Modifiable

Pathophysiology

Non-modifiable

Alcoholic

Gender: Male

Exposure to other
pathogens

Genes

Workplace
PTB
Homogenous spread of M. tuberculosis
Accumulation of bacteria in vertebrae T10, T11, and T12

Proliferation of bacteria in vertebrae

M. tuberculosis bacilli kills surrounding disk tissues

Vertebral narrowing

Progressive microcellular damage/ injured cells release chemicals

Vertebral collapse

Increased metabolic function of the body

Cytokine interleukin pyrogen release

Redness, heat

Vasodilation of involved blood vessels

Compression of spinal cord

Decreased sensory perception and muscle rating

Increased temp

Increased permeability of surrounding area allowing plasma

to leak from blood stream into extravascular space

Decreased ability to feel

urge and control defecation
and micturation

Decreased
physical
mobility

Localized edema

Increased pressure on surrounding area

Back pain

Urinary retention

Muscle atrophy

Decreased
metabolism

Constipation

Tumor growth

Dizziness

Involvement of cerebelum

Changes in emotional
state, behavior,
difficulty in thinking,
speaking, hemiparesis

Involvement of frontal lobe

Compression of other
parts of the brain

Increased ICP

Spread to other parts of the brain

Pain/headache

Inflammation

Irritation of vagal center in the

medulla

Cerebral edema

Vomiting

Compressed
cranial nerves

Skull cannot accommodate

increasing tumor size

Stroke

Increased consumption of
nutrients of tumor cells

Decreased nutrient supply to

normal cells

Apoptosis

Cerebral hypoxia

Weight loss
Cardiac/respiratory arrest

Death

Increased vulnerability of epithelial

tissue to irritants and carcinogens

Chronic irritation/exposure to
carcinogens

Inhaled carcinogen
lodges in alveoli

Inflammation of the pleura

Altered permeability of
pleural membrane

Interruption of normal cells

Activation of normal cancer cells

Binding of bacterial cell
wall to macrophage
Primary growth of tumor cells in
epithelial tissues

Increased capillary wall

permeability

Spread of bacilli via

lymphatic system to other
parts and lobes of the lungs

Abnormal collection of
fluid in pleural space
Bacilli replicates
Effusion formation

Failure of immune system to

recognize cancer cell as foreign body

Progression of proliferation
of cancer cells

Formation of granuloma

Flattening of diaphragm
Drainage of necrotic material into
tracheobronchial tree

Obstruction of bronchus
due to tumor

Cancer cells detach from

primary tumor

Tumor enlarges through

blood vessels

Migration via lymph nodes or

blood circulation

Restrictive ventilatory defect

Scar formation
Shortness of
breath, difficulty
of breathing

Active infection

Cough, chest pain

Cancer cells established at

secondary sites