Physics investigatory project

Project Report

Submitted On

Light Dependence Resistance

Submitted By: A. Varun

Class XII

A PHYSICS PROJECT

LIGHT SENSOR AND DARK SENSOR USING LIGHT

DEPENDENT RESISTOR

By

Varun A

Of Class XII

Certificate

This is to certify that Varun A, student of Class XII, Kendriya

Vidyalaya Pondicherry university campus has completed the
project titled LIGHT DEPENDENCE RESISTANCE during the
academic year 2012-2013 towards partial fulfilment of credit for
the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2013, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision Mr. Venkatakrishnan, Department of Physics,
Kendriya Vidyalaya Pondicherry university campus, Pondicherry.

Teacher Incharge signature

Principal signature
External signature

Acknowledgements

"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than
words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do
not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of
gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics master

Miss. Venkatakrishnan , for his vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the
Department of Physics at Kendriya Vidyalaya Pondicherry university
campus for their support during the making of this project.

(((A.Varun)))

INTRODUCTION

In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time due to

any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to
absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people
face many problems due to damaged street lights. For solve
above these problems, we create a device in which the lights
glow in night and in day time, they off automatically and don't
glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems and can also
save electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.).LDR

is a resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on
the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of
LDR increases or decreases, according to quantity of light which
falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR
increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR
decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of
light and darkness changes its resistance is depending on the
different types of LDR.

light dependent resistor

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
COMPONENTS

1. TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched

between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used.

2. CARBON RESISTOR:A carbon resistor has generally four rings

or bands A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the
value of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of two
100 kilo-ohms, 470 ohms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to

complete the circuit.

LEDs need a series resistor

4. LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light
source. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched
on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. In this
project, we use led of white colour.

5. BATTERY: This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded

edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. In project, we
use 9-Volt battery.

6. WIRES: A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or

rod of metal. These are used to connect components.

Aim

(a) Dark sensor using L.D.R, led, battery, transistor and a few
resistors.

(b) Light sensor using L.D.R, led, battery, transistor and a few
resistors.

Circuit Diagram

(a) Dark Sensor

(b) Light Sensor

WORKING

(a) Dark Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR then
the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate equal to 10
ohms. 9V DC comes from 330 ohms resistance and passes
through an LED to the collector end of the BC-547 transistor.
Also 9V DC comes though a 100 kilo-ohms resistance to one end
of LDR and to the base of the transistor. When DC voltage comes
through the base of transistor, the current starts to flow through
the emitter of transistor and completes the circuit to the
negative end of the DC voltage. Another end of the 100 kiloohms resistor is connected to the emitter. When light falls on the
LDR, the resistance offered by the LDR is very high (nearly
millions). The current will not flow through the LDR and the
circuit wont be shunted. Therefore the circuit is complete
through the 100 kilo-ohms resistor and the led will glow. When
no light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very low resistance
(nearly 10 ohms) and the circuit is shunted and therefore the led
doesnt glow. The LDR is also connected to minimise the current
flow to the battery.

USES

It can be used in street lights.

It can be used in mines areas.

It can be used in hilly areas.

It can be used in frontier areas.

It can be used in houses.

It can be used in jail lights.

By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.

(b) Light Sensor

Let 9V-DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR then
the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate equal to 10
ohms. 9V DC comes from 470 ohms resistance and passes
through an LED to the collector end of the BC-547 transistor.
Also 9V DC comes though one end of LDR and the other end to
100 kilo-ohms and to the base of the transistor. When DC
voltage comes through the base of transistor, current starts to
flow through the emitter of transistor and completes the circuit
to the negative end of the DC voltage. Another end of the LDR is
connected to the emitter. When light falls on the LDR, the
resistance offered by the LDR is very high (nearly millions).
Therefore the circuit is not complete and the led will not glow.
When no light falls on the LDR, the LDR offers very low resistance
(nearly 10 ohms) and therefore the led glows. The 100 kilo-ohms
is connected to minimise the current flow to the battery.

USES

By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.

It can be used to find the intensity of sunlight falling on the

LDR.

It can be used in mines areas for current indicator using

another light.

It can be used in hilly areas.

It can be used in houses.

By using buzzer, it can be used for security purposes in jails.

THE END