Auto-Reclose On Distribution Networks

Auto-Reclose on
Distribution Networks
Agenda
1st topic
Why Perform Auto-Reclose ?
Page 3
2nd topic
Where can we apply Auto-Reclose ?
Page 7
3rd topic
Terminology, Sequences & Settings
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 2

ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.

What is Auto-Reclose
Pre-Fault
PTOC
RREC
It is a Control Technique
Trip
Trip
PTOC
Fault
RREC
Reclose
PTOC
Close
Auto-Reclose is the automatic closure

of a Circuit Breaker without the
intervention of a person
Fault
IEC61850 (parts -5 and 7-4) both

include autoreclose as a Protection
Related function, with a logical node
name of RREC
ANSI / IEEE
C37.2
reference 79
O
I
IEC 60617 symbol:
RREC


What are the Benefits ?
Continuity of Supply
Restoration is Automatic, therefore quicker
Shorter duration of Power Outages
Fewer Customer Minutes Lost
Reduced Asset Damage

Autoreclose permits use of faster, non-discriminative protection
Some overtripping is deemed acceptable
Less chance of faults evolving to more damaging scenarios

Lower pre-heating of CB contacts
May reduce maintenance requirements ?


What are the Benefits ?
Reduction in Operating Costs (OPEX)
Reduced requirement for substation visits
Reduction in damage of asset
Increase in capital costs (CAPEX)
Higher price of switchgear capable of autoreclose duty
Additional control relay (Autoreclose & Check Sync)
Improve System Stability

Not traditionally considered at Distribution voltages
Traditionally the distribution network was/is radial in design
With modern networks (Embedded generation) a definite

consideration
Part of the SMART Grid

Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56

Where Can We Apply Auto-Reclose ?

What Dictates Application ?
Type and relative quantities of Fault
Type of Plant
Circuit Breaker Capabilities
HUMAN SAFETY
On some areas of distribution networks, human safety will be the
overriding decision even when autoreclose seems applicable
Consider overhead line feeders in sparsely populated areas

Fault Types
Permanent Faults
Require human intervention to resolve
Successive re-energisations of the system will extend the damage
Self Clearing Faults

No permanent damage to the power system
When cleared, the power system can be safely re-energised
Further classification:
Transient: Cleared by immediate isolation of the fault when the CB is
opened
Semi-Permanent: Cleared after a short time of isolation of the fault,
when the cause of the fault has been burnt or blown away


Fault Types related to Plant Items
Transformers
Most faults are PERMANENT and require investigation &
rectification
Machines (motors & generators)

Most faults on machines are PERMANENT and require
investigation & rectification
Underground Cables
Most faults are considered as PERMANENT, require investigation
& rectification
Pecking faults may be self healing initially but consequential
weakening of the insulation requires intervention

Overhead Lines
Can have all fault types:
Permanent: Broken Conductors or Insulators
Transient: Insulator flashovers due to switching or lightning transient
overvoltages, conductor clashing (due to high winds or ice shedding)
Semi-Permanent: Phases bridged by animals or vegetation
Relative incidence depends upon the voltage level as this dictates

the spacing between conductors
Typical figures are 80-85% transient, 5 to 10% semi-permanent and
10% permanent
Statistically, 70-90% of all faults are -E faults at EHV

Auto-Reclose is generally applied to Overhead Lines only
Auto-Reclose on Mesh Busbar arrangements although controlling
other CBs, only provides auto-reclose for line faults
Auto-Reclose is generally not applied to Underground Cables,

Transformers or Machines
May be required for auto-reclose action on Mesh Busbar
arrangements
May be required for auto-reclose action on embedded generation
incomer circuits to restore connection to utility network (after
network faults)


Circuit Breaker Capability
In order for the system to be safe, it is considered that the CB must always be
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault current
Circuit Breakers are required to declare an operating or duty cycle by ANSI/IEEE

and IEC standards, typically of the form
O t CO t CO , where
t is the minimum time between initial tripping before reclosure can be attempted
t is the minimum time between subsequent tripping and reclosure events
Not all current breaking devices are intended for auto-reclose application
The times t and t will affect the settings for the auto-reclose relay and hence
define whether auto-reclose can be effective


