Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount

Montgomery of Alamein
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC
(/mntmrvlmen/; 17 November 1887 24
March 1976), nicknamed Monty and the Spartan
General,[10] was a British Army ocer.

branch of the Clan Montgomery. Henry Montgomery,

Vicar of St Marks Church, Kennington, at that time, was
the second son of General Sir Robert Montgomery, a native of Inishowen in County Donegal, the noted soldier
and proconsul in British India, who died a month after
his grandsons birth.[11] He was probably a descendant of
Colonel Alexander Montgomery (16861729). Bernards
mother, Maud, was the daughter of the preacher Frederic
William Farrar and was eighteen years younger than her
husband.[12] After the death of Sir Robert Montgomery,
Henry inherited the Montgomery ancestral estate of New
Park in Moville, County Donegal. However, there was
still 13,000 to pay on a mortgage, a large debt in the
1880s, and Henry was at the time still only an Anglican
vicar. Despite selling o all the farms that were at Ballynally, there was barely enough to keep up New Park
and pay for the blasted summer holiday (i.e., at New
Park).[13]

He saw action in the First World War as a junior ocer in

The Royal Warwickshire Regiment. At Mteren, near the
Belgian border at Bailleul, he was shot through the right
lung by a sniper. He returned to the Western Front as a
general sta ocer and took part in the Battle of Arras
in April/May 1917. He also took part in the Battle of
Passchendaele in Autumn 1917 before nishing the war
as chief of sta of the 47th (2nd London) Division.
In the inter-war years he commanded the 17th Battalion
the Royal Fusiliers and, later, the 1st Battalion of The
Royal Warwickshire Regiment before becoming commander of 9th Infantry Brigade and then General Ocer
Commanding 8th Infantry Division.

It was a nancial relief of some magnitude when, in

1889, Henry was made Lord Bishop of Tasmania, then
still a British colony, and Bernard spent his formative
years there. Bishop Montgomery considered it his duty
to spend as much time as possible in the rural areas of
Tasmania and was away for up to six months at a time.
While he was away, his wife, still in her mid-twenties,
gave her children constant beatings,[14] then ignored
them most of the time as she performed the public duties
of the bishops wife. Of Bernards siblings, Sibyl died
prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una
all emigrated.[15] Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than
to have them taught by tutors brought from England. The
loveless environment made Bernard something of a bully,
as he himself recalled, I was a dreadful little boy. I don't
suppose anybody would put up with my sort of behaviour
these days.[16] Later in life Montgomery refused to allow his son David to have anything to do with his grandmother, and refused to attend her funeral in 1949.[17]

During the Second World War he commanded the Eighth

Army from August 1942 in the Western Desert until
the nal Allied victory in Tunisia. This command included the Battle of El Alamein, a turning point in the
Western Desert Campaign. He subsequently commanded
the Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily and
then during the Allied invasion of Italy.
He was in command of all Allied ground forces during
Operation Overlord from the initial landings until after
the Battle of Normandy. He then continued in command
of the 21st Army Group for the rest of the campaign in
North West Europe. As such he was the principal eld
commander for the failed airborne attempt to bridge the
Rhine at Arnhem and the Allied Rhine crossing. On 4
May 1945 he took the German surrender at Lneburg
Heath in northern Germany. After the war he became
Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine
(BAOR) in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Sta.

The family returned to England once for a Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were
educated for a term at The Kings School, Canterbury.[18]
In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the family returned to London. Montgomery attended St Pauls
School and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,
from which he was almost expelled for rowdiness and
violence.[19] On graduation in September 1908 he was

Early life

Montgomery was born in Kennington, London, in 1887,

the fourth child of nine, to an Anglo-Irish Church of Ireland minister, The Reverend Henry Montgomery, and
his wife, Maud (ne Farrar). The Montgomerys, an
'Ascendancy' gentry family, were the County Donegal
1

3 BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS

commissioned into the 1st Battalion The Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a second lieutenant,[20] and rst saw
overseas service later that year in India.[19] He was promoted to lieutenant in 1910,[21] and in 1912 became adjutant of the 1st Battalion of his regiment at Shornclie
Army Camp.[19]

First World War

104th Brigade under training in Lancashire.[24] He returned to the Western Front in early 1916 as a general sta ocer in the 33rd Division and took part in
the Battle of Arras in April/May 1917.[24] He became a
general sta ocer with IX Corps, part of General Sir
Herbert Plumer's Second Army, in July 1917.[24]
Montgomery served at the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917 before nishing the war as General Sta Ofcer 1 and eectively chief of sta of the 47th (2nd London) Division,[24] with the temporary rank of lieutenantcolonel.[25] A photograph from October 1918, reproduced in many biographies, shows the then unknown Lt.Col. Montgomery standing in front of Winston Churchill
(Minister of Munitions) at the parade following the liberation of Lille.[26]

3 Between the world wars

After the First World War Montgomery commanded the
17th Battalion the Royal Fusiliers,[27] a battalion in the
British Army of the Rhine, before reverting to his substantive rank of captain (brevet major) in November
1919.[28] He had not at rst been selected for Sta College (his only hope of ever achieving high command).
But at a tennis party in Cologne, he was able to persuade
the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of Occupation, Sir William Robertson, to add his name to the
list.[29]

Captain Bernard L. Montgomery, DSO (on the right), with a fellow ocer of 104th Brigade, 35th Division, with which he served
from January 1915 until early 1917

After graduating from Sta College, he was appointed

Brigade Major in the 17th Infantry Brigade in January
1921.[30] The brigade was stationed in County Cork carrying out counter-insurgency operations during the nal
stages of the Irish War of Independence.[24]

Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conict

could not be won without harsh measures, and that selfgovernment was the only feasible solution; in 1923, afThe First World War began in August 1914 and ter the establishment of the Irish Free State and during
Montgomery moved to France with his regiment that the Irish Civil War, Montgomery wrote to Colonel Arthur
month.[19] He saw action at the Battle of Le Cateau Percival of the Essex Regiment:
that month and during the retreat from Mons.[19] At
Mteren, near the Belgian border at Bailleul on 13 OctoPersonally, my whole attention was given to
ber 1914, during an Allied counter-oensive, he was shot
defeating
the rebels but it never bothered me a
through the right lung by a sniper.[19] Montgomery was hit
bit
how
many
houses were burnt. I think I reonce more though, in the knee.[17] He was awarded the
garded all civilians as 'Shinners and I never had
Distinguished Service Order for gallant leadership: the
any dealings with any of them. My own view is
citation for this award, published in the London Gazette
that to win a war of this sort, you must be ruthin December 1914 reads:
less. Oliver Cromwell, or the Germans, would
Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their
trenches with the bayonet. He was severely
wounded.[22]
After recovering in early 1915, he was appointed to be
brigade major[23] rst of 112th Brigade and then with

have settled it in a very short time. Nowadays public opinion precludes such methods,
the nation would never allow it, and the politicians would lose their jobs if they sanctioned
it. That being so, I consider that Lloyd George
was right in what he did, if we had gone on we
could probably have squashed the rebellion as
a temporary measure, but it would have broken

3
out again like an ulcer the moment we removed
the troops. I think the rebels would probably
[have] refused battles, and hidden their arms
etc. until we had gone.[31]

4 Second World War

4.1 British Expeditionary Force
4.1.1 Retreat to Dunkirk and evacuation

In May 1923, Montgomery was posted to the Territorial

49th Division.[24] He returned to the 1st Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1925 as a company commander.[24] In
January 1926, having been promoted to major in July
1925,[32] he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant
General at the Sta College, Camberley in the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel,[33] a position he held until
January 1929 by which time he had been made a (brevet
lieutenant-colonel).[34]
In 1927, he met and married Elizabeth Carver, ne Hobart, widow of Oswald Carver, Olympic rowing medallist who was killed in the First World War.[35] Their son,
David, was born in August 1928.[24] Elizabeth Carver was
the sister of the Second World War commander Percy
Hobart.[24]
He returned to 1st Royal Warwickshire Regiment again,
as Commander of Headquarters Company in January
1929 and went to the War Oce to help write the Infantry
Training Manual in Summer 1929.[24] In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to lieutenant-colonel[36] commanding the 1st Battalion of The Royal Warwickshire
Regiment and saw service in Palestine and India.[24] He
was promoted to colonel in June 1934 (seniority from
January 1932).[37] He attended and was then recommended to become an instructor at the Indian Army Sta
College (now the Pakistan Army Sta College) in Quetta,
British India.[38]

