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TECHNICAL NOTE
D-944
CONFIGURATION
FACTORS
BETWEEN
EXCHANGE
AXISYMMETRICAL
CONES,
By
FOR
AND
Albert
J.
SECTIONS
HEMISPHERES
Buschman,
Jr.,
Langley
Research
Langley
Air Force
'l
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
WASHINGTON
OF
AND
AND
and
RADIANT
OF
THEIR
Claud
M.
ENERGY
CYLINDERS,
BASES
Pittman
Center
Base,
Va.
SPACE ADMINISTRATION
October
1961
D-944
1A
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
TECHNICAL
CONFIGURATION
BEqWEEN
FACTORS
NOTE
AND
J.
SECTIONS
HEMISPHERES
Buschman,
Jr.,
ADMINISTRATION
D-944
EXCHANGE
AXISYMMETRICAL
CONES,
By Albert
FOR
SPACE
OF
RADIANT
OF
ENERGY
CYLINDERS,
AND
THEIR
BASES
and
Claud
M.
Pittman
SUMMARY
Radiation-interchange
configuration
factors
are derived
for axisymmetrical
sections
of cylinders,
cones,
and hemispheres
radiating
internally
to annular
and circular
sections
of their bases and to other axisymmetrical
sections.
The general
procedure
of obtaining
configuration
factors
is outlined
and the results
are presented
in the form of equations,
tables,
and
figures.
INTRODUCTION
factors
for
configuration
by integrating
2
and the remainder are obtained, in appendix B, by the application of
configuration-factor
algebra. The techniques of configuration-factor
algebra make it possible, in somesltuations_ to obtain the desired
configuration factor from available factors _ithout the need for
integration.
In addition to being listed in tables _d given in the form of
equations, the results are presented in carpet plots which permit an
estimate of the magnitude of a given factor _nd show the effect of
varying the proportions of the surfaces involved.
L
9
9
SYMBOLS
area
radius
circular
configuration
height
J, k, m, n
integers
base
of
surface
factor
defined
by
between
the
mth
and
nth
rl/a
nondlmensional
parameter,
L_/a
per
of
radius
revolution
unit
ring
of
(4)
plazes
time
between
the
mth
and
nth
planes
circle
distance
energy
between
absolute
temperature
Cartesian
e_Lation
cone
parameter,
energy
of
area
nondimensional
area
the
of
length
M
of
centers
coordinates
of
the
areas
exchanging
radiant
p,e,
polar
coordinates
spherical
p, e,cp
coordinates
Stefan-Boltzmann
half
the
_n
angle
apex
angle
between
centers
the
of
radiation
solid
constant
the
of
a cone
normal
to
area
from
An
the
and
area
the
An
and
area
which
plane,
or
the
line
between
intercepts
An
angle
Subscripts:
identification
0, i, 2, 5, J, k, n
circular
cj
an
CJ,k
area
annular
(CJ,k
of
in the
area
in
= Cj
- Ck)
dAl, dA 2
from
an
area
dA I
J,k
from
an
area
base
the
to
to
an
area,
of
base
an
an
a body
of
area
area
of
a body
point
revolution
of
revolution
dA 2
k
Superscripts:
identification
1,2,3, a,H,m,n
of
an
area,
plane,
or
point
ANALYSIS
Black-Body
Radiation
Surfaces
Consider
the
exchange
Between
of Arbitrary
of
radiant
Two
Isothermal
Orientation
energy
between
black
surfaces,
A1
and
A2, of arbitrary
nonabsorbing
medium
as shown in figure
1.
orientation
The energy
leaving
the
in the
second
dA 2
first
elementary
Is given
by
(see
surface
ref.
dA 1
two
isothermal
separated
by
per unit time
direction
of
the
l)
_l
cos
$1
dA1
(i)
where
q
energy,
per
unit
Stefan-Boltzmann
T1
absolute
41
angle
time
constant
temperature
between
areas
dA I
normal
and
of
dA 1
to
dA I
and
line
between
centers
of
dA 2
L
The
portion
intercepted
and can be
of
by
dA 2
expressed
the
energy
depends
as
per
upon
unit
the
time
solid
leaving
_,ngle
dA I
dm
which
subtended
is
by
dA 2
(2)
and
is
The
the
energy
intercepted
by
distance
per
the
between
unit
surface
time
$2
the
which
dA 2
By
d_
centers
leaves
(eq.
cos
dq_Al,
_A2 = _ T
42
(2))
41
the
areas
the
surface
csn
therefore
cos
dA I
dA 1
be
and
and
dA 2.
is
expressed
as
42
S2
_i
(3)
defining
cos
41
cos
se
equation
42
dAe dA1
(4)
(5) becomes
qA I, A 2
= sTI4AIFAI ' A 2
(5)
9
9
2
The
term
FAI, A 2
depends
only
two surfaces
and is known
tion factor
is defined
as
which
leaves
a surface
and
procedure
can be repeated
leaves
the second
surface
lowing
results :
upon
the
geometric
configuration
of
the
as the configuration
factor.
The configurathe fraction
of the total energy
per unit time
is intercepted
by a second
surface.
The above
to determine
the energy
per unit time which
and is intercepted
by the first with the fol-
qA2 ' A1
= oT_2A2FA2 ' AI
(6)
9
9
whe re
FA2, A1 - _
ZA
7A
_iS2 cos
cos
*2
_l
_2
(7)
It
can
be
seen
Equation
from
(8)
equations
is known
in appendix
B, is very
algebra.