Examples of Auto-Reclose Applications
Simple OHL Application
PTOC
RREC
Embedded
Generation
Public
Public
Network
Network
G59
RREC
OHL Circuit
RREC
PDIS
RREC
Transformer Circuit
Conventional OHL Application

Protection relay & auto-reclose relay
operate for OHL faults only
Control of single CB only
Embedded Generation Application
Protection relay used to disconnect
generation for network faults eg
interconnection (G59) protection
Auto-reclose used to re-connect
distributed generation automatically
when network recovers
Mesh Corner Application
OHL protection relay triggers three
auto-reclose relays, including relay on
LV side of transformer circuit
Auto-reclose relays operate to restore
supply for transient faults
Permanent (and transformer) faults
cause auto-isolation prior to autoreclose
RREC

Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56


Successful Auto-Reclose for Transient Fault
Trip
Close
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Fault
Inception
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Protection
Reset
Fault Clearance Time
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Contacts
Make
Fully Closed
Dead Time
End of
Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Disturbance Time
Protection Relay
Operating Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Reclaim Time
Dead Time
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Auto-Reclose in Progress (ARIP)
Time (non-linear)

Unsuccessful Auto-Reclose for Permanent Fault
Trip
Close
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Fault
Inception
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Protection
Reset
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Re-Trip
Make
Contacts
onto
Fully Closed
Fault
Dead Time
Arc
Extinguished
Protection
Reset
End of
Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Protection Relay
Operating Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Disturbance Time
Operating Time
Closing
Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Operating Time
Dead Time
CB Reclaim Time
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Auto-Reclose Lockout
Time (non-linear)

Speed
For system stability, the System Disturbance Time should be
minimised
Fast (instantaneous) Protection
Short Dead Times
High Speed Auto-Reclose (HSAR):

Fault initiation to CB Closure is less than 1 second
Low Speed or Delayed Auto-Reclose (DAR):

Fault initiation to CB Closure is greater than 1 second (but often
10s of seconds)
Generally only applicable on highly interconnected systems (where
system synchronism is maintained) or on single sourced, radial
systems

Protection
Fast Protection is preferred to minimise system disturbance
At higher voltages, fast, discriminating protection is normal
Eg Line Differential, Phase Comparison, Directional Comparison,
Distance (Z1 or Aided Schemes)
At lower voltages, fast, discriminating protection may not be

available but auto-reclose allows:
Fast, non-discriminating (overreaching) protection for the initial
trip cycle
Eg Instantaneous OC/EF, Distance (Z1 Extension)
Slower, discriminating protection for the final trip

Eg IDMT Overcurrent/Earth Fault

Example of Auto-Reclose Application (Distance Z1 Extension)
Z3
Fast (Non-discriminating) Z1X trip causes

initial trip to cover 100% of line length from
both ends
Some possibility of tripping for adjacent
lines
Z2
Z1
Z1X
Z1X
Z1
After reclosure, the Z1X element is inhibited, so

that discriminating distance protection is used
Z2
Z3
Advantage transient faults are cleared quickly

A/R
Z1X
&
A/R
Z1X
&
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z1
t2
t2
Z2
t3
t3
Z3
Trip Trip


Dead Time
Sequence diagrams showed two Dead Times
System Dead Time
Time when arc goes out, to when CB contacts touch
Relay Dead Time
Typically from protection reset to start of close pulse
For stability, the System Dead time must be minimised

System Dead Time needs to consider:
Load Type
Protection Reset Time
Fault De-ionisation Time
Circuit Breaker Capabilities


Dead Time & Load Type
Predominantly Motors
Induction machines will typically ride through 0.5s supply interruptions
Synchronous machines will lose synchronism quickly, typically in less than
0.3s
Generally allow for 3-10s dead times (to allow UV isolation of machines)
Street Lighting
For safety (traffic, theft, violence) outages should be minimised, typically
1-2 seconds
Domestic
Traditionally, could be long (measured in minutes)
Modern systems impose penalties due to outages, therefore minimised
(according to local legislation)


