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SIR
NEWTONS
LAW
FORCE
&
FRICTION
KEY CONCEPT
FORCE
There are, basically, five forces, which are commonly encountered in mechanics.
Weight : Weight of an object is the force with which earth attracts it. It is also called the force of gravity
or the gravitational force.
1.
(i)
(ii)
Contact Force : When two bodies come in contact they exert forces on each other that is called contact
forces.
(a) Normal force (N) : It is the component of contact force normal to the surface.
It measures how strongly the surfaces in contact are pressed together.
(b) Frictional force : It is the component of contact force parallel to the surface.
It opposes the relative motion (or attempted motion) of the two surfaces in contact.
(iii)
Tension : The force exerted by the end of a taut string, rope or chain is called the tension. The direction
of tension is to pull the body while that of normal reaction is to push the body.
(iv)
Spring force : The force exerted by a spring is given by F = kx, where x is the change in length and k
is the stiffness constant or spring constant (units Nm1).
2.
NEWTON'S LAWS
Newton's First Law : Every particle continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless it is compelled to change that state by the action of an applied force.
3.
4.
Newton's Third Law : Whenever two bodies interact they exert forces on each other which are equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction. So whenever body A exerts a force F on body B, B exerts a
force F on A.
Fnet
ma
Inertial Reference Frame : A reference frame in which Newtons first law is valid is called an inertial
reference frame. An inertial frame is either at rest or moving with uniform velocity.
Non-Inertial Frame : An accelerated frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame. Objects in noninertial frames do not obey Newtons first law.
Pseudo Force : It is an imaginary force which is recognized only by a non-inertial observer to explain
the physical situation according to Newtons law. The magnitude of this force FP is equal to the product
of the mass m of the object and acceleration a of the frame of reference. The direction of the force is
opposite to the direction of acceleration.
FP = ma
The force of friction comes into action only when there is a relative motion between the two contact
surfaces or when an attempt is made to have it.
The force of friction on each body is in a direction opposite to its motion (existing or impending) relative
to other body.
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5.
Static friction : The frictional force acting between any two surfaces at rest with respect to each other
is called the force of static friction (fs).
fs
where
6.
sN
kN
>
Angle of friction ( ) : Mathematically, the angle of friction ( ) may be defined as the angle between the
normal reaction N and the resultant of the maximum friction force f and the normal reaction.
f
N
Since f = N, therefore,
tan =
Thus tan =
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Q.2
A weight can be hung in any of the following four ways by string of same type. In which case is the string
most likely to break?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
Ans.
Q.3
A rope of mass 5 kg is moving vertically in vertical position with an upwards force of 100 N acting at the
upper end and a downwards force of 70 N acting at the lower end. The tension at midpoint of the rope is
(A) 100 N
(B) 85 N
(C) 75 N
(D) 105 N
Ans.
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Q.4
A stunt man jumps his car over a crater as shown (neglect air resistance)
(A) during the whole flight the driver experiences weightlessness
(B) during the whole flight the driver never experiences weightlessness
(C) during the whole flight the driver experiences weightlessness only at the highest point
(D) the apparent weight increases during upward journey
Ans.
Q.5
A flexible chain of weight W hangs between two fixed points A & B which are at the same horizontal
level. The inclination of the chain with the horizontal at both the points of support is . What is the tension
of the chain at the mid point?
(A)
W
. cosec
2
(B)
W
. tan
2
(C)
W
cot
2
(D) none
Ans.
Q.6
Ans.
Q.7
A spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces such that one piece such that one piece is double
the length of the other. Then the long piece will have a force constant of
(A) (2/3) k
(B) (3/2) k
(C) 3k
(D) 6k
Ans.
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Q.8
Ans.
Q.9
Ans.
Q.10
If the string & all the pulleys are ideal, acceleration of mass m is
g
2
(C) g
(B) 0
(A)
(D) dependent on m
Ans.
2Am
F
(B) 2
2Am
F
(C)
2Am
F
(D) None
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Ans.
Q.12
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Ans.
Q.13
3 mA
( 2 1) (B)
2 F
mA
( 2 1)
F
A
to 0.
2
(C) 2
mA
( 2 1)
F
(D) None
Ans.
Q.14
Two blocks are connected by a spring. The combination is suspended, at rest, from
a string attatched to the ceiling, as shown in the figure. The string breaks suddenly.