See also: World War II

Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939.
The 3rd Division was deployed to Belgium as part of
the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). During this time,
Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and the clergy for his frank attitude regarding the
sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke, commander of II
Corps.[43] Montgomerys training paid o when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10
May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to the River
Dijle and then withdrew to Dunkirk with great professionalism, entering the Dunkirk perimeter in a famous
night-time march which placed his forces on the left ank
which had been left exposed by the Belgian surrender.[44]
The 3rd Division returned to Britain intact with minimal
casualties. During Operation Dynamo the evacuation
of 330,000 BEF and French troops to Britain Montgomery assumed command of the II Corps.[45]

On his return Montgomery antagonised the War Oce

with trenchant criticisms of the command of the BEF[17]
and was briey relegated to divisional command. He
was however made a Companion of the Order of the
Bath. In July 1940, he was appointed acting lieutenantgeneral,[46] placed in command of V Corps, responsible
for the defence of Hampshire and Dorset, and started
a long-running feud with the new commander-in-chief,
On completion of his tour of duty in India, Montgomery Southern Command, Claude Auchinleck.[17]
returned to Britain in June 1937[39] where he became
In April 1941, he became commander of XII Corps recommanding ocer of the 9th Infantry Brigade with
sponsible for the defence of Kent.[45] During this pethe temporary rank of brigadier,[40] but that year saw
riod he instituted a regime of continuous training and
personal tragedy when his wife died. While on holiinsisted on high levels of physical tness for both oday in Burnham-on-Sea, she had suered an insect bite
cers and other ranks. He was ruthless in sacking ocers
which became infected, and she died in his arms from
he considered would be unt for command in action.[47]
septicaemia following an amputation.[24] The loss devasPromoted to temporary lieutenant-general in July,[48] in
tated Montgomery, but he insisted on throwing himself
December Montgomery was given command of Southback into his work immediately after the funeral.[17]
Eastern Command[49] overseeing the defence of Kent,
In 1938, he organised an amphibious combined op- Sussex and Surrey.[47]
erations landing exercise that impressed the new
He renamed his command the South-Eastern Army to
commander-in-chief, Southern Command, General
promote oensive spirit. During this time he further deWavell. He was promoted to major-general in October
veloped and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers,
[41]
1938
and took command of the 8th Infantry Diviculminating in Exercise Tiger in May 1942, a combined
[42]
[24]
sion in Palestine. There he quashed an Arab revolt
forces exercise involving 100,000 troops.[50]
before returning in July 1939 to Britain, suering a
serious illness on the way, to command the 3rd (Iron)
Infantry Division.[24] On hearing of the rebel defeat in
April 1939, Montgomery said, I shall be sorry to leave
Palestine in many ways, as I have enjoyed the war out 4.2 North Africa and Italy
here.[17]

4
4.2.1

4 SECOND WORLD WAR

Montgomerys early command

gomery reinforced the 30 miles (48 km) long front line

at El Alamein, something that would take two months to
See also: North African Campaign, Western Desert Cam- accomplish. He asked Alexander to send him two new
paign, Tunisia Campaign and Italian Campaign (World British divisions (51st Highland and 44th) that were then
War II)
arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in
In 1942, a new eld commander was required in the Mid- defence of the Nile Delta. He moved his eld HQ to
Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in
order better to coordinate combined operations.[53]

Montgomery in a Grant tank in North Africa, November 1942

Montgomery was determined that the Army, Navy and

Air Forces should ght their battles in a unied, focused
manner according to a detailed plan. He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa,
just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as
his objective, something that Rommel soon did. Montgomery ordered all contingency plans for retreat to be destroyed. I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal. If we
are attacked, then there will be no retreat. If we cannot
stay here alive, then we will stay here dead,[55] he told
his ocers at the rst meeting he held with them in the
desert, though, in fact, Auchinleck had no plans to withdraw from the strong defensive position he had chosen
and established at El Alamein.[56]

dle East, where Auchinleck was fullling both the role

of commander-in-chief Middle East Command and commander Eighth Army. He had stabilised the Allied position at the First Battle of El Alamein, but after a visit in
August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as C-in-C with Alexander and William Gott
as commander of the Eighth Army in the Western Desert.
After Gott was killed ying back to Cairo Churchill was
persuaded by Brooke, who by this time was Chief of
the Imperial General Sta, to appoint Montgomery, who
had only just been nominated to replace Alexander as
commander of the British ground forces for Operation
Torch.[51]

Montgomery made a great eort to appear before troops

as often as possible, frequently visiting various units and
making himself known to the men, often arranging for
cigarettes to be distributed. Although he still wore a standard British ocers cap on arrival in the desert, he briey
wore an Australian broad-brimmed hat before switching to wearing the black beret (with the badge of the
Royal Tank Regiment next to the British General Ocers badge) for which he became notable. The black
beret was oered to him by Jim Fraser while the latter
was driving him on an inspection tour.[57] Both Brooke
and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in
atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a
[55]
A story, probably apocryphal but popular at the time, is week after Montgomery had taken command.
that the appointment caused Montgomery to remark that
After having an easy war, things have now got much
more dicult. A colleague is supposed to have told him 4.2.2 First battles with Rommel
to cheer up at which point Montgomery said I'm not
talking about me, I'm talking about Rommel!" [52]
Rommel attempted to turn the left ank of the Eighth
Montgomerys assumption of command transformed the Army at the Battle of Alam Halfa from 31 August 1942.
ghting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army.[53] Tak- The German/Italian armoured Corps infantry attack was
ing command on 13 August 1942, he immediately be- stopped in very heavy ghting. Rommels forces had to
their retreat through the British
came a whirlwind of activity. He ordered the creation withdraw urgently lest
[58]
Montgomery was criticised for
mineelds
be
cut
o.
of the X Corps, which contained all armoured divisions
not
counter-attacking
the
retreating forces immediately,
to ght alongside his XXX Corps which was all infantry
but
he
felt
strongly
that
his
methodical build-up of British
divisions. This was in no way similar to a German
forces
was
not
yet
ready.
A hasty counter-attack risked
Panzer Corps. One of Rommels Panzer Corps comruining
his
strategy
for
an
oensive on his own terms in
bined infantry, armour and artillery units under one corps
late
October,
planning
for
which
had begun soon after he
commander. The only common commander for Mont[59]
He
was
conrmed
in the permanent
took
command.
gomerys all infantry and all armour corps was the Eighth
[60]
rank
of
lieutenant-general
in
mid
October.
Army Commander himself. Correlli Barnett commented
that Montgomerys solution "... was in every way oppo- The conquest of Libya was essential for airelds to supsite to Auchinlecks and in every way wrong, for it carried port Malta and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opthe existing dangerous separatism still further.[54] Mont- posing Operation Torch. Montgomery prepared metic-

4.2

North Africa and Italy

General Montgomery with his pets, the puppies 'Hitler' (left) and
'Rommel', and a cage of canaries which also travelled with him
(France; date unknown)

ulously for the new oensive after convincing Churchill

that the time was not being wasted. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began,
We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle
makes amends for much delay.[61] ) He was determined
not to ght until he thought there had been sucient
preparation for a decisive victory, and put into action his
beliefs with the gathering of resources, detailed planning,
the training of troopsespecially in clearing mineelds
and ghting at night[62] and in the use of 252[63] of the
latest American-built Sherman tanks, 90 M7 Priest selfpropelled howitzers, and making a personal visit to every
unit involved in the oensive. By the time the oensive
was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men
on its ration strength.[64]

4.2.3

El Alamein

The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October

1942, and ended 12 days later with the rst large-scale,
decisive Allied land victory of the war. Montgomery correctly predicted both the length of the battle and the number of casualties (13,500).[65] However, soon after Allied
armoured units and infantry broke through the German
and Italian lines and were pursuing the enemy forces at
speed along the coast road, a violent rainstorm burst over
the region, bogging down the tanks and support trucks in
the desert mud. Montgomery, standing before his ocers at headquarters and close to tears, announced that
he was forced to call o the pursuit. Corelli Barnett has
pointed out that the rain also fell on the Germans, and
that the weather is therefore an inadequate explanation
for the failure to exploit the breakthrough, but nevertheless the Battle of El Alamein had been a great success.

