Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CONTENTS
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
What are Phytonutrients? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Importance of Quantity and Variety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Research Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Global Fruit and Vegetable Intake Falls Short of Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Global Availability of Fruits and Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Fruit Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tropical/Subtropical Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Citrus Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Melons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pome Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Berries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vegetable Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Brassica Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Leafy Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Root Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719
KEY FINDINGS
DATA SOURCES*
The Global Phytonutrient Report: A Global Snapshot
of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Availability, and
Implications for Phytonutrient Intakes was developed
by Nutrilite using results from an analysis of fruit and
vegetable intakes conducted for Nutrilite by Exponent,
Inc.2 The analysis of fruit and vegetable intakes was
conducted using data from several sources:2
World Health Organizations (WHO) World Health
Survey (WHS)
The Global Environment Monitoring System Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment
Programme (GEMS/Food)
The Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO)
Supply Utilization Accounts (SUA) and Food
Balance Sheets
*All implications and inferences presented in this report were prepared by Nutrilite
and represent the opinions of Nutrilite.
PHYTONUTRIENT
EXAMPLES OF
FRUITS/VEGETABLES38, 39
Lutein/ Zeaxanthin
Vision health5-7
Glucosinolates
Cellular health43
Lycopene
Ellagic Acid
Cell health12, 13
Raspberries, strawberries
Quercetin
Anthocyanidins
Alpha-carotene
Beta-carotene
Hesperidin
Heart health27
Beta-cryptoxanthin
Green
Red
White
Purple/Blue
Yellow/Orange
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITY
AND VARIETY
Vegetable Intake
KOREA31
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
ONE SERVING
or
1 cup (80g)
or
cup (80g)
or
1 piece
cup (80g)
*A list of countries in each cluster can be found in the Appendix. Asia was separated by
GEMS into two clusters, with both diets being high in rice and wheat. Cluster Asia (A)
was characterized by higher availability of fruiting vegetables, milk and milk products,
potatoes and fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, while cluster Asia (B) was
characterized by higher availability of fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, maize,
milk and milk products and brassica vegetables. Central Africa was separated by GEMS
into two clusters. Cluster Central Africa (A) was characterized by higher availability of
plantains, cassava, rice, wheat, maize, milk and milk products. Cluster Africa (B) was
characterized by higher availability of cassava, sorghum, milk and milk products,
millet, rice and maize.
or
cup (80g)
cup (80g)
100
WHO Minimum Recommended Servings
4
3
2
1
d
an
a(
ri
dd
al
So
So
20
0
So
ut
Am
as
ri
Au
40
Based
onclusters
2006 GEMS/Food
cluster
and FAOclusters
supplyand
utilization
accounts
data.accounts data.
Geographic
diet
based on 2006
GEMS/Food
FAO supply
utilization
2
lia
ta
ri
i
ed
pe
(B
i
er
sa
Au
rn
Eu
ut
op
e/
rr
i
As
r
nt
f
lA
Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2
Geographic diet clusters based on 2006 GEMS/Food clusters and FAO supply utilization accounts data.
