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Teknik Menjawab

Kimia / Chemistry
SPM 2011
Its like this
electron (-)

proton (+)
neutron (0)

A
Z

n / n

4541/2

CHEMISTRY Paper 2

A good chemistry student


must have the following
capabilities :
Able to relate the facts and concepts learnt.
Able to use scientific skills
Able to apply his/her knowledge in a new situation

To have these capabilities, you must :

Understand and remember important


definitions/theories.

Know how to write chemical formulae and equations.


Understand and remember all aspects of an
experiment.

Have a critical and analytical thinking to interpret and


analyse graphs, diagrams, tables and chemical equations.

Be able to carry out

calculations using the

concept of mole.

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

FORMAT PENTAKSIRAN KIMIA/CHEMISTRY SPM 2005-2009


Paper

Type of Question

4541/1
Paper 1
Objective

A, B, C, D [Multiple choice]
I, II, III, IV
A, B, C, D [Multiple combination]

4 choices of answer : A, B, C and D.

Number of
Question

Marks

Time

50
(Answer all
questions)

50

1
hour

Consist of 3 Sections :

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Section A : Structured items

Paper 2
Subjective

Section B : Essay [Limited response items]


Section C : Essay [Open response items]

4541/3
Paper 3

Structural

Subjective
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Essay

6
(Answer all
questions)
2
(Answer any one)
2
(Answer any one)
1 or 2
(Answer all)
1 or 2
(Answer any one)

60

2
hours

20
20

1
hours

50

PEntaksiran Kerja Amali // Practical Assessment

PEKA

TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY
FORM

CHAPTER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2

Strategy of Answering 4541/2

TOPIC
Introduction to Chemistry
The Structure of the Atom
Chemical Formulae and Equations
Periodic Table of Elements
Chemical Bonds
Electrochemistry
Acids and Bases
Salts
Manufactured Substances in Industry
Rate of Reaction
Carbon Compounds

Note

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4
3
4
5

CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Oxidation and Reduction


Thermochemistry
Chemicals for Consumers

THE STRATEGY OF ANSWERING CHEMISTRY PAPER 2


A

UNDERSTANDING THE TASK OF THE QUESTION


Read carefully and understand the *task of the question.
Underline the key words given in the question as a guide.
Plan your answer before writing.
Section A :
The answers may be :
a number
a word
an equation
a short phrase
a few sentences
your answers should be simple and accurate.
complete sentences are not required!

[ The marks allocated for each part is an indicator to the length of answer required ]

Section B & C [Essay] :


The answers should be contain all the important points.
Only correct and complete answers will be given full marks.
Sometimes, your answers should include the following :

diagram/set-up of apparatus
table
graph
working in calculations
chemical equations
to support your answer!

[ The marks allocated for each part is an indicator to the length of answer required ]

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

*THE TASK OF THE QUESTION


Keyword

Explanation
Short facts are required. No explanation is needed!

State
Nyatakan

Example :
State the common name of the element between group 2 and group
13.
Answer :
Transition element.
Write the name NOT the formula!
No explanation is needed.

State the name


Namakan

Example :
Name the gas collected in the test tube at electrode X.
Answer :
Oxygen

[ NOT : O2 ]

Shorts facts are required. No explanation is needed!

Write
Tulis

Example 1 :
Write the electron arrangement for the magnesium atom.
Answer :
2.8.2
Example 2 :
Write the formula of sodium sulphate.
Answer :
Na2SO4

Define
Takrifkan

Give the
meaning of

Give the meaning of a term correctly, precisely and completely.


Example :
What is the meaning of nucleon number?

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Nyatakan maksud bagi

What is meant
by // What is the
meaning of

CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Answer :
The total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus
of an atom.
[ NOT : protons + neutrons // p + n ]

Apakah yang
dimaksudkan dengan

Give the answer based on what do you got? using our five senses.

State the
observation
Nyatakan pemerhatian

Example :
What would you observe at electrode Y?
Answer :
A reddish-brown solid is deposited // Electrode Y becomes thicker.
[ NOT copper metal is formed ]
Give the reasons to describe the happening / fact / phenomenon /
observation.

Explain

Example :

Terangkan / Jelaskan

One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to
cook compared to one kilogramme of meat cut into small pieces.

