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More than 273 million scrap tires are produced in United States each year.In addition to this, more
than 300 million tires are currently stockpiled throughout the united States. These stockpiles are
dangerous not only from potential environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and provide
breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Over the years, disposal of tires has become one of the serious
problems in environments, and filling is becoming unacceptable because of the rapid depletion of
available sites for waste disposal. Used tire are required to be shredded before land filling. Innovative
solutions to meet the challenge of the disposal problem have long been in development, and the
promising options are;
1. use of tire rubber in asphalt mixes,
2. thermal incineration of worn-out tires for the production of electricity or steam. and
3. reuse of ground tire rubber in number of plastic and rubber products. In addition, scrap tires can
also be used as fuel for cement kiln, as feedstock for making carbon black, and as reefs in marine
environment. Because of high capital investment involved in it, using tires as fuel is technically
feasible but economically not very attractive. The uses of rubber tires in making carbon black
eliminates shredding and grinding costs, but carbon black from tire paralysis is more expensive, and
has lower quality than that from petroleum oils. Table 1 shows some of the fact and figures as of year
2000, as reported by rubber manufactures association.
A tire is a composite of complex elastomeric formulations, fibers, textiles and steel cord. Tires are
made of plies of reinforcing cords extending transversely from head to bead, on top of which a belt is
located below the thread. Table 2 lists typical types of materials used to manufacture tires.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview
Concrete is one of the two most commonly used structural materials [Neville, 1996]. During the
1970s with the onset of the energy crisis and along with the increase in environmental consciousness
a lot of focus was placed on the use of industrial waste products such as waste tire as an additive to
concrete [Topcu, 1995]. Topcu in his study investigated the changes of the properties of rubberized
concretes in terms of both size and amount of the rubber chips. The compressive strength when tested
at 28 days was 29.5oMPa, it was however shown that that with the addition of 15, 30 and 45% of
coarse rubber chip, that value was reduced to 14.60, 8.91 and 5.51 MPa respectively. This represents a
51, 70 and 81 percent reduction in compressive strength. It was considered that the rubberized
concrete would be very suitable to be used in jersey barriers in which high strength is not necessary,
however toughness is desired as it is subjected to direct impact in crashes. The rubberized concrete
could reduce the damage to vehicles and also reduce the loss of lives from accidents. The disposal of
waste tires represents a major issue in the solid waste dilemma because there are more than
242,000,000 scrap tires, approximately one tire per person, generated each year in the United States
(Epps, 1994). Therefore, over the past few years, a number of researches have been focused on the use
of waste tires in different shapes and sizes in concrete. This literature review covered published
research reports, journal articles, and other documents that discussed the utilization of scrap tires in
civil engineering applications focusing on rubberized concrete with tire chips incorporated.
Polyacrylamide pretreated
The mixtures with pretreated rubber particles were reported to achieve 16%-57% higher compressive
strength than concrete containing untreated rubber aggregates
Toughness and Impact Resistance
Toughness indicates energy absorption capacity of a specimen, which is defmed as the area under
load-deflection curve of a flexural specimen. Researchers have reported the rubberized concrete
mixtures were able to carry additional loads after the ultimate load, and they have higher toughness
than control mixtures without rubber particles (IO-12; 19). As the rubber content increases, the
rubberized concrete specimens tend to fail gradually as opposed to brittle. The impact resistance of
concrete increased when rubber aggregates were incorporated into the concrete mixtures (10; 16; 2021).
Summary
In Summary, literature has shown the following influences of rubber particles on hardened concrete
properties:
The compressive strength of rubberized concrete can be increased by pretrcating the tire
particles chemically
Rubberized concrete experiences a ductile failure under compressive and tensile loads.
Higher toughness can be achieved in rubberized concrete than control mixture without rubber
aggregates.
Limited literature on durability indicates that durable rubberized concrete mixtures can be
achieved at certain replacement levels.
The EPA has developed Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines for designated products, with
accompanying recycled-content recommendations. EPAs Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
(EPP) website includes an online searchable database of environmental information for
environmentally preferable products including tires and products made from recycled tires.
Research findings
Early investigations on the use of wom-out tires in asphalt mixes had been very encouraging. Results
showed that rubberized asphalt had better skid resistance, reduced fatigue cracking, and achieved
longer pavement life than conventional concrete road pavement.
Fresh Concrete Properties
Slump
We have reported that mortars incorporating rubber shreds achieved workability comparable to or
better than a control mortar without rubber particles. Khatib and Bayomy investigated the workability
of nibcrete, and reported that there is a decrease in slump with increase in rubber content by total
aggregate volume. They further mentioned that at rubber contents of 40% by total aggregate volume,
slump was almost zero, and concrete was not workable manually. It was also observed that mixtures
made with fine crumb rubber were more workable than those withcoarse tire chips were or a
combination of tire chips and crumb rubber.
The workability of the concrete was measured by the slump test for each mixtureused scrap- tyre
(0.15 to 4.8mm) in the replacement of sand reporting a slumpdecrease along with the increase of
scrap-tyre content. However, these authors used 1% by cement mass of an unknown plasticizer in the
mixtures with tire wastes, so the workability reduction is probably related to the low performance of
the plasticizer.Topcu&Bilir studied the influence of rubber waste with a maximum dimension of 4mm
in self-compacting concretes noticing that rubber replacing sand increase concrete workability which
is due to the presence of viscosity agents even to a volume of 18okg/m3. Aiello &Leuzzi used
threshers to replace fine and coarse aggregates (1omm to 25mm) with 1% by cement mass of a
plasticizer observing increase workability with tire shreds content
Table - Slump performance according to crumb rubber content
for 28 days, in accordance to IS 456. After the cure process, the specimens were remolded, recapped
and sent for laboratory tests.
Tyre chips
Tire chips was made by cutting the 5;:11: truck tyres into sizes of12mm and 16mm and used by
mixing them in proportion oil}. T31: taxing was done by hand by labour with Chisels cutters. The
maximum and minimum 1ips as 16mm and 12mm respectively. The specific gravity and water
absorption was as aster filied in the laboratory was 0.96 and 0.45% respectively.
Where vibrations damping is needed, such as in foundation pad for machinery, and in railway
stations.
For trench filling and pipe bedding, pile heads and paving slabs.
Where resistance to impact or blast is required such as in railway buffers, jersey barriers and
bunkers.
Rub Crete because of its light unit weight may be suitable for architectural applications like;
nailing concrete,
false facades,
interior construction.
However, more significant research is needed before strong recommendations can be made
Also following are varies uses of rubber concrete:
Waste tire modified concrete can be used in industrial floorings such as factory and
warehouse floors where the increased impact resistance and post-cracking ductility will be
beneficial.
The properties which are important from the point of view of pavement performance are
increased flexural strength, improved post-cracking ductility, increased resistance to impact
and repeated loading and improved spalling resistance.
Waste tire concrete can be usein applications where energy and impact attenuation is required
due to its high flexibility.
Unlike the control concrete which disintegrated when the peak load was reached, the
rubberized concrete underwent a considerable deformation without disintegration. In fact, the
control concrete sample broke into two halves afier unloading, while the rubberized concrete
sample kept its integrity and the crack opening width was reduced, and sometimes even
closed. This suggests that rubberized concrete offer a great potential for it to be used in
sound/crash barriers, retaining structures, and pavement structures.