4.

1 Interdependence Among Living Organisms

a species
of fish

a species of
water plant

a species
of frog

1. Species is a group of organisms that have the same shape,

structure and breed together.
2. In the figure above, fish, frog and water plant are three
different species.

1. A population is a number or group of organisms of the same

species that live together in a habitat.
A population
A population of
of fishes
water plants

A population
of frogs

1. A community is made up of many populations living

together in a particular place.

All the fishes, frogs, tadpoles, water plants, snails, grass

and butterflies made up the community.

1. A habitat is a natural living place of certain

plants and animals.
2. Figure above is a pond community.

It is a habitat for water lily.

It is a habitat for frog.

It is a habitat for water snail.

It is a habitat for water plant.

It is a habitat for fish.

They all live in the same habitat.

1.An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms living

in the same habitat, together with the non-living environment.

air
water
soil
2. All the living organisms and the non-living environment
such as water,
soil and air made up an ecosystem.

4.2 Interaction Between Living Organisms

1. Prey-predator is a relationship where an

animal captures and eat other animals.
2. A predator is an organism that kill and eats
another organism.
3. A prey is the organism that is eaten

4.For example, snake is a predator, rat is its prey.

5. Other examples,

Predator

Prey

Owl

Rat

Tiger

Goat/deer

Frog

Insert

1. Symbiosis happen between two or more different

species which live close together and interact with
each other. There are three types of symbiosis:

Commensalism
Mutualism

Parasitism

a. Commensalism is a relationship between two

organisms.

b.The commensal benefits from the host.

c. Example:

-Remora fish is the commensal, it feeds on the

scraps of food left by the shark. The shark is
unharmed.

-The staghorn fern grows on a tree. This helps it

easily obtain sunlight to process fotosyntesis.
-Examples of plants that live on tress to obtain
sunlight are:
(i) the stoghorn fern
(ii) the money plant
(iii) the pigeon orchid
(iv) the birds nest fern

a. Mutualism is an interaction between two

different organisms that live together in which
both organisms benefits.

b. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each

other.
c. Example:

-The Egyptian Plover bird and crocodiles.

the Egyptian Plover eats fleas and ticks crocodile
as well as food particles stuck between
crocodile's teeth.

- Lichen consists
of fungi and
algae living
together. The
algae produce
food and the
fungi provide
shelter.

a.Parasitism is an interaction between two organisms.

Only one organisms is benefits.
b. A parasite is the organism that live on or inside the
other organism.
c.The host the organism on which the parasite live.
d.The host is negatively affected by the interaction.

the parasite may even kill the host.

e. Example
-Tapeworm is a parasite, it
lives in human intestine.

Tapeworm obtains food and

shelter from humans.
Human loses weight and
becomes weak.

1. Competition is a relationship where organisms compete

with each other for food, light, water, shelter, mate or
minerals.

2. Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight, mineral and living

space
3. Animals compete to obtain water, food, living space and
mate for reproduction.
4. Competition becomes more intense when the basic
resources are limited.

5. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling

their territory. Weaker and smaller organisms are
driven out of the area.
6. Examples
a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain
water and mineral salt.
b. lions in a pride compete for food
c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for
basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight
more easily.

7. This is Intra-specific competition.

Competition among organisms of the same species.

8. This is Inter-specific competition.

Competition among organisms of different species.

4.3 Food Web

What is producer, consumer, decomposer and food chain?

Paddy
plants
(producer)

Rat
(primary
consumer)

Snake
(secondary
consumer)

Bacteria and
fungi
(decomposers)

Hawk
(tertiary
consumer)

2. Producers are all green plants that make food

through photosyntesis.
3. Consumer are animals that eat plants or
animals.
4. Decomposers are organisms that decompose
dead organisms (animals or plants) and
change them into simple substances.
5. Example decomposer are bacteria and fungi

6.
What about
decomposer?

Decomposers break down

dead animal and plant
materials into simple
substances which can be
used again by green plants.

1. What is a food web?

beatle
grass

bird

grasshopper
caterpillar

eagle
chicken

2. A food web consists of several food chain that

are interlinked.

Use the list of organisms below to form a food web

Paddy plant

Grasshopper

Rat
Snake

Frog
Bird

Bacteria and
fungi
Caterpillar

Rat
Paddy plant

Frog

Grasshopper
Caterpillar

Bird

Bacteria and fungi

Snake

grass

grasshopper

(3 000 000)

(3 000)

frogs

snakes

(150)

(5)

Level 4 (tertiary consumer)

Level 3 (secondary consumer)
Level 2 (primary consumer)
Level 1 (producer)

5
snakes
150
frogs
3 000
grasshopper
3 000 000
blades of grass

1. A pyramid of numbers shows the number of

organisms at each link of the food chain.
2. From the base of the pyramid to the top
a. the number of organisms decrease
b. the size of organisms decrease
c. more energy is lost

Tertiary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
Primary consumer
Producer

1. In food web or food chain, the source of energy is sunlight.

2. Energy flows through a food web and food chain.
3. But not all of the energy is passed to the next level, some are
lost as heat.

1.

Photosynthesis is a process that

occurs in green plants, in which food
is made from water and carbon
dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll
and sunlight.

product

?
?

carbon dioxide
water

Gas oxygen
product
Glucose which
is then turn into
starch

carbon dioxide
water

3. The equation below shows the process of

photosynthesis

Carbon + water Sun light

dioxide
(chlorophyll)

glucose + oxygen

4. Conditions necessary for photosynthesis

presence by:
a. carbon dioxide
c. sunlight
b. water
d. chlorophyll

1. Photosynthesis is important to maintain

the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
2. The importance and role of
photosynthesis are:
a. supplies food to animals
b. removes carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere
c.enable green plants to make their own
food

d. regulates equal and maintains carbon

dioxide content in the atmosphere
e. increase oxygen content in the atmosphere
The carbon cycle
1. Natural gases cycles maintains the content of
gases in the air.
2. The carbon and oxygen cycles are two natural
gas cycle
3. The carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon
dioxide on Earth.

4. The carbon cycle maintains the content of

carbon dioxide in the air.
5. The process that release carbon dioxide into
the air include:
a. respiration and breathing
b. combustion
c. decomposition
6. Photosynthesis, which takes place in green
plants, remove carbon dioxide from the air.

THE OXYGEN CYCLE

1. The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on
Earth.
2. The oxygen cycle to maintain oxygen on the air.
3. That process that use oxygen includes:
a. respiration and breathing
b. combustion
c. decomposition
d. rusting

1. Animals and plants need to be

conserved and preserved to ensure

that the natural resources can be
enjoyed by future generation.
2. Steps to conserve and preserve living

things include:
a. establishing forest reserves.

b. replanting
c. establishing breeding centers for animals
facing extinction.
d. practicing selective logging, that is cutting
down only old tree.
e. implementing laws to prevent illegal trade
in plants and animals.
f. Implementing the National Forestry and
Wildlife Protection Acts