For brevity,
tion (8) is written
as
(4)
and
(7)
that
AIFAI, A 2
= A2FA2,
as the
reciprocity
(8)
A1
theorem
and,
as
is
seen
useful
in the application
of configuration-factor
whenever
the areas
involved
are understood,
equa-
AIFI, 2 = A2F2, i
The
net
exchange
of
radiant
energy
between
AI
ure l, obtained
as the difference
between
equations
simplified
by the reciprocity
theorem,
is
and
(5)
A2
and
of
(6)
figand
et:
Black-Body
Radiation
(9)
in
Closed
Systems
Consider
a closed
system
composed
of
n
isothermal
black-body
surfaces
separated
by a nonabsorbing
medium.
The net heat flow result
as presented
for two isothermal
black-body
surfaces
can be extended
to
include
the
n
isothermal
black
surfaces
in the following
manner.
an
According
isothermal
to the
surface
Stefan-Boltzmann
J
is
law,
the
radiant
energy
leaving
(lO)
from
all
other
surfaces
(ii)
k=l
so
that
the
net
exchange
of
qnet
energy
becomes
= _T_Aj-
_k_Fk,
(12)
k=l
Finally,
equation
(]2)
to obtain
the following
can be reduced
equation:
qnet
= gAj
by
applying
the
reciprocity
theorem
(15)
T4
k J,
k=l
With
can
be
a knowledge
used
to
obtain
of
the
heat
configuration
flows
or
factors
temperature
system.
Reference
4 demonstrates
the use of
heat transfer
is accompanied
by heat transfe_
Configuration
Fj,k,
equation
distributions
in
equation
(13) when
by conduction.
(13)
a closed
radiant
Factors
In practice,
configuration
factors
can oe obtained
by experimental,
numerical,
and analytical
means.
(See, for example,
ref. i.)
In the
present
paper,
some configuration
factors
are found directly
from equation (4) and some indirectly
from equation
(_) through
configurationfactor
and
The shapes
hemisphere)
sidered
factors
perature
of
algebra.
considered
are surfaces
with the ends closed
by
are axisymmetrical
and
are applicable
only to
distributions.
therefore
surfaces
of r_volution
(cylinder,
cone,
plane surfaces.
All areas conthe resulting
configuration
exhioiting
axlsymmetrical
tem-
heat transmission
within
a base plane
six types of
a system
composed
general
configuration
factors
are required.
These six types of configuration
factors,
which
are derived
in the present
paper,
are shown in figure
2 for the case
where
the surface
of revolution
is a cylinder.
Similar
configuration
factors
have been determined
for the cone and hemisphere.
rings
_,
_,
between
the
_.
which
rings
are
The
circular
base
designated
area
Cn.
circular
The
areas
planes
plane
CO
represents
the
the
circular
there
is usually
ever,
for
be
done
a few
by
the
no
use
and
by
base
of
or
Cn_l,n,
= Cn-1
areas
to
specify
the
is
necessary
the
cylinder
the
region
between
are
in the
base
normally
in which
specify
For
the
example,
they
plane
lie.
and
appear
is understood
of
revolution
base
the
this
extending
exchanging
base.
between
energy
In
the
with
By
the
an
using
second
annular
area,
symbolism,
would
base
with
manner
and
this
the
energy
same
area
R_,C 1
from
radiant
first
the
method,
and
2 are
deslgnated
2
2
R1, R 1.
as
t_,C
the
plane
would
above
C 1 - C2,
the
to
a circular
__R_'C1,2
planes
indicate
six
in
to
be
a ring
the
first
area
1,
R2, C1 ,
C1
indicate
the area
C
terms
on
surface
the
plane
in
the
base
plane.
above
the
a ring
exchanging
2,
will
base
base
I_,Cl,
How-
in the
the
configurations
plane,
this
presented
R21, C1, 2,
plane.
the
plane
lying
radiant
in
3
ure
that
_n-l,n
By using
so
Cn
plane
to
superscripts.
superscripts
annular
respectively.
so that
n
R 0.
circular
represents
annular
it
of
Cn
planes
plane)
_ ,
either
and
need
cases
as
base
the
into
of
so that
Cn-l,n
Since
indicate
the
are
full
Cn_l, n
Cn
being
known
C l,
region
and
be
considered
CO,
annular
superscripts
(zero
will
by
Cn_ 1
and
is measured
these
in the
and
subscripts
length
between
Areas
Cn_ 1 >
the
The
revolution
is divided
to the base at heights
fig-
R2, R0,
of
The
derivation
appendixes.
obtained
by
spheres
the
The
in
configuration
configuration
appendix
of
A.
With
and
the
fa_tors
factors
equation
the
configuration
algebra
The use of
in appendix
the
integration
remaining
factor
of
(_)
equations
are
the
for
exception
factors
configuration-factor
B where configuration
for
is p_sented
geometry
for
for
by
the
are
hemi-
hemisphere,
configuration-
geometry
algebra
is explained
factors
_'e given
and
the
using
the
R_'Clv
cones,
_,_
obt&ined
derived
of
cylinders,
of
in
of
1
R O, C I"
and demonstrated
for the geometries
L
1
R_'CI'
for the
algebra.
algebra
the
R_'CI, 2'
R_'CI, 2'
R2R21,i"
The
gemetry
R_'R0
hemisphere
is not amenable
to the use of configuration-factor
This situation
results
from the fact that configuration-factor
depends
to a large extent
on dealing
with similar
surfaces
and
geometry
of
_,R_
results
hemispheres.
