Signal LabReport

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report
Lab Report
Advanced Signal Processing
Submitted By
TAPAS KUMAR DASH

TRAINEE SCIENTIST,AES
PGRPE-2014
Submitted in partial fulfilment of M.Tech
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
DR. A. Karmakar
IC Design Group
ACSIR , CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute

Pilani, Rajasthan
(2014-2016)
CENTRAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, PILANI, RAJASTHAN, INDIA-333 031 Page 1
Lab Assignment - I
Signal & Image Processing - I: ENG(CEERI) : 2-219
Advanced Electronic Systems
AcSIR IMP Programme
CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

M-point moving average system is defined by
I.1
y[n]
1
M
M 1
x[n k ] .
k 0
Such a system is often used in smoothing random variations in data. Consider the case of a signal
s[n] is corrupted by a noise d[n] for n>=0, resulting in a measured data given by x[n] s[n] d[n] .
We would like to reduce the effect of the noise d[n] and get a better estimate of s[n] from x[n].
n
Generate the signal s[n] 2n 0.9 and plot this uncorrupted signal. Generate a realization of
(100 values) of random noise by using rand function containing pseudo-random values drawn from
a uniform distribution on the unit interval. Now, generate the corrupted signal x[n].Employ the
moving average filter for M=3 and notice the effect of the noise smoothing. Comment on delay for
this operation. Also investigate the effect of signal smoothing by the moving average filter of length
4 and higher. Comment on your results.
CODE:
assignment1_1.m
%Lab Assignment-1.1
%M-Point Moving Average Filter to smooth corrupted signal
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
% Trainee Scientist, PGRPE-2014
clc
clear all
close all
M=input('Enter the required M point value of Moving Average
Filter:');
out=moving_average_filter( M );
--------------------------------------------------------------
moving_average_filter.m
function [ y ] = moving_average_filter( M )
%Implementation of MOVING AVERAGE FILTER
%Such a system is used in smoothing random variations in data

%***************************************************************
********
%Description of given system
n=1:100;
m=0:99;
s=2.*n.*power(0.9,n);
d=rand(1,100);
%Time Index n
%Generate the uncorrupted signal
%Generate the random noise
x=s+d;
%Generate the corrupted signal
%***************************************************************
********
%Logic Implementation of Moving Average Filter Starts from here
%***************************************************************
********
x=[zeros(1,M-1) x];
y=zeros(1,100);
for i=M:(length(x))
for j=1:M
y(i-M+1)=y(i-M+1)+x(i-j+1);
end
end
y=y/M;
%Output of Moving_Average Filter
%End of Logic here

%***************************************************************
**********
%Plotting of The Results starts here
%***************************************************************
**********
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(m,d,'r-',m,s,'g--',m,x(M:(length(x))),'b-.'),xlabel('Time
index n');ylabel('Amplitude');legend('d[n]:Random Noise
Signal','s[n]:Uncorrupted Signal','x[n]: Corrupted Signal');
grid,title('Variation of Random Noise Signal:d[n], Uncorrupted
signal:s[n]and Corrupted signal:x[n] w.r.t Time index n)');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(m,y,'r-',m,s,'g--');
legend('y[n]: Smoothed M-point Moving Average Filter
Output','s[n]:Uncorruped Signal');

xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
grid,title([int2str(M),'-Point Moving Average Filter Smoothed
Output']);
%Plotting of The Results ends here
%***************************************************************
***********
End
----------------------------------------------------------------
OUTPUT:
Enter the required M point value of Moving Average Filter:3


Comments:
1. For M=3,4, and higher order(M=10),M-point moving average system
output were found out.
2. It is observed that for higher order M-Point averaging system the noise
smoothing is more.

The median filter is often used for smoothing for signals corrupted by impulse noise. It is
I.2
implemented by sliding a window of one length over the input sequence x[n] one sample time. At
the nth instant, the input samples inside the window are rank ordered from the largest to the
smallest in values, and the sample at the middle is the median value. The output y[n] of the median
filter is then given
y[n] med x[n K ],..., x[n 1], x[n], x[n 1],...x[n K ].

For example, med 2, 3,10,5, 1 2. Is the median filter a linear or nonlinear discrete-time
system ? Is it time-invariant? Justify your answer through some MATLAB experimentations.
CODE:
assignment1_2.m
%Lab Assignment-1.2
%Median Filter to smooth corrupted signal
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
clc
clear all
close all
k=7;
%***************************************************************
********
%Description of given system
m=0:1:99;
%Time Index n
x=zeros(1,100);
s=zeros(1,100);
for i=1:100
s(i)=2*(i-1)*((.9).^(i-1)); %Generate the uncorrupted signal

end
d=rand(1,100);
%Generate the random noise
x=s+d;
%Generate the corrupted signal
%***************************************************************
********
y=median_filter(k,x);
%***************************************************************
********
%***************************************************************
**********
%Plotting of The Results starts here
%***************************************************************
**********
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(m,d,'r-',m,s,'g--',m,x,'b-.'),xlabel('Time index
n');ylabel('Amplitude');legend('d[n]:Random Noise
Signal','s[n]:Uncorrupted Signal','x[n]: Corrupted Signal');
grid,title('Variation of Random Noise Signal:d[n], Uncorrupted
signal:s[n]and Corrupted signal:x[n] w.r.t Time index n)');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(m,y,'r-',m,s,'g--',m,x,'b-.');
legend('y[n]: Smoothed Median Filter Output','s[n]:Uncorruped
Signal','x[n]: Corrupted Signal');
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
grid,title('Median Filter Smoothed Output');
%Plotting of The Results ends here
%***************************************************************
***********
median_filter.m
function [ y ] = median_filter( k,x)
%MEDIAN_FILTER is used to smooth the corrupted signal
y=zeros(1,100);
%***************************************************************
********
%Logic Implementation of Median Filter Starts from here

%***************************************************************
********
for i=4:(length(x)-3)
w= x((i-3):(i+3));
w=piecewise_sorting(w);
y(i)=w((k+1)/2);
end
%End of Logic here
end
piecewise_sorting.m
function [ w ] = piecewise_sorting( x )
%PIECEWISE_SORTING sorts the input vector piecewise
for i=1:length(x)
for j=1:i-1
if x(j)>x(j+1)
tmp=x(j);
x(j)=x(j+1);
x(j+1)=tmp;
end
end
end
w=x;
end
linearity_time_invariance_check.m
clear all;
close all;
clc
k=7;
x1=[1 4 8 2 3 9 0 0 8 9 0 9 8];
x2=[8 0 2 4 1 3 7 0 8 9 0 9 8];
m1=median_filter(7,x1);
x3=3.*x1+5.*x2;
if(m3==3*m1+5*m2)
disp('filter is linear');
else
disp('filter is non-linear');

end
D=10;
x4=[zeros(1,D) 1 4 8 2 3 9 0 0 8 9 0 9 8];
m5=[zeros(1,3) m4(1+(D+3):length(m4)) zeros(1,D)];
if(m1==m5)
disp('filter is Time Invariant');
else
disp('filter is Time Variant');
end
Comment:
Median filter is non-linear and tine invariant filter.