(B
ca
ut
h
So
/C d
en
s
t
tra
r
e
lA
m
o
er
r
ica
h
M A
e
c
W e
an
s
ea
er
or
th uro
er
n
as Eur
te
o
rn pe
Eu
ro
No
p
r th
As e
er
ia
n
(A
Af
)
r ic
a/
a
M
i
d
Ce
)
nt dle
ra
Ea
st
Ce l Af
ric
a(
a
A)
So
r
i
ut
a
he
)
rn
Af
ric
a
60
lia
ta
c
ut
h/
Ce
s
nt
he
r
ra
rn
l
Eu
So Am
er
ro
u
ic
pe th
/M Am a
ed
er
ic
i
W terr a
a
es
te nea
n
No r n
rth Eur
op
er
e
n
Ea
E
st uro
er
p
e
n
Eu
ro
No
p
rth
As
e
a(
n
Af
A)
ric
a/ Asia
M
B)
Ce i
l
nt
ra e E
l
s
en Afri t
ca
tr
(
Af A)
c
u
h
r n B)
A
r ic
a
80
So
servings/day
10
10
servings/day
12
As
rn
Am
er
t
es
W
a/
ri
Vegetables
Fruits
ica
sa
nd
ut
h/
Ce Aus
So
tra
nt
ut
ra
l
he
l A ia
rn
m
S
Eu
er
ou
ica
ro
pe th A
m
/M
e
ed
r
ite ica
rra
W
ne
es
te
an
r
No n E
rth uro
pe
er
n
Eu
Ea
ro
st
pe
er
n
Eu
ro
pe
No
As
rth
i
a(
er
n
A)
Af
A
ric
ia
a/
M
(B
id
)
Ce
dl
e
nt
E
ra
a
st
l
Ce Afri
ca
nt
ra
(A
lA
)
fr i
So
ca
ut
(B
he
)
rn
Af
r ic
a
ica
sa
So
nd
ut
h/
A
C
So
en ustr
al
ut
tra
he
l A ia
rn
m
S
Eu
er
ou
ica
ro
pe th A
m
/M
er
ed
ite ica
rra
ne
an
e
No
Eu
rth
r
pe
er
n
Eu
E
r
st
pe
er
n
Eu
r
pe
No
As
rth
ia
rn
(A
Af
ic
ia
M
(B
dd
Ce
e
nt
ra
as
l
Ce Afri
ca
n
ra
(A
Af
So
ica
ut
(B
he
rn
Af
c
So
Am
er
servings/day
Vegetables
Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply
utilization accounts data.2
Fruits
KEY FINDINGS
A small percent of the adults within various regions consumed five or more servings per day with typical intakes between
six to seven and a half servings per day, or approximately three times what the low-intake consumers reported. Among
the adults with low fruit and vegetable intakes, the combined intake ranged from 1.7 to 2.7 servings per day, or roughly
one-third to one-half the minimum recommended level.
These data indicate that a majority of adults worldwide would need to at least double their current
intake of fruit and vegetable servings to meet minimum WHO recommendations.
FRUITS
VEGETABLES
FRUIT AVAILABILITY
FRUIT AVAILABILITY
TROPICAL/SUBTROPICAL FRUITS
Tropical/subtropical fruits are widely available
globally and accounted for the vast majority of total
fruit available in Central Africa (A and B) and Southern
Africa, representing 79-93% of total fruits. While
bananas and plantains are the most available tropical
fruits across most regions, mangoes, mangosteens
and guavas also make a contribution to the available
fruits across all regions, and are most available in
Central Africa (B), Asia (A) and South/Central America.
80
60
40
20
0
i
pe
ro
tr
te
a
as
er
ro
m
er
Ea
ic
So
nd
ut
h/
Ce
s
nt
So
al
ia
ra
ut
he
Am
n
S
r
Eu
ut
ca
ro
h
pe
Am
/M
r
ed
ca
i
rra
W
ne
es
an
t
n
No
r th u
er
n
Eu
Ea
ro
st
p
er
n
u
p
N
As
r th
a
e
(A
n
)
Af
As
ic
a
/M
B)
i
Ce
dl
nt
ra
s
l
Ce
fr
ic
nt
a
(A
a
)
A
r
So
a
ut
(B
er
)
n
Af
ric
Au
