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Topographic Index
i = ln
tan i
i = topographic index of grid cell, i
i = the upslope contributing area per unit length of contour
i = topographic slope of the cell
Topographic Index
raster calculator-ready
Infiltration
Infiltration
Saturated
Interflow
Runoff
Interflow
Gully
formation
Exposed
rock
Maybar, Ethiopia
Chance that rainfall
intensity will exceed
infiltration capacity
is very small
Infiltration rate or rainfall intensity
cm/hr
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
Rainfall Intensity
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
Probability of Excedance
0.80
1.00
Improved Soil
SOL_CBN
CLAY%
SILT%
SAND%
80
y = 3.4062x + 31.935
R = 0.7918
70
Soil Property
60
50
40
y = 0.0185x + 27.293
R = 0.0002
30
20
y = -2.8121x + 32.027
R = 0.6607
10
0
0
TI Class
10
11
SOL_CBN
CLAY%
SILT%
SAND%
90
80
Soil Property
70
y = 2.3968x + 52.549
R = 0.6995
60
50
40
y = -1.4173x + 29.86
R = 0.676
30
y = -0.7415x + 13.413
R = 0.5112
20
10
0
0
TI Class
10
11
Traditional SWAT
SWAT VSA
a SWAT-VSA
Soil Water
(mm)
SW_END
[mm]
93 - 163
93-163
163 - 242
163-242
242 - 277
242-277
277 - 298
277-298
298 - 317
298-317
b SWAT
Soil Water
(mm)
SW_END
[mm]
65 - 99
93-163
163-242
99 -139
139 - 196
242-277
196 - 245
277-298
245 - 304
298-317
a swat_vsa_hrus
SWAT-VSA
Runoff[mm]
(mm)
SURQ
0 - 0.939
0-0.93
0.939 - 2.201
0.93-2.20
2.201 - 4.532
2.20-4.53
4.532- 8.868
4.53-8.86
8.868- 10.213
8.86-10.21
SWAT
b swat_hrus
Runoff[mm]
(mm)
SURQ
1.978 - 4.014
0.66-0.93
4.014 - 4.440
0.93-2.20
4.440 - 4.783
2.20-4.53
4.783 - 5.214
4.53-8.86
5.214 - 5.75
8.86-10.21
Blue Nile
SWAT
setup
with TI
Gilgil Abbay
Soil
GilgelAbay_Swat
500
400
Model
Swat
SwatVSA
GilgelAbay_SwatVSA
GilgelAbay_Obs
NSE
0.67
0.70
300
200
100
0
1/1/1998
1/1/1999
1/1/2000
12/31/2000
1/1/2002
1/1/2003
1/1/2004
12/31/2004
1/1/2006
Aspect
Better surface energy budget
Crop centric modeling
Snow dominated processes
Elevation
Better temperature and precipitation distribution
Crop Centric modeling
Snow dominated processes
Intra-basin hydrology
Topographic Index
Hill slope hydrology
Surface and interflow routing (In the latest version of SWAT, per Arnold)
D8 Aspect
16 soils
Topographic Index
20 soils
HRUs
Normally SWAT (and other models) use Curve Number (runoff) Equation
Runoff equation
Q = (P-Ia)2
P Ia + S
Q = runoff
P = rainfall
S = potential maximum soil moisture retention after runoff begins
Ia = initial abstraction or amount of water before runoff, e.g. infiltration,
interception by vegetation; generally assumed that Ia = 0.2S
The runoff curve number, CN, is then related
S = (1000 / CN) - 10
CN range from 30 to 100; lower numbers indicate low runoff potential while
larger numbers are for increasing runoff potential. The lower the curve number,
the more permeable the soil is.
Accounts for changing CO2 and other trace gases, and solar variations
Spatial
Resolution
Temporal
Resolution
Time Horizon
Variables
CMAP
2.5 degree
Monthly
1979 - 2009
Precipitation
GPCP
2.5 degree
Monthly
1979 - 2010
Precipitation
GPCC
0.5 degree
Monthly
1951 - 2010
Precipitation
WorldClim
30 sec
Monthly
Climatology
Precipitation
Min, mean and max temp
TRMM
0.25 degree
3-hr, Daily
1957 - 2002
Precipitation
R1, R2
2.5 degree
6-hr, Daily
1948 - 2011
Climate variables
ERA40
2.5 degree
6-hr, Daily
1979 - 2001
Climate variables
CFSR
0.312 degree
(~38km)
Hourly, Daily
1979 - 2010
CFSR
Unit
Conversion Factor
SWAT Unit
Precipitation Rate
Kgm-2s-1
x 86,400
mm/day
Min Temperature at 2m
- 273.16
OC
Min Temperature at 2m
- 273.16
OC
ms-1
Magnitude and
x 0.748
Wind speed at
2m, ms-1
Wm-2
x 0.0864
MJ/m2/day
Specific Humidity at 2m
KgKg-1
Relative
humidity, %
Pa
Kgm-2s-1
Max half-hour
rainfall, mm
Monthly mean
Rainfall
700
CFSR-STN Correlation:
Daily = 0.47
Monthly = 0.94
600
y = 0.5689x + 21.378
R = 0.876
500
Adet
Dangela
STN
400
GGA_stn_2
MET station STN
300
GGA_STN_thies_2_clp
STN Thiessen Polygons
GGA_CFSR_clp
CFSR Thiessen Polygons
200
Value
TI
Value
High : 23.8535
100
Low : 4.16128
CFSR
0
0
Kilometers
100
200
300
400
500
600
800
CFSR
700
STN
600
500
400
300
200
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
Sept
May
Jan
100
Sept
16
May
Jan
mm/month
700
500
Enfraz
450
CFSR-STN Correlation:
Daily = 0.54
Monthly = 0.89
Addis_Zemen
400
y = 3.1905x + 32.869
R = 0.7859
350
STN
300
GGA_stn_2
MET station STN
250
GGA_STN_thies_2_clp
STN Thiessen Polygons
GGA_CFSR_clp
CFSR Thiessen Polygons
Debre_Tabor
Value
TI
Value
200
150
High : 23.5086
23.8535
100
Low : 4.17124
4.16128
50
0
0
Kilometers
600
300
400
500
CFSR
CFSR_areal
Station_areal
500
400
300
200
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
Sep
Ma
Jan
100
Sep
20
Ma
10
Jan
200
mm/month
100
Inter-annual standard
deviation of monthly
mean precipitation.
Shading: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 mm/month