Filter is non-linear.
As compared to averaging filter median filter is preferred.
PLOT:

Consider the discrete-time system characterized by the input-output relation
I.3
1
x[n]
y[n] y[n 1]
2
y[n 1]
where x[n] and y[n] are , respectively, the input and output sequences. Show that the output y[n] of
the above system for an input x[n] nu[n] with y[1] 1 converges to
as n when is
a positive number. Is the above system linear or non-linear ? Is it time-invariant ? Justify your
answer.
Implement the above system in MATLAB and show that output y[n] of the above system for an
input x[n] nu[n] with y[1] 1 converges to
as n .
CODE
assignment1_3.m
%Lab Assignment-1.3
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
close all;
clear all;
clc
alpha= input('Enter values of Alpha:');
u=ones(1,100);
n=1:100;
for i=1:length(alpha)
x=alpha(i)*u;
out=output_discrete_system(x);
plot(n,out,'DisplayName',['alpha=',num2str(alpha(i))]),legend('DynamicLegend'),hold all;
end
output_discrete_system.m

function [ out] = output_discrete_system(x)
%OUTPUT_DISCRETE_SYSTEM Summary of this function goes here
%
Detailed explanation goes here
y(1)=1;
for n=2:100
y(n)=(y(n-1)+(x(n)/y(n-1)))/2;
end
out=y;
end
OUTPUT:
Enter values of Alpha:[ 0.25 0.5 2 5 8];

The linear convolution of two sequences x[n] and h[n] is defined by y[n] h[n] x[n] . The
I.4
process of recovering x[n] knowing y[n] is called deconvolution. A recursive algorithm for
deconvolution can be developed from a sequence obtained by a convolution of two finite-length
sequences. Let the lengths of x[n] and h[n] be N and M, respectively. Show that x[n] can be
computed recursively for 0 n N 1 from h[n] and the first N samples of y[n] by a linear
constant coefficient difference equation. Now consider the following cases,
a)
y[n] 2,8, 20, 40,60,68,62, 40 h[n] 2, 4,6,8
b)
y[n] 3,8, 20,10, 12,12,16, 58,35 , h[n] 1, 2, 4, 4,5
Determine x[n] for the above. The first sample in each sequence is its value at n=0.
The deconvolution operation as defined above can be performed using MATLAB. Employ the
appropriate MATLAB function and the obtain x[n] for the two cases. Compare your results.
CODE:
assignment1_4.m
%Lab Assignment-1.4
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
%Deconvolution
clear all
close all
clc
y1=[2 8 20 40 60 68 62 40];
h1=[2 4 6 8];
x1=deconv(y1,h1);
disp(x1);
x2=deconvolution(y1,h1);
disp(x2);
x3=x2(1:length(y1)-length(h1)+1);
disp(x3);
if(x1==int64(x3))

disp('For 1st question Deconvolution obtained from User
defined function is same as obtained by InBuilt Function
deconv()');
else
disp('For 1st question Deconvolution obtained from User defined
function is different from result obtained by InBuilt Function
deconv()');
end
y2=[-3 8 -20 10 -12 12 16 -58 35];
h2=[-1 2 -4 4 5];
x4=deconv(y2,h2);
disp(x4);
x5=deconvolution(y2,h2);
x6=int64(x5(1:length(y2)-length(h2)+1));
disp(x6);
if(x4==x6)
disp('For 2nd question Deconvolution obtained from User
defined function is same as obtained by InBuilt Function
deconv()');
else
disp('For 2nd question Deconvolution obtained from User defined
function is different from result obtained by InBuilt Function
deconv()');
end
deconvolution.m
function [ out ] = deconvolution( y,h )
[mb,nb] = size(y);
nb = max(mb,nb);
na = length(h);
% Deconvolution and polynomial division are the same
operations
% as a digital filter's impulse response B(z)/A(z):
q = filter(y, h,[1 zeros(1,nb-na)]);
out=q;
end

OUTPUT:
X1=1
X1= 1
For 1st question Deconvolution obtained from User defined function is same as obtained by InBuilt
Function deconv()
X2=3 -2
4 18 39
X2=3 -2
4 18 39
For 2nd question Deconvolution obtained from User defined function is same as obtained by InBuilt
Function deconv()
I.5
Obtain the discrete-time Fourier transform of each of the following sequences.
1 N n N
0 otherwise
a) y1[n]
1 n / N , N n N
otherwise
b) y2 [n]
cos( n / 2 N ), N n N
otherwise
0,
c) y2 [n]
Plot the real and imaginary parts and the magnitude and phase spectra of the DTFTs. Comment on
the result.
CODE:
assignment1_5.m
%Lab Assignment-1.5
%DTFT of the given sequences
%Submitted By

% Tapas Kumar Dash
clc
clear all
close all
%***************************************************************
********
% Generate given 3 sequences
%***************************************************************
********
n=-40:40;
%Time Index n
N=input('enter the value for N:');

% Generate 1st Input Sequence
x1=[zeros(1,(40-N)),ones(1,2*N+1),zeros(1,(40-N))];
% Generate 2nd Input sequence
for j=-N:N
temp(j+N+1)=1-abs(j)/N;
end
x2=[zeros(1,(40-N)),temp,zeros(1,(40-N))];
% Generate 3rd Input sequence
for j=-N:N
temp1(j+N+1)=cos(pi*j/2*N);
end
x3=[zeros(1,(40-N)),temp1,zeros(1,(40-N))];
%***************************************************************
********
% To obtain the discrete time fourier transform
% user defined function discrete_fourier_transform(x) called
%***************************************************************
********
y1=discrete_fourier_transform(x1);

%***************************************************************
********
% Plot real and imaginary parts and the magnitude and phase
spectra of
% the DTFTs
%***************************************************************
********
w=-pi:pi/40:pi;
figure(1),plot_figure(y1,x1,w,1);
%***************************************************************
*********
discrete_fourier_transform.m
function [ out ] = discrete_fourier_transform( x )
%DISCRETE_FOURIER_TRANSFORM Summary of this function goes here
%
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/40:pi
y(1)=0;
for i=2:length(x)+1
y(i)=x(i-1)*exp(-1i*w*(i-2))+y(i-1);
end
out(k)=sum(y);
k=k+1;
end
end
plot_figure.m
function [ output_args ] = plot_figure( y,x,w,i )
%PLOT_FIGURE Summary of this function goes here
%
n=-40:40;
subplot(2,2,1),stem(n,x),grid,title(['Input
Sequence',int2str(i)]);
subplot(2,2,2),plot(w./pi,real(y),'b',w,imag(y),'r'),grid,title(
['DTFT of Input Sequence-',int2str(i)]);
subplot(2,2,3),plot(w./pi,abs(y)),grid,title(['Magnitude
spectrum of DTFT of Input Sequence-',int2str(i)]);

subplot(2,2,4),plot(w./pi,angle(y)),grid,title(['Phase spectrum
of DTFT of input sequence-',int2str(i)]);
end
OUTPUT:
enter the value for N:5
I.6
Determine and plot the real and imaginary parts, and the magnitude and phase spectra of
the following DTFTs
a) G(e j )
1
for(i) r 0.9 0.75 and (ii) r 0.7 0.5
1 2r (cos )e j r 2e j 2
1 3e j 3e j 2 e j 3
b) X (e )
0.0736 0.0718e j 0.0631e j 2 0.0214e j 3
j
CODE
assignment1_6.m
%Lab Assignment-1.6
%Plot the real and imaginary parts, and the magnitude and phase
spectra of
%DTFTs
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
clc
clear all
close all