ic
CITRUS FRUITS
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
n
er
st
Ea
Tangerines, Mandarins,
Clementines
Grapefruit (inc. Pomelos)
Lemons and Limes
Oranges
M
a/
le
dd
rc
ric
p
ro
Af
rc
ro
a(
B)
te
a(
A)
lA
f
ite
ed
tr
So
fi
ri
nd
en
tra
l
a
ut
h/
Ce
s
nt
r
So
la
ra
ut
lA
er
m
er
Eu
ic
t
a
op
e/
m
e
ca
ra
W
ne
es
n
r
No
r th u
p
er
e
n
Eu
ro
pe
u
e
N
As
rh
a
e
(A
n
)
Af
ic
sa
(B
)
i
Am
So
rc
Au
as
t
e
th
ou
FRUIT AVAILABILITY
MELONS
30
percent (%) of total fruits
35
25
20
15
10
5
0
a
p
ro
er
c
So
ut
d
h/
Ce
nt
So
li a
ra
ut
lA
e
m
n
e
o
ric
Eu
a
ro
pe
/M
e
rc
ed
a
ite
W
an
es
e
n
No
r th u
er
e
n
Eu
E
ro
st
pe
er
n
Eu
ro
pe
N
As
h
ia
r
(A
)
f
ca
sa
/M
(B
i
)
en
tra
as
t
l
fi
e
a(
tr
A)
lA
fri
S
ca
(B
)
n
Af
rc
a
Am
n
sa
ia
ra
st
Au
th
Am
rr
rn
te
or
le
dd
ri
rc
r
he
ut
Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2
POME FRUITS
25
20
15
10
5
0
ic a
sa
So
nd
ut
A
h/
C
st
en
o
ra
tra
li a
th
lA
er
m
S
e
o
ur
ric
op
th
a
e/
m
e
ed
ri
ite
a
rr
W
an
es
te
an
rn
No
Eu
rt
ro
he
pe
rn
Eu
Ea
r
o
st
pe
er
n
Eu
ro
pe
As
o
ia
e
(A
)
As
fi
ia
(B
)
d
Ce
nt
E
as
ra
t
lA
fri
Ce
ca
ta
(A
)
lA
fr
So
a(
ut
B)
he
rn
Af
ric
a
Am
er
r th
rn
/M
ca
ic
e
dl
Quinces
Pears
Apples
Based on 2006 GEMS/Food cluster and FAO supply utilization accounts data.2
10
FRUIT AVAILABILITY
BERRIES
15
12
9
6
3
Grapes
Cranberries
Blueberries
Currants
Gooseberries
Raspberries
Strawberries
pe
ro
(A
)
pe
ro
a
r th
rn
(
)
d
Ce
nt
as
ra
lA
f
Ce
ca
tr
(A
)
lA
fr
So
c
ut
(
he
)
rn
Af
ica
As
pe
ro
ia
rc
fi
n
sa
ia
As
ia
ri
rc
So
ut
d
h/
us
Ce
nt
So
a
ia
ra
ut
lA
he
m
rn
S
e
Eu
ica
ut
h
op
Am
/M
e
e
ca
ie
rra
W
ne
es
te
n
rn
No
r th u
er
n
u
E
st
er
n
u
Am
tr
M
a/
e
dl
ia
ri
KEY FINDINGS
The fruit availability data presented in this section highlight the variations in fruit availability across
the globe. These differences suggest that both quantity and variety of phytonutrient consumption
may vary widely in different regions of the world.
11
VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY
VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY
40
30
20
10
12
B)
i
dl
e
en
E
tra
s
lA
f
Ce
a
tra
(A
)
lA
fr
So
ca
ut
B)
he
rn
Af
ric
a
As
ia
rn
(A
)
e
op
ca
/M
ric
th
er
n
No
r
25
20
15
10
n
er
ri
B)
er
n
ica
(
c
fi
lA
a
r
th
n
o
Ce
(A
r
Af
Ea
M
a/
le
dd
ta
l
i
As
(A
pe
ro
Eu
rn
As
a
p
Eu
ro
n
e
W
pe
ed
Af
i
ro
Eu
rh
n
er
st
an
No
r
nd
sa
e
Am
Am
So
ut
h/
Ce
ra
nt
So
ia
ra
u
lA
h
m
rn
e
o
ric
E
t
a
r
pe
/
rc
a
it
rra
ne
ic
st
Au
th
(B
)
er
BRASSICA VEGETABLES
Brassica vegetables represented 29% of available
vegetables in Asia (B), 21% in Southern Africa and
16%-19% in Western, Northern and Eastern European
regions and Asia (A). Cabbages and other brassicas were
the predominant vegetables available in this category.
