Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Sumrio
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Captulo 1
Ingls Simplificado:
Manual Prtico
1
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6
A grande maioria dos profissionais, de qualquer rea, tem a real necessidade
de ler textos, relatrios, documentos, contratos e uma vasta gama de literatura em ingls. Sem falar nas consultas s pginas da internet, que em sua grande maioria esto
escritas em ingls. Em outras palavras: ser capaz de ler em ingls abre o mundo a
todos aqueles que queiram descobrir o que o mundo oferece sem se expor a crticas
de outras pessoas e a vergonha de errar (sentimento que aparece principalmente nos
adultos).
As prximas pginas so dedicadas a orientar todos aqueles que necessitam ter
o domnio do ingls no campo da leitura, ou seja, quase 100% das pessoas.
Vou afirmar algumas ideias que podem assustar muitas pessoas, j que vou fazer
afirmaes que so conflitantes com a opinio da maioria dos professores de ingls.
Calma, no estou dizendo que meus colegas estejam errados, muito pelo contrrio,
mas acredito que existe um caminho mais confortvel e muito fcil, prtico e objetivo para ns, brasileiras e brasileiros (Como dizia nosso ex-presidente Jos Sarney).
As prximas pginas so dedicadas a orientar todos aqueles que necessitam ter
o domnio do ingls no campo da leitura.
Quando voc estiver lendo um texto em ingls, lembre-se de que a sequncia
das palavras em uma sentena em ingls , em quase sua totalidade, a mesma
sequncia que elas estiverem presentes em uma sentena em portugus.
Bem antes de ser crucificado e jogado aos lees, observe os exemplos a seguir.
No estou dizendo que as palavras tm tradues literais, mas sim, que a sequncia
em que elas se encontram , na grande maioria das vezes, igual de uma sentena
em portugus.
Ingls
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Brazilian companies export modern products to countries in Asia and Europe
Empresas brasileiras exportam produtos modernos para pases na (da) sia e Europa
In the short term lawyers will have contact with American courts.
Voc percebeu que, ao utilizar setas para demonstrar a sequncia das palavras,
as palavras em ingls seguem, na maioria das vezes, a mesma sequncia que em
portugus. Por enquanto, baseie-se na premissa de que a sequncia das palavras a
mesma.
Voc, tambm, percebeu que houve alguns casos em que houve inverso. Mas
uma pergunta que no quer se calar: quando h inverso de palavras em ingls,
comparativamente a portugus? Basicamente, h quatro regras de inverso, a
saber:
Adjetivos vm antes de substantivos.
A palavra not aps alguns verbos.
S : caso genitivo (indica posse de algo).
Quando se faz uma pergunta com certos verbos, inverte-se a posio do
sujeito com o verbo.
Ingls
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Observe os seguintes exemplos:
Os nmeros que aparecem nas sentenas representam quais regras esto presentes.
Civil procedure consists of the rules by which courts conduct civil trials.
1
Procedimento civil consiste das regras pelas quais tribunais conduzem julgamentos civis.
Ingls
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Por que, ento, existe um caso de inverso de posies na frase acima, j que h
dois substantivos?
Isso acontece porque, em ingls, substantivos so potenciais adjetivos, ou seja,
um substantivo pode desempenhar a funo de adjetivo e, consequentemente, vir
antes de outro substantivo. Alis, no ltimo esquema de setas dado, a expresso
employment agreement seria melhor traduzida como contrato empregatcio.
Agora que sabemos disso, lembre-se da seguinte afirmao:
A merge
UmA fuso
AN economist
Um economista
A company
Uma empresa
AN advantage
Uma vantagem
A strategy
Uma estratgia
AN attorney
Um advogado
A recession
Uma recesso
AN honest man
Um homem honesto
A university
Uma universidade
AN emergency
Uma emergncia
A lawyer
Um advogado
AN economic
downturn
Uma queda
econmica
A bill
Um projeto de lei
AN offer
UMA oferta
Ingls
Na maioria das vezes, o uso dos artigos em ingls extremamente lgico e basta
saber falar portugus que a frase, em ingls, seguir a mesma tendncia, isto , na
maioria das vezes, onde se usa artigo em portugus tambm se usa em ingls.
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possvel notar que a utilizao dos artigos a e an est vinculada diretamente
s palavras que os estiverem acompanhando. O que voc conclui? A maioria das
pessoas pensa que o artigo a utilizado antes de palavras que comeam com consoante e que o artigo an utilizado antes de palavras que comeam com vogal. Na
verdade, a regra diz que se utiliza o a antes de palavras que comeam com som de
consoante e an antes de palavras que comeam com som de vogal. Olhando para os
exemplos, notamos que h palavras como uniform que comeam com vogal, mas que
se utiliza a, e no an. Isso acontece porque o u dessa palavra se comporta como uma
semivogal e pronunciado iu. Veja o exemplo a seguir uniform = [inifrm].
Iso tambm acontece com as palavras que comeam com h. H algumas palavras
que comeam com h, mas este no pronunciado.
Veja a tabela a seguir. Ela mostra alguns exemplos.
Ufo (Ovni)
Honest Man (Homem Honesto)
Uniform (Uniforme)
University (Universidade)
Used Car (Carro Usado)
Honor (Honra)
AN Heir / Heiress (Herdeiro/a)
Hour (Hora)
As outras palavras que comeam com h tero um som gutural, ou seja, haver
mais ar passando pela sua garganta e, consequentemente, voc utilizar a quando
falar tais palavras.
Ingls
The (o, a, os, as). Em portugus, atribui-se gneros a objetos, ou seja, objetos
em portugus so considerados masculinos ou femininos. Exemplos: o cachorro; a
cadeira. Muitos estrangeiros, como os alemes (e meu pai era um exemplo desses),
se enrolam e dizem a frango, a problema, o galinha, etc. Em ingls, por outro lado,
no existe isso. Objetos em ingls, via de regra, no so nem masculinos nem femininos, e isso nos facilita porque existe um nico artigo definido para todos.
THE agreements
Os contratos
THE state-owned
company
A empresa estatal
THE appeal
A apelao
THE loopholes
As brechas da lei
THE demand
A demanda
THE lawsuits
AS aes judiciais
THE board
A diretoria
THE litigation
O litgio
THE firings
As demisses
THE tax
O imposto
THE damages
A indenizao
THE oath
O juramento
A data da audincia
THE parties
AS partes (de um
contrato
THE jury
O jri
THE wage
O salrio
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4. Aglutinaes3
Uma situao que dificulta a vida dos(as) brasileiros(as) que aprendem ingls
o fato de o nosso idioma me, portugus, aglutinar preposies com artigos. Veja
como so algumas aglutinaes entre preposies e artigos. Voc encontrar outras
que no sero difceis de compreender. Na verdade, basta seguir a lgica dos exemplos ilustrados a seguir.
Veja os exemplos a seguir:
5. Preposies + Artigos /
Preposies + Pronomes4
EM + O(S) = NO(S)
EM + A(S) = NA(S)
EM + UM = NUM
EM + UMA = NUMA
IN A ; IN AN ; AT A ; AT AN ; ON A ; ON AN
DE + ESTE = DESTE
DE + ESTA = DESTA
OF THIS ;
FROM THIS
DE + ESTES = DESTAS
DE + ESTAS = DESTAS
OF THESE ;
FROM THESE
DE + O(S) = DO(S)
DE + A(S) = DA(S)
OF THE ;
FROM THE
BY THE
EM + ESTE = NESTE
EM + NESTA = NESTA
EM + ISTO = NISTO
Ingls
A seguir, voc ter contato com os pronomes pessoais. A utilizao, bem como
a posio dos pronomes em ingls, idntica s em portugus. Desse modo, no h
segredo em suas utilizaes. Em livros de gramtica mais aprofundados, existem explicaes mais detalhadas, porm, como o intuito deste trabalho apresentar regras
prticas e teis para leituras de textos tcnicos, no vamos nos ater a explicaes longas.