Dead Time & Load Type
Embedded Generation
Generally treated as a negative load
Similar to motor considerations
Minimum dead time to allow safe disconnection of generation
Can be set much longer (minutes) to allow for system to stabilise
prior to reconnection
Future systems cannot follow this approach

Embedded generation will be required to stay on-line and ride
through system faults as much as possible
Reconnection will need to occur as quickly as safely possible


Dead Time & Protection Reset
Usually the Auto-Reclose Dead time only starts when the
protection trip resets
Check scheme some simple schemes start the Dead Time earlier!
Protection should fully reset during dead time

Ensures that a fully discriminative trip can occur on reclosure
Technology considerations
Electromechanical (Induction Disc) relays had long resets
(seconds)
Static relays designed with Instantaneous Reset (<50ms typical)
Numeric relays give the option of both what is best?


Dead Time & Fault De-ionisation
Must allow for the ionised air at the fault point to disperse
Ionised air constitutes a conduction path
De-ionisation time depends upon:
System Voltage
Type of Fault
Current Weather Conditions
Difficult to establish an exact time
Approximate formula is (10.5+KV/34.5) cycles
For 66kV: 250ms (@50Hz); 210ms (@60Hz)
For 132kV: 290ms (@50Hz); 240ms (@60Hz)
Usually considered on HV systems only distribution systems have CB

operating time criteria that are more onerous


Dead Time & CB Capability
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault
current
Circuit Breakers are required to declare an operating or duty cycle by

ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, typically of the form
O t CO t CO , where
t is the minimum time between initial tripping before reclosure can be
attempted
t defines the CB mechanism reset
t may be more significant (if longer) for multi-shot schemes


Mechanism Reset + Closing Time imposes a minimum system
dead time
Significant for HSAR to satisfy stability requirements
Most CBs have a trip free mechanism

Tripping is the priority and can interrupt the closing stroke
After tripping the trip free mechanism must be reset before
attempting closure


Fault
Inception
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Contacts
Make
Fully Closed
Dead Time
Recovery Time
System
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Disturbance Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
T1
T2
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
Time (non-linear)
Oil
11kV
Vacuum
15kV
Oil
132kV
Air
380kV
SF6
132kV
SF6
380kV
Opening Time (msec)
60
38
30
35
40
20
Operating Time (msec)
100
53
60
45
70
50
T1 (msec)
80
23
200
235
30
10
Closing Time (msec)
160
48
350
65
80
60
Minimum Dead Time (msec)
240
280
550
300
110
70
T2 (msec)
20
70
10
20
120
40


Closing Pulse
Needs to be of sufficient duration to release the closing
mechanism eg spring
Usually a fixed pulse duration to ensure mechanism is fully
operated
Can be terminated by the CB auxiliary contact
Anti-pumping is required to prevent repetitive open/close in
quick succession when both trip & close circuits are active
Trip circuit is given priority !


Reclaim Time
The Auto-Reclose device should not reset before the Protection
has had time to operate, to ensure that permanent and semipermanent faults are seen as part of the same Auto-Reclose
sequence
Set Reclaim Time > Maximum Protection Operating Time
Set shorter reclaim time and inhibit its timing if a fault is detected
by use of a protection start signal
Reclaim Timer settings need to consider:

Supply Continuity
Fault Incidence/Past Experience
Switchgear Capability & Maintenance requirements

Reclaim Time
Supply Continuity
Setting a long reclaim time risks that separate fault events will be
seen as the same fault and cause inadvertent lockout of the autoreclose cycle
Setting a short reclaim time imposes a risk that a permanent fault
isnt detected
The appropriate setting is largely dictated by knowledge of past
network events


