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Lecture Notes
page 1
Sample Problems
Prove each of the following identities.
1
1
+ tan x =
tan x
sin x cos x
3. sin x
4.
5.
cos
1 + sin
cos x
1 sin x
6. cos2 x =
1 + sin
cos
csc x cos x
tan x + cot x
sin4 x
sin2 x
8.
tan2 x
= sin2 x
tan2 x + 1
9.
cos4 x
=1
cos2 x
sin x
cos x
=
cos x
1 + sin x
2 cos2 x =
tan2 x 1
tan2 x + 1
= 2 sec
cos x
= 2 tan x
1 + sin x
7.
10. 1
13.
csc
sin
cot
tan
cos x
1 sin x
=1
14. sin4 x
cos4 x = 1
15. (sin x
2 cos2 x
sin2 x + 4 sin x + 3
3 + sin x
16.
=
2
cos x
1 sin x
17.
cos x
1 sin x
tan x = sec x
1 + sin x
cos2 x
Trigonometric Identities 1
Lecture Notes
page 2
Practice Problems
Prove each of the following identities.
1. tan x +
cos x
1
=
1 + sin x
cos x
11.
2. tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
3.
1
sin x
sin3 x + cos3 x
13.
=1
sin x + cos x
1
= 2 tan x sec x
1 + sin x
5.
1 + tan2 x
1
=
2
1 tan x
cos2 x sin2 x
6. tan2 x
7.
8.
cot x 1
1 tan x
=
cot x + 1
1 + tan x
14.
cos x + 1
csc x
=
3
1 cos x
sin x
15.
1 + sin x
1 sin x
16. csc4 x
cos x
sin x
+
= 2 csc x
sin x
1 cos x
sin x cos x
1 sin x
= 4 tan x sec x
1 + sin x
sin2 x
1 cos x
17.
=
2
cos x + 3 cos x + 2
2 + cos x
sec x 1
1 cos x
=
sec x + 1
1 + cos x
18.
tan x + tan y
= tan x tan y
cot x + cot y
19.
1 + tan x
cos x + sin x
=
1 tan x
cos x sin x
9. 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
10.
csc2 x 1
= cos2 x
csc2 x
20. (sin x
tan x) (cos x
cot x) = (sin x
1) (cos x
1)
Trigonometric Identities 1
Lecture Notes
page 3
1
1
+ tan x =
tan x
sin x cos x
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS =
1
cos x sin x
cos2 x + sin2 x
1
+ tan x =
+
=
=
= RHS
tan x
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
3. sin x
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 for all values of x.
LHS = sin x
4.
cos
1 + sin
1 + sin
cos
= 2 sec
Solution: We will only use the fact that sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 for all values of x.
cos
1 + sin
cos2
(1 + sin )2
cos2 + (1 + sin )2
+
=
+
=
1 + sin
cos
(1 + sin ) cos
(1 + sin ) cos
(1 + sin ) cos
2
2
cos2 + 1 + 2 sin + sin
cos2 + sin + 1 + 2 sin
2 + 2 sin
=
=
=
(1 + sin ) cos
(1 + sin ) cos
(1 + sin ) cos
2 (1 + sin )
2
1
=
=
=2
= 2 sec = RHS
(1 + sin ) cos
cos
cos
LHS =
5.
cos x
1 sin x
cos x
= 2 tan x
1 + sin x
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. First we bring the fractions to the common
denominator. Recall that sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 for all values of x.
cos x
cos x
cos x (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 sin x)
=
1 sin x 1 + sin x
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x) (1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 + sin x) cos x (1 sin x)
cos x + cos x sin x cos x + cos x sin x
2 sin x cos x
=
=
=
2
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
cos2 x
1 sin x
2 sin x
=
= 2 tan x = RHS
cos x
LHS =
Trigonometric Identities 1
Lecture Notes
page 4
csc x cos x
tan x + cot x
6. cos2 x =
Solution: We will start with the right-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of sin x and
cos x and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, sin2 x + cos2 x = 1.
cos x
1
1
cos x
cos x
cos x
csc x cos x
sin x
sin x
sin x
1
=
=
RHS =
= sin x
=
1
sin x cos x
tan x + cot x
sin2 x + cos2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
+
+
sin x cos x
cos x sin x
sin x cos x
sin x cos x sin x cos x
2
cos x cos x sin x
cos x
=
=
= cos2 x = LHS
sin x
1
1
7.
sin4 x
sin2 x
cos4 x
=1
cos2 x
Solution: We can factor the numerator via the dierence of squares theorem.
2
sin2 x
sin4 x cos4 x
LHS =
=
sin2 x cos2 x
sin2 x
= sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 = RHS
8.