9th Australian Infantry Division in a posed photograph during

the Second Battle of El Alamein (photographer: Len Chetwyn)

Over 30,000 prisoners were taken,[66] including the German second in command, General von Thoma, as well as
eight other general ocers.[67] Rommel, having been in a
hospital in Germany at the start of the battle, was forced
to return on 25 October 1942 after General Stumme
his replacement as German commander died of a heart
attack in the early hours of the battle.[68]
4.2.4 Tunisia
Montgomery was advanced to KCB and promoted to
full general.[69] He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of
each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943,
Rommels attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at
Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed.[70] At the Mareth Line, 20 to 27 March,
when Montgomery encountered ercer frontal opposition
than he had anticipated, he switched his major eort into
an outanking inland pincer, backed by low-ying RAF
ghter-bomber support.[71] For his role in North Africa
he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States
government in the rank of Chief Commander.[72]
4.2.5 Sicily
The next major Allied attack was the Allied invasion
of Sicily (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered
the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been
agreed in principle by Eisenhower and Alexander, to be
unworkable because of the dispersion of eort. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied
forces, having Pattons Seventh US Army land in the Gulf
of Gela (on the left ank of Eighth Army, which landed

4 SECOND WORLD WAR

During the autumn of 1943, Montgomery continued to
command the Eighth Army during the landings on the
mainland of Italy itself.[74] In conjunction with the AngloAmerican landings at Salerno (near Naples) by Mark
Clark's Fifth Army and seaborne landings by British paratroops in the heel of Italy (including the key port of
Taranto, where they disembarked without resistance directly into the port), Montgomery led the Eighth Army
up the toe of Italy.[74] Montgomery abhorred the lack of
coordination, the dispersion of eort, and the strategic
muddle and opportunism he saw in the Allied eort in
Italy and was glad to leave the dogs breakfast on 23
December 1943.[71]

4.3 Normandy

Montgomery visits Patton in Palermo, Sicily, July 1943

See also: Invasion of Normandy

Montgomery returned to Britain in January 1944.[75] He

around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than

near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily.[73] InterAllied tensions grew as the American commanders Patton
and Bradley (then commanding II US Corps under Patton), took umbrage at what they saw as Montgomerys
attitudes and boastfulness.[71]

4.2.6

Italian campaign

Montgomery with ocers of the First Canadian Army. From

left, Major-General Vokes, General Crerar, Field Marshal
Montgomery, Lieutenant-General Horrocks, Lieutenant-General
Simonds, Major-General Spry, and Major-General Mathews

Wartime colour photograph of the then Sir Bernard Law Montgomery with his Miles Messenger aircraft (location and date unknown)

was assigned to command the 21st Army Group which

consisted of all Allied ground forces that would take part
in Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy under
overall direction of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces, American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.[74] At St Pauls School on 7 April and 15 May
he presented his strategy for the invasion. He envisaged
a ninety day battle, ending when all the forces reached
the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British
and Canadian armies forming a shoulder to attract and
defeat the main German counter-attacks, while the US
armies took the Cherbourg peninsula and Brittany, wheeling south and then east on the right.[71]
During the hard fought two and a half month Battle
of Normandy that followed, the impact of a series of

4.4

Advance to the Rhine

unfavourable autumnal weather conditions disrupted the

Normandy landing areas.[71] Montgomerys initial plan
was to break out immediately towards Caen. Depending
on the historical interpretation he was unable or unwilling to do so. As the campaign progressed Montgomery
altered his initial plan for the invasion and switched to
a strategy of attracting and holding German counterattacks in the area north of Caen, which was designed
to allow the United States Army in the west to take Cherbourg. Hampered by stormy weather and the bocage terrain, Montgomery had to ensure Rommel focused on the
British in the east rather than the Americans in the west,
who had to take the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany before the Germans could be trapped by a general swing
east. By the middle of July Caen had been taken, as Rommel continued to prioritise prevention of the break-out
by British forces rather than the western territories being taken by the Americans. This was broadly as Montgomery had planned, albeit not with the same speed as
he outlined at St Pauls. An American break-out was
achieved with Operation Cobra and the encirclement of
German forces in the Falaise pocket at the cost of British
sacrice with the diversionary Operation Goodwood.[76]

4.4

Advance to the Rhine

7
nored ULTRA intelligence which warned of the presence
of German armoured units near the site of the attack.[79]
When the surprise attack on the Ardennes took place
on 16 December 1944, starting the Battle of the Bulge,
the front of the U.S. 12th Army Group was split, with
the bulk of the U.S. First Army being on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. The Army Group
commander, General Omar Bradley, was located south
of the penetration at Luxembourg and command of the
U.S. First Army became problematic. Montgomery was
the nearest commander on the ground and on 20 December, Eisenhower (who was in Versailles) transferred
Courtney Hodges' U.S. First Army and William Simpson's U.S. Ninth Army to his 21st Army Group, despite
Bradleys vehement objections on national grounds.[nb 1]
Montgomery grasped the situation quickly, visiting all divisional, corps, and army eld commanders himself and
instituting his 'Phantom' network of liaison ocers. He
grouped the British XXX Corps as a strategic reserve behind the Meuse and reorganised the US defence of the
northern shoulder, shortening and strengthening the line
and ordering the evacuation of St Vith. The German
commander of the 5th Panzer Army, Hasso von Manteuel said:
The operations of the American 1st Army
had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomerys contribution to
restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and denite
plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves
and frustrate the German attempts to extend
their breakthrough.[80]

The Supreme Commanders on 5 June 1945 in Berlin: Bernard

Montgomery, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Georgy Zhukov and Jean
de Lattre de Tassigny

General Eisenhower took over Ground Forces Command

on 1 September, while continuing as Supreme Commander, with Montgomery continuing to command the 21st
Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, al- Montgomery (left), Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham (centre)
though it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion.[77] and the Commander of the British Second Army, LieutenantWinston Churchill had Montgomery promoted to eld
marshal[78] by way of compensation.[77] Montgomery was
able to persuade Eisenhower to adopt his strategy of a
single thrust to the Ruhr with Operation Market Garden
in September 1944. It was uncharacteristic of Montgomerys battles: the oensive was strategically bold but
poorly planned. Montgomery either did not receive or ig-

General Sir Miles Dempsey, talking after a conference in which

Montgomery gave the order for Second Army to begin the crossing of the Rhine.

Montgomerys 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine

with operations Veritable and Grenade in February 1945.
A meticulously planned Rhine crossing occurred on 24
March. While successful it was two weeks after the

LATER LIFE

Americans had unexpectedly captured the Ludendor

Bridge and crossed the river on 7 March with less than
a battalion. Montgomerys river crossing was followed
by the encirclement of the German Army Group B in
the Ruhr. Initially Montgomerys role was to guard the
ank of the American advance. This was altered, however, to forestall any chance of a Red Army advance into
Denmark, and the 21st Army Group occupied Hamburg
and Rostock and sealed o the Danish peninsula.[71] On
4 May 1945, on Lneburg Heath, Montgomery accepted
the Surrender of German forces in north-west Germany,
Denmark and the Netherlands.[81]