Immediately after the string breaks, what is the initial downward acceleration
of the upper block of mass 2m ?
(A) 0
(B) 3g/2
(C) g
(D) 2g
Ans.
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Q.15
A block is projected upwards on an inclined plane of inclination 37 along the line of greatest slope of
= 0.5 with velocity of 5 m/s. The block 1st stops at a distance of __________ from starting point
(A) 1.25 m
(B) 2.5 m
(C) 10 m
(D) 12.5 m
Ans.
Q.16
A block of mass 2 kg slides down an incline plane of inclination 30. The coefficient of friction between
block and plane is 0.5. The contact force between block and plank is :
(A) 20 Nt
(B) 10 3 Nt
(C) 5 7 Nt
(D) 5 15 Nt
Ans.
Q.17
A body is placed on a rough inclined plane of inclination . As the angle is increased from 0 to 90 the
contact force between the block and the plane
(A) remains constant
(B) first remains constant then decreases
(C) first decreases then increases
(D) first increases then decreases
Ans.
Q.18
A force F
(A) i
(C) 2.4 i
(D) 3 i
Ans.
Q.19
Ans.
Q.20
3 1
3 1
(B)
2 3 1
3 1
(C)
3 1
3 1
Ans.
Q.21
With what minimum velocity should block be projected from left end A towards end B such that it
reaches the other end B of conveyer belt moving with constant velocity v. Friction coefficient between
block and belt is .
(A)
gL
(C)
3 gL
(B)
(D) 2
2 gL
gL
Ans.
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Q.23
Ans.
Q.24
The maximum "F" which will not cause motion of any of the blocks.
(A) 10 N
(B) 15 N
(C) data insufficient
(D) None
(D) None
Ans.
Q.25
(C) 0
Ans.
Q.26
(D) None
Ans.
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Figure shows three blocks in contact and kept on a smooth horizontal surface. What is ratio of force
exerted by block A on B to that of B on C.
Ans.
Q.2
A force F appli ed to an object of mass m 1 produces an acceleration of 3.00 m/s2. The same force
applied to a second object of mass m2 produces an acceleration of 1.00 m/s2. (a) What is the value of
the ratio m1 / m2 ? (b) If m1 and m2 are combined, find their acceleration under the action of the force F.
Ans.
Q.3
Two forces, F1 = ( 6i 4j) N and F2 = ( 3i + 7j) N, act on a particle of mass 2.00 kg that is initially
at rest at coordinates ( 2.00 m, + 4.00 m). (a) What are the components of the particle's velocity at
t = 10.0 s? (b) In what direction is the particle moving at t = 10.0s? (c) What displacement does the
particle undergo during the first 10.0s? (d) what are the coordinates of the particle at t = 10.0 s?
Ans.
Q.4
Ans.
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Q.5
A van accelerates down a hill (Fig.), going from rest to 30.0 m/s in 6.00 s. During the acceleration, a toy
(m = 0.100 kg) hangs by a string from the vans ceiling. The acceleration is such that the string remains
perpendicular to the ceiling. Determine (a) the angle and (b) the tension in the string.
Ans.
Q.6
Block A of mass m/2 is connected to one end of light rope which passes over a
pulley as shown in the Fig. Man of mass m climbs the other end of rope with a
relative acceleration of g/6 with respect to rope. Find acceleration of block A and
tension in the rope.
Ans.
Q.7
(a)
(b)
Ans.
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Q.8
Same spring is attached with 2 kg, 3 kg and 1 kg blocks in three different cases as shown in figure. If x1,
x2 and x3 be the constan extensions in the spring in these three cases then find the ratio of their extensions.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Ans.
Q.9
What horizontal force must be applied to the cart shown in figure in order that the blocks remain stationary
relative to the cart? Assume all surfaces, wheels, and pulley are frictionless.
Ans.
Q.10
Ans.
Q.11
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Ans.
Q.13
Consider a large truck carrying a heavy load, such as steel beam. A significant hazard for the driver is that
the load may slide forward, crushing the cab, if the truck stops suddenly in an accident or even in
braking. Assume, for example, that a 10000 kg load is located on the flat bed of a truck moving at 12.0
m/s. Assume the load is not tied down to the truck and assume that the coefficient of friction between the
load and the truck bed is 0.500. Calculate the minimum stopping distance for the truck for which the
load will not slide forward relative to the truck.