Therefore,
tion in appendix
A.
the
in
result
RESULTS
Since
obtained
all
with
the
one
for
AND
configuration
exception
spherical
this
case
which
are
is obtained
not
by
integra-
DISCUSSION
factors
(_R_
segments
for
given
in the
a hemLsphere)
present
from
paper
three
are
primary
equations
(AT),
(AI6),
and
configuration-factor
will be discussed
in
factor
appendix
(A26)
involving
t%e
geometry
algebra,
only evaluations
of
any detail
in this sectLon.
of
R_C I and
31
is
derived
a hemisphere
tion
Table I is
to use for
in
is
elementary
a summary
the cases
specific
surfaces
are indicated
for
for
and
R2R 0
will
when
not
the
surface
r,_quire
of
revolution
discussion.
which
indicates,
bit number,
the proper
equapreviously
describ_d.
In addition
to the
of revolution
treated
use with an arbitrary
in d_tail,
surface
of
fundamental
revolution.
equations
Cylinders
The
configuration
factor
for
the
of revolution
is a cylinder
is derived
equation
(AT).
Equation
(AT) is given
equation
(AS) which
is
geomet_
_,C
when
in ap]_ndix
A and
in a r ondimensional
is
the
surface
given by
form by
9
9
2
+2N2(1
M2)+ (1 M2)2 (1 M2)_
The
nondimensional
parameters
are
where
a
is
the
The
of the
ratio.
is the
height
term
base
Table
for
in
of
of
is
the
range
the
of
form
of
the
R_.
a ratio
of
rI
fig.
3. )
the
radius
of
C0,
results
r_a
base,
(See
cylinder
II presents
a wide
given
radius
= rl/a
and
a carpet
whereas
from
plot
of
the
the
Lol/a.
is the
radius
area
term
C1
N
data
in figure
of
CI,
to
the
is a
nondimensional
The
of
radius
slenderness
equation
table
and
II are
(AS)
also
4.
Cones
I
The
configuration
factor
for
the
geometry
of
Ro, C I
when
the
sur-
face of revolution
is a cone is derived
in appendix
A and is given by
equation
(A16),
which
is a lengthy
equation
that results
from the evaluation of a nonelementary
integral.
Because
a large number
of terms
in
the equation
must be defined,
it will not be repeated
in the text and
reference
should
be made to appendix
A.
Table
III gives the results
of
the evaluation
of a _ondimensional
form of equation
(A16) for combinations
of
_o,
figure
of
_/H
i0 o,
and
and
20 .
rl/a
The
between
dimensions
0. i and
L_
1.0
and
and
for
cone
rI
are
as
half-angles
shown
in
_.
lO
Hemispheres
l
The
configuration
factor
for
the
face of revolution
is a hemisphere
by equation
(A26).
Equation
(A26)
equation
(A27), which
is
geometry
of
RS, C I
when
the
sur-
is derived
in appendix
A and is given
is given
in nondimensional
form by
L
where
the
nondimensional
parameters
are,
as
for
the
9
9
cylinder_
2
M
and
the
presents
of
1
LO,
dimensions
results
rl/a
and
The
data
of
_/a
of
figure
8.
Figure
N
when
M = 1.
the
rl,
and
evaluation
between
table
= rl/a
IV
shows
0.1
are
of
and
:_hown in
equation
figure
(A27)
for
7.
Table
IV
combinations
1. O.
are
presented
that
FR_,C
l_
CONCLUDING
as
in tile form
of
is
for
constant
a carpet
all
plot
values
of
REMARKS
Configuration
factors
are presented
whih can be used in heattransfer
studies
involving
nonplanar
surface_
at high temperatures.
These
configuration
factors
have been derived
for axisymmetrical
sections
of cylinders,
cones,
and hemispheres
r_diating
internally
to
circular
and annular
regions
of their bases r to other axisymmetric
sections.
Some of the factors
were obtained
by integrating
fundamental
equations
expressed
in terms of convenient
ccordinates.
The remainder
of the factors
were obtained
by utilizing
configuration-factor
algebra
and the results
of the integrations.
The use of configuration-factor
algebra
is explained
and demonstrated.
The calculated
radiation
configuration
factors
are given in tables
and plots.
Langley
Research
Center,
National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration,
Langley
Air Force Base, Va., July 20, 1961.
in
ll
APPENDIX
A
DERIVATION
OF
CONFIGURATION
CONES,
The
area
L
9
9
equation
dA 1
the
body
for
which
is
the
paper
of
AND
the
FACTORS
HEMISPHERES
portion
incident
of
upon
BY
the
FOR
CYLINDERS,
INTEGRATION
total
radiation
an elemental
area
from
dA 2
an elemental
is derived
in
as
2
FAI ,A2
= _
fA 2
@iS 2 cos
cos
d_
@2
dA 1
1
whe re
S
distance
@1,@ 2
angles
the
of
between
between
normals
dA I
the
to
The configuration
section
of a body
line
the
the
of
equation
chosen
A1
of
and
A2.
The
the
tion
base.
factor
spheres.
and
A2
all
cases
This
for
For
the
will
the
the
the
limits
be
A1
the
areas
equation
as
upper
be
the
will
and
dA 2
case
to a
R ,R 0
lower
written
for
for
possible,
area
on
the
cylinders,
a hemsiphere,
rings,
the
of
of
integra-
surface
the
as
of
area
the
cones,
respectively.
terms.
the
designated
circular
derivation
in general
in terms
integrated.
surfaces
represent
the
expressed
be
as
represent
R_,C 1
and
can
over
throughout
of
be
out
apply
will
and
general
A2
of
dA I
areas.
S, must
carried
will
geometry
the
and
area
geometry
represent
@2'
solution
will
area
and
@l'
the
(A1)
the
radiant
energy
with an axisymmetrical,
plane of the base as shown in figures
3,
and hemispheres,
respectively.