Montgomerys lack of diplomacy

Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and

diplomacy. Even his patron the Chief of the Imperial
General Sta Lord Alanbrooke frequently mentions
it in his war diaries: he is liable to commit untold
errors in lack of tact and I had to haul him over the
coals for his usual lack of tact and egotistical outlook
which prevented him from appreciating other people`s
feelings.[82] One incident that illustrated this occurred
during the North African campaign when Montgomery
bet Walter Bedell Smith that he could capture Sfax
by the middle of April 1943. Smith jokingly replied
that if Montgomery could do it he would give him a
Flying Fortress complete with crew. Smith promptly
forgot all about it, but Montgomery did not, and when
Sfax was taken on 10 April he sent a message to Smith
claiming his winnings. Smith tried to laugh it o, but
Montgomery was having none of it and insisted on his
aircraft. It got as high as Eisenhower who was said to
be absolutely furious, but with his renowned skill in
diplomacy he ensured Montgomery did in fact get his
Flying Fortress, though at a great cost in ill feeling.[83][84]
Even Alanbrooke thought it crass stupidity.[85]
In August 1945, whilst Alanbrooke, Andrew Cunningham and Charles Portal were discussing their possible
successors as Chiefs Of Sta they concluded that Montgomery would be very ecient as CIGS from the Army`s
point of view but that he was also very unpopular with
a large proportion of the Army. Despite this Cunningham and Portal were strongly in favour of Montgomery
succeeding Alanbrooke after his retirement.[86]

Later life

Montgomery and Soviet generals Zhukov, Sokolovsky and

Rokossovsky at the Brandenburg Gate on 12 July 1945

ceeding Alanbrooke, but was largely a failure as the role

required strategic and political skills he did not possess.
He was barely on speaking terms with his fellow chiefs,
sending his VCIGS to attend their meetings[87] and he
clashed particularly with Arthur Tedder, who as Deputy
Supreme Commander had intrigued for Montgomerys
dismissal during the Battle of Normandy, and who was by
now Chief of the Air Sta. When Montgomerys term of
oce expired, Prime Minister Clement Attlee appointed
Sir William Slim from retirement with the rank of Field
Marshal as his successor; when Montgomery protested
that he had told his protg John Crocker, a former corps
commander from the 194445 campaign, that the job was
to be his, Attlee is said to have given the memorable retort
Untell him.[89]
He was then appointed Chairman of the Western European Union's commanders-in-chief committee.[87] Volume 3 of Nigel Hamiltons Life of Montgomery of
Alamein gives an account of the bickering between Montgomery and his land forces chief, a French general, which
created splits through the Union headquarters. He was
thus pleased to become Eisenhowers deputy in creating
the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's European forces
in 1951.[90] He continued to serve under Eisenhowers
successors, Matthew Ridgway and Al Gruenther, until
his retirement, aged nearly 71, in 1958.[91] His mother
Maud, Lady Montgomery, died at New Park in Moville
in Inishowen in 1949; she was buried alongside her husband in the 'kirkyard' behind St. Columbs Church, the
small Church of Ireland church beside New Park, overlooking Lough Foyle. Lord Montgomery did not attend
the funeral, claiming he was too busy.[71]

He was chairman of the governing body of St. Johns

School in Leatherhead, Surrey, from 195166, and a genAfter the war Montgomery became the C-in-C of the erous supporter. Lord Montgomery was an Honorary
British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), the name given to Member of the Winkle Club, a noted charity in Hastings,
introduced Sir Winston Churchill to the
the British Occupation Forces, and was the British mem- East Sussex, and
[92]
club
in
1955.
[87]
ber of the Allied Control Council. He was created 1st
Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946.[88] He was In 1953, the Hamilton Board of Education in Hamilton,
Chief of the Imperial General Sta from 194648, suc- Ontario, Canada, wrote to Montgomery and asked per-

Lord Montgomery as CIGS with Wavell Viceroy of India and

Auchinleck C-in-C Indian Army. Delhi 1946

mission to name a new school in the citys east end after him. Viscount Montgomery Elementary was billed
as the most modern school in North America and the
largest single-storey school in Hamilton, when the sod
was turned on 14 March 1951. The school ocially
opened on 18 April 1953, with Montgomery in attendance among almost 10,000 well-wishers. At the opening, he gave the motto Gardez Bien from his own familys coat of arms.[93] Montgomery referred to the school
as his beloved school and visited on ve separate occasions, the last being in 1960. On his last visit, he said to
his students:[93]
Lets make Viscount Montgomery School
the best in Hamilton, the best in Ontario, the
best in Canada. I don't associate myself with
anything that is not good. It is up to you to
see that everything about this school is good.
It is up to the students to not only be their best
in school but in their behaviour outside of Viscount. Education is not just something that will
help you pass your exams and get you a job, it
is to develop your brain to teach you to marshal
facts and do things.
Montgomerys memoirs (1958) criticised many of his
wartime comrades in harsh terms, including Eisenhower,
whom he accused, among other things, of prolonging
the war by a year through poor leadership allegations
which ended their friendship, not least as Eisenhower
was still US President at the time. He was threatened
with legal action by Field-Marshal Auchinleck for suggesting that Auchinleck had intended to retreat from the
Alamein position if attacked again, and had to give a radio broadcast (20 November 1958) expressing his gratitude to Auchinleck for having stabilised the front at the
First Battle of Alamein. The 1960 paperback edition of
his memoirs contains a publishers note drawing attention to that broadcast, and stating that in the publishers
view the reader might reasonably assume from Mont-

Statue of Montgomery at Whitehall, London unveiled in 1980

gomerys text that Auchinleck had been planning to retreat into the Nile Delta or beyond and pointing out that
it had been Auchinlecks intention to launch an oensive
as soon as Eighth Army was rested and regrouped.[94]
Montgomery was stripped of his honorary citizenship of
Montgomery, Alabama, and was challenged to a duel by

10

LEGACY

an Italian ocer.[95]
In retirement he publicly supported apartheid after a visit
to South Africa in 1962, outraging much British liberal opinion, and after a visit to China declared himself
impressed by the Chinese leadership.[96] He spoke out
against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United
Kingdom, arguing that the Sexual Oences Act 1967
was a charter for buggery[97] and that this sort of
thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British
thank God.[98] Biographer Nigel Hamilton has suggested
Montgomery may have been a repressed homosexual;[99]
in the late 1940s Montgomery maintained an aectionate
friendship with a 12-year-old Swiss boy.[100] One biographer called the friendship bizarre, although not improper, and a sign of pitiful loneliness.[101]
He twice met with Israeli general Moshe Dayan. After an initial meeting in the early 1950s, Montgomery
met Dayan again in the 1960s to discuss the Vietnam
War, which Dayan was studying. Montgomery was
harshly critical of US strategy in Vietnam, which involved
deploying large numbers of combat troops, aggressive
bombing attacks, and uprooting entire village populations
and forcing them into strategic hamlets. Montgomery
said that the Americans most important problem was that
they had no clear-cut objective, and allowed local commanders to set military policy. At the end of their meeting, Montgomery asked Dayan to tell the Americans, in Montgomerys grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binstead
his name, that they were insane.[102]

Death

Montgomery died from unspecied causes in 1976 at his

home Isington Mill in Isington, near Alton in Hampshire,
aged 88. After his funeral at St Georges Chapel, Windsor, Montgomery was interred in Holy Cross churchyard,
Binsted.[103][104]

Legacy

His portrait (by Frank O. Salisbury, 1945) hangs in the Montgomerys Grant command tank, on display at the Imperial
National Portrait Gallery.[105]
War Museum in London
A statue of Montgomery is outside the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, alongside those of Field Marshal Lord
tains a permanent exhibition about Montgomery, entitled
Slim and Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke.[106]
Monty: Master of the Battleeld.[108]
Montgomery gave his name to the French commune
The Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band from
Colleville-Montgomery, Normandy.[107]
Northern Ireland is named after him.[109]
The Imperial War Museum holds a variety of material
at the Royal Lorelating to Montgomery in its collections. These include His Rolls-Royce sta car is on display [110]
gistic
Corps
Museum,
Deepcut,
Surrey.
Montgomerys Grant command tank (on display in the
atrium at the Museums London branch), his command The Montgomery cocktail is a martini mixed at a ratio of
caravans as used in North West Europe (on display at 15:1, facetiously named that because Montgomery supIWM Duxford), and his papers are held by the Mu- posedly refused to go into battle unless his numerical adseums Department of Documents. The Museum main- vantage was at least that high.[111] Ironically, following

11
severe internal injuries received in the First World War,
Montgomery himself could neither smoke nor drink.[79]

Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St.