Example of Long Reclaim Time Settings
Trip
Permanent
Fault
RREC
Close
Fault
PIOC
Arc
Inception Trip Extinguished
PIOC & PTOC
PTOC
Trip &
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make onto Fault
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Time (non-linear)
Reclaim Time >30s
Trip
Trip
Close
Fault F1
Arc
Inception PIOC
Trip Extinguished
PIOC & PTOC
F1
F2
RREC
PTOC
Fault F2
Trip &
Inception
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Reclaim Time >30s
Advantages
Correctly identifies the
permanent fault condition &
trips to lockout on the
discriminative (IDMT) trip
Minimises CB duty
Disadvantages
Incorrectly identifies two
successive independent
transient faults as a permanent
fault condition
Leads to unwanted lockout &
unplanned outages
Time (non-linear)


Example of Short Reclaim Time Settings
Trip
RREC
Close
Fault
PIOC
Arc
Inception Trip Extinguished
Permanent
Fault
PIOC & PTOC
PTOC
Trip &
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make onto Fault
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Reclaim Time Setting = 10s
Time (non-linear)
Reclaim Time Extended by Start signal

operation to allow Trip & Lockout
PTOC
Start
Trip
Trip
Close
Fault F1
Arc
Inception PIOC
Trip Extinguished
F1
PIOC & PTOC
F2
RREC
CB Contacts
Make
Fault F2
Inception
PIOC
Trip
Advantages
Correctly identifies the
permanent fault condition &
trips to lockout on the
discriminative (IDMT) trip
Correctly identifies two
successive independent
transient faults & recloses for
each
Disadvantages
Increased switchgear duty,
especially in areas of frequent
lightning
Arc
Extinguished CB Contacts
Make
Time (non-linear)
Reclaim Time = 10s
Reclaim Time = 10s

May require remote AutoReclose Control

Reclaim Time & CB Capability
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault
current
Circuit Breakers are required to declare an operating or duty cycle by

ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, typically of the form
O t CO t CO , where
t is the minimum time between initial tripping before reclosure can be
attempted
t effectively imposes a minimum reclaim time as this is the taken to reenergise the breaker (spring winding, establish air pressure, etc)
Usually a contact is made available to the auto-reclose device to indicate

when the CB is ready for operation (Springs Charged)
Used to inhibit reclosure until safe


Reclaim Time
Theoretically, the Reclaim Time can be set <1s for modern highspeed protection relays due to reset times <<500ms
Practically, the Reclaim Time is unlikely to be set <5s to relieve
the duty on the switchgear
More commonly, longer reclaim times are used


Number of Shots
In auto-reclose, every attempted reclosure of the CB is termed a
Shot
Single shot schemes predominate at higher voltage levels
Increased risk of plant damage for multiple shots
Increased system disturbance and risk of stability issues
Increased plant maintenance requirements
At lower voltages (distribution), multi-shot schemes can be

considered
Use very dependent upon knowledge of faults on the network


Successful Auto-Reclose for Semi-Permanent Fault
Trip
Close
Fault
Inception
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Arc
Protection
Extinguished Reset
Trip
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Make
Contacts
Re-Trip
Make
onto Contacts
Fault Fully Closed
Dead Time
Arc
Protection
Extinguished Reset
Closing
Pulse
Dead Time
Contacts
End of
Fully Closed Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Disturbance Time
Protection Relay
Op. Time
Operated
Reset
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Op. Time
Closing
Time
Operated
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Reset
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Operating Time
Dead Time 1
Closing
Pulse
Dead Time 2
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Time (non-linear)

Number of Shots
Typical experience from areas of frequent thunderstorms
83.25% are successful 1st Shot reclosures
Additional 10.05% are successful for 2nd Shot reclosures
(Dead Time 15-45s)
Additional 1.42% are successful for 3rd Shot reclosures
(Dead Time 120s)
This suggest that 1 or 2 shot schemes are the most successful

with limited benefit from further attempts
Almost imposes minimal additional duty on switchgear


Number of Shots
Benefits of Multi-Shot Auto-Reclose
Improved Supply Continuity
Helps prevent lockout during thunderstorms
Systems with relatively high levels of semi-permanent faults
First shot may be unsuccessful
Second shot allows for the bridging material (vegetation or animal) to
burn itself clear and give successful re-closure
Helps on systems with fused spurs

Promotes fuse operation for low fault levels
Saves fuses for some transient faults