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Subject: I (eu) , you (voc), he (ele), she (ela), it (ele /ela para objetos e animais), we (ns), you (vocs), they (eles, elas).
Object: me (me, mim), you (te, lhe, voc, o, a), him (o, lhe) , her (a, lhe), it (o,
a, lhe), us (nos), you (os, as, vos, vocs, lhes), them (os, as, lhes).
Os pronomes me, you, him, her, it, us, you e them so utilizados aps verbos e
preposies em ingls. Ao longo do livro, voc ter vrias oportunidades de observar
a utilizao de tais pronomes.
Ingls
INFINITIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
TO CLAIM (reivindicar)
CLAIMED (reivindicou)
CLAIMED (reivindicado)
TO COMPLY WITH
(obedecer)
COMPLIED WITH
(obedecido)
TO IDENTIFY (identificar)
IDENTIFIED (identificou)
IDENTIFIED (identificado)
TO INVEST (investir)
INVESTED(investiu)
INVESTED (investido)
TO MERGE (fundir)
MERGED (fundiu)
MERGED (fundido)
TO PROCEED (tramitar)
PROCEEDED (tramito;)
PROCEEDED (tramitado)
TO SIGN (assinar)
SIGNED(assinou)
SIGNED (assinado)
TO SUE (processar)
SUED (processou)
SUED (processado)
TO SUMMON (intimar)
SUMMONED (intimou)
SUMMONED (intimado)
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INFINITIVE
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
TO SUPERVISE
(supervisionar)
SUPERVISED
(supervisionou)
SUPERVISED
(supervisionado)
TO TAX (tributar)
TAXED (tributou)
TAXED (tributado)
TO WORK (funcionar)
WORKED (funcionou)
WORKED (funcionado)
TO COST (custar)
COST (custou)
COST (custado)
TO FORECAST (prever)
FORECAST (previu)
FORECAST (previsto)
TO GROW (crescer)
GREW (cresceu)
GROWN (crescido)
TO LAY OFF(dispensar)
TO QUIT (desistir)
QUIT (desistiu)
QUIT (desistido)
TO RUN (gerenciar)
RAN (gerenciou)
RUN (gerenciado)
TO SEEK (procurar)
SOUGHT (procurou)
SOUGHT (procurado)
TO STEAL (roubar)
STOLE (roubou)
STOLEN (roubado)
TO COME (vir)
CAME (veio)
COME (vindo)
TO HAVE (ter)
HAD (teve)
HAD (tido)
TO LEND (emprestar)
LENT (emprestou)
LENT (emprestado)
TO SEND (enviar)
SENT (enviou)
SENT (enviado)
Notou que uma lista de verbos nos traz muito mais benefits (benefcios) do que
imaginvamos. De agora em diante, adquira o hbito de memorizar as trs formas
da lista anterior de modo a tornar isso rotineiro.
...a sequncia das palavras em uma sentena em ingls , at que se prove
o contrrio, sujeito + verbo + resto da sentena.
Ingls
Raras excees, que foram tratadas anteriormente, violam essa regra geral. On
the other hand (Por outro lado), fica claro que no se trata de nada complicado e,
consequentemente, no causam transtorno algum. Agora, observe a tabela de artigos
(definidos e indefinidos).
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Ingls
ingls
eu trabalho
i work
eu trabalho
eu trabalhei
i worked
eu trabalhei
i have worked
eu trabalhava
i used to work
eu trabalharei
i will work
eu trabalharia
i would work
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portugus
ingls
eu estou trabalhando
i am working
eu estou trabalhando
10
eu estava trabalhando
i was working
11
eu estava trabalhando
12
eu vou trabalhar
i am going to work
13
eu ia / iria trabalhar
14
eu estarei trabalhando
i will be working
15
eu estaria trabalhando
i would be working
16
eu consigo trabalhar
i can work
17
eu poderia trabalhar
i could work
18
eu posso trabalhar
i may work
19
i might work
20
i must work
21
eu deveria trabalhar
i should work
22
eu tenho trabalhado
i have worked
23
24
eu terei trabalhado
25
eu teria trabalhado
26
i had worked
27
i had to work
28
29
30
31
32
Ingls
Pois bem! A tabela que foi aforementioned (supracitada) nada mais do que um
tranquilizante para voc, leitor e leitora, que tem trauma com o ingls. Como um
grande nmero de pessoas tm problemas com ingls.
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Muito bem, vamos ver como conjugamos verbos em ingls.
claims / goes
claims / goes
claims / goes
We claim / go
You claim / go
They claim / go
Ingls
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8.2 Future
I will claim / go
You will claim / go
He will claim / go
She will claim / go
It will claim / go
We will claim / go
You will claim / go
They will claim / go
8.3 Conditional
I would claim / go
You would claim / go
He would claim / go
She would claim / go
It would claim / go
We would claim / go
You would claim / go
They would claim / go
I claimed / went
You claimed / went
He claimed / went
She claimed / went
It claimed / went
We claimed / went
You claimed / went
They claimed / went
Ingls
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Percebe-se, claramente, que conjugar verbos em ingls muito mais fcil do
que em portugus. Percebe-se, tambm, que, com raras excees, a sequncia das
palavras em uma sentena em ingls a mesma que em portugus, that is (isto )...
Ingls
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9. Verbos Auxiliares
9.1 Como Fazemos Perguntas em Ingls?
Olhe para os quadros a seguir:
DO
DOES
DID
WILL
WOULD
Ingls
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1. Do you need to study English? (Voc precisa estudar ingls?)
Yes, I do. (Sim, eu preciso.)
Yes, I need to study English. (Sim, eu preciso estudar ingls.)
No, I dont. (No, eu no preciso.)
No, I dont need to study English. (No, eu no preciso estudar ingls.)
Voc pode responder de forma curta, utilizando o prprio do, que foi usado na
pergunta, ou responder de forma longa como j foi apresentado no incio do livro.
Em respostas negativas, voc, tambm, pode utilizar respostas curtas ou respostas
longas. Mais fcil do que conjugar verbos em portugus.
2. Does he need to study English ? (Ele precisa estudar ingls?)
Yes, he does. (Sim, ele precisa.)
Yes, he needs to study English. (Sim, ele precisa estudar ingls.)
No, he doesnt. (No, ele no precisa.)
No, he doesnt need to study English. (No, ele no precisa estudar ingls.)
3. Did you need to study English yesterday? (Voc precisou estudar ingls ontem?)
Ingls
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Note: na negativa, o didnt j nos d a ideia de passado. Com isso o verbo
volta forma primitiva do infinitivo sem to. Mais fcil do que conjugar
verbos em portugus.
4. Will you need to study English tomorrow? (Voc precisar estudar ingls amanh?)
Ingls
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Perceba que o verbo no muda quando se tem uma sentena negativa. Olhe o
modelo abaixo:
dont
doesnt
I
didnt
work
She
wont
wouldnt
O verbo continua da mesma forma. O que vai fazer com que ele seja traduzido no presente(dont/doesnt), passado (didnt), futuro(wont = will + not) ou
condicional(wouldnt) vai ser o verbo auxiliar que vem antes do verbo.
Olhe o esquema comparativo abaixo.
Ingls
Ingls
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Exerccios
Texto 1 (Ttn / 1997) Treasury Announces Major Tax Revision Plan
The long-anticipated proposal for a simplified U.S. tax code was announced,
Nov. 27, by the Treasury Secretary. He insisted on the semantic distinction that
the plan was the Treasurys, not the Administrations. In general, the reform
plan would reduce taxes on individuals and increase them on corporations. The
16 tax brackets for individuals would be replaced by only 3, with a maximum
rate of 35 percent for those who make more than $38,100 a year. However,
many personal deductions would be eliminated. Republican leaders in the
House predicted that it would be difficult to get the plan through Congress,
and that the strong support of the president would be required.