Explain the above statement based on the size of the reactants.

Calculate
Hitungkan

Show all the workings in calculation


Example :
When 10 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 Na2SO4 solution is added to excess
Pb(NO3)2 solution, a white precipitate is formed.
Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.
Answer :
Number of mole of Na2SO4=

0.5 x 10

1000
= 0.005 mol

Na2SO4 + Pb(NO3)2
1 mol

White
precipitate

2NaNO3 + PbSO
4

From the equation above :


1 mol of Na2SO4 produced 1 mol of PbSO4

1 mol

Therefore :

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

0.005 mol of Na2SO4 produced 0.005 mol of PbSO4

Mass of PbSO4 = 0.005 [ 207 + 32 + 4(16)]


= 1.515 g

Give the reagent, procedure and observation.


Example :
Describe a chemical test to identify the iron(III) ion, Fe3+.
Answer :

Chemical test

Procedure :
1.
5 cm3 of the solution that contains Fe3+ ion is poured into a
test tube.
2.
5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is added
into the test tube.
reagent
Observation :
Brown precipitate is formed.

Ujian kimia

Compare
Bandingkan

Give both the similarities and differences between two terms /


phenomena / subjects.
Example :
Compare the cleansing effects between soap and detergent.
Give the differences between two terms / phenomena.
[ Menyatakan perbezaan kedua-dua perkara yang sepadan]

Contrast
Nyatakan perbezaan

Example :
Explain the differences in the melting and boiling points of ionic
and covalent compounds.
1.

Describe
Huraikan

Write in detail what is being done, observed or deduced.


Example :
Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure that all the air in
the combustion tube has been expelled.

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Your description must include the following items :

List of Apparatus & Substances / Materials

Diagram [ set-up of apparatus for the experiment ]


(wherever suitable to support your answer!)

Procedure
Follow the correct order.
State the quantity of chemical such as :
solution volume and concentration
(eg : 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution)
solid mass, spatula, .
(eg : 2.0 g marble chips, 1 spatula zinc powder, 10 cm
magnesium ribbon, ..)
Include Precautionary steps (if present)

Describe an
experiment
Huraikan satu
eksperimen

Observation / Result
Relevent table

Predict
Ramalkan

Analysis of the observation / result


draw/sketch a graph
steps of calculation
write the equation for the reaction

Conclusion

Make a deduction or logical conclusion based on the given


information or your own knowledge or both.
Experiment I is repeated. Sulphuric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid
of the same concentration.
Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid required for a complete reaction.

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Give all important points and discuss each one critically.

Discuss
Bincangkan

Example :
Discuss why lead(II) bromide in solid state does not conduct electricity
while molten lead(II) bromide does.
Answer :
Lead(II) bromide is an ionic compound.
In solid state, Pb2+ ions and Br- ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces. These ions do not move freely.
In molten state, Pb2+ ions and Br- ions are free to move.

SKILLS // CONCEPTS
A good chemistry student must have the following skills :
SKILL

Draw a diagram
/ set-up of
apparatus

EXPLANATION
Diagram should be drawn neatly and correctly in pencil.
All diagrams should be :

Melukis gambar
rajah / susunan
radas

*Funtional : (berfungsi)
Gabus tidak masuk ke dalam
Tidak bocor atau tersumbat
Larutan dilorek
Buret disokong/dipegang dengan pemegang retort
Tabung didih dipegang dengan pemegang apabila
dipanaskan

Labelled : (berlabel)
Bahan tindak balas dilabel dengan nama/formula
Alat radas utama dilabel
Proses pemanasan dilukis anak panah ke atas dan dilabel
panaskan/haba
Porcelain chips

C4H8 gas
Glass wool soaked
in butan-1-ol

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Heat

water

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

10

Diagram of particles arrangement in solid state :

Draw a
diagram of
particles
arrangement

alloy

Closely packed together


In orderly manner
Minimum; 3 rows 3 columns

Melukis gambar
rajah susunan
zarah

Solid (precipitate / deposits) state the colour


Precipitate dissolved / undissolved in excess certain reagent.
Gas state the colour (if any) or the property of the gas.
Solution For colour changes, initial colour and end colour
must be mention.
Accurate

