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Artificial lighting technology began to be developed tens of thousands of years ago, and continues to be refined in the present day.

[edit]Antiquity

70,000 BCE A hollow rock, shell, or other natural found object was filled with moss or a similar material that was soaked in animal fat and ignited.

c. 4500 BCE oil lamps

c. 3000 BCE candles are invented.

c. 900 CE Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi (Rhazes) invents kerosene lamp

c. 1000 The first street lamps appear in Cordoba, Al-Andalus

[1]

[2]

[edit]18th century

1780 Aim Argand invents central draught fixed oil lamp

1784 Argand adds glass chimney to central draught lamp

1792 William Murdoch begins experimenting with gas lighting and probably produced the first gas light in this year.

[edit]19th century

1800 French watchmaker Bernard Guillaume Carcel overcomes the disadvantages of the Argand-type lamps with his clockwork fed Carcel lamp.
1800-1803 Humphry Davy remarks first carbon arc when using Voltaic piles(Batteriey) for his electrolse experiments. First electric lamp, over 10000 lm
and thus 1000times brighter than candles. Demonstrated to the public at the Royal Society 1809 [3]

1802 William Murdoch illuminated the exterior of the Soho Foundry with gas.

1805 Philips and Lee's Cotton Mill, Manchester was the first industrial factory to be fully lit by gas.

1813 National Heat and Light Company formed by Fredrich Winzer (Winsor)

1815 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp.

1835 James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a light bulb based electric lighting system to the citizens of Dundee.

1840 modern kerosene lamps (oil lamps that burn fuel from petroleum)

1841 Arc-lighting used as experimental public lighting in Paris

1853 Ignacy Lukasiewicz invents kerosene lamp

1856 glassblower Heinrich Geissler confines the electric arc in a Geissler tube.

1867 A. E. Becquerel demonstrates the first fluorescent lamp

1875 Henry Woodward patents an electric light bulb.

1876 Pavel Yablochkov invents the Yablochkov candle, the first practical carbon arc lamp, for public street lighting in Paris.

1879 Thomas Edison and Joseph Wilson Swan patent the carbon-thread incandescent lamp. It lasted 40 hours.

1880 Edison produced a 16-watt lightbulb that lasts 1500 hours.

c. 1889 Incandescent gas mantle invented, revolutionises gas lighting.


1893 GE introduces first commercial fully enclosed carbon arc lamp. Sealed in glass globes, it lasts 100h and therefore 10 times longer than hitherto
[4]
carbon arc lamps
1893 Nikola Tesla uses cordless low pressure gas discharge lamps, powered by a high frequency electric field, to light his laboratory. He
displaysfluorescent lamps and gas discharge lamps at the World Columbian Exposition.

1894 D. McFarlane Moore creates the Moore tube, precursor of electric gas-discharge lamps.

1897 Walther Nernst invents and patents his incandescent lamp, based on solid state electrolytes.

[edit]20th century

1901 Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrates the mercury-vapor lamp.

1910 Georges Claude demonstrates neon lighting at the Paris Motor Show.

1925 The first internal frosted lightbulbs were produced.

1926 Edmund Germer patents the fluorescent lamp.

1938 Lightolier, Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation, Globe, fluorescent fixture making.[5]

1962 Nick Holonyak Jr. develops the first practical visible-spectrum light-emitting diode

1981 Philips sells their first Compact Fluorescent Energy Saving Lamps, with integrated conventional ballast

1985 Osram answers with the first electronic Energy Saving Lamps to be very successful [6]

1986 The "White" SON Sodium vapor lamp is introduced.

1991 Philips invents a fluorescent lightbulb that lasts 60,000 hours. The bulb uses magnetic induction.

1992-94 a team at Nela Parc, Cleveland, GE, with Jack Strok creates ceramic metal halide lamps (CMH). Philips follows under W.de Kock and calls their
versions CDM Ceramic Discharge Metal. Sales begin 1994. This technology improves to be the superior lighting technology with up to 150 lm/W with
good color rendering and 20.000h life at very high lumen maintenance [4]
1994 the new T5 lamps with cool tip are introduced to become the leading fluorescent lamps with up to 117 lm/W with good color rendering. These
and almoast all new fluorescent lamps are to be operated at electronic ballasts only. [7]

1994 First commercial sulfur lamp.

1995 Shuji Nakamura at Nichia labs invents first blue and, with additional Phosphor, white LED, and starts a LED boom. [8]

[edit]21st century

2011 Philips wins L Prize for LED screw-in lamp equivalent to 60W incandescent A-lamp for general use.

[edit]References
1.

^ Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi Aramco World, JanuaryFebruary 1995, pp. 2027.

2.

^ Fielding H. Garrison, History of Medicine

3.

^ Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History of Lighting

4.

^ Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History Lighting , Bernard Gorowitz Ed., The General Electric Story

5.

^ New York State, Division of Corporations, State Records

6.

^ Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History of Lighting

7.

^ Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History of Lighting

8.

^ Dr.Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History of Lighting

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