Olav (Norway) (1951)[128]

In the 1998 documentary Live At Aspen during the US

Comedy Arts Festival, the British comedy troupe Monty
Python explained how they came up with their name, saying that the name Monty "... made us laugh because
Monty to us means Lord Montgomery, our great general
of the Second World War.[112]

Mdaille militaire (France, 1958)

Honours and awards

Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, May

1945)
War Cross 1939 (Czechoslovakia, 1947)
Viscount Montgomerys ribbons as they would appear today, not including campaign or other awards.

Viscountcy (UK, January 1946)[88]

Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (UK,
1946)[113]
Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order
of the Bath (UK, 1945)[114] KCB 11 November
1942,[69] CB 11 July 1940[115]
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
(UK, 1914)[22]
Mentioned in Despatches (UK, 17 February 1915,
4 January 1917, 11 December 1917, 20 May 1918,
20 December 1918, 5 July 1919, 15 July 1939, 24
June 1943,[116] 13 January 1944[117] )
Distinguished Service Medal (USA, 1947)[118]
Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA, 10
August 1943)[72]
Member of the Order of Victory (USSR, 21 June
1945)[119]
1st class of the Order of Suvorov (USSR, 16 January
1947)
Croix de Guerre (France, 1919)[120]
Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark, 2
August 1945)[121]
Grand Commander of the Order of George I
(Greece, 20 June 1944)[122]
Silver Cross (V Class) of the Virtuti Militari
(Poland, 31 October 1944)[123]
Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion
(Czechoslovakia, 1947)[124]

10 See also
Afrika Korps
M. E. Clifton James (Montgomerys double during
the war)
Tex Banwell (another double)
Irish military diaspora
Panzer Army Africa

Grand Cordon of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia,

1949)[125]

11 Notes

Grand Ocer with Palm of the Order of Leopold II

(Belgium, 1947)[126]

11.1 Explanatory notes

Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm (Belgium)[126]

Grand Cross of the Order of the Dutch Lion
(Netherlands, 16 January 1947)[127]

[1] For a full discussion see Pogue, Forrest C. (1954).

Chapter XX. Winter Counteroensives. United States
Army in World War II. European Theater of Operations:
The Supreme Command. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Army. CMH Pub. 7-1.

12

11.2

11 NOTES

Citations

[24] Heathcote, p. 214

[1] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 40729. p. 1504.

9 March 1956. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[25] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30884. p. 10505.

3 September 1918. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[2] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37983. p. 2663.

10 June 1947. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[26] Horne, Photo Plate No 1 after page 100

[3] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41182. p. 5545.

20 September 1957. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[4] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37589. p. 2665.
31 May 1946. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[27] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31585. p. 12398.

3 October 1919. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[28] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31799. p. 2406.
27 February 1920. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[29] Montgomery (1960), p. 35

[5] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 42240. p. 24. 30

December 1960. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[30] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32207. p. 760.

26 January 1921. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[6] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37826. p. 6236.

20 December 1946. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[31] Sheehan, William (2005). British Voices from the Irish

War of Independence. pp. 151152. ISBN 978-1905172-37-5.

[7] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43160. p. 9424.

15 November 1963. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[8] The London Gazette: no. 41599. p. 166. 6 January 1959.
Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[9] Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. Desert Island Disks.
20 December 1969. BBC Radio 4. http://www.bbc.co.
uk/programmes/p009y0ss. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
[10] Various Authors (1969). Illustrated Story of World War II.
The Readers Digest Association. p. 284. ISBN 0-89577029-6.
[11] Hamilton (entry author). Dictionary of National Biography. XXXVIII. p. 324.
[12] Hamilton, p. 3 (1981)
[13] Montgomery, Maud (1933). Bishop Montgomery: A
Memoir. London, UK: Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel. ASIN B001FSFISU.
[14] Hamilton, p. 31 (1981)

[32] The London Gazette: no. 33083. p. 5972. 11 September

1925. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[33] The London Gazette: no. 33128. p. 691. 29 January
1926. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[34] The London Gazette: no. 33460. p. 617. 25 January
1929. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[35] the Peerage,com
[36] The London Gazette: no. 33681. p. 378. 16 January
1931. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[37] The London Gazette: no. 34067. p. 4340. 6 July 1934.
Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[38] The London Gazette: no. 34075. p. 4975. 3 August 1934.
Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[39] The London Gazette: no. 34426. p. 5181. 13 August
1937. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[15] Hamilton, p. 5 (1981)

[40] The London Gazette: no. 34426. p. 5178. 13 August

1937. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[16] Chalfont, Arthur Gwynne Jones (1976). Montgomery of

Alamein. Atheneum. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-689-10744-3.

[41] The London Gazette: no. 34566. p. 6814. 1 November

1938. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[17] Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). Alamein: War without hate. Penguin Goup. pp. 223230. ISBN 0-67091109-7.

[42] The London Gazette: no. 34566. p. 6815. 1 November

1938. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[18] Hamilton (1981), p. 36

[44] Lord, Walter (1999). The Miracle of Dunkirk. London:

TheViking Press. ISBN 1-85326-685-X.

[19] Heathcote, p. 213

[20] The London Gazette: no. 28178. p. 6762. 18 September
1908. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[21] The London Gazette: no. 28382. p. 3996. 7 June 1910.
Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[43] Heathcote 1999, p. 218,

[45] Heathcote, p. 216

[46] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34909. p. 4660.
26 July 1940. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[47] Mead, p. 303.

[22] The London Gazette: no. 28992. p. 10188. 1 December

1914. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[48] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35224. p. 4202.

22 July 1941. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[23] The London Gazette: no. 29080. p. 1833. 23 February

1915. Retrieved 24 October 2009.

[49] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35397. p. 7369.

26 December 1941. Retrieved 26 March 2009.

11.2

Citations

[50] Stacey, Charles P. Ocial History of the Canadian Army

in the Second World War: Six Years of War: The Army in
Canada, Britain and the Pacic. Ottawa: Queens Printer,
1966.
[51] Playfair, Vol. III, pp. 367369.
[52] Churchill, p. 420. According to J. Toland, Battle: The
Story of the Bulge, 1959, p. 157, this conversation was
with Churchills chief of sta Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron
Ismay, beginning with Montgomery saying to Ismay, Its
a sad thing that a professional soldier can reach the peak
of generalship and then suer a reverse which ruins his
career.
[53] Playfair, Vol. III, p. 370.
[54] Barnett, p. 265
[55] Moorehead, Alan, Montgomery, pp. 11827 (1946)
[56] Caddick-Adams, p. 461
[57] Jim Fraser obituary. The Guardian. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
[58] Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. IV, pp.
54648
[59] Playfair, Vol. III, p. 388.
[60] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35746. p. 4481.
13 October 1942. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[61] Churchill, p. 588
[62] Playfair, Vol. IV, pp. 1314.
[63] Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 9.
[64] Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 16.
[65] Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 78
[66] Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 79.
[67] Moorehead, pp. 14041
[68] Churchill, p. 591
[69] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35782. p. 4917.
10 November 1942. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[70] Stout (1956), Chapter 11Tunisia. The Battle of Medenine
[71] Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of
Alamein. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

13

[77] Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhowers Lieutenants.

Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 253. ISBN
0-253-13333-5.
[78] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36680. p. 4055.
29 August 1944. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[79] Michael Lee Lanning, James F. (FRW) Dunnigan. The
Military 100: A Ranking of the Most Inuential Leaders
of All Time. Citadel Press. p. 235.
[80] Patrick Delaforce, The Battle of the Bulge Hitlers Final
Gamble.
[81] Heathcote, p. 218
[82] Alanbrooke, pp. 418/9, 516, 531, 550 & 638
[83] Corrigan, p. 312
[84] Alanbrooke, p. 417 to 418
[85] Alanbrooke, p. 418
[86] Alanbrooke, p. 720
[87] Mead, p. 309.
[88] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37407. p. 1. 28
December 1945. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[89] Mead, p. 109.
[90] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39352. p. 5221.
9 October 1951. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[91] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41508. p. 5954.
26 September 1958. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[92] Sir Winston Churchill Gets The Winkle In Ceremony at
Hastings Pathe News; accessed 10 April 2014.
[93] History of Viscount Montgomery School. Viscount
Montgomery School. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[94] Montgomery 1960, p. 14
[95] Per La Repubblica (22 February 1992), the duel challenge
actually came from Vincenzo Caputo, a Sicilian lawyer.
[96] Heathcote 1999, p. 219
[97] Hamilton (2002), p. 169
[98] Robert Andrews. The Columbia dictionary of quotations.
Columbia University Press. p. 419. ISBN 0-380-709325.
[99] Hamilton (2002), pp. xvxxii, 167-70

[72] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36125. p. 3579. [100] Baxter, p. 121
6 August 1943. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
[101] Horne, Alistair; Montgomery, David (2009) [1994]. The
Lonely Leader: Monty 194445. London, UK: Pan. p.
[73] Mead, p. 306.
348. ISBN 978-0-330-51001-1.
[74] Heathcote, p. 217
[102] Moshe Dayan Sounds the Alarm in Vietnam. 15
[75] Hart, p. 8
September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
[76] D'Este, p. 202 (1983)

[103] Bernard Montgomery. NNDB. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

14

[104] Bernard Law Montgomery at Find a Grave

[105] Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of
Alamein. National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 July
2012.
[106] Statue of Monty, Whitehall, London Field Marshal
Bernard Law Montgomery. Geolocation. Retrieved 1
July 2012.
[107] In pictures: Tribute to Montgomery. BBC. Retrieved 1
July 2012.
[108] Monty: Master of the Battleeld. Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[109] Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band history. Field
Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[110] RLC Museum publicity leaet/website.
[111] John Taylor (19 October 1987). The Trouble With
Harrys. New York Magazine. p. 62.
[112] Live At Aspen. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
[113] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37807. p. 5945.
3 December 1946. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[114] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37119. p. 2935.
8 June 1945. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[115] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34893. p. 4244.
9 July 1940. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[116] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36065. p. 2853.
22 June 1943. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[117] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36327. p. 258.
11 January 1944. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[118] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37853. p. 323.
14 January 1947. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[119] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37138. p. 3244.
19 June 1945. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[120] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31109. p. 314. 3
January 1919. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[121] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37204. p. 3962.
31 July 1945. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[122] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36569. p. 2913.
16 June 1944. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[123] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36769. p. 4963.
27 October 1944. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[124] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37853. p. 327.
14 January 1947. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[125] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38571. p. 1529.
25 March 1949. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[126] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37853. p. 324.
14 January 1947. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
[127] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37853. p. 327.
14 January 1947. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
[128] The London Gazette: no. 39282. p. 3753. 10 July 1951.
Retrieved 24 October 2009.

12

REFERENCES

12 References
Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord, Danchev, Alex;
Todman, Daniel, editors (2001). War Diaries 1939
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Caddick-Adams, Peter (2001). Monty and Rommel: Parallel Lives. Preface Publishing. ISBN 9781848091528.
Corrigan, Gordon (2010). The Second World War:
A Military History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781843548942.
Barnett, Correlli (1960). The Desert Generals. London, UK: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35280-7.
Baxter, Colin (1999). Field Marshal Bernard Law
Montgomery, 18871976: A Selected Bibliography.
Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29119-7.
Brereton, Lewis (2011). The Brereton Diaries: The
War in the Air in the Pacic, Middle East and Europe,
3 October 1941 8 May 1945. Morrow. ISBN 9781-258-20290-3.
Brighton, Terry (2009). Masters of Battle: Monty,
Patton and Rommel at War. Penguin. ISBN 978-014-102985-6.
Bungay, Stephen (2002). Alamein. Auram. ISBN
978-1-85410-929-3.
D'Este, Carlo (1983). Decision in Normandy: The
Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: William Collins Sons. ISBN 0-00217056-6.
Churchill, Winston (1986). The Second World War,
Volume 4: The Hinge of Fate. ISBN 978-0-14144175-7.
Dixon, Norman (1976). On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-71265889-8.
Feldmann, Daniel; Mas, Cdric (2014). Montgomery. Paris: ditions Economica (in French).
ISBN 978-2-717-86699-5.
Fraser, David (1988). And We Shall Shock Them:
The British Army in World War II. Sceptre. ISBN
978-0-340-42637-1.
Hamilton, Nigel (2001). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein 18871942. London, UK: Allen
Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9334-0.
Hamilton, Nigel (1981). Monty: The Making of
a General. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.
ISBN 0-241-10583-8.

12.1

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Hamilton, Nigel (1984). Monty: Master of the Battleeld. London, UK: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. ISBN
978-0-241-11104-8.
Hamilton, Nigel (1986). Monty: The Field-Marshal
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Hamilton, Nigel (2002). The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein, 18871942 v.1: Montgomery of
Alamein, 18871942 Vol 1. London, UK: Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-028375-4.

15
HMSO:1966]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction
of the Axis Forces in Africa. History of the Second
World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckeld, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574068-8.
Ryan, Cornelius (1974). A Bridge Too Far. Hodder.
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Schultz, James (1998). A framework for military
decision making under risks. Thesis. Air University,
Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama.

Harrison, Mark (2004). Medicine and Victory:

British Military Medicine in the Second World War.
12.1
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Hart, Stephen (2007). Colossal Cracks: Montgomerys 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe,
194445. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-81173383-0.

Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001). Danchev,

Alex; Todman, Daniel, eds. War Diaries 1939
1945. London, UK: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212526-5.

Hastings, Max (2004). Armageddon: The Battle for

Germany, 19441945. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-414339.

Brett-James, Anthony (1984). Conversations with

Montgomery. Irwin. ISBN 978-0-7183-0531-4.

Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals

17361997. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword. ISBN 085052-696-5.
Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011). Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe.
NAL. ISBN 978-0-451-23212-0.
Lattimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. John Murray. ISBN
978-0-674-01376-6.
McKee, Alexander (1984). Caen: Anvil of Victory.
ISBN 978-0-333-38313-1.
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War II. Stroud, UK: Spellmount. ISBN 978-186227-431-0.
Neillands, Robin (2005). The Battle for the Rhine
1944. Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-028-5.
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Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub.
HMSO:1960]. Butler, Sir James, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol. III: British Fortunes
reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War,
United Kingdom Military Series. Uckeld, UK:
Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-067-X.
Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; Molony, Brigadier
C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.) &
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Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe.

London, UK: William Heinemann. ISBN 0-30670768-3. OCLC 219971286.
Montgomery, Bernard Law (2000) [1972]. A Concise History of Warfare. Wordsworth Military Library. Ware, Herts, UK: Wordsworth Editions.
ISBN 978-1-84022-223-4.
Montgomery, Bernard Law (1960). The Memoirs
of Field Marshal Montgomery (paperback edition).
London and Glasgow: Fontana.
Montgomery, Bernard Law (1961). The Path to
Leadership. London, UK: Collins. ISBN 81-8158128-8. OCLC 464095648.
Montgomery, Bernard (2008). Brooks, Stephen, ed.
Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy: A Selection from the Diaries, Correspondence and Other Papers of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of
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13 External links
Hansard 18032005: contributions in Parliament by
the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
Biography of Montgomery, Jewish Virtual Library
website; accessed 10 April 2014.
Prole, desertwar.net; accessed 10 April 2014.