Ingls
3. The plan mentioned in the text derives specifically from the U.S.
a. Administration.
b. Treasury.
c. Congress.
d. House.
e. Customs Department.
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Ingls
4. Concerning the present tax brackets for individuals, the text mentions the
fact that....
a. they would not be altered.
b. no change would be implemented.
c. they would be decreased.
d. no modification would be required.
e. they would have to be increased.
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Captulo 2
O Famoso Verbo To Be
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Present
Past
He is (Ele / est)
It is (Ele-a- / est)
Conditional
1. Pronome It
Ingls
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funo. Vamos tomar um exemplo em portugus. Quando algum diz Imprimi o
relatrio, no necessrio usar o pronome eu antes do verbo porque subentendemos
que quem imprimiu o relatrio fui eu.
Em ingls, isso no possvel, pois se lembre que, praticamente, no h variaes de conjugaes para os pronomes em ingls, ou seja, precisamos escrever o
pronome para sabermos quem est conjugando o verbo.
Note os seguintes esquemas de setas a seguir. Voc notar algo interessante e
surpreendente.
Perceba que, nestes
esquemas de setas, no
traduzimos o pronome IT,
por que?
2. Verbos Modais
Ingls
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CAN:
Expressa capacidade, habilidade, permisso e algumas tradues sugeridas so
saber, poder, conseguir.
In a criminal case a court can order a fine penalty or confinement.
COULD:
a forma passada e condicional do verbo can e as tradues sugeridas (existem
outras) so podia, poderia, sabia, conseguia.
Wage negotiations could be resumed.
MAY:
Expressa probabilidade ou permisso e uma traduo sugerida poder.
We may not smoke in certain places.
MIGHT:
Expressa probabilidade e a traduo sugerida poder. Embora, tambm,
seja o passado do verbo may, em textos jurdicos ou de negcios funciona principalmente como um verbo que expressa probabilidade.
Ingls
The attorney might accept this provision, but he might want to revise the contract too
O advogado pode aceitar esta clusula, mas ele pode querer revisar o contrato tambm.
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Should (ought to):
Expressa recomendao forte ou conselho e algumas tradues sugeridas so
devia ou deveria. O verbo should pode ser substitudo por ought to, porm com
menos frequncia.
In my viewpoint, such provisions should be carefully analyzed.
SHALL:
o futuro do verbo should e a traduo sugerida dever, e indica obrigao.
Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the part in interest.
MUST:
Expressa necessidade, obrigao e deduo forte e algumas tradues sugeridas so ter que ou dever.
Most people must file an income tax return.
A maioria das pessoas tem que entregar uma declarao de imposto de renda.
MUST NOT:
Cuidado! Expressa proibio e algumas tradues sugeridas so estar proibido
de, no dever, no poder, todas estas tradues devem estar expressando uma ideia
de proibio em portugus.
Ingls
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To adjust
To alter
To amend
To barter
To change
To change
To convert
To exchange
To modify
To replace
To substitute
To swap
To switch
To swop
To transform
To vary
Ingls
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Exerccios
Texto 2 (Afrf / 2005) The Real Medicine
People who survive a heart attack often describe it as a wake-up call. But for
a 61-year old executive I met recently, it was more than that. This man was in
the midst of a divorce when he was stricken last spring, and he had fallen out
of touch with friends and family members. The executives doctor, unaware of
the strife in his life, counseled him to change his diet, start exercising and quit
smoking. He also prescribed drugs to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. It
was sound advice, but in combing the medical literature, the patient discovered
that he needed to do more. Studies suggested that his risk of dying within six
months would be four times greater if he remained depressed and lonely. So he
joined a support group and reordered his priorities, placing relationships at the
top of the list instead of the bottom.
His health has improved steadily since then, and so has his outlook on life. In fact
he now describes his heart attack as the best thing that ever happened to him. Yes,
my arteries are more open, he says. But even more important, Im more open.
Ingls
2. The advice given by the doctor is defined as sound. In other words, it:
a. might be effective.
b. is reliable and effective.
c. is questionable.
d. should be looked into.
e. must be deeply researched.
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Preencha as linhas de acordo com o que voc v no vdeo.
As = J
E
C
A
But
All but
More than =
,
Ingls
Midst =
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Captulo 3
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34
To spar
To strike struck stricken
To tackle
To tussle
To wage
To wallop
To war
To wrangle
To wrestle
To conflict
To contest
To cuff
To dispute
To fight fought
To hit
To joust
To knock (down / out)
To punch
To quarrel
To slap
To spank
To assail
To attack
To bash
To battle
To batter
To beat beat beaten
To brawl
To bump
To clash
To collide
To combat
To come to blows
2. Falsos Cognatos
Ingls
Na tabela abaixo, a lista da esquerda relaciona algumas palavras do ingls e seus significados no portugus, e a da direita, palavras em portugus e seu
correspondente(s) no ingls:
Ingls Portugus
Portugus Ingls
Adepto supporter
Amassar crush
Anthem hino
Antena aerial
Apontamento note
Apreciao judgement
Brao arm
Assess avaliar
Acesso access
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Portugus Ingls
Balcony sacada
Balco counter
Batom lipstick
Bife steak
Carto card
Chute corredeira/paraquedas
Chute kick
Cigar charuto
Cigarro cigarette
Colar necklace
Comodidade comfort
Compass bssola
Compasso compasses
Competition concorrncia
Competio contest
Compreensivo understanding
Conceit convencimento
Conceito concept
Contexto context
Convenient prtico
Conveniente appropriate
Data date
Decepo disappointment
Designar to appoint
Decepo disappointment
Ingls
Ingls Portugus
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Ingls
36
Ingls Portugus
Portugus Ingls
Editor redator
Editor publisher
Eventualmente occasionally
Exciting empolgante
Excitante thrilling
xito success
Fabric tecido
Genial brilliant
Guitar violo
Idioma language
Ingenuity engenhosidade
Injury ferimento
Injria insult
Entender understand
Jar pote
Jarra pitcher
Jornal newspaper
Lamp luminria
Largo wide
Leitura reading
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Ingls Portugus
Portugus Ingls
Legend lenda
Legenda subtitle
Library biblioteca
Location localizao
Locao rental
Lunch almoo
Lanche snack
Magazine revista
Mayor prefeito
Maior bigger
Medicina medicine
Moisture umidade
Notcia news
Novel romance
Office escritrio
Oficial official
Parents pais
Parentes relatives
Fsico physicist
Polcia police
Port porto
Porta door
Prejudice preconceito
Prescribe receitar
Prescrever expire
Preservative conservante
Preservativo condom
Pretend fingir
Private particular
Privado private
Proper adequado
Prprio own
Pull puxar
Pular to jump
Push empurrar
Puxar to pull
Ingls
37
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Portugus Ingls
Recipiente container
Requirement requisito
Resumir summarize
Resumo summary
Retired aposentado
Rim kidney
Sap seiva
Sapo toad
Senior idoso
Service atendimento
Servio job
Severo severe
Stranger desconhecido
Estrangeiro foreigner
Stupid burro
Tax imposto
Translate traduzir
Treinador coach
Vegetais plants
Ingls
Ingls Portugus
4/3/2011 10:28:07
39
Exerccios
Texto 3 (Afrf / 2000) In This World Nothing is Certain, But Death and Taxes
In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes Benjamin Franklin,
1789
At the end of 19th century, the question was how to tax commerce via the
telegraph. At the end of 20th century, the question is how to tax commerce via
Internet.
Its not an idle question. Recent estimates suggest that business-to-business
e-commerce will reach $1,3 trillion by the year 2003.