Cauliflower and broccoli also made contributions to
brassica availability in Asia (A), Western Europe and
South/Central America but were almost completely
absent in Central Africa (A and B).
Af
ri
As
ia
ica
sa
So
nd
ut
Au
h/
Ce
st
ra
nt
So
li a
r
ut
al
he
Am
rn
S
e
ou
ric
Eu
th
a
ro
pe
Am
/M
e
ric
ed
a
ite
rra
W
ne
es
an
te
n
No
E
r
r th
p
er
n
Eu
Ea
r
op
st
e
Eu
r
50
Am
er
60
VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY
25
20
15
10
5
pe
ica
sa
So
nd
ut
A
h/
Ce
tra
nt
So
li a
ra
ut
lA
he
m
rn
So
er
Eu
ica
ut
ro
pe
/M
rc
ed
a
ite
rra
n
es
e
a
te
n
n
No
r th
p
er
n
Eu
Ea
r
o
st
er
n
u
us
e
Am
ro
Eu
pe
ro
si
Ea
er
rth
Am
er
As
ia
(A
)
Af
A
ric
a
/M
B)
id
dl
Ce
nt
ra
s
lA
fri
Ce
ca
ta
(A
)
lA
fr
So
ca
ut
B
h
)
n
Af
rc
a
LEAFY VEGETABLES
15
12
9
6
3
No
n
er
r th
n
Ce
ou
B)
Af
al
Af
rc
A)
ric
a
ica
fr
M
a/
tr
rc
Ea
e
dl
id
ta
lA
B)
si
Ce
A)
i
As
a
ro
Eu
fi
er
or
ro
Eu
er
So
ut
h
er
er
rra
ne
ed
te
ro
Eu
o
ur
W
es
pe
/
rc
Am
ra
ric
S
th
/C
en
ut
h
l
ta
us
ia
Am
So
rc
nd
sa
ia
e
u
m
Pumpkins and butternut squash are sources of alphacarotene. Butternut squash also contains beta-carotene
and beta-cryptoxanthin. Red peppers are sources of betacryptoxanthin and other peppers contain quercetin.38, 39
Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin
all support heart health.23 Beta-carotene and betacryptoxanthin are also important for bone health.26, 28
Quercetin is important for heart health and blood vessel
health by maintaining healthy blood pressure.14, 15
13
VEGETABLE AVAILABILITY
ROOT VEGETABLES
20
15
10
No
n
er
r th
n
Ce
ou
B)
Af
rc
Af
al
A)
s
n
fr
ric
a
ica
lA
M
a/
tr
rc
Ea
e
dl
id
ta
si
fi
B)
A)
Ce
ro
Eu
As
a
ur
op
t
er
he
r
t
er
So
ut
h
r
N
n
ur
op
rra
ne
W
ed
o
ur
te
st
er
pe
/
rc
ric
Am
ut
ra
us
l
ta
th
/C
en
So
rc
nd
sa
ia
e
u
m
ia
Am
KEY FINDINGS
The vegetable availability data presented in this section highlight the variations in vegetable
availability across the globe. These differences suggest that both quantity and variety of
phytonutrient consumption may vary widely in different regions of the world.
14
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In summary, a large proportion of adults around the world (60-87%)
consume fewer than the recommended minimum of five servings of fruits
and vegetables each day. In addition, there are notable differences in the
availability of different types of fruit and vegetables across geographical
regions. Because different types of fruits and vegetables provide various
levels and kinds of phytonutrients, variability in availability may influence
both quantity and variety of phytonutrient consumption. Other factors such
as the form in which fruits and vegetables are consumed (e.g., cooked or raw)
may also impact phytonutrient intakes. While this report considers potential
intake of phytonutrients from fruits and vegetables, it is important to note
that other plant-based foods may be a source of the phytonutrients
reviewed in this report.