Ans.
Q.14
Ans.
Q.15
A block of mass 1 kg is horizontally thrown with a velocity of 10 m/s on a stationary long plank of
mass 2 kg whose surface has a = 0.5. Plank rests on frictionless surface. Find the time when m1
comes to rest w.r.t. plank.
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Ans.
Q.16 Block M slides down on frictionless incline as shown. Find the minimum
friction coefficient so that m does not slide with respect to M.
Ans.
Q.17 The coefficient of static and kinetic friction between the two blocks
and also between the lower block and the grou nd are
= 0.6 and k = 0.4. Find the value of tension T applied on the lower
s
block at which the upper block begins to slip relative to lower block.
Ans.
Q.18
Find the acceleration of the blocks and magnitude & direction of frictional
force between block A and table, if block A is pulled towards
left witha force of 50N.
Ans.
Q.19
Ans.
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SUBJECTIVE LEVEL - II
Q.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Ans.
Q.2
Ans.
Q.3
passing over a frictionless pulley. The mass m1 climbs up the rope with
an acceleration of 1.2 m/s2 relative to the rope. The man m2 climbs up
the rope with an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 relative to the rope. Find the
tension in the rope if m1 = 40 kg and m2 = 60 kg. Also find the time after
which they will be at same horizontal level if they start from rest and
are initially separated by 5m.
Ans.
Q.4
In figure shown, pulleys are ideal m1 > 2 m2. Initially the system is in
equilibrium and string connecting m2 to rigid support below is cut. Find
the initial acceleration of m2?
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Q.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
Ans.
Q.6
In the system shown. Find the initial acceleration of the wedge of mass 5M.
The pulleys are ideal and the cords are inextensible.
(there is no friction anywhere).
Ans.
Q.7
(a)
(b)
Ans.
Q.8
A car begins to move at time t = 0 and then accelerates along a straight track with a speed given by
V(t) = 2t2 ms1 for 0 < t < 2
After the end of acceleration, the car continues to move at a constant speed. A small block initially at rest
on the floor of the car begins to slip at t = 1sec. and stops slipping at t = 3 sec. Find the coefficient of
static and kinetic friction between the block and the floor.
Ans.
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Q.9
Ans.
Q.10
A thin rod of length 1 m is fixed in a vertical position inside a train, which is moving horizontally with
constant acceleration 4 m/s2. A bead can slide on the rod, and friction coefficient between them is 1/2. If
the bead is released from rest at the top of the rod, find the time when it will reach at the bottom.
Ans.
Q.11
Ans.
Q.12
Ans.
Q.13
Find minimum normal force to be applied by each hand to hold three identical
books in vertical position. Each book has mass 'm' and value of coefficient of
friction between the books as well as between hand and the
book is .
Ans.
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Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12 A
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15 A
Q.16
Q.17 B
Q.18 A
Q.19
Q.20
Q.21
Q.22 A
Q.23 A
Q.24
Q.25
Q.26
m1
(a) m
2
1
2
3 (b) a = 3/4 m/s ]
Q.1
3:1
Q.3
(a) 45 m/s along negative x-axis and 15 m/s along positive y-axis
1
from positive x-axis
3
(b) = tan1
Q.4
Q.5
(a) 30 (b)
Q.7
Q.9
(b) Fx
78.4 N
3
2
(c) ( 225 i 75 j) m
(d) ( 227 i 79 j) m
(c)
4g
13mg
,T=
9
18
Q.6
a=
Q.8
x2 > x1 > x3 x1 : x2 : x3 : 15 : 18 : 10
m2
(M + m1 + m2) m g
1
Q.10
55
Q.14
1 kg
Q.18
10 i
Q.19
Q.12 2 sec
Q.13
14.4m
Q.16 3/4
Q.17 40 N
30 N
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SUBJECTIVE LEVEL - II
Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
(a) aA=
0.5 sec
m1 2m 2
g
2m 2
3g
=aB; aC=0; T=mg/2;
2
Q.6
Q.8
Q.12
2g/23
=0.4 ,
3.60
= 0.3
Q.9
2 sec
Q.13
N=
3mg
; T = 2mg
2
Q.7
Q.10
1/2 sec
Q.11
m sin cos
m cos2
M
tan1
1
3 3
3mg
2
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