%1.6. a) i. for r=0.9 theta=0.75
r=0.9;
theta=0.75;
m=1;
for w=-pi:pi/80:pi
G1(m)=1/(1-(2*r*cos(theta)*exp(-1i*w))+r*r*exp(-1i*2*w));
m=m+1;
end
%1.6. a) ii. for r=0.7 theta=0.5
r=0.7;
theta=0.5;
m=1;
for w=-pi:pi/80:pi
G2(m)=1/(1-(2*r*cos(theta)*exp(-1i*w))+r*r*exp(-1i*2*w));
m=m+1;
end
%1.6. b)
n=1;
for w=-pi:pi/80:pi
X(n)=(1+3*exp(-1i*w)+3*exp(-1i*2*w)+exp(-1i*3*w))/(0.07360.0718*exp(-1i*w)+0.0631*exp(-1i*2*w)+0.0214*exp(-1i*3*w));
n=n+1;
end
w=-pi:pi/80:pi;
figure(1),plot_figure_6(G1,w);
figure(2),plot_figure_6(G2,w);
figure(3),plot_figure_6(X,w);
plot_figure_6.m
function [ out ] = plot_figure_6( G,w )
%PLOT_FIGURE_6 Summary of this function goes here
%
out=G;

subplot(2,2,1),plot(w./pi,real(G)),grid,title('Real part');
subplot(2,2,2),plot(w./pi,imag(G)),grid,title('Imaginary part');
subplot(2,2,3),plot(w./pi,abs(G)),grid,title('Magnitude
Spectrum');
subplot(2,2,4),plot(w./pi,angle(G)),grid,title('Phase
spectrum');
end
OUTPUT:
I.7
Using MATLAB determine the factored form of the following z-transform
2 z 4 16 z 3 44 z 2 56 z 32
a) G1 ( z )
3z 4 3z 3 15 z 2 18 z 12
b) G2 ( z )
4 z 4 8.68 z 3 17.98 z 2 26.74 z 8.04

z 4 2 z 3 10 z 2 6 z 65
and show their pole-zero plots. Determine all regions of convergence (ROCs) of each of the above ztransforms, and describe the type of their inverse z-transforms (left-sided, right-sided, two-sided
sequences) associated with each of the ROCs.
CODE:
assignment1_7.m
%Lab Assignment-1.7
%Determine Factored form of given Z-transform
%Plot its pole-zero plot
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash

num1=input('enter numerator:');
den1=input('enter denominator:');
zeros1=roots(num1);
poles1=roots(den1);
no_zero2=length(zeros1);
no_pole2=length(poles1);
str1='';
str2='';
for i=1:no_zero2
str1=strcat(str1,'(z-','(',num2str(zeros1(i)),')',')');
end
for i=1:no_pole2
str2=strcat(str2,'(z-','(',num2str(poles1(i)),')',')');
end
sprintf('\t%s\nG=\t------------------------------------------------\n\t%s',str1,str2)
H2=filt(num1,den1);
figure,pzmap(H2);
OUTPUT
enter numerator:[2 16 44 56 32]
enter denominator:[3 3 -15 18 -12]
ans =
(z-(-4))(z-(-2))(z-(-1+1i))(z-(-1-1i))
G=
------------------------------------------------(z-(-3.2361))(z-(1.2361))(z-(0.5+0.86603i))(z-(0.5-0.86603i))
b)

enter numerator:[4 -8.68 -17.98 26.74 -8.04]
enter denominator:[1 -2 10 6 65]
ans =
(z-(3))(z-(-2))(z-(0.67))(z-(0.5))
G=
------------------------------------------------(z-(2+3i))(z-(2-3i))(z-(-1+2i))(z-(-1-2i))
Power Complementary
I.8
The L transfer functions Hi (e j ) 0 i L 1 are called power complementary if

L 1
H (e )
j
i 0
1.
Through analytic continuation, we find the equivalent relation in z-transform (on unit circle)
L 1
H ( z)H ( z
i 0
) 1
(Try to prove it, analytically. Hint : Use Z-transform Properties)
Note: For two transfer functions H 0 ( z ) and H1 ( z ) the relationship is,
H 0 ( z) H 0 ( z 1 ) H1 ( z) H1 ( z 1 ) 1

Now show that for each case listed below, H(z) and H(-z) are power-complementary
a) H ( z )
0.75 z 1 2 z 2 2 z 3 z 4 0.75 z 5
3 3.5 z 2 z 4
b) H ( z )
1 1.5 z 1 3.75 z 2 2.75 z 3 2.75 z 4 3.75z 5 1.55z 6 z 7

6 6.5 z 2 4.5 z 4 z 6
To verify the power complementary property, write MATLAB program to evaluate
H ( z) H ( z 1 ) H ( z ) H ( z 1 ) and show that this expression is equal to unity for each of

the transfer functions given above.
CODE:
assignment1_8.m
%Lab Assignment-1.8
%verification of power complementary function
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
clear all;
close all;
clc
w=2*pi;
b=input('enter numerator:');
a=input('enter denominator:');
[Z,p,k]=tf2zpk(b,a);
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
%H(z)
z=exp(1i*w);
num=polyval(np,z);
den=polyval(dp,z);
h1=k*(num./den);
%H(z^-1)
z1=exp(-1i*w);
num1=polyval(np,z1);
den1=polyval(dp,z1);
h2=k*(num1./den1);
%H(z)*H(z^-1)
h3=h1.*h2;
%H(-z)
z2=-exp(1i*w);
h4=k*(num2./den2);
%H(-z^-1)
z3=-exp(-1i*w);