Using the data on the availability of different types of fruits and vegetables
in geographic regions across the globe and information on sources of
phytonutrients in these fruits and vegetables, the Nutrilite Health Institute
concluded that commonly available fruits and vegetables in most regions
worldwide and their associated phytonutrients include:
Fruiting vegetables, for example, tomatoes (alphacarotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene), corn (lutein/
zeaxanthin), and eggplants (anthocyanidin).
To learn more about the phytonutrient research led by Nutrilite Health Institute,
please contact Lindsay Pott at lindsay.pott@amway.com or Clare Wade at
clare.wade@amway.com. For Nutrilite Health Institute news,
please visit globalnews.amway.com.
15
REFERENCES
1. Hall JN, Moore S, Harper SB, Lynch JW. Global variability in fruit and vegetable consumption.
Am J Prev Med. 2009; 36(5):402409.
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APPENDIX
COUNTRY NAME
WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CONSUMPTION DATA
Angola
Morocco
Cameroon
Saudi Arabia
Comoros
Cte dIvoire
YES
Tunisia
D
Armenia
Eritrea
Azerbaijan
Belarus
YES
Gabon
Guinea
Bulgaria
Guinea Bissau
Georgia
Liberia
Madagascar
Kazakhstan
Moldova, Republic of
Romania
Seychelles
Russian Federation
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Tajikistan
Uganda
Yemen
Ukraine
Greece
E
Italy
Portugal
Spain
YES
Turkey
YES
YES
Kuwait
YES
YES
Austria
Belgium
Lebanon
Jordan
YES
Uzbekistan
Israel
Iraq
YES
Turkmenistan
Cyprus
Egypt
YES
Kyrgyzstan
YES
Rwanda
Algeria
YES
Albania
Djibouti
Mauritius
YES
Ethiopia
Burundi
Central African Republic
COUNTRY NAME
WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CONSUMPTION DATA
Croatia
YES
Czech Republic
YES
Denmark
France
Germany
Hungary
YES
Ireland
Luxembourg
Malta
17
APPENDIX
COUNTRY NAME
WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CONSUMPTION DATA
Netherlands
Paraguay
Poland
Peru
Slovakia
YES
Slovenia
YES
Switzerland
Estonia
YES
Cape Verde
Ghana
YES
Iceland
Kenya
YES
YES
Lesotho
Lithuania
Malawi
Norway
Mozambique
Sweden
Namibia
YES
Afghanistan
South Africa
YES
Swaziland
YES
Bangladesh
YES
China
YES
India
YES
Zambia
YES
Zimbabwe
YES
Burkina Faso
YES
Chad
YES
Congo
YES
Indonesia
Laos
YES
Malaysi
YES
Mongolia
Myanmar
YES
Nepal
YES
Gambia
Pakistan
YES
Mali
YES
Sri Lanka
YES
Mauritania
YES
Niger
Thailand
Viet Nam
YES
Nigeria
Bolivia
Senegal
El Salvador
Sudan
Guatemala
18
YES
Togo
Cambodia
Benin
Finland
Latvia
YES
Botswana
United Kingdom
F
COUNTRY NAME
WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CONSUMPTION DATA
YES
Haiti
Bahamas
Honduras
Barbados
Mexico
Belize
Nicaragua
Brazil
Panama
Columbia
YES
APPENDIX
COUNTRY NAME
WHS 2002-2004
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE
CONSUMPTION DATA
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
YES
Ecuador
YES
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Lucia
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela
L
Brunei Darussalam
Democratic Peoples Rep of
Korea
Fiji
Japan
Kiribati
Maldives
New Caledonia
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
YES
Republic of Korea
Solomon Islands
Vanuatu
M
Argentina
Australia
Canada
Chile
New Zealand
United States
Uruguay
YES
19