(cos2 x)
sin2 x + cos2 x
=
cos2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
cos2 x
tan2 x
= sin2 x
tan2 x + 1
Solution:
2
sin x
sin2 x
sin2 x
2
2x
tan x
cos x
cos2 x
LHS =
=
= cos
=
2
2
2
2
tan x + 1
sin x
sin x cos2 x
sin x
+1
+
+1
cos2 x
cos2 x cos2 x
cos x
sin2 x
sin2 x
2
2
cos2 x
cos2 x = sin x cos x = sin2 x = RHS
=
=
1
cos2 x
1
sin2 x + cos2 x
2
cos x
cos2 x
9.
sin x
cos x
=
cos x
1 + sin x
Solution:
sin x
1 sin x
1 sin x 1 + sin x
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
1 sin2 x
=
1=
=
=
cos x
cos x
cos x
1 + sin x
cos x (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 + sin x)
2
cos x
cos x
=
=
= RHS
cos x (1 + sin x)
1 + sin x
LHS =
Trigonometric Identities 1
Lecture Notes
10. 1
2 cos2 x =
page 5
tan2 x 1
tan2 x + 1
Solution:
sin2 x cos2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
1
2
2
2
tan x 1
cos2 x
= cos2 x cos2 x =
RHS =
= cos2 x
2
2
tan x + 1
sin x + cos2 x
sin x cos x
sin x
+
+
1
cos2 x
cos2 x cos2 x
cos2 x
2
2
2
2
2
cos x
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
sin2 x cos2 x
=
=
=
= sin2 x
cos2 x
1
sin2 x + cos2 x
sin2 x + cos2 x
= 1 cos2 x
cos2 x = 1 2 cos2 x = LHS
2
cos2 x
cos2
cos2
1=
=
1
sin2
1
sin
cos
cos2
cos2
sin2
=
cos2
sin2
cos2
1
sin2
1=
sin
cos
1=
1
cos2
= tan2 = LHS
cos x
1 sin x
Solution:
cos x
cos x
cos x
1 + sin x
cos x (1 + sin x)
=
1=
=
1 sin x
1 sin x
1 sin x 1 + sin x
(1 sin x) (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 + sin x)
cos x (1 + sin x)
1 + sin x
1
sin x
=
=
=
=
+
= LHS
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos x cos x
1 sin x
RHS =
13.
csc
sin
cot
tan
=1
Solution: We will start with the left-hand side. We will re-write everything in terms of sin and
cos and simplify. We will again run into the Pythagorean identity, sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 for all angles
x.
cos
1
csc
cot
sin
sin
LHS =
=
sin
sin
sin
tan
1
cos
2
2
2
sin + cos
1 cos
=
=
2
sin
sin2
14. sin4 x
cos4 x = 1
=
cos2
1
sin
1
sin
sin2
sin2
cos
sin
cos
sin
1
sin2
cos2
sin2
= 1 = RHS
2 cos2 x
Solution:
LHS = sin4 x cos4 x = sin2 x
= 1 sin2 x cos2 x = 1
c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009
Trigonometric Identities 1
Lecture Notes
15. (sin x
page 6
Solution:
LHS = (sin x cos x)2 + (sin x + cos x)2
= sin2 x + cos2 x 2 sin x cos x + sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x = 2 sin2 x + 2 cos2 x
= 2 sin2 x + cos2 x = 2 1 = 2 = RHS
3 + sin x
sin2 x + 4 sin x + 3
16.
=
2
cos x
1 sin x
Solution:
LHS =
17.
cos x
1 sin x
(sin x + 1) (sin x + 3)
sin x + 3
sin2 x + 4 sin x + 3
(sin x + 1) (sin x + 3)
=
=
=
= RHS
2
cos2 x
(1 + sin x) (1 sin x)
1 sin x
1 sin x
tan x = sec x
Solution:
cos x
sin x
cos2 x sin x (1 sin x)
cos2 x sin x + sin2 x
cos x
tan x =
=
=
1 sin x
1 sin x cos x
cos x (1 sin x)
cos x (1 sin x)
2
2
cos x + sin x
sin x
1 sin x
1
=
=
=
= RHS
cos x (1 sin x)
cos x (1 sin x)
cos x
LHS =
1 + sin x
cos2 x
Solution:
sin2 x
sin x
1
sin2 x cos2 x
sin x
LHS = tan x + 1 + tan x sec x =
+1+
=
+
+
2
2
2
cos x
cos x cos x
cos x cos x cos2 x
2
2
sin x + cos x + sin x
1 + sin x
=
=
= RHS
2
cos x
cos2 x
2
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c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009