Needless to say, governments are concerned to make sure the anonymity and
boundary-less nature of the Internet doesnt lead to a reduction in their tax
income.
1. The introductory quotation by Benjamin Franklin points out that death and
taxes:
a. show that there is nothing certain in this world.
b. prove the uncertainty of life in this world.
c. may be the only certainties in this world.
d. represent uncertainties in our present life.
e. are the only certainties in this world.
2. According to the text, a major concern at the moment is how to:
a. exempt companies from paying taxes derived from e-commerce.
b. impose levies on commercial transactions made through the Internet .
c. audit those companies which sell via the telegraph.
d. increase taxation imposed on commerce via telegraph.
e. finance e-commerce via the Internet until it reaches $1.3 trillion.
Ingls
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40
4. Which of the statement below does not reflect the content of the text?
a. Anonymity is one the features of the internet.
b. $1.3 trillion is a possible figure concerning e-commerce in the future.
c. Governments are worried about a decrease in tax-collection.
d. In the 19th century, levies had not been created yet.
e. The absence of frontiers is a reality in the internet.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:08
Captulo 4
O Famoso -ing
4/3/2011 10:28:08
42
Family law is the area that deals with family relations including
2. Preposio + Verb-Ing
toda vez em que houver uma preposio antes do verbo, ele tomar a forma
com o -ing, porm ser traduzido como se fosse infinitivo, ou seja, a primeira
coluna da lista de verbos.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:09
43
3. Substantivo
verbos so colocados na sua forma -ing para formar substantivos)
To ship (despachar)
shipping (despacho)
To understand (entender)
understanding (entendimento)
To train (treinar)
training (treinamento)
5. Verbo + Verb-Ing
Foi dito, no incio deste guia, que entre dois verbos coloca-se o TO. Pois bem,
existem alguns verbos que podem aceitar o verbo que vem a seguir na forma
do ING.
Despite political problems Brazil will continue exporting goods to the Middle East
Ingls
Apesar de problemas polticos (o) Brasil continuar (a) exportar bens ao Oriente Mdio
4/3/2011 10:28:09
44
6. Adjetivos
o verbo com a terminao -ing pode dar origem a um adjetivo
Exerccios
Texto 4 (Esaf / Afc / 2002) The Brazilian Budget for 2002
Blind answers
Vamos praticar as tcnicas de chute cientfico.
Ingls
1. According to the text, the relations with the other Mercosur member states
should be:
a. stronger and more intense.
b. more respectful and sporadic.
c. spontaneous and shallow.
d. interrupted or postponed.
e. less frequent and intense.
4/3/2011 10:28:09
45
2. The length of the Pluriannual Plan of the Federal Government:
a. will be determined.
b. is clearly set.
c. is not clear.
d. was extended.
e. is yet to be defined.
3. In paragraph 2, the role played by Estonias flat income tax in relation to its
robust revenues is:
a. ignored.
b. questioned.
c. omitted.
d. not mentioned.
e. disregarded.
4. According to the text, the flows of private capital to developing countries
have:
a. gone down.
b. gone up.
c. decreased.
d. fallen.
e. been interrupted.
5. According to the author, the area of defense weapons development:
a. has not seen an increase in its budget.
b. should have received a significant increase.
c. would have to be broadened and researched in 2006.
d. comprises one of the areas whose budget has risen.
e. has had its budget halved in 2006.
Ingls
6. According to the text, one of the factors affecting the budget is:
a. the increase of the minimum wage.
b. the rise of employment levels.
c. the reduction in exports.
d. the cuts in interest rates.
e. the Brazilian market reaction.
4/3/2011 10:28:09
46
c. it must consider the differences of European incomes.
d. two specific countries have voted against its priorities.
e. the present moment is ideal to go into it.
8. The distribution of foreign investment in developing countries was:
a. not equal.
b. equal.
c. the same.
d. egalitarian.
e. proportional.
9. According to the author, analysts:
a. foresee difficulties.
b. predict victories.
c. forecast gains.
d. praise Lulas victory.
e. triggered political reactions.
10. According to the author, Porto Alegres budget system is:
a. globalized.
b. conservative.
c. innovative.
d. traditional.
e. governmental.
Ingls
11. The author says that the Brazilian currency has slumped in recent weeks,
which means it:
a. has suddenly fallen.
b. has rallied.
c. has not been hit.
d. could have been depreciated.
e. has reached its highest quotation.
12. Argentinas customs procedures are considered by the USA Department of
State as:
a. sluggish and transparent.
b. transparent, but obsolete.
c. obscure and sluggish.
d. innovative, but time-consuming.
e. both well-defined and efficient.
4/3/2011 10:28:09
47
13. According to the text:
a. federal taxes are refundable.
b. paying levies is voluntary.
c. criminal penalties are illegal.
d. American states must enforce fiscal laws.
e. taxpayers have fiscal obligations.
14. According to the author, the decision to extend the moratorium was not:a)
quick.
a. official.
b. made.
c. sustained.
d. enforced.
15. A fiscal responsibility act was:
a. banned.
b. presented.
c. removed.
d. criticized.
e. suspended.
16. The author refers to the gloom about Latin America, which conveys a
feeling of:
a. approval and consensus.
b. optimism.
c. hopelessness.
d. expectation and hope.
e. growing satisfaction.
Ingls
17. According to the text, the Brazilian 2002 budget is likely to be:
a. increased.
b. mishandled.
c. supplemented.
d. doubled.
e. slashed.
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48
18. According to the text, Lulas possible victory in Brazils upcoming presidential
election:
a. would avoid economic turmoil.
b. might relieve the economic pressure.
c. would hardly impact the national economy.
d. already worries the markets.
e. would underpin the national growth.
19. According to the text, the rebuilding of state capacity:
a. requires a long time.
b. might demand time.
c. is not time consuming.
d. must last long.
e. is immediate.
20. In paragraph 3, the author states that the present tax-free personal allowance
would:
a. remain unchanged.
b. be cut.
c. rise.
d. be abolished.
e. be phased out.
21. The text is introduced by:
a. a figure.
b. an answer.
c. a query.
d. an explanation.
e. a forecast.
Ingls
O texto era introduzido por esta sentena: Do we know how much the world
economy affects the united states and vice versa?
22. According to the text, Americas recovery is stalling, which means it is:
a. exuberant.
b. amazing.
c. miraculous.
d. speedy
e. delayed.
4/3/2011 10:28:10
49
Texto 5 (Afr / 2002) Brazilian Rate Cut Catches Markest Off Guard
Brazils central bank surprised financial markets on Wednesday night with its
first interest rate cut in seven months, strengthening investors confidence in
an economic rebound this year and easing fears of economic contagion in the
region of Argentina.
The banks monetary policy committee reduced its overnight lending rate (Selic)
by 25 basis points to 18.75 per cent. It said the reduction was compatible with
the convergence of the inflation rate to its target. The governments year-end
inflation target is 5.5 per cent. The bank maintained a neutral bias, meaning
it is unlikely to change rates before its next monthly meeting in March.
A typical central bank strategy in past crises in the region has been to lift interest
rates to attract investment in the fixed rate market. This is what countries did in
1999, when Brazil was forced to devalue the Real.
While Wednesdays rate cut is modest and leaves inflation-adjusted interest
rates above 13 per cent, it could help accelerate a recovery in consumers
confidence, which has been battered by last years power crisis and Argentinas
economic turmoil.
Lower interest rates, one of the principal demands of Brazils business sector,
could also increase the popularity of the government ahead of presidential
elections in October. According to the latest consensus forecast published
by the central bank, the market expects interest rates to fall to 17 per cent
by year-end and to 14.1 per cent by the end of 2003. According to the same
forecast, gross domestic product is expected to grow 2.4 per cent this year, up
from an estimated 1.7 per cent last year.
