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10 BRIDGE DATA 3:
Effective span of T beam= 10 m
Width of carriage way= 7.5 m
Thickness of wearing coat =80 mm
Spacing of main girders =2.5 m
Width of kerb =0.5 m
Width of footpath =1 m
Thickness of deck slab =250 mm
Modular ratio =10
Number of main Girders =4
Stress in concrete (compression) =10
Stress in steel (tension) = 200
M30 Grade and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.
As width of carriage way is 7.5m, number of proposed lanes are 2.
Therefore LIVE LOAD COMBINATION: ONE LANE OF 70R OR TWO LANES OF CLASS A
-1
94
(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
6.10.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal and transverse members:
95
DEAD LOAD
243
SIDL
282
Table 6.36: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
327
397
70R TRACKED
983
1081
70 R WHEELED
690
862
96
Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=243+282+1081
=1606 kN-m
Design of section:
Effective depth d =
Ast =
= 8676 mm2
= 1041mm.
Provide 12 # of 32
ASt provided =9650 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis
fc =
fc = 6.29
*
<
10
fst =
fst = 141
=
<
(200
)
97
) =m*Ast*(d-hc)
DEAD LOAD
SIDL
29
Table 6.38: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
CLASS A
82
98
70R TRACKED
190
208
70 R WHEELED
127
158
Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
=0+29+208 = 237 kN
Check for shear stress
=
>
<
*b*d
= 237*103- 0.589*350*1140 =3 kN
98
DEAD LOAD
181
SIDL
215
Table 6.40: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
253
307
70R TRACKED
785
863
70 R WHEELED
553
691
Mmax = (Dead Load +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (class A OR 70RTracked OR 70R Wheeled) BM
=181+215+863
=1259 kN-m
Design of section:
Effective depth d =
Ast =
= 922 mm.
2
= 6211 mm
Provide 8 # of 36
ASt provided =8143 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1140 mm.
99
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis
Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc -
) =m*Ast*(d-hc)
hc = 204 mm
1) Compressive stress in concrete:
fc =
fc = 4.35
*
<
10
fst =
fst = 125
=
<
(200
DEAD LOAD
109
SIDL
104
Table 6.42: Max. S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder
Load type
CLASS A
119
144
70R TRACKED
344
378
70 R WHEELED
253
316
100
109+104+378 = 591KN
>
<
-1
(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.889 kN/m2
101
102
DEAD LOAD
327
SIDL
494
Table 6.44: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
491
596
70R TRACKED
1470
1617
70 R WHEELED
938
1172
Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled)B.M
=327+494+1617
=2438 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -
=1.2 =0.07
103
x = 77 mm <Df
Ast =
Ast =
mm2
Provide 8 # of 32
Ast provided =6433 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm
Check for deflection and cracking:
1) Deflection:
(i)
=20*0.8*1=16
Provided =
=8.65<16 ok
104
=12.5mm.
DEAD LOAD
SIDL
41
Table 6.46: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type
CLASS A
124
140
70R TRACKED
285
313
70 R WHEELED
190
237
Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
cp]
*bw*d
] *350*1156
VRd.c = 440 kN
For 4 legged 10 @200 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =542 kN
105
DEAD LOAD
244
SIDL
277
Table 6.48: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type
BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)
CLASS A
379
460
70R TRACKED
993
1090
70 R WHEELED
722
902
Mmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM
= 244+277+1092
=1613 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -
=1.2 x = 48 mm <Df
106
Ast =
mm2
Ast =
Provide 4 # of 36
Ast provided =4071 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1156 mm
DEAD LOAD
109
SIDL
183
Table 6.50: Max. S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder.
