Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in

limba engleza
Direct and indirect (reported) speech
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in engleza
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si
modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta).
In direct speech, we repeat the original speakers exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: Mi-am pierdut umbrela.)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in
conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using
the speakers exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell +
object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out,
protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct
speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:
He sais that . (El a spus c.)
- vorbirea indirecta
= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa

"I never eat meat" he explained.
(Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I m waiting for Ann" he said.
(O atept pe Ana spuse el).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa

Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta

= He explained that he never ate meat.
(El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat carne.)
Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(Spuse c o atepta pe Ann).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta

"I have found a flat" she said.

(Am gsit un apartament spuse ea).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
He said "I ve been waiting for ages".
(El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de timp.)
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa
"I took it home with me" she said.
(L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa
He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on
Monday".
(El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she
said.
(Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa
I said, "I would/should like to see it" .
(Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.)

= She said (that) she had found a flat.

(Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament).
Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that)he had been waiting for ages.
(El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said she had taken it home with her.
(Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.)
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
= he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
(El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.)
= Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
She said shed be using the car on the 1st.
(Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1).
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)

Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua urmtoare.)
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we
should or I/we would.

PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1.

In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.

He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they
were playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut, jucau tenis.)
2.
A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is
reported remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she
had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse
c s-a hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).

1.

SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH

- vorbirea indirecta

Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:

"It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began
planning their holidays.
(Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s
nceap s i planifice concediul.)
2.

I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.

You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)

3.

Conditional sentences remain unchanged.

"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were
older, he would emigrate.
(Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai mari
copiii lui, ar emigra.)

MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:

He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n acea zi.)
2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:
"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc strada.)
3. Would in statements does not change.
"Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la current.)
4. Used to does not change.
"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the
place well because he used to live there.
(Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia locul pentru
c a stat acolo.)

PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except
when the speaker is reporting his own words:
I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.)
This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it,
they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the
next day.
(El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua
urmtoare.)

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

Today
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Next week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc.
A year ago

That day
The day before
Two days before
The next day/ the following day
In two days time
The following week/ year etc.
The previous week/ year etc.
A year before/ the previous year

Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech

Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion
of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not
possible.
"Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom)
- vorbirea directa
"Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
2. Say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.