The param-
so that
to keep
revolution
in
(A1),
equation
Joining
factor
will be derived
of revolution
extending
coordinates
In order
tion
dA 2
respective
given
plane above
it exchanging
circular
region
located
in the
5, and 7 for cylinders,
cones,
eters
and
C1
configuraand
areas
hemi-
AI
However,
in
12
Configurations
Cylinder.parameters
z
become
the
and
of revolution
is a cylinder
(see
in terms of th_ polar coordinates
a - P2
cs(81
cos 41
fig.
p,
5),
8,
- e2)
(A3)
cos 42 : _
S2
9
9
- 2ao2cos(:_ 1 - e2)
= z2 + a 2 + 022
(A4)
dA I = a de I dz
d_
(A3),
area
= P2
dP2
d82
Integration
over
ep, from 0 to
and (A4) into eq. _A1)),
gives
2_
the
(aft,_r substituting
confii_ration
factor
dA 1
to
the
differential
ring
2z[a(z2
dAiFdAi,
2_o2dP 2
in
+ a2 +
configuration
area
p2 , from
IF I,
A2
0 to
can
rl_
factor
be
from
after
the
differe_:tial
equation
rearranging
2 dP 2 dA I
(AS)
area
(AS)
by
dA I
to
integrating
the
over
glw_s
(m)
2"11/2z2 + a2
+ rl2)Z2
+ 2(a2
equation,
obtained
0 to
and
the
as
2 +
from
following
from
dp 2
022 ) -- 2ao22]p
Cl --
The
factor
from
obtained
which
z4
eI
2_D2
(A2),
the
3/2
z2 +a
The
base
[(
finite
the
eqs.
from
24
area
over
AI
to
the
from
area
+ rl 2
+ (a 2 - rl2)
by
integrating
0 to
A2:
4,
gives
equation
the
(A6)
over
configuration
13
(A7)
or
in
nondimensional
form
(AS)
FR1, C I
4N
where
= rl/a
_=_/a
Results
and 0.2
A
the
obtained
by evaluating
equation
(A8)
% N _ 200
are given
in table
II and
special
base
of
the
case
presents
cylinder
(M
itself
= 1).
when
Equation
_,c :_
The
reciprocity
factor
from
theorem
the
base
Cones.-When
the
parameters
of equation
of
can
be
the
cylinder
A2
in the
figure
becomes
(AS)
0. i <: M<:
range
4.
then
the
full
reduces
area
to
to
the
surface
of revolution
(A1) can be expressed
cos _2 :
(Ag)
determine
walls
of
to
.4 - _
employed
1. O
the
configuration
FCo,_.
is a cone
as
(fig.
5),
the
(All)
14
S2 = z 2
+ pl 2 + p22
dA2
2PlP 2 cos(e I
= P2 dP2
(AZ2)
e2)
de2
whe re
# = Half
apex
= Pl
angle
+ z tan
L
and
Integration
over
(A12)
into equation
area
dA 1
to
the
differential
2z
9
9
e2
after substituting
,._quations (A10),
(All),
(A1) gives the configuration
factor
from the
cos
ring
11 dAl[
in
the
a (z 2 + pl 2
base
as
+ p22)
2PlP22]p2
dP2
(Al3)
The
configuration
is obtained
factor
by
from
integrating
the
differential
equation
(A1})
dAIFd_'CI
over
P2
dA 1
from
r 12) + aPl(rl
= 2z cs ' dAl t
-
area
to
the
0 to
2 - z2)
r 1.
+ z2Iz2
the
area
AI
is
a surface
dAl
the
configuration
grating
over
factor
81
and
from
collecting
of
_ 0
f0 _
is
+ r12 )
Z2_
revolutloz,
sec
R_
terms
becomes
a2 z4
to
+ blZ2
+ b2z5
where
_ de I dz
area
alz3
CI
It
(_')
= Pl
an
C1
- P12) + r 1 1 1/2
- pl 2)
Since
area
an area
+ ClZ
CI
after
inte-
+ dl)dZ
+ c2z 2 + d2z
a3z3
+ b3z2
+ c3z + d3 d_
a4z
+ b4z + c L
+ e2) I/2
(A_5)
15
whe re
aI
= sec4_
bI
= -3a
cI
= (Sa 2 - rl2)tan2
dl
= -a
a2
= sec4_
b2
= -4a
c2
= 2a2(2
d2
=-4a
tan
tan
_ sec2_
+ a 2 _ rl2
_(a 2 - rl2 )
tan
sec2_
tan2_
tan
+ sec2_)
+ 2rl2(1
- tan2_)
_(a 2 - rl2 )
a 3 = sec4_
b3
= -3a
c3
= a2(,
tan
sec2_
tan2,
d 3 = -a3tan
+ 11
a4 = sec2_
b 4 = -2a
tan
c4 = a2
For
brevity,
equation
(A15)
will
cos
The
and
it.
it
first
integral
is necessary
Reference
4
square
root of
into Legendre's
to
presents
a quartic
standard
of
equation
be
written
cot
as
*(_l
(A15)
introduce
elliptic
a method
allowing
is
not
functions
integrals
in the denominator
form of an elliptic
(_6)
I2)
an
elementary
in
integral
order
to
containing
of the integrand
integral.
to
evaluate
the
be
put
16
the
By making
use
first
integral
of
of
reference
equation
5 to evaluate
(A15) becomes:
the
elliptic
integrals
L_-p
q-_,_
L
(q-p)It w
_(v_-w_lo
)
Ii
P
-__eo2_,
I[_(_ + i)2+
_(x + l)
q
L
9
9
2
%_
_ls_l
_(__ w_)-_o(V_-_o)(.
