Engr.

Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LAB EXAM VIVA (A)

NAME:__MUHAMMAD UMAIR______________ ROLL #: ________________

MARKS OBTAINED: __/18

1. What is modulation? Describe amplitude modulation.
Modulation: Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a new signal.
This new signal, conceivably, will have certain benefits over an un-modulated signal, especially
during transmission.
Amplitude Modulation (AM): It is a modulation technique used in electronic communication,
most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.AM works by varying the
strength (amplitude) of the carrier in proportion to the waveform being sent.

2. What is the difference between PWM, PCM & PAM explain by drawing waveform?
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration
Modulation (PDM) is type of modulation technique used to encode a message into pulsating
signal. Width of modulation is varied according to modulating signal.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): Pulse Code Modulation is a technique to digitally represent
sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, Compact Disks,
digital telephony and other digital audio applications.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM): It is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

3. Define SSB and DSB modulation.

Single Side Band (SSB): It is a refinement of amplitude modulation which uses transmitted
power and bandwidth more efficiently. AM produces an output signal that has twice the
bandwidth of the original baseband signal. Single-Sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth
doubling, and the power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of increased device complexity and more
difficult tuning at the receiver.
Double Side Band (DSB): It is the most common AM in which frequencies produced by
amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above & below the carrier frequency.

4. Describe upper & lower sidebands (Draw Graph if necessary)

Amplitude Modulation of a carrier wave normally results in two mirror-image sidebands. The
signal components above the carrier frequency constitute the Upper Side Band (USB), and
those below the carrier frequency constitute the Lower Side Band (LSB).

5. How frequency multiplier works?

A frequency multiplier is a device for multiplying by an integer the frequency of a circuit. It is an
electronic circuit that generates an output signal of which the output frequency is a multiple (or
harmonic) of the input frequency. Frequency multipliers consist of a nonlinear circuit which
distorts the input signal and generates multiples of the input signal. A band pass filter selects the
desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental as well as other harmonics
from the output.
6. Why frequency modulation is better than amplitude modulation?
As in Frequency modulation the information is modulated into frequency of carrier signal rather
than its amplitude thus it is resilient to noise. Thus fidelity of information is more in FM than
AM.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LAB EXAM VIVA (B)

NAME:_____MUHAMMAD UMAIR______________ ROLL #: ________________

MARKS OBTAINED: __/18

1. What is the purpose of a phase locked loop?
The phase-locked loop, or PLL, is one of the most useful blocks in modern electronic circuits. It
is used in many different applications, ranging from communications (FM modulation,
demodulation, frequency synthesis, signal correlation), control systems (motor control, tracking
controls, etc), as well as applications such as pulse recovery and frequency multiplication.

2. Why receiving circuit of DSBSC is more complex than DSBFC?

For receiving DSBSC the receiver would be carefully tuned in to the correct frequency and the
station would be received. A few moments later, the reinserted carrier frequency would drift
slowly off tune and speech sound like Donald Duck would re-appear. We would have to reach
over and retune the radio and settle hack to enjoy the next few seconds of broadcast until the drift
starts again.
The frequency control necessary to ensure that the re-inserted carrier stays at exactly the correct
value regardless of changes of temperature; vibration etc. would make the receiver too complex
and expensive for domestic use.
For this reason, DSBSC is very seldom used. Overall, the waste of transmitted power to send the
carrier is less expensive than the additional cost of perhaps several million high quality receivers.
Such receivers are used for professional communications but are expensive, between ten and a
hundred times the cost of a standard radio receiver.

3. Define three operating states of PLL.

A PLL has three operating states. These are the free-running, capture, and locked conditions.
In the free-running state, there is no reference input frequency being provided to the PLL. Design
constants within the system determine what frequency the VCO will run at. Normally, two of
these are the values of Rt and Ct, the VCO timing components.
In the capture state, which is usually short -lived, the PLL has just been given a reference
frequency, and it is in the process of trying to "lock" onto it. The PLL cannot lock onto all
frequencies; only a certain range of frequencies, within the capture range can be locked onto, if
the PLL is initially in the free-running state. The free-running frequency is usually in the middle
of the capture range. The width of the capture range is determined by PLL design; the loop lowpass filter is important in determining this.
The last PLL state is the desired state: Locked! In this state, the PLL has successfully passed
through the capture phase, and it has its VCO steadily "locked" onto the input reference
frequency.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

4. What characteristic of the carrier is varied during Frequency Modulation?

In Frequency Modulation (FM) only the frequency of the carrier is varied, amplitude of carrier
wave remains the same thus Information signal is modulated by varying frequency of carrier
according to modulating signal.