Not accurate
Colour : transparent

Write the
observation

Describe a
chemical test

Bromine gas is release

Colourless
A brown gas is released

Copper is deposited at
the cathode

A brown solid/metal is deposited at the


cathode // cathode becomes thicker

Hydrogen gas is
produced

Gas bubbles are released

Litmus paper turns blue

Red litmus paper turns blue

Becomes colourless /
decolourise

Blue colour becomes colourless // Blue


colour bleaches/ decolourise // The
intensity of the blue colour decreases

No reaction

Unchanged

Galvanometer/ammeter/
voltmeter deflected

Galvanometer/ammeter/voltmeter gives/
shows the reading

Describe in simple procedure ;


added, heated, dropped, etc
Name and state the reagent ;

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

11

Glowing wooden splinter, lighted wooden splinter, sodium


hydroxide solution, acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution, etc
Observation that occurs correctly ;
Example :
Chemical Test For Gases
Gas
Procedure
Lower a glowing wooden
Oxygen, O2
splinter into the test tube.
Bring a lighted wooden
Hydrogen, H2 splinter to the mouth of the
test tube.
Carbon
dioxide, CO2

Draw a
diagram of
electron
arrangement of
compounds

Bubble/flow the gas produced


into lime water.

Observation
The glowing wooden
splinter light up.
A pop sound will be
heard.
The lime water turn
cloudy/milky/chalky.

Ionic compound :

Melukis gambar
rajah susunan
elektron bagi
sebatian

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Number of ions combined is correct.


All ions are labelled
Charge of each ions are correct.

+
X

2Y

+
X

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Covalent compound :

Number of atoms combined to form the compound must be


correct.
All atoms must be labelled.
Sharing of electrons must be correct.

You have to consider 4 following items :

Draw
/Sketch a graph

Axes must be labelled with quantity and unit.

Scale for all axes must be suitable.


[ Minimum of the graph is used ]
[No need if you sketch the graph!]

Melukis /Melakar
graf

Draw the

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All Points /coordinates are transferred correctly.

Curve or straight line of the graph must be draw smoothly.

Draw the arrow at the connecting wire.


[Tidak boleh merentasi/melalui larutan]

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

direction of
electron flow
Melukis gambar
rajah arah
pengaliran
elektron

Write the
equation

All equations must be :

Menulis
persamaan

Calculate
Hitungkan

Colour

Draw an
Energy Profile
diagram

Formulae of reactants and products are correct


Balanced equation.

Show all the working of calculations.


The value of the answers must be correct and have unit.
The colour of all chemicals must be determine correctly.
For colour changes, initial colour and end colour must be mention.

The Energy Profile diagram must include the following items :

Melukis gambar
rajah aras tenaga

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Axis/Vertical line with the arrow


The axis is labelled with Energy
Two horizontal lines that shows the different energy
levels.
Reactants and products at the correct level.
Formulae of the reactants and products are correct.
Value of H and the sign ( + or - ) are correct.

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

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Example :
Energy
2C3H7OH + 9O2

H = - 1932 kJ mol-1
6CO2 + 8H2O
2

PERINGATAN !

Formulae of the reactants and


products must be correct!

Persamaan mesti betul dan seimbang!

Dapat membezakan jenis-jenis persamaan :


Chemical equation [ Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ]
Half equation [ Setengah persamaan ]

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

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Ionic equation [Persamaan ion ]
Overall ionic equation [Persamaan ion keseluruhan ]

Apabila melukis gambar rajah susunan radas, pastikan :


Functional [ Berfungsi ]
Labelled [ Berlabel ]

Apabila melukis graf, beri perhatian kepada :


Paksi berlabel // Labelled axis
Skala yang sesuai // Suitable scale
Titik/koordinat dipindahkan dengan betul // All points are at correct
coordinates
Garis lurus/lengkung yang licin // Smooth line

Semua jalan kerja dalam penghitungan/pengiraan ditunjukkan.


Unit mesti disertakan pada jawapan.

Warna bahan kimia mesti tepat!

Bagi perubahan warna, mesti dinyatakan warna asal dan warna akhir.

Ejaan bagi nama bahan kimia dan istilah mesti betul!

Perlakuan-perlakuan (kata kerja) yang penting dalam huraian eksperimen


mesti dinyatakan.