_s 2 - k2/
oo
+ _
m=l
Oo
qmsin(_)
sin (_mV2)
m sinh(2m_)
m=l
_sin(_
+_2)(_s
2-k2
1ogel
,
_in(__2)
(Vs
2 k2
\
+ i loge|_sln(_
_
_
_in(_-
(_7)
k2
+ sdn_l)J
./
2A
17
where
and
(a, + a
and
where
are
!8 -
roots
"_')_2
and
are
the
b2
z3
equation
c_,)'q
+ c_(_
nonconJugate
c2
+_
z2
+ "_') -
roots
d2
of
IB_'(_
the
+ a)
= 0
quartic
e2
+_z
+_:o
and
9
9
2
the
+ 2(18_" -
z4 +_
L
of
sin-1. /
A:
K6
VK 5 +K6
dn _n
Jacobi
E (_Pn,,
k)
incomplete
elliptic
integral
of
the
second
incomplete
elliptic
integral
of
the
first
a(x)
=
k
elliptic
K I = alq3
K2
= 5alpq2
- k2sin2_n
kind
kind
K65K65
modulus,
VI
+Ksx)
complementary
function,
modulus,
_-
complete
elliptic
respectively
integrals
complete
of
k'
elliptic
integral
+ blq2
clq
+ blq2
K 3 = 3alp2 q + 2blPq
k2
of
of
the
the
first
first
+ dI
+ 2blpq
+ blP2
+ 2clq
+clP
+ clq
+ 2clP
5d I
+ 5d I
and
kind
second
with
kinds,
a modulus
18
K_ = alP3 + bl p2 + clP + d1
= _-
2p_e(,:,,)
+ I< 2
=_ __o(0)+I_t_
L
2ql_e(l_) + [1_2
9
9
,_ =-2(_ + _)(K 7 + _)
y_ =q2_
_:].o= 3(_:8 + _
K].I -- - (_
+ 2_g_:8)
+ _:7 + 6_)
K_
_.=e
'"+
K6
s_-Q._
_'n= "F('_n,'_)
2k
v =K 3-
2_+3K].
W = K4 - K3 + K2 -
Z(A,k)
Jacobl
K1
Zeta function,
E(A, k)
E ]_(A;, k)
19
2K
The
which
second
upon
integral
integration
of equation
(AI5)
is
an elementary
integral
becomes
(AZ8)
+
Equation
leaves
which
(AI6)
surface
cepted
by
If
intercepting
the
surface
represents
AI, the
A2,
the fraction
frustum
of a
a plane
area
A2
circular
is
the
of the total
radiant
energy
right cone, and is inter-
area
entire
in the
base
of
base
of
the
cone,
are greatly
simplified.
The procedure
remains
unchanged
up
gration
of equation
(AI5) which now contains
two elementary
whose
integration
the
cone.
the
results
to the inteintegrals
yields
0
energy
The configuration
factor
with the complete
base
for the
becomes
FR_ 'CO
The configuration
can be found from the
factor
algebra.
(See
the
Hemisphere.parameters
of
complete
= sin
surface
of revolution
(AI) can be expressed
2[a 2 - plP2
cos
@i
exchanging
factor
from the base of
reciprocity
theorem
with
appendix
B.)
When the
equation
cone
radiant
(A20)
the
the
is
as
a hemisphere
(fig.
7),
cos(e I - e2)]
aS
(A2I)
2O
(A22)
cos _2 :
S2
a 2 + p22
2PlP 2 cos(81
(A23)
e2)
and
dA I = a de I dz
L
dA2
= P2
dP2
9
9
de2
2
Integration
and
area
(A25)
dA 1
into
to
e2
over
equation
the
over
tion
a
P2
factor
is
the
from
radius
of
rI
the
substituting
gives
the
ring
a[p24
0 to
from
(AI)
differential
dAiFdAl'2_P2dP2
where
after
in
+ 2P22(z2
the
gives,
differential
equations
configuration
the
base
_ pl2)
hemisphere,
after
area
factor
(p12
from
to
the
of
equation
the
area
Integrating
'C1
over
a[rl4
from
eI
+ 2rl2(2z2
0 to
2_
C1
Integrating
from
area
R_
over
to
area
as
(A25 )
- _2)+
a4] 1/2
gives
2_r12z
dAiF2_adz,
(A24)
configura-
zrl2dA 1
dAiFdA1
the
+ z2)2]'/2
resrranging,
dA 1
(A22),
as
l_tegration
some
(A21),
dz
CI
from
CI
as
0 to
giveE
the
configuration
factor
21
where
and
C1
is
the
rI
LOI
(A26)
FRI,
is the
Equation
radius
vertical
(A26)
"'
of
the
height
may
be
circular
of
put
the
configuration
factor
' Cl -An
If
A2
tion
interesting
is
(A25)
taken
as
reduces
useful
the
total
area
equatorial
plane,
_.
form
by
letting
= rl/a
becomes
(1-
and
in the
in nondimensional
so that
the
area
(l_
+
result
area
of
can
be
the
base
(-427)
obtained
from
(i.e.,
equation
r I = a),
(A25).
equa-
to
dA 1
_IFaAI,CO = --_-By
integrating
over
A1
the
following
result
(A28)
is obtained:
1
rA1, C o
Now
since
AI
has
not
factor
from any area
plane
is one-half.
Configuration
of
been
on
Factors
the
specified
surface
for
the
= _"
it
of
(_9)
follows
that
the
configuration
a hemisphere
to
the
equatorial
i
R_,R 0
for
the
Hemisphere
Geometry
exchanging
radiant
9), the parameters
energy
are
of equation
rings on the
(A1) become
surface
22
cos @i = cos @2
=
(A30)
and
S2
where
= 2a2[1
and
Substitution
- sin
are
of
91
as
sin
shown
equations
in figure
9.