Example of Multi-shot schemes with Fused Tees
Trip
Close
PIOC & PTOC

RREC
Permanent
Fault (Low IF)
Trip
Close
PIOC & PTOC

RREC
Transient
Fault (Low IF)
For Permanent Faults with low IF

Fuse may not blow before PTOC
If fault reapplied during autoreclose, the fuse will be preheated and may eventually blow
before the PTOC element
Maintains supply to most
customers
For Transient Faults
PIOC element may operate
before fuse
Maintains supply to all
customers after a brief
interruption (No need to replace
fuse)


Lockout
If auto-reclosure is unsuccessful the auto-reclose device will
lockout and prevent further reclose attempts. Other causes
include:
Failure of the CB to open & clear the fault when protection has
operated
Lack of CB energy within an acceptable time period
Lack of synchronism when attempting reclosure
Too many CB operations (maintenance)
Too many CB operations in a defined period (Excessive Fault
Frequency)
Operation of protection that doesnt initiate auto-reclose (BAR
input)
Eg Busbar protection, VT Buchholz, etc

Reset from Lockout
Once Lockout is attained, reset mechanisms include:
Manual reset (either locally or via telecontrol)
After Manual CB closure (either local or via telecontrol) usually
with a time delay and/or detection of healthy load state for a
period
Automatically timed reset after lockout occurrence
In all cases, the condition(s) causing lockout needs to have been

resolved


Other Auto-Reclose Interlocks
Many specific auto-reclose programmes have been developed to correspond

to specific network demands
These generally impose additional interlocking at various points in the autoreclose cycle. Examples include:
Pre-tripping interlocks to ensure CB was closed prior to protection
operation, voltages measured at both sides of CB are healthy and
available
Interlocks to prevent the Dead Time starting unless the CB is seen to have
opened and checks on the voltage to ensure that the circuit is deenergised
Interlocks to ensure the Dead Time only runs when the correct voltage
conditions are met
Interlocks to bypass the Dead Time as soon as the voltages are in
synchronism
The suitability of any auto-reclose device should be checked against the
required functionality


Sequence Co-ordination
On LV networks, it is impossible to have switching stations at all required

locations
Fused spurs are used
Pole Mounted Reclosers (PMR) are used
Upstream auto-reclose relays should discriminate with the installed PMRs

Co-ordinate the reclose cycles
Carefully select the auto-reclose sequences on both PMRs and switching stations
to ensure that the PMRs lockout for downstream faults.
Utilise sequence co-ordination

This ensures that the upstream auto-reclose device monitors but doesnt trip for
downstream events which are controlled by the PMRs
Upstream protection and auto-reclose only trips when PMR sequences have
completed but without the need for additional reclose attempts

Auto-Reclose Mode Selection
Most schemes will have simple Auto-Reclose In/Out selection
If remote selection, is possible then care should be taken

Any local selection should override the remote selection
Eg if a local user switches DAR out of service for testing purposes, to remain
safe it is necessary to ensure that the DAR can not be switched back into
service remotely
With Auto-Reclose switched out of service, non-discriminating protection

should be blocked
Eg Instantaneous elements, Distance Z1X
If Live Line working is permitted

Auto-Reclose should be switched out of service
Auto-Reclose mode selection by telecontrol should be disabled
All instantaneous (including non-discriminating) elements should be
enabled

Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56

Check Synchronism
Terminology
Check Sync refers to the check of voltages either side of a CB that is to be

reclosed, either manually or during an auto-reclose cycle. It monitors
Angle Difference the difference in phase angle between the voltages

Slip Frequency the difference in frequency between the voltages
Voltage Magnitude the absolute value of the voltage
Voltage Difference the difference in magnitude between the voltages
Combinations of these measurements are used to ascertain if it is safe to close the

CB
Check synchronism is usually measured on a single phase
A Check Synchronism device only checks the status it doesnt issue control pulses
to bring systems into synchronism
Synchronising controls are issued from a Auto-Synchroniser, or manually

Check Synchronism
Terminology
Line Voltage is the voltage measured on the protected circuit
Measured from a circuit VT
Bus Voltage is the voltage measured behind the protected circuit