h5=k*(num3./den3);
%H(-z)*H(-z^-1)
h6=h4.*h5;
%H(z)*H(z^-1)+H(-z)*H(-z^-1)
h7=h3+h6;
disp(sum(h7));
OUTPUT:
a)
>>enter numerator:[0 0.75 2 2 1 0.75]
enter denominator:[3 0 3.5 0 1]
0.755555555555554
b)
>>enter numerator:[1 -1.5 3.75 -2.75 2.75 -3.75 1.55 -1]
enter denominator:[6 0 6.5 0 4.5 0 1]
1.005570987654322
I.9
Look at the following third-order IIR transfer function,
z 1 (1 z 1 )2
H ( z)
(1 0.4 z 1 )(1 0.88 z 1 0.61z 2 )
Using MATLAB determine and plot its gain reponses and show that it has a highpass response.
CODE:
assignment1_9.m
%Lab Assignment-1.9
%Submitted By
% Tapas Kumar Dash
clear all;
close all;
clc

w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
Z=input('enter zeros:');
p=input('enter poles:');
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
z=exp(1i*w);
num=polyval(np,z);
den=polyval(dp,z);
h1=num./den;
subplot(2,1,1),zplane(Z,p),grid,title('pole-zero plot');
subplot(2,1,2),plot(w,20*log10(abs(h1))),grid,title('Magnitude plot');
num=polyval(np,z);
den=polyval(dp,z);
h1=num./den;
subplot(2,1,1),zplane(Z,p),grid,title('pole-zero plot');
subplot(2,1,2),plot(w,20*log10(abs(h1))),grid,title('Magnitude plot');
Output:
>>
enter zeros:[0;1;1]
enter poles:[0.4;0.44+0.6453i;0.44-0.6543i]
Lab Assignment II
Lab: Signal & Image Processing- I: ENG (CEERI): 2-219
Advanced Electronic Systems
AcSIR IMP Programme
CSIR-CEERI, Pilani

II.1 Consider distorting function to be
=
Show the plots pole-zero, log magnitude, phase, and group delay for Hd(ejw) and comment on
stability, causality and also on whether the system is minimum phase .
CODE:
test_1.m
%
%
%
%
%
%
%Lab Assignment-1
%Author:TAPAS KUMAR DASH
%Trainee Scientist,PGRPE-2014
Show the plots pole-zero, log magnitude, phase, and group delay for
distorting function Hd(ejw) and comment on stability, causality and
also on whether the system is minimum phase
clc
clear all
close all
zero=[0.9*exp(0.6j*pi) 0.9*exp(-0.6j*pi) 1.25*exp(0.8j*pi) 1.25*exp(0.8j*pi)];
pole=[0 0 0 0];
[Hmag,Hang,w]=freq_response(pole,zero,'PZ');
num=poly(zero);
den=poly(pole);
hd=filt(num,den);%Transfer function
figure(1),
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,Hmag);
xlabel('frequency(xPi)');
title('log magnitude');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,Hang);
title('phase');
subplot(2,2,2)
pzmap(hd);
title('pole zero plot');
[grpdel,w]=group_delay_calculation(pole,zero,'PZ');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w,grpdel);
title('group delay');
res1=verify_stability(zero,pole);

str1='';
if res1==1
str1=strcat(str1,'System is: stable');
else
str1=strcat(str1,'System is: unstable');
end
res2=verify_causality(zero,pole);
if res2==1
str1=strcat(str1,' causal');
else
str1=strcat(str1,'non-causal');
end
res3=verify_minimumphasesystem_pz(zero,pole);
if res3==1
str1=strcat(str1,' minimum phase');
else
str1=strcat(str1,'non-minimum phase');
end
disp(str1);
freq_response.m
function [ Hmag,Hang,w ] =
freq_response(Pole_or_Denominator,Zero_or_Numerator,TYPE )
%Function has 3 arguments:: 1-Pole_or_Denominator
%
2-Zero_or_Numerator
%
3-TYPE
%Argument TYPE denotes whether input arguments are in pole zero form(if
%TYPE='PZ') or numerator and denominator form(if TYPE='ND')
if strcmp(TYPE,'PZ')
denominator=poly(Pole_or_Denominator);
numerator=poly(Zero_or_Numerator);
elseif strcmp(TYPE,'ND')
denominator=Pole_or_Denominator;
numerator=Zero_or_Numerator;
end
denominator_length=length(denominator);
numerator_length=length(numerator);
Hmag_numerator=zeros(1,101);
Hmag_denominator=zeros(1,101);
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
for m=0:numerator_length-1
Hmag_numerator(k)=Hmag_numerator(k)+numerator(m+1)*exp(-m*1j*w);
end
k=k+1;
end

k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
for m=0:denominator_length-1
Hmag_denominator(k)=Hmag_denominator(k)+denominator(m+1)*exp(m*1j*w);
end
k=k+1;
end
hmag=abs(Hmag_numerator)./abs(Hmag_denominator);
Hmag=20*log10(hmag);
Hang=angle(Hmag_numerator)-angle(Hmag_denominator);
w=-pi:pi/50:pi;
end
group_delay_calculation.m
function [ group_delay,w ] = group_delay_calculation(
Zero_or_Numerator,Pole_or_Denominator,TYPE )
%This function performs group delay calculation
end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
end
k=k+1;
end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
end
k=k+1;

end
w=-pi:pi/50:pi;
for k=1:length(Hang)
if k-1>0
group_delay(k)=-((50/pi)*(Hang(k)-Hang(k-1)));
else
group_delay(k)=0;
end
end
end
verify_stability.m
function [res] =verify_stability(zero,pole)
%If all the poles are inside unit circle then system is stable
if max(abs(pole))<1
res=1; %Stable
else
res=0;
end
end
verify_causality.m
function [res] = verify_causality(zero,pole)
if max(abs(pole))==0
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end
verify_minimumphasesystem_pz.m
function [res] = verify_minimumphasesystem_pz(zero,pole)
pole_mag=abs(pole);
zero_mag=abs(zero);
if max(pole_mag)<1 && max(zero_mag)<1
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end
OUTPUT:
Comment:
System is: stable causal and non-minimum phase system
II.2 Plot the log magnitude, phase and group delay for a second order all-pass system with poles at
z =0.9e-j/4 and z=0.9ej/4.
CODE:

test_2.m
%
%
%
%
%
%Lab Assignment-2
Plot the log magnitude, phase and group delay for a second order
all-pass system with poles at z =0.9e-j?/4 and z=0.9ej?/4.
clc
clear all
close all
pole=[0.9*exp(-1j*pi/4) 0.9*exp(1j*pi/4)];
%Zeros are conjugate inverse of poles
zero=[1.1111*exp(1j*pi/4) 1.1111*exp(-1j*pi/4)];
[Hmag,Hang,w]=freq_response(pole,zero,'PZ');
num=poly(zero);
den=poly(pole);
hd=filt(num,den);%Transfer function
figure(1),
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,Hmag);
title('log magnitude');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,Hang);
title('phase');
subplot(2,2,2)
pzmap(hd);
title('pole zero plot');
[grpdel,w]=group_delay_calculation(pole,zero,'PZ');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w,grpdel);
title('group delay');
freq_response.m
function [ Hmag,Hang,w ] =
freq_response(Pole_or_Denominator,Zero_or_Numerator,TYPE )
%Function has 3 arguments:: 1-Pole_or_Denominator
%
2-Zero_or_Numerator
%
3-TYPE
%Argument TYPE denotes whether input arguments are in pole zero form(if
%TYPE='PZ') or numerator and denominator form(if TYPE='ND')

