Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Distribution Networks
Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
It is a Control Technique
Trip
Trip
PTOC
Fault
RREC
Reclose
PTOC
Close
Fault
RREC
Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
Underground Cables
Most faults are considered as PERMANENT, require investigation
& rectification
Pecking faults may be self healing initially but consequential
weakening of the insulation requires intervention
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 9
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
In order for the system to be safe, it is considered that the CB must always be
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault current
Not all current breaking devices are intended for auto-reclose application
The times t and t will affect the settings for the auto-reclose relay and hence
define whether auto-reclose can be effective
Public
Public
Network
Network
G59
RREC
OHL Circuit
RREC
PDIS
RREC
Transformer Circuit
RREC
Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Fault
Inception
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Protection
Reset
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Contacts
Make
Fully Closed
Dead Time
End of
Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Disturbance Time
Protection Relay
Operating Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Reclaim Time
Dead Time
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Auto-Reclose in Progress (ARIP)
Time (non-linear)
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 15
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Fault
Inception
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Protection
Reset
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Re-Trip
Make
Contacts
onto
Fully Closed
Fault
Dead Time
Arc
Extinguished
Protection
Reset
End of
Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Protection Relay
Operating Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Disturbance Time
Operating Time
Closing
Time
Operated
Reset Time
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Operating Time
Dead Time
CB Reclaim Time
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Auto-Reclose in Progress (ARIP)
Auto-Reclose Lockout
Time (non-linear)
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 16
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Z2
Z1
Z1X
Z1X
Z1
Z2
Z3
&
A/R
Z1X
&
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z1
t2
t2
Z2
t3
t3
Z3
Trip Trip
Load Type
Protection Reset Time
Fault De-ionisation Time
Circuit Breaker Capabilities
Predominantly Motors
Induction machines will typically ride through 0.5s supply interruptions
Synchronous machines will lose synchronism quickly, typically in less than
0.3s
Generally allow for 3-10s dead times (to allow UV isolation of machines)
Street Lighting
For safety (traffic, theft, violence) outages should be minimised, typically
1-2 seconds
Domestic
Traditionally, could be long (measured in minutes)
Modern systems impose penalties due to outages, therefore minimised
(according to local legislation)
Technology considerations
Electromechanical (Induction Disc) relays had long resets
(seconds)
Static relays designed with Instantaneous Reset (<50ms typical)
Numeric relays give the option of both what is best?
Must allow for the ionised air at the fault point to disperse
Ionised air constitutes a conduction path
De-ionisation time depends upon:
System Voltage
Type of Fault
Current Weather Conditions
Fault Clearance Time
Difficult to establish an exact time
Approximate formula is (10.5+KV/34.5) cycles
For 66kV: 250ms (@50Hz); 210ms (@60Hz)
For 132kV: 290ms (@50Hz); 240ms (@60Hz)
In order for the system to be safe, it is considered that the CB must always be
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault
current
O t CO t CO , where
t is the minimum time between initial tripping before reclosure can be
attempted
t is the minimum time between subsequent tripping and reclosure events
Arc
Extinguished
Trip
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Contacts
Make
Fully Closed
Dead Time
Recovery Time
System
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Disturbance Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
T1
T2
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
Time (non-linear)
Oil
11kV
Vacuum
15kV
Oil
132kV
Air
380kV
SF6
132kV
SF6
380kV
60
38
30
35
40
20
100
53
60
45
70
50
T1 (msec)
80
23
200
235
30
10
160
48
350
65
80
60
240
280
550
300
110
70
T2 (msec)
20
70
10
20
120
40
Permanent
Fault
RREC
Close
Fault
PIOC
Arc
Inception Trip Extinguished
PTOC
Trip &
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make onto Fault
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Time (non-linear)
Trip
Trip
Close
Fault F1
Arc
Inception PIOC
Trip Extinguished
F1
F2
RREC
PTOC
Fault F2
Trip &
Inception
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Advantages
Correctly identifies the
permanent fault condition &
trips to lockout on the
discriminative (IDMT) trip
Minimises CB duty
Disadvantages
Incorrectly identifies two
successive independent
transient faults as a permanent
fault condition
Leads to unwanted lockout &
unplanned outages
Time (non-linear)
RREC
Close