Measured from a busbar VT, or from a suitable circuit VT via a
voltage selection scheme
Generally we consider the Bus Voltage as the reference with the

Line Voltage rotating relative to it

Check Synchronism
Terminology
0
Nominal Volts
Live Volts
Dead Voltage is when the measurement

indicates a de-energised state
VBUS
In Sync
Region
VLINE
Live Voltage is when the measurement

indicates an energised state
Voltages between the Dead and Live
voltage bands are undefined
Dead Volts
For In Sync or System Split

measurement both voltages must be Live
In Synchronism is when the voltages are
less than X apart
System
Split
Region
180
System Split is when the voltages are

180 apart
On System Split detection the
criteria for permitting closure may
change

Check Synchronism
Check Synchronism & Auto-Reclose
To permit CB closure during an auto-reclose cycle it will often be necessary to

confirm that the voltages either side of the breaker are suitable
The Check Synchronism device performs this task. Suitable states for closure
are one or more of the following:
In Sync - when both voltages are Live and within X apart
Dead Line Charging when the Bus voltage is live and the Line voltage
is dead
Dead Bus Charging when the Line voltage is live and the Bus voltage
is dead
When the Line and Bus voltages are both dead (less common)
For the In Sync condition, the dead time may be shortened or even ignored

Check Synchronism
Revertive Dead Line Charging
End Y
End X
Trip
Close
PIOC & PTOC
PIOC & PTOC
RREC
RREC
RSYN
RSYN
Dead Line Charge

Time = 5s
Trip
Close
Dead Line Charge

Time = 15s
IEC61850 (parts -5 and 7-4) both include

Check Synchronising as a Protection Related
function, with a logical node name of RSYN
End X attempts to reclose first after 5 seconds,
to charge the dead line
If reclose is successful, End Y will
immediately reclose assuming an In
Sync condition is measured
If reclose is unsuccessful, End Y will
reclose after a further 10s, to charge the
dead line
End X is the permitted to reclose
assuming an In Sync condition is
measured
Typical Dead Line Charge settings are in the
range of 5s to 60s

Check Synchronism
Predictive Closure
0
Nominal Volts
Live Volts
With the voltage in the In Sync region,

contact closure of the breaker can occur with
some phase angle difference
VBUS
In Sync
Region
Dead Volts
System
Split
Region
180
Some Check Synchronism elements have a

Predictive Closure facility
Monitors the frequency of rotation of
the vectors
With knowledge of the CB closing
time, it predicts when to issue the
closing pulse such that contact closure
occurs when the phase angle
difference is virtually 0
This places less stress on the CB and
the system but may delay the overall
Predictive Closure
time to closure
Region. Close pulse
VLINE
issued to promote
closure at top dead
centre
Check Synchronism
Concerns with Check Synchronism
At some point, two vectors rotating at different frequencies will have little or
no phase angle
Some customers perceive a risk that the check synchronism could be defeated
at Manual Closure by maintaining the close command and waiting for the in
synchronism signal . Risk is overcome by: Use of Slip Frequency measurement & blocking, and/or
Use of Guard Relays
An additional perceived risk, is that the output contacts of the check sync
relay could be damaged and hence give erroneous in synchronism signals
Risk overcome by use of additional logic that prevents the output being
used if it is present before the request to close
With modern numeric relays and Programmable Scheme Logic, these
facilities can all be mimicked and the risk negated

Check Synchronism
Concerns of Damaged Check Synch Relay

Check Synchronism
Implementation in Modern Numeric Relay

Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56

Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks

Conclusions
Traditionally this has been limited to Delayed Auto-Reclose with
little or no concern for synchronism check or stability
Modern networks are pushing for more efficient use of the
network, with fewer and shorter supply interruptions
Increase requirement for Check Synchronism
Use of faster protection, shorter dead times and reclaim times
Scheme settings are largely dependent upon network fault

history
CB Capability and understanding has a large impact on possible
auto-reclose scheme selection & settings
www.alstom.com

Auto-Reclose On Distribution Networks

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