Ingls
1. (AFRF) According to the text, the recent cut in the Brazilian interest rate was:
a. a misplaced sign of confidence in the economy.
b. a resulted of the crisis in Argentinas economy.
c. designed to attract investment over seven months.
d. a sign of confidence in Brazils economic recovery.
e. an unexpectedly large cut in a modest interest rate.
4/3/2011 10:28:10
50
3. (AFRF) The government expects Brazils inflation rate to be:
a. 1.7%.
b. 2.4%.
c. 5.5%.
d. 13%.
e. 18.75%.
4. (AFRF) The writer comments that the interest rate cut may:
a. be too modest to stimulate real growth in the Brazilian economy.
b. please business people and gain support for the government.
c. help to overcome a forecast of negative GDP growth.
d. assist the economy to overcome the effect of the years elections.
e. leave inflation-adjusted interest rates at an extremely low level.
5. (AFRF) The phrase last years power crisis refers to:
a. domestic political problems in 2001.
b. the effects on the world of the September 11 attacks.
c. regional political problems in South America.
d. changes in the government in 2001.
e. the shortage of electricity in Brazil in 2001.
Texto 6 (ARFR / 2002) Taxing Battle
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:10
Captulo 5
1. Present Perfect
Certamente voc j se deparou com sentenas como as abaixo mostradas:
The economist have predicted correctly.
The lawyer has won the case.
O tempo verbal utilizado se chama Present Perfect. Present Perfect
aplicado em duas situaes.
Present Perfect
Expressa uma ao que ocorreu em tempo indefinido no passado.
Expressa uma ao que se iniciou no passado e vem ocorrendo at o momento
da fala.
4/3/2011 10:28:11
52
Tais explicaes gramaticais, talvez, no sejam as coisas mais agradveis, porm,
precisamos nos situar de modo a entendermos porque tais tempos verbais existem.
Lets not stick to such explanations (no vamos nos prender a tais explicaes), mas,
sim, dar sugestes prticas de modo que saibamos como ler e interpretar textos. Pois
bem, todas as vezes que voc se deparar com esse tempo verbal, faa o seguinte:
Olhe o esquema de setas a seguir para melhor entender a dica que acabamos
de dar.
The technicians have fixed the computers.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:11
53
The technicians have fixed the computers.
The broker
has been working
est trabalhando
O corretor
tem trabalhado
trabalha
4/3/2011 10:28:11
54
Voc nota que qualquer uma das trs tradues passam a mesma ideia, ou seja,
expressa uma ao que comeou a ocorrer no passado e continua a ocorrer at o
momento da fala. O que nos interessa entender a ideia da sentena.
As trs tradues, em portugus, expressam a mesma ideia, ou seja, uma ao que
comeou no passado e continua at o presente.
Exerccios
Texto 7 (Trf / 2006) When Should We Start to Worry
Ingls
1. In his answer to question 1, Dr. Lee warns against drinking lots of caffeine
since it:
a. might cause a sudden faint.
b. can slow the heartbeats.
c. may accelerate the heartbeats.
d. will surely increase the heartbeats.
e. damages the heart muscle.
4/3/2011 10:28:12
55
2. According to Dr. Lee, we should listen to our bodys advice to cut back on
the caffeine. In other words, our body advises us:
a. not to stop drinking it.
b. to reduce our caffeine intake.
c. to increase caffeine consumption.
d. to regularly consume caffeine.
e. to quit caffeine consumption.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:12
Captulo 6
1. There To Be
A estrutura que iremos apresentar a seguir muito estudada no ensino mdio,
porm existem algumas formas que poucas pessoas conhecem e voc far parte
desse seleto grupo. Olhe para a tabela a seguir e veja que ela nada mais do
que a juno de estruturas que voc j conhecia.
4/3/2011 10:28:13
57
There is (h) / There are (h) (singular/plural)
Exerccios
2. (AFC / 2002) The author refers to the Brazilian administrative system as:
a. technically updated.
b. currently undergoing changes.
c. historically efficient.
d. consistently structured.
e. ambitiously restructured.
Ingls
1. (ESAF / AFTN / 98) When the author claims that We should not squander
this opportunity, he means that:
a. must not conceal its effects on taxpayers.
b. should not advertise it.
c. should not waste it.
d. might not alter any of its items.
e. should not welcome it.
4/3/2011 10:28:13
58
O ttulo do texto era: The Internet Revolution
3. (MPOG / 2002) The participative budget:
a. concerns the allocation of funds.
b. prevents democratic participation.
c. tends to increase levels of taxation.
d. reflects governmental decisions.
e. has increased corruption levels.
O ttulo do texto era: A New Budget System
4. (AFT / 2003) The word championing in paragraph 2, means:
a. competently devising.
b. publicly supporting.
c. openly rejecting.
d. undeniably abjuring.
e. carefully assessing.
5. (MTE / 2003) According to the text, the effects of globalization in its various
aspects:
a. ought to be analyzed and discussed.
b. have been defined by social researchers.
c. have been positive within the poor nations.
d. have been undoubtedly harmful.
e. are too irrelevant to be taken into account.
6. (MTE / 2003) In relation to unemployment and poverty, globalization:
a. surely makes these problems worse.
b. generates opposing interpretations.
c. is their ultimate solution.
d. is their primary cause.
e. plays no role in their understanding.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:13
59
O ttulo do texto era: Brazilian Government to Adopt Linux
8. (ANEEL / 2006) According to the article, The technologies to halt global
warming for 50 years already exists. In other words, global warming may be:
a. researched.
b. successfully mapped.
c. gradually increased.
d. decreased.
e. stopped.
9. (STN / 2005) Investors in the USA are reacting negatively to:
a. Federal Reserve consumer price guarantees.
b. a possible sharp increase in share prices.
c. a dangerous level of nervousness in Wall Street.
d. economic deceleration combined with higher inflation.
e. the administrations refusal to increase interest rates.
O ttulo do texto era: Specter of Higher Inflation sends Shares to New Lows For 2005
10. (ESAF / TTN /1998) The author claims that regular exercise:
a. should be prevented.
b. might be harmful.
c. reduces stress
d. is unhealthy
e. must be vigorous
12. (AFTN / 2006) According to paragraph 2, those who do not accept the
microchip revolution will:
a. be able to participate in the free world market in a more advantageous way.
b. certainly guarantee their presence in the free world market.
c. be naturally excluded from the free world market.
d. be naturally incorporated into the free world market.
e. face a wider and more effective participation in the free world market.
Ingls
11. (ESAF / TTN / 1998) According to the text, self-confidence and optimism:
a. positively affected by exercise.
b. negatively influenced by exercise.
c. reduced by regular exercise.
d. illogical feelings.
e. not at all affected by exercise.
4/3/2011 10:28:13
60
13. (MTRE / 2002) One of the aims of regional integration:
a. relates to productive investments.
b. is to forbid productive investments.
c. is to restrain productive investments.
d. is to avoid the use of technology.
e. is to allow financial losses.
14. (AFCE / CGU / 2003) According to the text, accountants and auditors:
a. play no role in fighting corruption.
b. may investigate bribery and nepotism.
c. seldom participate in the anticorruption effort.
d. are expected to restrain transparency and accountability.
e. are expected to help curb corrupt practices.
15. (AFCE / CGU / 2004) According to the author, integrity and objectivity are:
a. regarded as questionable principles.
b. considered disruptive elements.
c. seen as disregarded principles.
d. to be observed and maintained.
e. considered antagonistic principles.
16. (MPOG / 2005) Globalization has shattered the previous model. In other
words, globalization has:
a. destroyed it.
b. regulated it.
c. reinforced it.
d. deepened it.
e. strengthened it.
Ingls
17. (AFRF / 2000) The introductory quotation by Benjamin Franklin points out
that death and taxes:
a. show that there is nothing certain in this world.
b. prove the uncertainty of life in this world.
c. may be the only certainties in this world.
d. represent uncertainties in our present life.
e. are the only certainties in this world.