(A30)
(A31)
and
- cos
e I cos
e2]
(A31)
L
into
equation
(A1)
yields
9
9
2
_AI _2
dAIFdAI,
Since
is a
A_
surface
of
dA 2
of
factor
the
from
Integration
equation
over
(A31)
differential
AI
is
the
configuration
e 2 de 2 d@ 2
simplified
area
dA I
to
areas
can
be
the
gives
ring
the configuration
1
R0
as
factor
from
e I de I c_ 1
a ring
,R 0
The
_md
where
dA 1 = a2sin
gives
(A32)
revolution
dA 2 = a 2 sin
integration
4_
expressed
as
R_
= 2_aL_
and
R_=
2_a_
to
a ring
as
23
so that
Fw3 R1
'2 __'0
(A35)
-,0 _n 2
L
9
9
2
where
]
L_
segments.
and
i_
are
the
vertical
heights
of
the
hemispherical
24
APPENDIX
CONFIGURATION-
FACTOR
_//3EBRA
It is possible
to determine
configuration
factors
for many cases
from existing
configuration
factors
by utilizing
the technique
of
configuration-factor
algebra
(see the section
entitled
"Geometric
Flux
Algebra"
in ref. l) and the previously
mentioned
reciprocity
theorem.
The basic requirement
involved
in this technique
is that the unknown
configuration
factors
be of such a nature
that they can be expressed
as
sums and differences
of known configuration
:'actors.
The procedure
is
best explained
by an example.
Example
Suppose
from
a ring
that
on
the
it
is
necessary
surface
of
Equation
(AT)
gives
the
determine
a cylinder
geometry.
That
intersection
of
The intercepting
area the center
to
R_
10.
It will
factor
from
lO which
are
configuration
the
configuration
to an
annular
region
factor
C1, 2
factor
for
a particular
necessary
to express
the
which
have been obtained.
it can be seen that
desired
This
configurati(,n
can be done _s
factor
in terms of those
follows.
From figure
lO,
(BI)
R l, O 1
R 0, C 1
and
2
RI, C2
Since
C1, 2 = C 1 - C2,
then
R0, C 2 - _R_,C
9
9
2
25
R2F
(B3)
2
RI' CI, 2
= R2F
2 CI
RI,
The left-hand
side of equation
(B3)
of the right-hand
sides of equations
- R2FR,C
2_ _
can be expressed
as the difference
(BI) and (B2) as follows:
=1
-F
9
9
2
If equation
the
sions
(A7)
brackets,
is used
FR _,Cl ' 2
to
R1
0 _ R_, C I - FI
R O, C 2
determine
can
be
the
expressed
(B4)
configuration
in terms
of
factors
the
within
cylinder
dimen-
as
F 2
RI' Cl, 2
1
4aL21
-_(4)
+ 2( a2
4 + 2(a 2 +
_(_)4
-._(LI)4
+ rl
)_"0_
r22)(_)
+ (a2
rl
2 +
(a2 - r22) 2
+ 2(a2
+ r22)(_)2
(a2 _ r22) 2
+ 2(a2
+ r12)(Ll)2
(a 2 -
(B5)
r12) 2]
Although
figure
i0 and the preceding
example
involve
a cylinder,
the procedure
applies
equally
as well when the surface
oi' revolution
a cone or a hemisphere.
The
algebra
be used
above
example
presented
to obtain
is
a simple
application
in order to introduce
the
the configuration
factors
of
is
configuration-factor
basic
ideas which
for the geometries
will
of
now
26
R_,
cl,_,el,
2,_,el,
2,_d _i,2
Rl2
for
cyl_n_ors,
cone_,
_ homl
spheres
as
examples
well
of
as
these
R ,R 0
for
geometries.
Configuration
from
The
configuration
the
equation
configuration-factor
Factors
factor
derived
cylinders
for
algebra
and
for
the
for
the
1
RO,
can
2
RO,
C[linder.be used to
so that the
der becomes
FR2'
C1
and
2
R1
are
the
geometry
and
is given
ring
factor
4aL21
_)4
4 + 2(Lo)2(a
_(Lo)
fig.
2 for
of
in
of
R_,C I
R_,C I
R_,C 1
general
can
be
obtained
9
9
through
terms
by
_Ri_,Cl
/
areas.
For a cylindrical
surface
determine
the terms on the
configuration
(See
Geometry
geometry
cones.
in
terms
2 + rl2)+
of revolution,
equation
(A7)
rlght-hand
side of equation
(B6)
of
the
dimensions
(a 2 . rl2 )2
+ (Lo)
of
2-
the
cylin-
(L_)21
(B7)
Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolutior,
equation
(AI6) can be
used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
_ide of equation
(B6) so
that the configuration
factor
in terms of the cimensions
of the cone
becomes
F2
os ot i
(_)
D =r I
27
where
the
(A18),
The
a
first
frustum
frustum
an
integrals
II
and
12
are
given
by
equations
(A17)
and
respectively.
of
of
two
integrals
height
L_
height
intercepting
_
area
of
and
while
of
equation
the
second
all
four
radius
(BS)
two
are
are
integrals
to be
to be
are
evaluated
evaluated
to
be
for
for
evaluated
for
r 1.