end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
end
k=k+1;
end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
end
k=k+1;
end
hmag=abs(Hmag_numerator)./abs(Hmag_denominator);
Hmag=20*log10(hmag);
w=-pi:pi/50:pi;
end
group_delay_calculation.m
function [ group_delay,w ] = group_delay_calculation(
Zero_or_Numerator,Pole_or_Denominator,TYPE )
%This function performs group delay calculation
end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi

end
k=k+1;
end
k=1;
for w=-pi:pi/50:pi
end
k=k+1;
end
w=-pi:pi/50:pi;
for k=1:length(Hang)
if k-1>0
group_delay(k)=-((50/pi)*(Hang(k)-Hang(k-1)));
else
group_delay(k)=0;
end
end
end
OUTPUT:
II.3 Consider the equations

H(z) = Hmin(z)Huc(z)Hmax(z);
and
Hmax(z) = Hmin(z-1)z-Mi
Consider the minimum phase function
= .
( .
)( .
)( .
)( .

By using above equations and the minimum phase function design a linear phase system and plot
the log magnitude, phase and group delay.
Code:
test_3.m
% % %Lab Assignment-3
% % %Author:TAPAS KUMAR DASH
% % %Trainee Scientist,PGRPE-2014
%
Consider the equations
%
H(z) = Hmin(z)Huc(z)Hmax(z);
and
%
%
Hmax(z) = Hmin(z-1)z-Mi
%
%
Consider the minimum phase function
%
%
H_min (z)=?1.25?^2 (1-0.9e^j0.6? z^(-1) )
%
(1-0.9e^(-j0.6?) z^(-1) )(1-0.8e^(-j0.8?) z^(-1) )(10.8e^j0.8? z^(-1) )
%
%
By using above equations and the minimum phase function design a
%linear phase system and plot the log magnitude, phase and group delay.
clc
clear all
close all
k=1.25*1.25;
zero=[0.9*exp(1j*0.6*pi); 0.9*exp(-1j*0.6*pi); 0.8*exp(-1j*0.8*pi);
0.8*exp(1j*0.8*pi)];
pole=[];
figure,frequency_response(zero,pole,k);%minimum phase system
zero=[1.11*exp(1i*0.6*pi);1.11*exp(-1i*0.6*pi);1.25*exp(1i*0.8*pi);1.25*exp(1i*0.8*pi)];
pole=[];
k=0.9*0.9;
figure,frequency_response(zero,pole,k);%maximum phase system
zero=[1.11*exp(1i*0.6*pi);1.11*exp(1i*0.6*pi);1.25*exp(1i*0.8*pi);1.25*exp(1i*0.8*pi);0.9*exp(1i*0.6*pi);0.9*exp(1i*0.6*pi);0.8*exp(1i*0.8*pi);0.8*exp(-1i*0.8*pi)];
pole=[];
k=1.2656;
figure,frequency_response(zero,pole,k);%linear phase system
frequency_response.m
function [ y ] = frequency_response(Z,p,k)
%FREQUENCY_RESPONSE Summary of this function goes here
%Frequncy Response of a filter given poles and zeros
w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
z=exp(1i*w);

np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
numer=polyval(np,z);
denom=polyval(dp,z);
h=k*(numer./denom);
theta=atan2(imag(h),real(h));
%pole zero plot
subplot(2,2,1),zplane(Z,p),grid,title('Pole-Zero plot');
%magnitude plot
subplot(2,2,2),plot(w,20*log10(abs(h))),grid,title('Magnitude plot(dB)');
%Phase plot
subplot(2,2,3),plot(w,theta),grid,title('Phase plot');
%Group delay plot
[gd,w1]=grpdelay(np,dp,1024,'whole');
subplot(2,2,4),plot(w1,gd),grid,title('Group Delay plot');
end
OUTPUT:
Minimum phase system
Maximum phase system
Linear phase system

II.4 A causal IIR system is characterized by a constant coefficient difference equation given by
Y(n) = x(n-1) 1.2 x(n-2) + x(n-3) + 1.3 y(n-1) 1.07 y(n-2) + 0.222 y(n-3)
Find the location of poles zeros of this system. Using MATLAB plot magnitude, phase and group
delay.
CODE:
test_4.m
% II.4 A causal IIR system is characterized by a constant
%coefficient difference equation given by
%
% Y(n) = x(n-1) 1.2 x(n-2) + x(n-3) + 1.3 y(n-1) 1.07 y(n-2) + 0.222 y(n3)
%
Find the location of poles zeros of this system.
%Using MATLAB plot magnitude, phase and group delay.
clc
close all
clear all
num=[0 1 -1.2 1];
den=[1 -1.3 1.07 -0.222];
h=filt(num,den);
zeroes=zero(h);
poles=pole(h);
k=1;
figure,frequency_response(zeroes,poles,k);
w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
z=exp(1i*w);
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
h=k*(numer./denom);
%pole zero plot

%magnitude plot
%Phase plot
%Group delay plot
end
OUTPUT:

II.5
The zero locations of FIR transfer functions of order 6 are sketched as shown in the figure.
a) Does any one of the FIR filters have a linear phase response? If so which one?
b) Does any one of the FIR filters have a minimum phase response? If so which one?
Comment:
system 1 is non-linear and non minimum phase
System 2 is linear and non minimum phase
System 3 is non-linear and non minimum phase
System 4 is non-linear and non minimum phase
CODE:
test_5.m
%check linear phase and minimum phase system

%System 1
zero=[-2 -0.5 0.5+0.5j 0.5+0.5j 0.5-0.5j 0.5-0.5j];
pole=[0 0 0 0 0 0];
res1=verify_linear_phase(zero);
num1=poly(zero);
den1=poly(pole);
if res1==1
str1='system 1 is linear';
else
str1='system 1 is non-linear';
end
if res2==1
str1=strcat(str1,' and minimum phase');
else
str1=strcat(str1,' and non minimum phase');
end
%System 2
zero=[-2 -0.5 0.5+0.5j 0.5-0.5j 1+1j 1-1j];
pole=[0 0 0 0 0 0];
num2=poly(zero);
den2=poly(pole);
if res1==1
str2='System 2 is linear';
else
str2='System 2 is non-linear';
end
if res2==1
else
end
%System 3
zero=[-0.5 -0.5 0.5+0.5j 0.5-0.5j 1+1j 1-1j];
pole=[0 0 0 0 0 0];
num3=poly(zero);
den3=poly(pole);
if res1==1
else
end
if res2==1
else
end
%System 4
zero=[-2 -2 1+1j 1+1j 1-1j 1-1j];