4/3/2011 10:28:14
61
O ttulo do texto era: In This World Nothing is Certain but Death and Taxes
Benjamin Franklin, 1789
Ingls
18. (AFRF / 2000) According to the text, a major concern at the moment is how to:
a. exempt companies from paying taxes derived from e-commerce.
b. imposes levies on commercial transactions made through the Internet.
c. audit those companies which sell via the telegraph.
d. increase taxation imposed on commerce via telegraph.
e. finance e-commerce via the Internet until it reaches $1,3 trillion.
4/3/2011 10:28:14
Captulo 7
Passive Voice
Olhe para a tabela abaixo e note que existem sentenas na voz ativa e voz passiva.
A tabela mostra as mais usuais formas de voz passiva (passive voice) em textos de
ingls tcnico. Mais uma vez, voc perceber que no h segredo, basta seguir a
sequncia das palavras que compem a sentena.
4/3/2011 10:28:14
63
Portugus
Ingls
inflao controlada.
inflation is controled.
6.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ingls
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64
This agreement may be executed in several counterparts
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:15
65
Aqui no h nenhum tipo
de problema. A traduo
clara por se tratar de um
objeto direto no incio da
frase. Por enquanto, no
problem!
Note que no se inicia a
sentena com a preposio
que forma objeto indireto.
Aqui a coisa muda de figura. No temos uma boa traduo, pois se trata de um
objeto indireto iniciando a frase.
A ltima sentena no apresentou uma boa traduo quando feita literalmente.
Uma boa traduo seria:
Ingls
Anotaes
4/3/2011 10:28:15
66
Exerccios
Texto 8 History of the Income Tax of the United States
MODELO Caderno de Prova, Cargo A01 , 19/04/06
Tipo - 001
17:23
INGLS
Ateno:
91.
(A)
gave.
(B)
gives.
(D)
was giving.
(E)
has given.
_________________________________________________________
92.
1862.
(B)
1868.
(C)
1872.
(D)
1894.
(E)) 1895.
_________________________________________________________
93.
(A)
upgraded.
(B)
held up.
(C)
taken off.
the source. Additional sales and excise taxes were added, and
(E) overcome.
The Act of 18 62 established the office of Commissioner _________________________________________________________
94.
Ingls
SFASP106-Ag.Fis.Rendas-Prova 1
(E)
4/3/2011 10:28:16
67
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:16
68
1. A forma correta de [TO GiVE] no texto
a. gave.
b. gives.
c. was given.
d. was giving.
e. has given.
2. No texto, a expresso latter year refere-se a
a. 1862.
b. 1868.
c. 1872.
d. 1894.
e. 1895.
3. Um sinnimo para offset, no texto,
a. upgraded.
b. held up.
c. taken off
d. cancelled out.
e. overcome.
4. Um sinnimo para compensar, no texto,
a. modernizado/melhorado (upgraded).
b. suspenso/obstrudo (held up particpio do verbo TO HOLD UP).
c. removido/retirado (taken off).
d. cancelado/anulado (cancelled out).
e. superado (overcome).
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:16
69
6. Ainda segundo o texto,
a. com a reteno do imposto de renda sobre salrios na fonte, o nmero de
contribuintes subiu para 60 milhes em dois anos.
b. a maior arrecadao na histria dos Estados Unidos deu-se em 1981.
c. a tabela progressiva de imposto de renda s entrou em vigor em 1943.
d. o Agente Fiscal de Rendas, quando o cargo foi criado nos Estados Unidos,
no tinha autoridade para processar o infrator.
e. a 16 Emenda Constituio Americana no passou de mais uma tentativa frustrada de fazer o imposto de renda incidir tanto sobre os ganhos
de pessoas fsicas quanto jurdicas.
Texto 9 (Esaf / Mtf / 2005) The Case for Flat Taxes
Ingls
Estonias economy has grown impressively since its 1994 reform. Growth
reached double digits in 1997, and has since settled at around 6% annually,
after a slump at the turn of the century. Repealing its high tax rate on the
rich did not erode the countrys tax base as some might have feared. In 1993,
general government revenues were 39.4% of the gross domestic product (GDP);
in 2002, they were 39.6%. Estonia now plans to cut its flat tax from 26% to
20% by 2007.
How much do Estonias robust revenues owe to its flat income tax? Perhaps
less than is frequently advertised. In 1993, the year before its reform, Estonias
multiple personal income taxes raised revenues amounting to 8.2% of GDP.
In 2002, its flat income tax raised revenues worth just 7.2%. Indeed, the flat
income tax that generated so much excitement abroad seems to be carrying less
weight than Estonias old-fashioned value-added tax (VAT), which raised 9.4%
of GDP in revenues in 2002. VAT is, of course, the flattest tax of all. It levies a
uniform rate on the goods you buy, taking a constant cut of your money when
it is spent as opposed to when it is earned. Estonias VAT is also quite broad,
leaving relatively few things out (hydropower and windpower were two curious
exceptions).
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70
2. The author mentions a slump in Estonias growth at the turn of the century
which characterizes:
a. a much less successful period.
b. a remarkable period of prosperity.
c. a slightly better fiscal period.
d. a landmark in Estonias growth.
e. the beginning of Estonias growth.
3. In paragraph 2, the role played by Estonias flat income tax in relation to its
robust revenues is:
a. ignored.
b. questioned.
c. omitted.
d. not mentioned.
e. disregarded.
Ingls
4/3/2011 10:28:17
Captulo 8
Textos Extras
U.S. residents returning after a stay abroad of at least 48 hours are usually
granted customs exemptions of $400 each. The duty-free articles must
accompany the traveler at the time of his return be for personal or household
use, have been acquired as an incident of his trip, and be properly declared to
Customs. No more than one liter of alcoholic beverages may be included in
the $400 exemption.
The exemption for alcoholic beverages is accorded only when the returning
resident has attained 21 years of age at the time of his arrival. One hundred
cigars and 200 cigarettes may be included in either exemption. Cuban cigars
may be included if obtained in Cuba and all articles acquired there do not
exceed $100 in retail value.
Most items including alcoholic beverages, cigars, cigarettes and perfume- made
in designated Caribbean and Central American countries may enter the U.S.
duty-free under the Caribbean Economic Recovery Act.
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72
1. According to the text, U.S. residents are normally given customs exemptions
of $400 each when:
a. they do not cross the countrys borders.
b. returning from a trip abroad of at least two days.
c. they visit other American states for at least 48 hours.
d. living abroad for long periods of time.
e. returning from a lengthy business trip.
2. Concerning alcoholic beverages, the text states that:
a. a defined amount is permitted in the $400 exemption.
b. they are not included in the $400 exemption.
c. it is against the American regulations to import any amount of them.
d. it is forbidden to acquire them abroad.
e. it is against the law to import them.
3. According to the text, U.S. residents:
a. are not granted customs exemptions.
b. of any age are allowed to import alcoholic beverages.
c. must import one hundred cigars and 200 cigarettes.
d. are entitled to specified customs exemptions.
e. should buy Cuban cigars but not exceed $100 in value.
Texto 11 (ESAF / AFRF / 2002) High Level of Protectionism
Ingls
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73
1. According to the text, Argentina:
a. intends to become a member of the MERCOSUR.
b. has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.
c. might soon implement some aggressive market reforms.
d. has been given a lower score in relation to its trade policy.
e. has kept low trade barriers with the American countries.
2. Argentinas customs procedures are considered by the U.S. Department of
State as:
a. sluggish and transparent.
b. transparent, but obsolete.
c. obscure and sluggish.
d. innovative, but time-consuming.
e. both well-defined and efficient.