9
9
2
Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equation (A26) can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of
equation
(B6) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the hemisphere
becomes
F 2
_
1
R I, C 1
4aL_
I_4r12(_)2
Configuration
The
obtained
configuration
from
the
algebra
- r12)2
Factors
factor
equation
configuration-factor
(a 2
for
for
the
derived
and
=F
FR_, Cl, 2
_4rl2(L1)2
the
Geometry
geometry
for
is
the
given
of
+ (a2
_,
general
of
r12)21
CI, 2
1
Ro, C1, 2
geometry
in
can
1 C1
Ro,
terms
be
through
by
(mo)
1
-F
1
R0, C 1
Ro, C 2
Cylinder.For a cylindrical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A7)
can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of equation (BlO) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the cylinder
becomes
1
FRI, C1,2
- 4aL_
_(Lo)4
+ 2(L1)2(a
2 + r22)+
<a2 - r22)2
+ rl2-
r221
(Bll)
28
Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolut:on,
equation
(AI6) can be
used to determine
the terms on the right-bane
side of equation
(BlO)
so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions
of the cone
be c ome s
=
F
oo c.
2_/@
(B12_)
)I
cot
+
P =r I
L
Note
and
that
all
two
integrals
four
for
are
a height
evaluated
for
= rl,
two
for
= r2,
L 1.
9
9
2
Hemisphere.tion
(A26) can be
of equation
(B10)
For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equaused to determine
the term_ on the right-hand
side
so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the
dimensions
hemisphere
of
the
FRI 'cI'2
becomes
- 41L 1 [_4r12(L
I)2
(a2-
r2I
2.2
+rl2
r22(L+
Configuration
The
obtained
configuration
from
the
conflguration-factor
entitled
"Example"
Factors
factor
equation
of
for
derived
the
the
Geometry
geometzy
for
the
of
of
geometry
Equation
(B5) gives the
2
R1, C1, 2
for a cylindrical
Cone.For a conical
be used to determine
the
so that the configuration
becomes
configuration
surface
surface
of revolutian,
terms on the right-hand
factor
in terms of the
of
(B13)
R21' Cl, 2
R_,CI, 2
can be
1
of
R0, C 1
through
algebra.
This has been performed
and is given by equation
(B4).
Cylinder.geometry
for
_12)2
in the
factor
section
for
the
revolution.
equation
(A16) can
side of equation
(B4)
dimension
of the cone
29
gr
cos
# cot
II/
0r ]
P =r I
=_-_E
t[ill+ 12)
(B14)
P =r I
L
9
9
2
Again
it is to be noted that
for the correct
combinations
the
of
sum of
O
and
the
L.
integrals
must
be
evaluated
Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A26) can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side of
equation
(B4) so that the configuration
factor
in terms of the dimensions of the hemisphere
becomes
I_4rl2
_4r12(Ll)2
obtained
configuration
from
the
configuration-factor
(a2
+ (a2
Configuration
The
(Lg)2
Factors
factor
equation
algebra
for
- r12)2
(a2
r I2)2
V4r22(L1)
2 +
(a 2
for
the
Geometry
of
R2,
03 R I
the
geometry
derived
and
- V4r22(Lg)2
for
is
the
given
of
R ,R 0
geometry
in
general
of
(m5)
- r22) 2]
can
be
through
R_,C
l_
terms
Co
- r22)2
by
Co
(Bi6)
C_linder.For a cylindrical
surface
of revolution,
equation
(A9)
(a special
case of (AT) when the intercepting
area is the full base of
the cylinder)
can be used to determine
the terms on the right-hand
side
3O
of equation (B16) so that the configuration
sions of the cylinder becomes
4__ _V(L_I
2_
_
4a 2 + L 0
LO)
12_
(BI7)
4a 2
Cone.For a conical
surface
of revolutio:1,
equation
(A19) (a
special---_ase of equation
(A16) when the interc._pting
area is the full
area of the base of the cone) can be used to d._termine the terms on the
right-hand
side of equation
(B16) so that the _onfiguration
factor
in
terms
of the dimensions
of the cone becomes
L1
. 2LOL_cos _ cot _]
]
tion
Hemisphere.(A26) cannot
uration
factor
for
(BI8 )
For a hemispherical
surface
,)f revolution,
be applied
to equation
(B16) to determine
the
geometry
of
_,_.
This
is because
equathe configthe
first
two terms
on the right of equation
(B16) canno_
be obtained
from equation (A26),
which is for hemispheres,
since t_!_ surface
of revolution
above
plane 1 is a spherical
segment.
Therefore,
the equation
for the
configuration
factor
between
rings on the surface
of a hemisphere
is
derived
in appendix
A (eq. (A35)) by integratiJlg
equation
(4) over
_ _
_.
9
9
2
31
Configuration
is
and
9
9
curvature
Aj
a configuration
order
for
Radiation
in a closed
system
further
complicated
by surfaces
positive
is
Factors
to
determine
surrounded
sum
of
the
by
Fj,j,
(n -
of
configuration
a portion
the
use
form
is made
l) other
Geometry
composed
of
of positive
intercepts
factor
the
factors
several
isothermal
surfaces
curvature.
A surface
of
of
Fj,j
of
its
must
the
surfaces,
fact
forming
between
R_,R_
Aj
own
be
radiated
determined.
that
if
a closed
and
energy
all
In
a surface
system,
surfaces
Aj
the
is
one,
or
n
2
F j, k
(B19)
= i
k=l
If
the
surface
Aj
can
see
itself,
equation
j-1
Fjjj
= 1-
surface
of
_--Fj,
revolution,
FR
where
which
Ri
are
is
the
ring
perpendicular
_2
i'"i
k -
to
the
equation
by
from
R_
which
fall
written
as
(_2o)
Fj, k
the
axis
(B20)
can
be
replaced
by
(B21)
2
RI ' CO1
F_2
_i' _2
UO
intersections
of
of
revolution.
are circular
areas in planes
1 and 2 bounded
tion.