10 Dalam huraian kaedah eksperimen, beri perhatian kepada :


Langkah-langkah yang berturutan/berkesinambungan
Kuantiti bahan yang digunakan mesti dinyatakan (g, cm, cm3, spatula)
Keadaan bahan kimia yang digunakan mesti dinyatakan (solid, solution,
powder, granule, crystal)
Bagi larutan (solution), mesti dinyatakan isipadu (volume) dan
kepekatannya (concentration).
Alat penyukat dan spesifikasinya perlu diambil kira.
Contoh :
quantity

concentration

physical
state
verb

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apparatus and
its specification

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution was measured using a
50 cm3 measuring cylinder and was poured into a 100 cm3 beaker.

11 Sedari bahawa Reactivity Series (Siri Kereaktifan) adalah berbeza daripada


Electrochemical Series (Siri Elektrokimia)!

12 Sesuatu pernyataan mesti tepat!


Contoh :
Electron arrangement of sodium element is 2.8.1 [ salah ]
Electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1 [ betul ]

KESILAPAN // KELEMAHAN CALON-CALON DALAM MENJAWAB


SOALAN KIMIA Kertas 2
Soalan Struktur (Section A)
1

Tidak memahami kehendak soalan [Tidak arif tentang kata tugas soalan].
Menjawab mengikut kefahaman sendiri!

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

Memberi jawapan yang terlalu panjang [ Sengaja memanjangkan jawapan


dengan menyalin semula sebahagian soalan!]

Memberi lebih daripada satu jawapan dan jawapan yang bercanggah antara
satu sama lain!

Bagi soalan penghitungan, jawapan yang diberi tanpa unit ATAU unit salah!

Ejaan yang salah pada nama bahan kimia atau istilah.


Soalan Esei (Section B and C)

Jawapan yang diberi terlalu umum, tiada isi.

Jumlah isi yang diberi tidak sepadan dengan jumlah markah yang
diperuntukkan.

Jawapan yang diberi tidak disertakan dengan gambar rajah, jadual keputusan,
lakaran graf, persamaan tindak balas dan sebagainya sebagai pelengkap.

Fakta yang dipersembahkan tidak tersusun.

Terdapat fakta yang bercanggah antara satu sama lain.

Tulisan yang sukar dibaca!


Kesalahan-kesalahan lain (Terdapat dalam soalan Struktur dan Esei)

Menulis persamaan dengan formula bahan dan hasil yang tidak betul atau
persamaan yang tidak seimbang! [ disebabkan tidak tahu formula sebatian yang betul ]

Tidak dapat menyatakan warna bahan kimia dengan tepat. Jika perubahan warna,
tidak menyatakan warna asal.

Apabila melukis gambar rajah, biasanya gabus masuk ke dalam tabung uji/
kelalang kon. [ Radas tidak berfungsi! ]

Langsung tidak menjawab soalan yang melibatkan penghitungan.


[ Tidak menguasai konsep mol! ]

Tidak menitikberatkan perlakuan-perlakuan penting dalam huraian kaedah


eksperimen.

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CHEMISTRY Paper 2

The sulphuric acid was poured quickly and carefully into the conical flask.
The water bath was heated slowly until the temperature reached 60 OC.
The naphthalene was stirred slowly, carefully and continuously with a thermometer.

Keliru antara pemerhatian (observation) dan kesimpulan (conclusion)!


*Memberi kesimpulan (conclusion) sebagai jawapan untuk pemerhatian.
Example :
State the observation when zinc powder is added into dilute hydrochloric acid in a
test tube.

Given answer :
Hydrogen gas is liberated.

Correct answer :
Effervescence occurs // A colourless gas is produced.
7

Apabila melukis graf, paksi tidak dilabel atau label tiada unit!

Dalam huraian kaedah eksperimen, kuantiti dan keadaan bahan kimia yang
diguna tidak dinyatakan.

Menumpukan kepada satu perkara sahaja apabila menjawab soalan yang


melibatkan perbandingan atau perbezaan antara dua perkara.

10 Tidak memberikan contoh yang spesifik apabila diminta.


11 Menggunakan singkatan istilah dalam menjawab soalan.
Contoh : ES (Electrochemical Series), RS (Reactivity Series), RAM (Relative
atomic mass)

The END

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