3. In the main, the text deals with:
a. Argentinas wages and prices.
b. Argentinas trade policy.
c. Paraguays high fiscal deficit.
d. Brazils financial institutions.
e. Brazils regulation score.
Texto 12 As questes 1 a 2 referem-se ao texto a seguir.
Ingls
Take a tiny, open ex-peasant economy. Place it next door to a much larger one,
from which it broke away with great bitterness barely a lifetime ago. Infuse it
with a passionate desire to enjoy the same lifestyle of its former masters, but
without the same industrial heritage or natural resources. Inevitable result:
extravagance, frustration, debt. Ireland today is bravely facing up to the
consequence of a decade of borrowing to pay for better public services than its
wealth justified. Its citizens, many of whom have already endured six years of
stagnant real incomes, are just beginning to come to terms with the extent to
which the country has to change, if long-term growth to be secured.
Ireland is easily the poorest country in rich north-west Europe. Its gross domestic
product is a mere 64% of the European Community average. Yet in the middle
1970s it set out to build a welfare state as generous as Britains.
(The Economist)
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1. According to the text:
a. Ireland is relatively independent from a larger next door economy.
b. Irelands desire for a richer lifestyle was responsible for the countrys
current economic boom.
c. Irelands current problems actually began in the mid-1970s.
d. Irelands economy is still exclusively peasant.
e. Ireland has an industrial heritage which depends on the countrys natural
resources.
2. Segundo o texto, a Irlanda:
a. o pas mais pobre do norte da Europa.
b. o pas mais pobre da parte mais rica da Europa.
c. apresenta um produto bruto maior que a mdia da Comunidade Europeia.
d. apresenta um produto bruto abaixo da mdia da Comunidade Europeia.
e. conseguiu, nos anos 70, equiparar-se Gr-Bretanha em termos econmico.
Texto 13 Read the text below in order to answer
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1. As stated in text 13, PETROBRAS:
a. has been operating for exactly forty years.
b. has been leading world oil production for more than four decades.
c. is larger than the twenty largest oil companies.
d. got the OTC prize in the middle of the 90s.
e. is one of the world leaders in the implementation of deep-water
technology.
2. According to text 13, evaluate the items below.
I. In 1997, only sixteen nations produced more than 1.000.000 oil barrels
a day.
II. In 1997, Petrobras increasead its oil production.
III. All Petrobras units are found out of the national territory.
IV. Petrobras success is doubtful.
V. The number of petrobrass oil tankers exceeds that of any other company
in the world.
Texto 14
Ingls
Capitalism Reconsidered
Remember the triumph of Anglo-Saxon capitalism? Not many do. The
nations that inspired the late 20th century boom in global trade and profited
most greatly form in advance no longer define its rules. What the radical
individualists of the United States and Britain failed to recognize was how few
poor nations had joined the global system by the turn of the millennium: two
dozen at best. More than 100 were left out. Now, as more poor nations join the
international trading game, they have increased their share of world trade by
more than half. They are demanding a greater say in the global system, led by
nations that most opposed the Americanization of global trade and culture:
India, China, Brazil.
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This new force looks to Europe for inspiration. As a result, the governors of
globalization the International Monetary Fund, Worlds Bank and World
Trade Organization are no longer led by the United States, but by consensus,
similar to the EU (European Union). The global rules are cracking down on
multinationals that order mass layoffs or grow too powerful for local comfort.
Global capitalism is now continental.
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5. The text mentions mass layoffs, which means:
a. the hiring of under-qualified employees.
b. the huge increase of certain trade tariffs.
c. the dismissal of numerous employees.
d. the disregard for environmental issues.
e. the disrespect for local legal requirements.
Texto 15
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3. The expression on the wane in relation to consumer and business
confidence means it is:
a. lost.
b. invigorated.
c. weakening.
d. strengthened.
e. endorsed.
Texto 16 Read the text below in order to answer questions 1 to 4.
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3. For years, Europe has been an economic backwater, means that Europe:
a. has been an economic and financial paradise.
b. has been isolated from modern economic ideas and influences.
c. has been both economically and financially viable.
d. used to be competitive and innovative.
e. has not imposed enough taxes and regulations for many years.
4. The EMU coins and notes:
a. are already available.
b. will be available on Jan. 1, 1999.
c. will cease to exist on Jan. 1, 2002.
d. are called euro.
e. will not be available until Jan. 1, 2001.
Texto 17 Read the text below in order to answer questions 1 to 3.
Tax-free Interest
Congress is finally making a move toward school choice. The Senate approved a
bill in April that would allow family members, charitable groups and employers
to put up to $2,000 per child annually into education savings accounts that
would earn tax-free interest. Parents could use the funds for expenses related to
elementary and secondary schooling, regardless of whether their children were
in public, private, religious or home schools. The unused money and interest
could later be rolled over and used for college-related expenses.
We should not squander this opportunity!
2. When the author claims that we should not squander this opportunity, he
means we:
a. must not conceal its effects on tax payers.
b. should not welcome it.
c. should not advertise it.
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80
d. might not alter any of its items.
e. should not waste it.
3. The funds deposited in the education savings accounts may not be used for:
a. elementary education.
b. secondary education.
c. college expenses.
d. non-educational expenses.
e. educational expenses.
Texto 18 Read the text below in order to answer questions 1 to 3.
Tax Audits
Although only about one out of every 100 individual tax returns will be audited
in 1998, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is very good at selecting returns for
audit that will yield additional taxes. Nevertheless, if your return is selected, it
does not necessarily mean you will incur any additional tax liability.
If you do not agree with the examiners report, you can meet with the examiners
supervisor to discuss your case further. If you still do not agree, you have the
right to appeal the findings through a separate Appeals Office. You can also
appeal to the U.S. Tax Court.
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81
c. additional taxes must not be adopted.
d. audits are an unnecessary practice.
e. audits will soon be abolished.
Texto 19
Taxing Developments
Up until 5 April 1999, investors received dividends from stocks and shares net
of a tax credit of 20%. This 20% tax is paid by the company declaring the
dividend to the Inland Revenue as Advance Corporation Tax.
Until the July 1997 Budget, all those who did not pay tax, such as individuals
with low incomes, pension schemes and Pep investors, could reclaim this tax
credit from the Inland Revenue. The 1997 measures immediately ended the
right of pension funds to reclaim this tax, and in April 1999 non-tax payers
were no longer able to reclaim this credit either.
Furthermore, from 6 April 1999, the tax credit on dividends was reduced to
10% and Pep and Isa investors are only allowed to reclaim this 10% tax credit,
not the previous level of 20%.
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4. The tax credit on dividends has been:
a. increased by 10%.
b. below 10%.
c. decreased to 10%.
d. higher than 10%.
e. above 10%.
Ingls
5. Which alternative below is not mentioned as having once been eligible for
a credit rebate?
a. Individuals with high incomes.
b. Pep investors.
c. Pension funds.
d. Pension schemes.
e. Individuals with low incomes.
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Captulo 9
Exerccios Extras
Nas questes a seguir, selecione a alternativa que preenche, correta e adequadamente, os espaos em branco.
1. On October 11, 2001,
ex-president in U.S. history.
a. 90-year-old / the older
b. 90-years-old / the oldest
c. 90-years-old / the older
d. 90-year-old / the oldest
e. 90-years old / the older
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2. In the 60s, Americas radical fear of Communism got the nation involved in
a war in Vietnam,
in 1954
into South
Vietnam and the Communist Republic of North Vietnam.
a. that / has divided
b. who / was divided
c. which / had been divided
d. what / divided
e. whom / was being divided
3. Margaret Thatcher gave birth to a society of celular phone Yuppies, a new
class drawn
a cross section of
classes,
backgrounds and education.
a. from / other
b. of / others
c. on / another
d. in / other
e. to / others
4. If you
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5. My boss hates
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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6.
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85
a.
b.
c.
d.
house is downtown.