5. Define High pass filter draw its amplitude vs Frequency waveform

High pass filter are important building block of a communication system it represents the low
frequency component from a signal compound of different frequency signals. A high pass filter
is differentiated by its cutoff frequency that is the lower frequency which is present by a high
pass filter.
Amplitude

Frequency

6. What is Pulse Width Modulation?

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique used to
encode a message into a pulsing signal. It is a type of modulation. Although this modulation
technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control
of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LAB EXAM VIVA (C)

NAME:______MUHAMMAD UMAIR______________ ROLL #: ________________

MARKS OBTAINED: __/18

1. What is Hartley Oscillator write two main advantages of Hartley Oscillator.
Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in radio receivers.
The two main advantages are Adaptability to wide range of frequencies and easy to tune.

2. What are the advantages of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)?

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a technique used to
encode a message into a pulsing signal. It is a type of modulation. Although this modulation
technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control
of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors.

3. Define Band pass filter draw its amplitude vs Frequency waveform

A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects
frequencies outside that range. A dual band pass filter has two pass bands." A band pass signal is
a signal containing a band of frequencies away from zero frequency, such as a signal that comes
out of a band pass filter.

4. Why Frequency Modulation is better than Amplitude Modulation?

As in Frequency modulation the information is modulated into frequency of carrier signal rather
than its amplitude thus it is resilient to noise. Thus fidelity of information is more in FM than
AM.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

5. What is the difference between Full Carrier & Suppressed carrier (Draw Graph if
necessary)?
Full Carrier: In Full carrier, Carrier frequency component is also transmitted but as carrier
component consumes of signal power thus it is not so efficient in terms of signal power.
Suppressed Carrier: In Suppressed carrier, carrier frequency component is removed or
suppressed from Modulated wave so that transmitting signal power can be conserved .

6. An Organization wants to start 24/7 Music radio station their potential listeners live
in the same city, You have been appointed the task to provide a summary about what
type of modulation and technique is feasible to do this task & why give its
comparison with other technique.
As for staring a new radio station first priority is the listeners such that good music at high
quality would make the listeners happy and satisfied.
As potential listeners live in same city thus there is no problem regarding the distance or area
covered by the transmission waves of this radio station. Therefore second issue is that we have to
transmit music and we need high quality at the reception of radio station.
By observing the above conditions we should invest in deploying an FM radio station rather than
AM because theres no issue of long distance communication and we want high fidelity of the
information signal thus deployment of FM radio station is the best option for organization.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LAB EXAM VIVA (D)

NAME:______MUHAMMAD UMAIR_____________ ROLL #: ________________

MARKS OBTAINED: __/18

1. Why Phase detector is used rather than frequency detector in PLL?
If we compare frequency, then there will always be a small frequency error in our result.
However, if we compare phase, the Frequency error is reduced to zero whenever the phase
difference is a constant.
Phase detector is used instead of a "frequency detector" in a PLL. The use of a phase detector
reduces the frequency error of the closed loop system to zero.

2. Define Low pass filter draw its amplitude vs Frequency waveform

A low-pass filter is one which does not affect low frequencies and rejects high frequencies.

3. Define Tracking feature of Phase locked loop circuit.

A PLL is a closed-loop system whose purpose is to lock an oscillator onto a provided input
frequency (sometimes called the reference frequency.) By "closed-loop," we mean that there is
feedback from output to input. In a PLL, negative feedback is used, which makes it selfcorrecting, Tracking the input waveform which is then feedback to VCO causes PLL to lock its
output waveform to its input waveform.

Engr. Muhammad Umair

www.muhammadumair.co.nr

4. What is the relationship of RC time constant in a simple Diode Envelop detector in

AM demodulation?
The relationship between the RC time constant, modulation frequency, and carrier frequency is
shown in the equation below:

5. Why audio amplifier is last stage of most communication systems?

The last stage in many communications systems is an audio amplifier of some type. An audio
amplifier provides both voltage and current gain for signals from the detector stage so that a
loudspeaker may be driven.

6. A business man want to deploy an AM radio station for transmitting local news in a
poor village, He has been given two choices to setup his AM station one is DSBFC &
other is DSBSC, As Chief engineer what would you recommend him considering the
fact that people who would listen to this station are poor and justify your choice with
Technical reason.
Keeping in mind that potential target listeners are poor people and they cant afford complex and
expensive circuit for receiving the radio station.
As for DSBSC transmission cost of AM radio station would decrease and would be profitable
but as for receiving DSBSC complex and expensive circuitry is needed.
For DSBFC signal power is consumed as compared to DSBSC but for demodulation of DSBFC
simple and in-expensive circuit is needed.
Thus most suitable is to deploy DSBFC as it is cheaper to modulated and demodulate as
compared to DSBSC.