Introduction la mcanique de la rupture

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BRIDGES

Luis Borges
Lecture 27: 20/11/2012
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC

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SUSCOS
Conceptual Design of Bridges
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Contents

L26 Basis of fatigue design in steel structures

Definitions and application range

L27 Fatigue loads and determination of stresses and stress ranges

Cycles and stress ranges

L28 Fatigue strength

Fatigue strength curves
Fatigue details

L29 Reliability and verification

Application to Road Bridges

Application to Rail Bridges

L30 Introduction to Fracture mechanics and Brittle fracture

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Contents
Variable stress range
Equivalent/simplified stress range VA, damage
accumulation
Verification under fatigue variable amplitude
loading
Damage equivalent factor l

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Road bridge under heavy traffic

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Variable stress range

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Traffic evolution in Switzerland

stations Weigh-in-Motion in national
roads
Schafisheim (A1)
Solothurn - Zrich

Mattstetten (A1)
Bern Solothurn

Denges (A1)
Lausanne Morges

St-Maurice (A9)

Donnent le trafic sous forme

de

Oberbren (A1)
ZurichSt.-Gallen

Trbbach (A13)
St-Margrethen Chur

Composition du trafic
Gomtries des vhicles
Poids des axes
Plazzas (A13)
Chur Thusis

Gschenen (A2)
Gotthard

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

Ceneri (A2)
Bellinzona Lugano

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Histograms of vehicles total

weights

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Ceneri-2003
Truebbach-2003
Mattstetten

Ceneri-2005
Truebbach-2005

Ceneri-2007
Trubbach-2007

Distribution (%)

5
4
3

+53% in 5
years

2
1
0
0

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

100

200
300
total weight (kN)

400

500

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Load histograms examples

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Variable loading spectrum simplification VA,

damage accumulation
1. Reduce the spectrum to a series of constant
amplitudes with a cycle counting method
2. Create a load histogram with load cycles from
the spectrum

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Cycle counting: reservoir method

(or Rainflow)

2 large cycles

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Cycle counting: reservoir method

(or Rainflow)

Rainflow
(para programming)
cycle 140 MPa

cycle 24 MPa

cycle 24 MPa
cycle 12 MPa
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

cycle12 MPa
cycle 140 MPa
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Histogram resulting from cycle

counting

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Cycle counting: reservoir method

(or Rainflow)

0
2

[N/mm ]
50

100

150

8 trains per hour

Calculate fatigue load histogram for 100 years service life
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Variable loading spectrum simplification VA,

damage accumulation
1. Reduce the spectrum to a series of constant
amplitudes with a cycle counting method
2. Create a load histogram with load cycles from
the spectrum

3. With the adapted fatigue curve, for each

stress range, compute the damage for the
respective number of cycles (Miner law)

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Fatigue testing and detail

categories
Finite service life

Stress range

Ultimate strength

N C

Infinite service life

Fatigue Limit (CAFL)

Test results

No cycles to collapse
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Stress range

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Fatigue testing and detail

categories (Whler)

N C

Test results

Low Cycle Fatigue

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

N cycles to collapse
High Cycle Fatigue

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S-N Curves

Stress range

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Mean results

N C

Results statistical
distribution

2.106
No cycles to collapse
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Damage accumulation ni, i

Linear damage accumulation

di

1
Ni

Di n i di

ni
1,0
Ni

Dtot Di 1,0

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Fatigue limit verification

Max of histogram

i,max
Ff i,max

D 0.74 C

Mf
Mf

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Variable loading spectrum simplification VA,

damage accumulation
1. Reduce the spectrum to a series of constant
amplitudes with a cycle counting method
2. Create a load histogram with load cycles from
the spectrum

3. With the adapted fatigue curve, for each

stress range, compute the damage for the
respective number of cycles (Miner law)
4. Combine individual damage to obtain total
damage accumulated and proceed with the
verification
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

22

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Histogram i and fatigue curve

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L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Influence of i under fadigue limit

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L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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Fatigue verification:
damage equivalent factor

Bridge detail

Service loads

Code load model

Trains passing over the bridge

Extreme positions

Histogram of
Stress ranges
Damage accumulation

E E 2

Qk maxQk minQk

l E 2

Qk

Difficulties linked to VA in development of

standards

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Fatigue verification:
damage equivalent factor concept

Ff E2 C Mf
Resistance factor

Load

Category = Resistence
at 2 million cycles

factor

Actions

E2 l Qk

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

26

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Fatigue verification:
damage equivalent factor concept

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

27

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Fatigue verification:
damage equivalent factor concept

l l1 l2 l3 l4 lmax
with:
l1 factor accounting for the span length (a relation which is function of
the influence line length
l2 factor accounting for the traffic volume
l3 factor accounting for the design working life of the structure
(e.g. the working life of 100 years for a bridge leads to 3 =1)

l4 factor accounting for the influence of more than one load on the
structural member, function of structure type and definition of
the fatigue load model for computing 1 (if more than one)
lmax maximum damage equivalent factor value, taking into account
fatigue limit.
L27 Fatigue and fracture the
of steel structures

28

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Example: compute damage

accumulation

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

source: Trait de Gnie Civil vol. 10

29

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Results

L27 Fatigue
and fracture
of steel Civil
structures
Fonte:
Trait
de Gnie
vol. 10

30

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What are the best details??

A
B
C
D

E
L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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What are the best details??

B
CAT 160-125

A
CAT 125-100

D
CAT 100-80

E
CAT 63-50

C
CAT 71-36

L27 Fatigue and fracture of steel structures

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