Peter, Marys and Georges.
Peters, Marys and Georges.
Peter, Mary and Georges.
Peters, Mary and George.
he works
the most; the most rich
the more; the rich
the most; the richest
the more; the richer
he gets.
your mistakes.
13. The passive voice of Our company exported goods to Europe is:
a. Goods were exported to our company by Europe
b. Goods was exported to Europe by our company
c. Goods were exporting to our company by Europe
d. Goods were exported to Europe by our company
cut costs.
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7.
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14. Give the meaning of the following words: available, actual, to balance,
eventually :
a. avaliado, atual, balanar, eventualmente
b. disponvel, real, balanar, eventualmente
c. disponvel, atual, equilibrar, eventualmente
d. vivel, real, equilibrar, finalmente
15. What modal verb expresses probability?
a. must
b. may
c. could
d. can
16. What modal verb expresses prohibition ?
a. must
b. cant
c. mustnt
d. shouldnt
17. Which of the alternatives below expresses como in Portuguese, and has the
meaning of na funo de?
a. like
b. as
c. likely
d. how
Ingls
18. Which are the two words that are used with Present Perfect and Present
Perfect Continuous which express an action that started in the past and still
continues up to the present?
a. since, lately
b. since, for
c. since, during
d. lately, recently
19. The superlative of bad is:
a. better than
b. the best
c. the worst
d. the baddest
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20. He spent all night talking to Paul and Mary. He was talking to
politics and religion.
a. they on
b. them about
c. their about
d. them for
21. People should spend their money
a. carefully
b. careful
c. lonely
d. careless
22. So far we have studied a series of prefixes and suffixes. Choose the alternative
which shows only suffixes:
a. Dis, ful, less.
b. Un, dis, less.
c. Able, ly, ful.
d. None of the above.
23. Could you go to the drugstore to buy some
a. aspirin
b. paper
c. milk
is the wastebasket? Its behind the desk.
Ingls
24.
a. When
b. What
c. Where
please?
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27. She would like to eat a delicious sandwich. She
ham and cheese.
a. have
b. should
c. has
to buy
30.
a. To type
b. To typing
c. Typing
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the office.
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35. I use a tape recorder to
a. recording
b. to record
c. record
the class.
36. There
some electrical problems. We should fix the
machine and check the cables.
a. are
b. was
c. c) is
37. My father
a. buyed
b. purchase
c. bought
rain.
every week.
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heavy traffic.
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42. Mike is hungry and thirsty. He
something.
a. would like drink eat
b. wanted eat drink
c. want eat drink
43.
a. Despite
b. Due to
c. So that
to
and
the necessary
Ingls
46. The sentence The security system has not been tested so far means
approximately:
a. Nobody has tested the security system so far.
b. Nothing has been tested by the security system so far.
c. No security system has been tested so far.
d. None of the security systems has been tested so far.
47. In the passage This study on business on the web which has just been
released points to a marked slowdown in the sector which refers to:
a. Business.
b. Study.
c. Web.
d. Slowdown.
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48. If they cant meet
goals, they should
.
The words which best complete the passage are, respectively:
a. Their themselves us.
b. Their theirselves ours.
c. Them themselves ourselves.
d. Them theirselves ourselves.
, not
49. Candidates are expected to live in France, so they can apply for the job
they prove they can speak French.
The expression or word which best completes the passage is:
a. Only if.
b. But.
c. However.
d. Despite.
50. In the sentence, unless you have a password means approximately:
a. Because you have a password.
b. Once you have a password.
c. If you dont have a password.
d. Provided you have a password.
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Gabarito
Texto 1
4. d
1. e
5. c
2. d
3. a
Texto 4
4. c
1. a
2. b
Texto 2
3. c
1. e
4. b
2. b
3. d
Ingls
Texto 3
1. e
2. b
3. a
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faro de detetive para eliminar alternativas
Captulo 6 Exerccios
supostamente incorretas.
8. c
9. b
10. a
8. a
11. b
9. a
12. a
10. c
13. b
11. a
14. c
12. c
15. e
13. e
16. d
14. a
17. c
15. b
18. a
16. c
19. c
17. e
20. a
18. d
21. e
19. a
22. d
20. c
23. a
21. c
24. e
22. e
25. b
Texto 5
Texto 8
1. d
26. c
2. a
27. e
3. c
28. d
5. e
Texto 6
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
Texto 7
5. c
6. b
7. d
z
29. b
30. a
Texto 09
31. d
32. a
33. b
34. e
Captulo 8 Textos Extras
Texto 10
1. Alternativa correta: B (traduo da
Alternativa correta: = retornando de uma
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4. b
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94
viagem ao exterior de pelo menos dois
concesso a algo).
Ingls
Texto 11
iseno de $400,00).
MERCOSUL.
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95
that behind PETROBRAS success there
Texto 12
Hemisfrio Sul.
pblicos.
2. Alternativa correta: D. O autor expressa
Texto 14
Texto 13
Offshore em 1992).
3.
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96
medida que naes pobres se unem ao
employees)
Texto 15
corte j ocorreu.
mudanas.
atrasada(delayed).
fraquecendo (weakening).
powerful for local comfort.(As regras globais esto se rompendo sobre multinacio-
Texto 16
provavelmente mudando.
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97
tem sido um local economicamente es-
choice).
corrente)
Texto 18
renascimento.).
micas modernas.
resposta anterior.
Texto 17
Texto 19
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98
investors received dividends from stocks
dividendos.
renda.
2. Alternativa correta: D. O ltimo pargrafo diz que from 6 April 1999,the tax
10% (foi reduzido para 10%.). Isso significa que antes daquela data o crdito tributrio pago era mais alto (higher).
3. Alternativa correta: D. Observe o trecho
Ingls
vos compostos.
2. Alternativa correta: C. A traduo da sen-
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99
4. Alternativa correta: D. Traduo da sentena com a alternativa D preenchendo
no fazem sentido.
sentena.
tivo de superioridade.
14. Alternativa correta: D. A traduo das seguintes palavras esto no item D. uma tpica questo de provas e que o candidato(a)
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100
desse exerccio, escolheram-se algumas
palavras capciosas.
15. Alternativa correta: B. Dos verbos oferecidos, o nico que expressa probabilidade
o verbo may. Outro verbo o might.
16. Alternativa correta: C. O verbo must seguido de not expressa proibio.
17. Alternativa correta: B. Algumas pessoas
cuidadosamente.
22. Alternativa correta: C. Sufixos so partculas que so adicionadas s palavras no
seu final. Os nicos sufixos esto na alternativa C. Able expressa a ideia de capaz
de. Ly , normalmente, utilizado para
na funo de.
Ingls
tiva A.
24. Alternativa correta: C. Devemos nos
basear na resposta (Its behind the desk
da mesa.
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101
ternativas que expressa permisso o can.
26. Alternativa correta: B. A traduo da sentena com a alternativa B preenchendo as
lacunas Estamos muito ocupados agora.
No podemos atender o telefone agora.
27. Alternativa correta: C. A traduo da sentena utilizando-se a alternativa C para
preposio.
35. Alternativa correta: C. Traduo da sen-
eles....
29. Alternativa correta: B. O verbo to type
preencher a lacuna.
na alternativa A.
37. Alternativa correta: A. A verbo dessa sen-
secretria.
duo da frase fica correta quando utilizamos a palavra also (tambm) na lacuna.
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Observe: Voc me ensina ingls, mas eu
uma tpica questo sobre sentenas subordinadas. A nica alternativa que apresenta
es plausveis.
46. Alternativa correta: C. A traduo da
Alternativa correta: Ningum testou o
Ingls
liberado? O estudo.
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48. Alternativa correta: A. Aqui temos que co-
francs.
verbos e preposies.
49. Alternativa correta: A. Utilizando um
postergar).
Ingls
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Ingls
104
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