl + I2
KBr + I2
KCl + I2
NaBr + I2
X
X
X
Br2 + 2e 2Br2I- I2 + 2e
Iodide ion/ KI
Bromine
2I-
2Br- + I2
Page | 70
EXERCISE 8
1.
(a)
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl2+
2Fe
3+
+ Cl2 2Fe
+ 2Cl
(a)
1.
2.
Greenich yellow solution formed

yellow precipitate
(b)
i.
ii.
iii.
redox
oxidizing agent
iron(II) chloride
(c )
-2
(d)
i.
ii.
iii.
+3 + 2
Fe 3+ Fe 2+ + e
1.
Add sodium hydroxide solution
2.
green precipitate formed
EXERCISE 9
1
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
To allow the electron flow

in the diagram
(i)
Green to brown
(ii)
Add sodium hydroxide solution.
Brown precipitate is formed.
Fe2+ / Iron(II) ion.
Released electron // Oxidation number increased from +2 to +3.
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e
Mn2+ + 4H2O
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution, K2Cr2O7
+7 to +2
the galvanometer shows reading
to separate the two electrolyte and allow the movement of ion between
two solution
colorless to brown
add starch solution
The color changes to blue
chlorine
Potassium iodide/ iodide ion
Cl2 + 2e 2Clbromine water/ acidified potassium mangganate(VII)/ acidified potassium
dichromate(VI)
(i)
M: light green to yellow solution
(ii)
Iron (II) ion is oxidized to iron(III) ion
Page | 71
EXERCISE 10
1.
/ X
Reactants
Chemical Equation
(a)
Hydrogen + zinc oxide
No reaction
(b)
Magnesium oxide +
carbon
No reaction
(c)
Copper + zinc oxide
No reaction
(d)
Aluminium + carbon
dioxide
4Al
(e)
Carbon + silver oxide
C + 2Ag2O CO2 + 4Ag
(f)
Hydrogen oxide + copper
No reaction
(g)
Iron(II) oxide + hydrogen

gas
FeO + H2 H2O + Fe
(h)
Magnesium + steam
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
(i)
carbon dioxide + lead
No reaction
(j)
Iron + lead(II) oxide
Fe + PbO FeO + Pb
(a)
+ 3CO2
2Al2O3 + 3C
An arrangement of metals based on the tendency of each metal atom to

donate electrons.
(b)
silver
Copper
zinc
More electropositive
(c)
(d)
Iron //Tin // Lead

(i)
Zinc is higher than silver in the Electrochemical series//

Zinc is more electropositive than silver
(ii)
Zn + 2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(iii)
0 to +2
(e)
Blue to colourless / become fade / paler

The number / the concentration of Cu2+ becomes lower
(f)
Determine the terminal of a voltaic cell

Compare the standard cell voltages of voltaic cells
Page | 72

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Page | 1

dilute acids and alkalis

Classify the following into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

Hydrochloric acid, HCl

B. Electrolysis of Molten Compound

The electrolysis cell is the set of apparatus needed to conduct electrolysis.

An electrode which is connected to the positive terminal of an electric source is

In molten electrolyte, the ions move freely.

Experiment: To Investigate the electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr 2.

Lead (II) bromide, PbBr2 is an ionic compound.

molten lead(II) bromide,

Diagram 6.2: Electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide, PbBr2

During the molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2,

i) the negative bromide ions, Br are attracted to the anode,

PbBr2 (s) Pb + 2Br

What happens to the cathode and anode?

At the anode, two bromine atoms combine to form a bromine gas.

2Br (l) Br2 (g) + 2e2+

Pb (l) + 2Br (l) Pb (s) + Br2 (g)

State the meaning of the following terms.

A molten oxide, Q2O3 is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

Write the formulae for the ions present in the electrolyte.

Formulae ions are Q and O

i) the negative ions, O are attracted to the anode,

Write the half equation of the reaction at each of the electrodes.

Half equations: anode terminal: O O2 + 2e

Electrical energy is supplied to produced

Chemical reaction produced the electrical energy

Example of simple voltaic cell

1. Voltaic cell also known as galvanic cell.

How does a voltaic cell work?

The apparatus set-up of a Daniell Cell

The apparatus set-up of a Daniell Cell

Last longer than dry cell

Differences between electrolytic and voltaic cell

Electrical energy produces chemical

Chemical reactions produce electrical energy.

Current supply into the cell.

Current produced by the cell

Cathode: terminal negative

Cathode: terminal positive

Anode : terminal positive

Anode : terminal negative

Anion gives out electrons to anode

Electrons receive by positive terminal.

Cation accept electron from negative

Electrons given out from negative terminal.

Pairs of graphite, platinum or suitable

Pair of different metals.

Summarised of the solubility of salts

silver chloride (AgCl)

mercury (I) chloride (HgCl)

All sulphate salts are soluble in water except

Lead (II) sulphate ( PbSO4)

Barium Sulphate (BaSO4)

Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4)

All carbonate salts are insoluble except

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)

Ammonium Carbonate (NH4)2CO3

Preparation and purification of soluble salts

salts + hydrogen gas

Acid + metal carbonate