pole=[0 0 0 0 0 0];
num4=poly(zero);
den4=poly(pole);
if res1==1
else
end
if res2==1
else
end
disp(str1);
disp(str2);
disp(str3);
disp(str4);
h1=filt(num1,den1);
subplot(2,2,1)
pzmap(h);
h2=filt(num2,den2);
subplot(2,2,2)
pzmap(h2);
h3=filt(num3,den3);
subplot(2,2,3)
pzmap(h3);
h4=filt(num4,den4);
subplot(2,2,4)
pzmap(h4);
verify_linear_phase.m
function [res]=verify_linear_phase(zero)
%For linear phase, the response should always be symmetric
%or antisymmetric in time domain
%And we can observe linearity only for FIR filters
h=poly(zero);
flag=0;
N=length(h);
for i=1:N
if uint8(h(i)*10000)==uint8(h(N+1-i)*10000)
flag=flag+1;
end
end
if flag==N
res=1;

else
res=0;
end
pole_mag=abs(pole);
zero_mag=abs(zero);
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end
OUTPUTS:

II.6 a) A minimum-phase system has a system function Hmin(z) is such that
Hmin(z)Hap(z) = Hlin(z),
Where Hap(z) is an all-pass system function and Hlin(z) is a causal generalized linear phase system.
What does this information tell you about the poles and zeros of Hmin(z)?
b) A generalized linear- phase FIR system has an impulse response with real values and h[n] = 0
for n < 0 and for n 8 and h[n] = -h[7-n]. The system function of this system has zero at
z=
0.8ej/4 and another zero at z=-2. What is H(z)?
Solution:
a) The poles and zeros of Hmin (z) are inside the unit circle which are reciprocal
conjugates of poles and zeros of Hlin (z) which are magnitude of greater than 1.
b) The filter is TYPE-IV .An odd number of zeros at z=1 and either an even number or
no zeros at z=-1.
So
=
+ 1
II.7 A causal LTI discrete time system has system function

H(Z) = ((1-0.5z-1)(1+4z-2))/(1-0.64z-2).
a)
.8 4 1
+ 1
Find expressions for minimum phase system H1(z) and an all-pass system Hap(z), such that
H(z) = H1(z)Hap(z)
b)
Find expressions for a different minimum phase system H2(z) and a generalized linear phase
FIR system Hlin(z) such that

H(z) = H2(z)Hlin(z).
CODE:
test_7.m
%II.7
A causal LTI discrete time system has system function
%
H(Z) = ((1-0.5z-1)(1+4z-2))/(1-0.64z-2).
%find minimum phase,all pass and linear phase system

zero=[0.5;2i;-2i];
pole=[0.64;-0.64];
k=1;
compensation_system_design( zero,pole,k );
compensation_system_design.m
function [ y ] = compensation_system_design( z,p,k )
%COMPENSATION_SYSTEM_DESIGN Summary of this function goes here
%Function to find Minimuam phase and All pass system for a given system
%H(z)=Hmin(z)*Hap(z)
%GIVEN SYSTEM Response
figure('Name','Given System'),frequency_response(z,p,k);
%Construction of MINIMUM PAHSE SYSTEM
z1=z;
for i=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(i))>1)
z1(i)=1/(conj(z(i)));
end
end
p1=p;
for j=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(j))>1)
p1(j)=1/conj(p(j));
end
end
figure('Name','Minimum Phase System'),frequency_response(z1,p1,k);
z3=p1;
p3=z1;
figure('Name','Inverse of Minimum Phase System(compensation
system)'),frequency_response(z3,p3,k);
%ALL PASS SYSTEM
q=1;
for k=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(k))>1)
z2(q,1)=z(k);
p2(q,1)=1/conj(z(k));
q=q+1;
end
end
r=q+1;
for l=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(l))>1)
p2(r,1)=p(l);
z2(r,l)=1/conj(p(l));
r=r+1;
end
end

figure('Name','All Pass System(output
response)'),frequency_response(z2,p2,1);
end
OUTPUT:

II.8 Figure shows the pole-zero plots for three different causal LTI systems with real impulse responses.
Indicate which of the following properties apply to each of the systems pictured: stable, IIR, FIR,
minimum phase , all-pass generalized linear phase, positive group delay at all ?
Solution:
CODE:
test_8.m
%Lab Assignment-8
% Figure shows the pole-zero plots for three different causal LTI systems
% with real impulse responses. Indicate which of the following properties
% apply to each of the systems pictured: stable, IIR, FIR, minimum phase ,
clc
clear all
close all

%a)
pole1=[1+1j; 1-1j; -0.5];
zero1=0.5;
str1='';
res1=verify_stability(zero1,pole1);
res2=verify_iir_fir(zero1,pole1);
res3=verify_minimumphasesystem_pz(zero1,pole1);
res4=verify_allpass(zero1,pole1);
res5=verify_linear_phase(zero1);
if res1==1
str1=strcat(str1,'1st system is: stable');
else
str1=strcat(str1,'1st system is: unstable');
end
if res2==1
str1=strcat(str1,' fir');
if res5==1
str1=strcat(str1,' linear-phase');
else
str1=strcat(str1,' non-linear-phase');
end
else
str1=strcat(str1,' iir non-linear-phase');
end
if res3==1
str1=strcat(str1,' minimum-phase');
else
str1=strcat(str1,' non-minimum-phase');
end
if res4==1
str1=strcat(str1,' all-pass');
else
str1=strcat(str1,' non-all-pass');
end
disp(str1)
%
% %b)
pole2=[0];
zero2=[-1; -0.707+0.707j; +1j; +0.707+0.707j;
+0.707-0.707i;
0.707j];
num2=poly(zero2);
den2=poly(pole2);
str2='';
if res1==1
str2=strcat(str2,'2nd system is: stable');
else
str2=strcat(str2,'2nd system is: unstable');
end
if res2==1
-1j; -0.707-

if res5==1
else
end
else
end
if res3==1
else
end
if res4==1
else
end
disp(str2)
% %c)
pole3=[0.5+0.5j; 0.5-0.5j; -0.5];
zero3=[-2 ;1+1j ;1-1j];
str3='';
if res1==1
str3=strcat(str3,'3rd system is: stable');
else
str3=strcat(str3,'3rd system is: unstable');
end
if res2==1
if res5==1
else
end
else
end
if res3==1
else
end
if res4==1
else
end
disp(str3);

subplot(3,1,1)
zplane(zero1,pole1);
title(str1);
subplot(3,1,2)
% pzmap(num2,den2);
title(str2);
subplot(3,1,3)
title(str3);
verify_allpass.m
function [res] = verify_allpass(zero,pole)
%If there are no poles then FIR
nz=length(zero);
np=length(pole);
zflag=0;
pflag=0;
for i=1:nz
for j=1:np
if pole(j)==1/conj(zero(i))
zflag=zflag+1;
break;
end
end
end
for i=1:np
for j=1:nz
if zero(j)==1/conj(pole(i))
pflag=pflag+1;
end
end
end
if zflag==nz && pflag==np
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
verify_iir_fir.m
function [res] = verify_iir_fir(zero,pole)
%If there are no poles then FIR
if max(abs(pole))==0
res=1;
%FIR
else
%IIR
res=0;
end
end

verify_linear_phase.m
function [res]=verify_linear_phase(zero)
%For linear phase, the response should always be symmetric
%or antisymmetric in time domain
%And we can observe linearity only for FIR filters
h=poly(zero);
flag=0;
N=length(h);
for i=1:N
if uint8(h(i)*10000)==uint8(h(N+1-i)*10000)
flag=flag+1;
end
end
if flag==N
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
verify_stability.m
function [res] =verify_stability(zero,pole)
%If all the poles are inside unit circle then system is stable
if max(abs(pole))<1
res=1; %Stable
else
res=0;
end
end
pole_mag=abs(pole);
zero_mag=abs(zero);
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end