Fault
PIOC
Arc
Inception Trip Extinguished
Permanent
Fault
PTOC
Trip &
CB Contacts
Lockout
Make onto Fault
Maximum PTOC
Time =30s
Arc
Extinguished
Time (non-linear)
PTOC
Start
Trip
Trip
Close
Fault F1
Arc
Inception PIOC
Trip Extinguished
F1
F2
RREC
CB Contacts
Make
Fault F2
Inception
PIOC
Trip
Advantages
Correctly identifies the
permanent fault condition &
trips to lockout on the
discriminative (IDMT) trip
Correctly identifies two
successive independent
transient faults & recloses for
each
Disadvantages
Increased switchgear duty,
especially in areas of frequent
lightning
Arc
Extinguished CB Contacts
Make
Time (non-linear)
In order for the system to be safe, it is considered that the CB must always be
capable of achieving the open state safely ie tripping and breaking fault
current
O t CO t CO , where
t is the minimum time between initial tripping before reclosure can be
attempted
t is the minimum time between subsequent tripping and reclosure events
t effectively imposes a minimum reclaim time as this is the taken to reenergise the breaker (spring winding, establish air pressure, etc)
Fault
PTOC
RREC
Arc
Protection
Extinguished Reset
Trip
Closing
Pulse
Contacts
Make
Contacts
Re-Trip
Make
onto Contacts
Fault Fully Closed
Dead Time
Arc
Protection
Extinguished Reset
Closing
Pulse
Dead Time
Contacts
End of
Fully Closed Sequence
Recovery Time
System
Disturbance Time
Protection Relay
Op. Time
Operated
Reset
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Contacts
Fully Open
Op. Time
Closing
Time
Operated
Contacts
Separate
Opening
Arcing
Time
Time
Reset
Contacts
Fully Open
Closing
Time
Circuit Breaker
CB Operating Time
CB Operating Time
Dead Time 1
Closing
Pulse
Dead Time 2
Reclaim Time
Auto-Reclose Relay
Closing
Pulse
Reclaim Time
Time (non-linear)
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 36
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Trip
Close
Trip
Close
These generally impose additional interlocking at various points in the autoreclose cycle. Examples include:
Pre-tripping interlocks to ensure CB was closed prior to protection
operation, voltages measured at both sides of CB are healthy and
available
Interlocks to prevent the Dead Time starting unless the CB is seen to have
opened and checks on the voltage to ensure that the circuit is deenergised
Interlocks to ensure the Dead Time only runs when the correct voltage
conditions are met
Interlocks to bypass the Dead Time as soon as the voltages are in
synchronism
The suitability of any auto-reclose device should be checked against the
required functionality
Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
Check Synchronism
Terminology
A Check Synchronism device only checks the status it doesnt issue control pulses
to bring systems into synchronism
Synchronising controls are issued from a Auto-Synchroniser, or manually
Check Synchronism
Terminology
Line Voltage is the voltage measured on the protected circuit
Measured from a circuit VT
Check Synchronism
Terminology
0
Nominal Volts
Live Volts
VBUS
In Sync
Region
VLINE
Dead Volts
180
Check Synchronism
Check Synchronism & Auto-Reclose
The Check Synchronism device performs this task. Suitable states for closure
are one or more of the following:
In Sync - when both voltages are Live and within X apart
Dead Line Charging when the Bus voltage is live and the Line voltage
is dead
Dead Bus Charging when the Line voltage is live and the Bus voltage
is dead
When the Line and Bus voltages are both dead (less common)
For the In Sync condition, the dead time may be shortened or even ignored
Check Synchronism
Revertive Dead Line Charging
End Y
End X
Trip
Close
RREC
RREC
RSYN
RSYN
Trip
Close
Check Synchronism
Predictive Closure
0
Nominal Volts
Live Volts
VBUS
In Sync
Region
Dead Volts
System
Split
Region
180
Auto-Reclose on Distribution Networks MStockton 2012 - P 51
VLINE
issued to promote
closure at top dead
centre
ALSTOM 2010. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is provided without liability for information purposes only and is subject
to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any particular
purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Check Synchronism
Concerns with Check Synchronism
At some point, two vectors rotating at different frequencies will have little or
no phase angle
Some customers perceive a risk that the check synchronism could be defeated
at Manual Closure by maintaining the close command and waiting for the in
synchronism signal . Risk is overcome by: Use of Slip Frequency measurement & blocking, and/or
Use of Guard Relays
An additional perceived risk, is that the output contacts of the check sync
relay could be damaged and hence give erroneous in synchronism signals
Risk overcome by use of additional logic that prevents the output being
used if it is present before the request to close
With modern numeric relays and Programmable Scheme Logic, these
facilities can all be mimicked and the risk negated
Check Synchronism
Concerns of Damaged Check Synch Relay
Check Synchronism
Implementation in Modern Numeric Relay
Agenda
1st topic
Page 3
2nd topic
Page 7
3rd topic
Page 15
4th topic
Check Synchronism
Page 46
5th topic
Conclusion
Page 56
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