16

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Montgomery%2C%

201st%20Viscount%20Montgomery%20of%20Alamein?oldid=639411031 Contributors: Mav, Sjc, Andre Engels, Eclecticology, Scipius, Chris_mahan, Ortolan88, William Avery, SimonP, Ellmist, Paul Barlow, Paul A, Librarian, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Kurtbw,
Ugen64, John K, Jacques Delson, Conti, David Newton, RickK, DJ Clayworth, Kaare, Itai, Joseaperez, Lord Emsworth, Mackensen,
Raul654, Proteus, Finlay McWalter, Pigsonthewing, PBS, Pibwl, Postdlf, Timrollpickering, Philip.hurst, Halibutt, Smb1001, Mervyn, Kent
Wang, SoLando, GreatWhiteNortherner, Jooler, Matthew Stannard, Pmaguire, Oberiko, Mintleaf, Fudoreaper, Folks at 137, Angmering,
Snowdog, Michael Devore, Varlaam, JillandJack, Bobblewik, Btphelps, OldakQuill, Dvavasour, LiDaobing, Madmagic, Jongo, Andux,
Ellsworth, Thincat, Cynical, Ukexpat, Klemen Kocjancic, Clemwang, Demiurge, Adashiel, D6, N328KF, Haiduc, Discospinster, Rich
Farmbrough, Guanabot, YUL89YYZ, Rasmusdf, Mani1, Sc147, Andrejj, Djordjes, MBisanz, Kwamikagami, Tom, Smalljim, Cmdrjameson, Iain Cheyne, Nk, Darwinek, Twobells, Sam Korn, Alansohn, Eleland, Richard Harvey, Ben davison, Jeltz, Craigy144, Andrew Gray,
Ashley Pomeroy, Axl, Ddlamb, Hohum, Ross Burgess, Bbsrock, Saga City, G026r, Dabbler, J.N. Houterman, Skyring, Chilly Penguin,
Richard Weil, Brookie, Woohookitty, Spettro9, PatGallacher, Pol098, Before My Ken, Polycarp, Lapsed Pacist, GregorB, MechBrowman, GraemeLeggett, Jcuk, Gettingtoit, Deltabeignet, FreplySpang, Jclemens, Dpr, Angusmclellan, Vegaswikian, Ligulem, Ian Dunster,
Nandesuka, Spleendude, Leithp, Winhunter, Ysangkok, Mark Sublette, Adrian Firth, Fresheneesz, Stevenfruitsmaak, Gareth E Kegg,
Chobot, Gwernol, YurikBot, Adamhauner, Hairy Dude, Osioni, Boldymumbles, RussBot, Longbow4u, Danbarnesdavies, Stephenb, Gaius
Cornelius, Keithgreer, EWS23, Robertvan1, Czyrko, Rjensen, Awiseman, D. F. Schmidt, Bigpad, Formeruser-82, Michael Drew, Kyle
Barbour, N. Harmonik, David Underdown, Salmanazar, Paul Magnussen, Tundra47, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Barbatus, Ekeb, LeonardoRob0t, JLaTondre, Jason Hughes, John Broughton, Draginol, Nick-D, Mhardcastle, Sardanaphalus, Crystallina, Algamarga, Scolaire,
SmackBot, PiCo, DMorpheus, Unyoyega, Clpo13, Michael Dorosh, Arniep, Maarten1963, Chris the speller, Jamie C, Bluebot, SaltyWater,
Thumperward, MalafayaBot, DemolitionMan, Rcbutcher, Stedder, GoodDay, Hgrosser, Chulk90, Konczewski, Greenshed, Percommode,
Stvwardy, Bowlhover, Nakon, Tomtom9041, Badgerpatrol, Weregerbil, Only, Gump Stump, Darren Wyn Rees, AndyBQ, Le baron, Pen
of bushido, Enriquecardova, Risker, Ohconfucius, Tony Sandel, SashatoBot, Simon Harley, Xdamr, MAG, RASAM, John, Vumba, MilborneOne, JHunterJ, Mr Stephen, JustinSmith, Meco, E-Kartoel, MAG1, UKintheUS, Jrt989, LaMenta3, Cody15, Warsmith, Burto88,
Krupkaa2, ILovePlankton, WilliamJE, Laddiebuck, Tryde, JoeBot, Llydawr, IvanLanin, Haus, GrahamBould, Jontomkittredge, CmdrObot,
President David Palmer, Dycedarg, Ruby Tuesday, Tristan benedict, Nunquam Dormio, Birdhurst, Ken Gallager, Richard Keatinge, Albert Cheng, JettaMann, Yaris678, Cydebot, Danrok, Theonemacdu, David Waters, Gogo Dodo, TicketMan, Extramural, DumbBOT,
Nabokov, IComputerSaysNo, Garik, Omicronpersei8, Victoriaedwards, Thijs!bot, Btball, Colmbquinn, WikiwikiwikiwikiWildWildWest,
Osborne, Anshuk, Barnej, SGGH, Grahamdubya, Phoe, Sakkout, WhaleyTim, Noclevername, Rees11, RobotG, Gioto, Jayron32, Brendandh, Jj137, DShamen, JAnDbot, Deective, Comrade jo, AP.BOT, Caracaskid, Ericoides, JeltLuthor, MSBOT, Kirrages, Magioladitis,
Connormah, Nametag, VoABot II, Xn4, Buckshot06, Jim Douglas, Gtbrown, Brian Fenton, PoliceChief, Smartings, Wayneneutron, Climax Void, Belissarius, Dapi89, Mschel, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, NeilOa, J.delanoy, EricB68, DrKiernan, Fowler&fowler, Robbiet,
Tdadamemd, FLJuJitsu, Adasarathy, Jeepday, Notreallydavid, M-le-mot-dit, Hoyohoyogold, Doomsday28, Madhava 1947, Men with hats,
DorganBot, LightningDragon, Ogranut, IceDragon64, Wikipeterproject, Squids and Chips, Nomath, VolkovBot, One Night In Hackney,
AlnoktaBOT, Ctomarctus, Dougie monty, IvanKonev, Paulturtle, TXiKiBoT, EricSerge, Magiko, Ajbb, Dormskirk, Wjvanb, Kabenjam,
Ng.j, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Mimich, Madhero88, Motmit, IxK85, DDTurner, Drutt, Bahamut0013, Sealman, Roland zh, AHMartin, Englishman108, SPQRVI, Alibion, NEThomasYoung, SieBot, StAnselm, Brenont, TheNullo, Sybaronde, Kernel Saunters, LeadSongDog,
Keilana, Happysailor, SweetCarmen, Oxymoron83, Oculi, Lightmouse, Skinny87, Kwib, Abraham, B.S., Kumioko (renamed), JMOprof,
Aumnamahashiva, StaticGull, That Guy88, Mkizziar, Nford24, Savile Close, ClueBot, Avenged Eightfold, Timeineurope, The Thing That
Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, Scartboy, Rodhullandemu, Godfollower4ever, Jappalang, Wanderer57, Ranger Steve, Robleau, Agricola11, Hafspajen, Arboyce, Caltier, Garstals, Bynarum, WilsoniumVII, Alexbot, Socrates2008, JO 24, Abrech, Ag918w35, Sun Creator,
Arjayay, Bonicolli, SchreiberBike, Eastcote, Espenwaa, Dank, DumZiBoT, Onward&Upward, Boleyn, XLinkBot, Strdst grl, Plingsby,
Popol0707, BodhisattvaBot, Calidius, NellieBly, Jim Sweeney, Addbot, Broadman, Dawynn, Tcncv, M.nelson, Maximpontrid, Penne
Alfredo in clam sauce, Kcranson, Douglas the Comeback Kid, Trotter5489, AdamPLawrence, Chamal N, Childnicotine, Cornishtune,
Plias, Openend, Rhumbd, Recn, SamatBot, Livni, Fadeem, Responsibli, PrincipleEnduring, Tide rolls, Scrivin, Greenarras, RodoxJunior, HistoryTopics, SociologyRange, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Kartano, Ptbotgourou, Spadenoid, Dodgerblue777, Gunterit, Splinyi,
Zibzeb, NoYesNoYesNo, Laslike, Pronkstyler, Coachuponnow, Reenem, Painstaker, ZapThunderstrike, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Trekt, Lansbargh, N!kod!mos, ExGreenBeret, Antiglam, Behz, Materialscientist, Rulingrace, Cyan22, Citation bot, SoulfulBenefactor, MuppetsMadeMySisterBi, Marijuana4FamilyPleasure, Ieuan Sant, Rev Edward Brain, D.D., Balddricks, Obumr, Hammersbach, NonsexualAssault,
Tuesdaily, Gensanders, XZeroBot, NFD9001, GrouchoBot, ProtectionTaggingBot, HonourOcerMcPhaill, Colinward1970, AustralianRupert, Shadowjams, Depictionimage, GT5162, Rorschachh, HJ Mitchell, Parfwa, Dozergrad, AndresHerutJaim, Airborne84, Citation
bot 1, PigFlu Oink, Hchc2009, Redrose64, Middle Fork, DrilBot, Rushbugled13, Skyerise, Moonraker, PrinceRegentLuitpold, Jauhienij,
Tim1357, Lotje, Innotata, RjwilmsiBot, Bento00, EmausBot, Monkeyvaubel, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Hayd13, Wikipelli, Paul Bedson, Thecheesykid, Dolovis, Neun-x, Banzai Scholar, Demiurge1000, Bullmoosebell, Stefan Milosevski, ChuispastonBot, HandsomeFella,
Brigade Piron, Spicemix, Gunbirddriver, ClueBot NG, Seathanaich, Brucebuchanan1940, Lancer2011, MindMapping, Mr. D. E. Mophon,
Widr, WikiPuppies, Asalrifai, Helpful Pixie Bot, McOleo, Historynut101, BG19bot, Murry1975, Ferma, Davosdavas, JustSomePics,
Kndimov, ISTB351, WfJg3s2ZVE, Wheezin' Ed, AwesomeSauce360, Frze, Kendall-K1, Montalban, PyrrhusEP, CourteousColumbus,
Krq, SergeantHippyZombie, Cloptonson, Garner14, ChrisGualtieri, Futurist110, Glasses1956, Xyphoid, FreelandLOLLER, Ugog Nizdast,
Valetude, Lesser Cartographies, Hagnes2002, Thecitizen1, Amanbir Singh Grewal, OccultZone, Proness111, Alchemista121, Shaneg4015,
LeDrewww, Thematth, Robin S. Taylor and Anonymous: 400