PLOTS:
Comment:
1st system is: unstable iir non-linear-phase non-minimum-phase non-all-pass
2nd system is: stable fir linear-phase minimum-phase non-all-pass
3rd system is: stable iir non-linear-phase non-minimum-phase all-pass

II.9 The z-tranforms of five sequences of length 7 are given as:
H1(z) = 0.0083653-0.001782726z-1 -0.075506z-2 -0.3413956532z-3 +0.13529123z-4 -1.50627293z-5 +
3.3207295z-6,
H2(z) = 3.3207295-1.50627293z-1 + 0.13529123 z-2 + 0.34139565 z-3 0.07550603 z-4 0.001782725 z-5
+ 0.0083652 z-6
H3(z) = 0.0269311 0.0840756z-1 +0.02580603 z-2 + 0.94049849 z-3 - 2.2508765z-4 + 2.53245711z5+
1.03147943 z-6
H4(z) = 10.03147943 + 2.5324571 z-1 + 2.2508765 z-2 +0.94044985 z-3 +0.02580602 z-4
0.0840756 z-5 +0.02693111z-6
H5(z) = 0.16667 0.05556z-1 -0.75z-2 + 3.5z-3 -0.75z-4 -0.05556z-5 +0.16667z-6
The magnitude of the DFT for each of the above sequences is the same which one of the above ztransforms has all its zeros outside the unit circle? Which one has all its zeros inside the unit circle?
CODE:
test_9.m
%Lab Assignment-9
%
% The z-tranforms of five sequences of length 7 are given as:
%
H1(z) = 0.0083653-0.001782726z-1 -0.075506z-2 -0.3413956532z-3
+0.13529123z-4 -1.50627293z-5 + 3.3207295z-6,
%
H2(z) = 3.3207295-1.50627293z-1 + 0.13529123 z-2 + 0.34139565 z-3
0.07550603 z-4 0.001782725 z-5 + 0.0083652 z-6
%
H3(z) = 0.0269311 0.0840756z-1 +0.02580603 z-2 + 0.94049849 z-3 2.2508765z-4 + 2.53245711z5+ 1.03147943 z-6
%
H4(z) = 10.03147943 + 2.5324571 z-1 + 2.2508765 z-2 +0.94044985 z-3
+0.02580602 z-4
0.0840756 z-5 +0.02693111z-6
%
H5(z) = 0.16667 0.05556z-1 -0.75z-2 + 3.5z-3 -0.75z-4 -0.05556z-5
+0.16667z-6
%
%
The magnitude of the DFT for each of the above sequences is the same
%which one of the above z-transforms has all its zeros outside the unit
%circle? Which one has all its zeros inside the unit circle?
close all;
clear all;
clc
format long
b1=[0.0083653 0.001782726 0.075506 0.3413956532 0.13529123 1.50627293
3.3207295];
a1=1;
h1=filt(b1,a1);
figure(1),frequency_response(zero(h1),pole(h1),1);
b2=[3.3207295 -1.50627293 0.13529123 0.34139565 0.07550603 0.001782725
0.0083652];
a2=1;
h2=filt(b2,a2);

b3=[0.0269311 0.0840756 0.02580603 0.94049849 -2.2508765 2.53245711
1.03147943];
a3=[1];
h3=filt(b3,a3);
b4=[10.03147943 2.5324571 2.2508765 0.94044985 0.02580602 0.0840756
0.02693111];
a4=[1];
h4=filt(b4,a4);
b5=[0.16667 0.05556 -0.75 3.5 -0.75 0.05556 0.16667];
a5=[1];
h5=filt(b5,a5);
w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
z=exp(1i*w);
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
h=k*(numer./denom);
%pole zero plot
%magnitude plot
%Phase plot
%Group delay plot
end

PLOTS:
CONCLUSION:
1. Among all systems H1(z) has all it's zeros outside the unit circle and H2(z)
and H4(z) have all zeros inside the unit circle.
2. Frequency response for all 5 system were plotted.

II.10 The transfer function of a typical transmission channel is given by
H(z) = (z-0.3)(z2 2z +2)/(z-0.9)(z-0.5)
In order to correct for the magnitude distortion introduced by the channel on a signal passing
through it we wish to connect a stable digital filter characterized by a transfer function G(z) at the
receiving end. Determine G(z).
COMMENT:
The perfect compensation is possible only if Hd(z) is a minimum phase system.

G(z)=Hd(z)*Hc(z)
If Hd(z) isnt a minimum phase system then we can write
Hd(z)=Hdmin(z) Hap(z)
and
Compensating system
Hc(z) =1/Hdmin(z).
G(z)=Hap(z).
CODE:
test_10.m
%Lab Assignment-10
%The transfer function of a typical transmission channel is given by
%
H(z) = (z-0.3)(z^2 2z +2)/(z-0.9)(z-0.5)
%In order to correct for the magnitude distortion introduced by

%the channel on a signal passing through it we wish to connect a stable
%digital filter characterized by a transfer function G(z) at the receiving
%end. Determine G(z).
clc
clear all
close all
pole=[0.9 0.5];
zero=[0.3 1+i 1-i];
res=verify_minimumphasesystem_pz(zero,pole);
str='';
if res==1
str=strcat(str,'System is minimum-phase');
else
str=strcat(str,'System is non-minimum-phase');
end
disp(str);
compensation_system_design([0.3;1+i;1-i],[0.9;0.5],1);
w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
z=exp(1i*w);
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
h=k*(numer./denom);
%pole zero plot
%magnitude plot
%Phase plot
%Group delay plot
end

pole_mag=abs(pole);
zero_mag=abs(zero);
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end
compensation_system_design.m
function [ y ] = compensation_system_design( z,p,k )
%COMPENSATION_SYSTEM_DESIGN Summary of this function goes here
z1=z;
for i=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(i))>1)
z1(i)=1/(conj(z(i)));
end
end
p1=p;
for j=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(j))>1)
p1(j)=1/conj(p(j));
end
end
z3=p1;
p3=z1;
figure('Name','Inverse of Minimum Phase System(compensation
system)'),frequency_response(z3,p3,k);
%ALL PASS SYSTEM
q=1;
for k=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(k))>1)
z2(q,1)=z(k);
p2(q,1)=1/conj(z(k));
q=q+1;
end
end
r=q+1;
for l=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(l))>1)
p2(r,1)=p(l);

r=r+1;
end
end
figure('Name','All Pass System(outputresponse)'),frequency_response(z2,p2,1);
end
PLOTS:

CONCLUSION:
1.
Given System is a non-minimum phase system as all pole and zero are not
inside unit circle
2.
Minimum Phase system was found for the given system where all pole and
zero lies inside unit circle.
3.
To design compensation system its inverse is taken.
4.
Frequency response of all the system were plotted.
5.
Output of the entire system is all pass system whose frequency response is also
plotted.