The last two terms
in equation
(B21)
radiation
be
k =j +i
= i - F
formed
can
k =i
For
(BI9)
on
surfaces
of
revolution
planes
Areas
1 and
1
CO
and
2,
2
CO
by the surface
of revolurepresent
the fractions
of
below
and
above
R_,
respectively.
Cylinder.-
If the
surface
is a cylinder
cg
and
equation
(B21)
reduces
to
F-2 -2
_i' _i
= i - 2F
2
I
RI' CO
(_2)
32
The
configuration
factor
FRI,2cvl
F 2
2 = 1+
from
the
(A9),
of the
walls
of
and equation
cylinder
as
a cylinder
(B22)
may
1 +
to
then
(B25)
L
It
can
be
seen
from
dependent
upon
ring above the
Cone.-
equation
(B23)
that
the height
of the ring
base of the cylinder.
For
conical
surface
of
F 2
2
R1, R]
but
not
for
upon
a cylinder
the
9
9
is
position
of
the
revolutior
R I' C O
where
_2
is all
By using
the
surface
equation
(B24),
area
above
equation
R2
i"
(B21)
becomes
- F _ _
F_'i'_'i
2 w2 = 1 - Fw2
_I
_'i'vO
The
circular
F2
portion
area
of
C_
the
can
1 =
R2
and
be
_2
2
R1
leaving
determined
L2)2csc2,
Configuration-factor
between
energy
algebra
from
+ 4_
for
the
(_)
R],R_
which
equation
is
intercepted
(AIg)
of
radiant
gives
the
as
exchange
by
(B26)
energy
SA
35
By using
equations
l+ _)
Substitution
the
F 2
RI, RI2
It
can
radiated
upon the
ring.
total
for
seen
from
(B26)
a ring
H
2
_+L
(A20),
equation
+ 4LH_-
equations
factor
= i
be
and
I_(L2)2csc2_
of
configuration
(A19)
and
of
into
that
the
Hemisphere.For a hemispherical
surface
height
equals
a, equation
(B21) can be
FR2 R2 = i - F 2
i' _'i
RI' CI
to
2
L I cos
portion
energy
that a ring on the surface
of a cone
relative
position
of the ring as well as on
+ L21
equation
radiating
+ 4LIHLH-
(B29)
yields
_(2_sin2_
(B28)
a cone
_)2csc2_
equation
csc
(B27)
(B28)
(B25)
itself
gives
as
cot
of
(B29)
its
own
receives
is dependent
the height
of the
of revolution,
written
since
the
(BSO)
- F 2
a
RI' R2
where
_2_nO_.
2
- _
R O, C 0
FD2 .i
_'i'_0
By using
equations
+ R21F 2
R 0, C 0
RI, R 0
(B31)
=
R2
(A29)
and
(A55),
equation
(B30)
becomes
(B52)
Here
height
of
again,
as
the _ring
for
a cylinder,
F.2 _2
_i' _i
L2
and
its
not
upon
is dependent
position
above
upon
the
the
base
plane.
56
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tf"_ _-
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38
i
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t"--
t'r-t
t'-.-.-t
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c_
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x
b-
b-
CO
cO
x
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ff-_
o_
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b.-
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c_
u_
b--
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L_
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MD
o
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C_
cO
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b-.-
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r%
b-
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&
oJ
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b-.
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b
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o.I
b._.I
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,.-I
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c_
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_D
'-'
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b-
co
'o
8
A
_
kO
kO
PO
39
O_
!
Figure
i.-
Relative
positions
of
isothermal
black
surfaces.
4O
L'o
Lo
JL
R'o,C,
/"
"_"_
R_,C,
-,,
_o.___ L? ___ __
R;,C,,,
R:,C,,,
_L
Lo
L*
_1__ __
t
R:,R"
Figure
2.-
Representations
R:,R_
of
configurations
investigated.
_D
_D
rO
41
I
I
I
Ro
I
II _._
L
I
li
_/_,
dAI
_\
,,
Fi_ro3.-_omotry
o_cylin_or
(_,Cl).
42
0
O0.
o
0
_J
,d
r'i
,"4
h_
7 /\ ii\1\
/\\/
/\ /
,
kO
0
\l
.p
_\
S
T'k
\ /
0
oJ
bD
l
\ Y, ---;--Y--q
_j ,,,,?J
0
\_J
,_U
0
..p
0
._I
.p
e,,
k \ \\/
_ -k,
0
!
2-
"4
,i,i
o
i
i,,
T
0
.... ..........
_o
_o
;o
_o
rO
43
oJ
8_
I
I
I
I
I
H
I
I
Fi_ _.-_omet_ofcone(R_,O1)-
44
_"
._ _,._.T
_.
0
o
_8
r_
_0
0
0
C.)
0
.,-I
4._
0
I
i , i ,
0
T
0
Nio
-_o
LL
'_C
45
c_J
o_
a_
!
Figuro
7_aeomotryof
_omi_horo
(_CO
46
o_
O,
<D
....
j_
\_7
/\0
0
+
x\/_
\o
/',,/\
\
V
!\
V"
X/
_5
I\
,P
_o
<
X/
/X
\
v
x,7
,q ",,,/
..
o
o
,V-
o
,,,-'I
.0
_@,,_\
/X /',_
r..
,___
.H
r_
i,,
0
,
"T
0
i I i i
0
i
0
47
,i-I
oJ
/
!
)
cO
O
U_
b0
/
/
/
/
Nil
O
_I
4.a
"Cl
&
48
Lo
R"
Lo
I
I-o
('c,
Figure
i0.-
Geometric
1_
representation
of
configuratlon-factor
F 2
algebra,
%_,=_o,_,_Ro,_}
[_'_,_._,_]"
- R_F- i
NASA-Langley,
1061
L-992