14.2

Images

File:Allies_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate,_1945.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Allies_at_the_
Brandenburg_Gate%2C_1945.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph TR 2913 from the collections of the Imperial
War Museums (collection no. 4905-03) Original artist: War Oce ocial photographer
File:Animals_in_War_1939-1945_B6541.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Animals_in_War_
1939-1945_B6541.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://media.iwm.org.uk/iwm/mediaLib//37/media-37527/large.jpg
Original artist: Morris (Sgt), No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit

14.2

Images

17

File:BEL_Croix_de_Guerre_1944_ribbon.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/BEL_Croix_de_
Guerre_1944_ribbon.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: de:User:darkking3
File:BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/BEL_
Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/
BernardMontgomery_Aberdare_Blog_crop.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Published by Aberdare Blog Original artist: Darren
Wyn Rees at Aberdare Blog
File:Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Bernard_Law_Montgomery.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/afhra/wwwroot/photo_galleries/merhar/Photos/01097635_017.jpg
Original artist: ?
File:Bernard_Montgomery_Signature.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Bernard_Montgomery_
Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://www.signaturehouse.net/webpages/articles/
world_war_ii_files/Bernard%20Montgomery%20signature.gif Original artist: Bernard Montgomery
File:Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/
Bernard_Montgomery_in_Desert_Island_Disks_p009y0ss.flac License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-14059-0018,_Berlin,_Oberbefehlshaber_der_vier_Verbndeten.jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-14059-0018%2C_Berlin%2C_Oberbefehlshaber_der_vier_Verb%
C3%BCndeten.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive), Bild 183-14059-0018
Original artist: Unknown
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_
1914-1918_ribbon.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Boroduntalk
File:Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Czechoslovak_
War_Cross_1939-1945_Bar.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:DEN_Elefantordenen_BAR.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/DEN_Elefantordenen_BAR.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Distinguished_
Service_Medal_ribbon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorized from raster image <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:ArmDRib.png' class='image'><img alt='ArmDRib.png' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/ArmDRib.png'
width='106' height='30' data-le-width='106' data-le-height='30' /></a> Original artist: Ipankonin
File:Dso-ribbon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Dso-ribbon.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:ETH_Order_of_Solomon_BAR.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/ETH_Order_of_Solomon_
BAR.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_
British_infantry.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph E 18474 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-32) Original artist: Chetwyn (Sgt), No 1 Army Film & Photographic Unit
File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, created in Adobe Illustrator CS2; Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was
here; Uploads by Zscout370 to w:Image:Flag of the British Army.svg Original artist: Philip Ronan
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Commander_BAR.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/
GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Commander_BAR.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton,_Jr.,.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/0e/Gen._Bernard_Law_Montgomery_and_Lt._Gen._George_S._Patton%2C_Jr.%2C.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.history.army.mil/photos/WWII/ErlyYrs/WW2-ErlYrs.htm Original artist: Lieutenant Brin, Signal Corps Photo: MMBri-7-28-43-R2-6 - upload by wikifreund, Germany
File:General_Bernard_L._Montgomery_watches_his_tanks_move_up._North_Africa,_November_1942._-_NARA_-_535939.
tif Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/General_Bernard_L._Montgomery_watches_his_tanks_move_up.
_North_Africa%2C_November_1942._-_NARA_-_535939.tif License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration Original artist: Unknown or not provided
File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on picture form pl-wiki. Original artist: Orem (wiki-pl: Orem, commons:
Orem)
File:M3_Monty.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/M3_Monty.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:M3_Monty.JPG Original artist: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nick_Dowling
File:Montgomery_E010786478-v8.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Montgomery_E010786478-v8.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from Library and Archives Canada under the MIKAN ID number 4233436
Original artist: Canadian government employee
File:Montgomery_First_World_War.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Montgomery_First_World_
War.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph Q 112044 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums. Original artist: UNKNOWN

18

14

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Montgomery_grave2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Montgomery_grave2.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ericoides
File:Monty,_wavvel,_auk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Monty%2C_wavvel%2C_auk.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph IND 5205 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-38)
Original artist: No 9 Army Film & Photographic Unit
File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/
NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wiki Romi
File:Operationvarsity.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Operationvarsity.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: This is photograph TR 2789 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4905-03) Original artist: Malindine
E G (Capt), No 5 Army Film and Photographic Unit
File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_
ribbon.png License: Public domain Contributors: English Wiki Original artist: Image sourced from 'Medals of the World' website:
http://www.medals.org.uk/index.htm
File:Order_suvorov1_rib.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Order_suvorov1_rib.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Transfered from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Zscout370 at en.wikipedia
File:Ordervictory_rib.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Ordervictory_rib.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:P_vip.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Ruban_de_la_Mdaille_militaire.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Ruban_de_la_M%C3%
A9daille_militaire.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Paris75000
File:Simonds.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Simonds.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This
is photograph B 14892 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums (collection no. 4700-29) Original artist: Morris, J D L (Sgt), No 5
Army Film & Photographic Unit
File:St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_stripe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/St_Olavs_Orden_storkors_
stripe.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ordensherre
File:TCH_CS_Vojensky_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1st_(1945)_BAR.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/
TCH_CS_Vojensky_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1st_%281945%29_BAR.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work
based on images: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg' class='image'><img alt='Legion
Honneur GC ribbon.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/
90px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png' width='90' height='25' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/135px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/180px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='218' data-le-height='60' /></a> <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grande_ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Grande uciale OSSI medal BAR.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
a/a1/Grande_ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg/90px-Grande_ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg.png'
width='90'
height='25'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grande_ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg/135px-Grande_
ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grande_ufficiale_
OSSI_medal_BAR.svg/180px-Grande_ufficiale_OSSI_medal_BAR.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='218' data-le-height='60'
/></a> <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_Boheme.svg' class='image'><img alt='Blason Boheme.svg'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/30px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png'
width='30'
height='33' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/45px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/60px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png 2x' data-lewidth='741' data-le-height='820' /></a> <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Czechoslovakia COA small 2.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/
Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg/30px-Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg.png' width='30' height='34' srcset='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg/45px-Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg.
png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Czechoslovakia_COA_small_2.svg/60px-Czechoslovakia_
COA_small_2.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='600' data-le-height='680' /></a>
Original artist: Mboro
File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/US_
Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Virtuti_Militari_Ribbon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Virtuti_Militari_Ribbon.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0