II.11 Is the transfer function
H(z) = (z+3)(z-2)/(z-0.25)(z+0.5)
Minimum phase? If it is not minimum phase, then construct a minimum phase transfer function
G(z) such that |G(ej)| = |H(ej)|. Determine their corresponding unit sample responses, g[n] and
h[n] , for n= 0,1,2,3,4. For what values of m is n=0m |g[n]|2 bigger than n=0m |h[n]|2 ?
CODE:
test_11.m
%Lab Assignment-11
%Check Minimum Phase,Construct minimum phase system if given system is not
%minimum phase,find unit sample responseof g[n] and h[n],find value of m
%for which sum 0f squares of g[n] > sum of squares of h[n]
%H(z) = (z+3)(z-2)/(z-0.25)(z+0.5)
clc
clear all
close all
pole=[0.25 -0.5];
zero=[-3 2];
res=verify_minimumphasesystem_pz(zero,pole);
str='';
if res==1
str=strcat(str,'System is minimum-phase');
else
str=strcat(str,'System is non-minimum-phase');
end
disp(str);
construct_minimumphase_system([-3;2],[0.25;-0.5],1);
[b a]=zp2tf([-3;2],[0.25;-0.5],1);
[h,t]=impz(b,a,5);
figure,stem(t,h,'.','b'),grid,title('impulse response of h[n]');

w=0:pi/100:2*pi;
z=exp(1i*w);
np=poly(Z);
dp=poly(p);
h=k*(numer./denom);
%pole zero plot
%magnitude plot
%Phase plot
%Group delay plot
end
pole_mag=abs(pole);
zero_mag=abs(zero);
res=1;
else
res=0;
end
end
construct_minimumphase_system.m
function [ y ] = construct_minimumphase_system(z,p,k )
%Impulse response of given system
[b a]=zp2tf(z,p,k);
[h,t]=impz(b,a,25);
z1=z;
for i=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(i))>1)
z1(i)=1/(conj(z(i)));
end

end
p1=p;
for j=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(j))>1)
p1(j)=1/conj(p(j));
end
end
%Impulse response of minimum phase system
[b a]=zp2tf(z1,p1,k);
[g,t]=impz(b,a,25);
n=0;
f=0;
m=0;
g=g
h=h
%Code to find M
for i=1:length(g)
sqg=(g(i)*g(i))+n;
n=sqg;
sqh=0;
f=0;
for j=1:i
sqh=(h(j)*h(j))+f;
f=sqh;
end
if n>f
m=1;
m=i;
end
end
sum_of_squre_g=sqg
sum_of_squre_h=sqh
m
str1='';
if m==0
str=strcat(str1,'there is no such m exist where squre sum g is greater
than square sum of h');
end
disp(str);
[g,t]=impz(b,a,5);
figure,stem(t,g,'.','b'),grid,title('impulse response of g[n]');
%ALL PASS SYSTEM

q=1;
for k=1:length(z)
if(abs(z(k))>1)

z2(q,1)=z(k);
p2(q,1)=1/conj(z(k));
q=q+1;
end
end
r=q+1;
for l=1:length(p)
if(abs(p(l))>1)
p2(r,1)=p(l);
r=r+1;
end
end
figure('Name','All Pass System'),frequency_response(z2,p2,1);
end
RESULT:
System is non-minimum-phase
sample_values_g =Columns 1 through 11
1.0000 -0.4167 0.0625 -0.0677 0.0247 -0.0146 0.0068 -0.0035 0.0017 -0.0009 0.0004
Columns 12 through 22
-0.0002
0.0001 -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
sample_values_h =
1.0000 0.7500 -6.0625 1.6094 -1.1602
0.4912 -0.2678 0.1284 -0.0656 0.0324 -0.0163
0.0081 -0.0041 0.0020 -0.0010 0.0005 -0.0003 0.0001 -0.0001 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
sum_of_squre_g =1.1830
sum_of_squre_h = 42.5877
m=0
There is no such m exist where squre sum g is greater than square sum of h

PLOTS:
CONCLUSION:
1.
System is a non-minimum phase system as all pole and zero are not inside unit
circle
2.
Minimum Phase system was found for the given system where all pole and
zero lies inside unit circle.
3.
Frequency response of all the system were plotted.
4.
Impulse response of g[n] and h[n] evaluated and plotted. Sum of their squares
were also calculated for comparison.
----------------------------------------------------------------END-------------------------------------------------------------

Signal LabReport

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Signal LabReport

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

TAPAS KUMAR DASH

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

ACSIR , CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

%Generate the corrupted signal

%Output of Moving_Average Filter

%End of Logic here

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

y[n] med x[n K ],..., x[n 1], x[n], x[n 1],...x[n K ].

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

%Generate the random noise

%Generate the corrupted signal

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Median filter is non-linear and tine invariant filter.

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

y[n] 2,8, 20, 40,60,68,62, 40 h[n] 2, 4,6,8

y[n] 3,8, 20,10, 12,12,16, 58,35 , h[n] 1, 2, 4, 4,5

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Obtain the discrete-time Fourier transform of each of the following sequences.

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

N=input('enter the value for N:');

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Using MATLAB determine the factored form of the following z-transform

4 z 4 8.68 z 3 17.98 z 2 26.74 z 8.04

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

The L transfer functions Hi (e j ) 0 i L 1 are called power complementary if

(Try to prove it, analytically. Hint : Use Z-transform Properties)

Note: For two transfer functions H 0 ( z ) and H1 ( z ) the relationship is,

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

1 1.5 z 1 3.75 z 2 2.75 z 3 2.75 z 4 3.75z 5 1.55z 6 z 7

To verify the power complementary property, write MATLAB program to evaluate

H ( z) H ( z 1 ) H ( z ) H ( z 1 ) and show that this expression is equal to unity for each of

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Look at the following third-order IIR transfer function,

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

II.3 Consider the equations

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Advanced Signal Processing Lab Report

Maximum phase system