Load type
CLASS A
178
216
70R TRACKED
517
568
70 R WHEELED
381
476
Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
=109+183+568= 860KN
Shear reinforcement:
3) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
4) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*
VRd.c = [0.12*1.415*(80*0.0159*30)
cp]
0.33
*bw*d
+ 0.15*
VRd.c = 440 kN
107
] *350*1156
*z*
For 4 legged 10 @150 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =723 kN
=1,
= 0.6
=1
m2=0.02
] = 9.14 kN
108
=0.4,
= 0.6
=1
m2=0.025
= 366 kN
Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25) =1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*(1-
) +bw
109
=5.455 m
Load per metre =
=64
Shear force = 53 kN
Design bending moments are given by:
MB= 3.73+24.63 = 28.63 kN-m
ML= 1.94+10.83 = 12.77 kN-m
Design of slab:
Area of steel along short span =
Spacing =
=795 mm
=275 mm.
Spacing =
= 354 mm
=221 mm.
=0.315
=k1 *k2*
co
=0.61 N/mm2
Deck slab
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
=1,
= 0.6
=1
m2=0.02
] = 13.15 kN
= 0.6
111
=0.4,
=1
= 548 kN
) +bw
=5.455m
Load per metre =
=96kN
Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab required =102mm
Provided 200mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =
Spacing =
= 485 mm
= 161 mm.
Spacing =
= 272 mm
=288 mm.
cp]
113
*bw*d
] *1000*200
DISCUSSIONS:
BM in kNm
250
200
150
WSM
100
LSM
50
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.37 Bending moment variation due to Dead load across the span for 10 m span bridge
BM in kNm
500
400
300
WSM
200
LSM
100
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.38 Bending moment variation due to SIDL across the span for 10 m span bridge
114
BM in kNm
1400
1200
1000
800
WSM
600
LSM
400
200
0
0
span in metres
Fig.6.39 Bending moment variation due to Live load across the span for 10 m span bridge
SF in kN
100
80
WSM
60
LSM
40
20
0
0
Length in metres
Fig.6.40 Shear force variation due to Dead load across the span for 10 m span bridge
115
SF in kN
140
120
100
WSM
80
LSM
60
40
20
0
0
Length in metres
Fig.6.41 Shear force variation due to SIDL across the span for 10 m span bridge
SF in kN
500
400
300
WSM
200
LSM
100
0
0
Length in metres
Fig.6.42 Shear force variation due to Live load across the span for 10 m span bridge
116
The comparison of volume of concrete and area of steel are tabulated below:
Table 6. 51: Comparison of quantity of materials required between two methods at mid span and
quarter span
WSM
LSM
1.035*10-3
9,650
8,143
1.035*
6,433
4,071
As it very visible from above comparison that LSM has found out to be more economical of the
two methods. It means we can design the structure more economically by adopting ultimate
strength design method rather than the WSM.
The savings in concrete is zero, since we have adopted section for both LSM and WSM.
But at mid span the steel difference is quite noticeable compared to WSM, LSM is about 33%
more economic i.e., it consumes less steel than WSM.
However at quarter span the difference is quite noticeable, LSM is about 50% more economic
than WSM.
The main fundamental difference for working stress approach and limit state approach is that, in
working stress approach service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of material is
not utilized in the full extent, since stresses acting on structural members are calculated based on
elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable values. In fact, the whole
structure during the lifespan may only experience loading stresses far below the ultimate state.
For limit state approach, for each material and load, a partial safety factor is assigned
individually depending on the material properties and load properties. Therefore, each element of
load and material properties is accurately assessed resulting in a more refined and accurate
analysis of the structure. In this connection, the material strength can be utilized to its maximum
value during its lifespan and loads can be assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence.
This is the reason for LSM to be more economical than WSM.
117
In the deck slab, the area of steel in LSM and WSM are found to be same, though the area of
concrete is same for LSM and WSM, since the loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor in
LSM there is no significant change in area of steel. In case of slab the savings of materials in
slabs is almost nill.
But for Shear force reinforcement there is not much of change observed in both deck slab and in
girder. The reinforcement is almost same since the sections taken in LSM.
The reinforcement details of end longitudinal girder at mid and quarter span designed as per
IRC: 21-2000 and IRC: 112-2011 is shown below.
Fig.6.43: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)
118
Fig.6.44 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)
Fig 6.45 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)
119
Fig 46: Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)
120