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I INTRODUCTION
Electric utilities and end users of
electric power are becoming increasingly
concerned about meeting the growing
energy demand. Seventy five percent of
total global energy demand is supplied by
the burning of fossil fuels. But increasing
air pollution, global warming concerns,
diminishing fossil fuels and their
increasing cost have made it necessary to
look towards renewable sources as a future
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Renewable
energy
resources
mainly can be used for power generation,
heating and transportation purposes. In
case of power generation, the generation
can take place either as a separate unit to
feed a particular area or the renewable
energy resources can be interconnected to
the grid at the transmission level, subtransmission level and distribution level to
enhance load supplying capability of the
grid. Large wind farms, concentrated solar
power photovoltaic system, bio-power,
hydro power, geothermal power are
interconnected at the transmission and subtransmission levels. Photovoltaic system,
small wind farm, hydro power and fuel
cells are interconnected at the distribution
level. The resources are connected to grid
using grid interfacing inverter by suitable
controlling of the inverter switches. But
their highly intermittent nature may result
in instability and power quality problems;
hence an appropriate control circuitry is
required.
II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
The proposed system consists of RES
connected to the dc-link of a gridinterfacing inverter as shown in Fig. 1. The
voltage source inverter is a key element of
a DG system as it interfaces the renewable
energy source to the grid and delivers the
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1=
Where
RES.
. (1)
is the power generated from
The current flow on the other side of dclink can be represented as,
. (2)
Where
,
and
are total power
available at grid-interfacing inverter side,
active power supplied to the grid and
inverter losses, respectively. If inverter
losses are negligible then
=
B. Control of Grid Interfacing Inverter:
Fig.1. Schematic of proposed renewable
based distributed generation system
A. DC-Link Voltage and Power Control
Operation:
Due to the intermittent nature of RES,
the generated power is of variable nature.
The dc-link plays an important role in
transferring this variable power from
renewable energy source to the grid. RES
are represented as current sources
connected to the dc-link of a gridinterfacing inverter. Fig. 2 shows the
systematic representation of power transfer
from the renewable energy resources to the
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( )
. (4)
= sin +
. (5)
( )
( ) ..
(6)
. (7)
Where
and
are proportional and integral gains of dcvoltage regulator. The instantaneous
values of reference three phase grid
currents are computed as
. (8)
.. (9)
. (10)
The neutral current, present if any, due to
the loads connected to the neutral
conductor should be compensated by forth
leg of grid-interfacing inverter and thus
should not be drawn from the grid. In other
words, the reference current for the grid
neutral current is considered as zero and
can be expressed as
= sin(). (3)
= sin
.. (11)
The reference grid currents (Ia* , Ib* ,Ic*
and In*)are compared with actual grid
currents
(Ia* , Ib* ,Ic* and In*) to compute the
current errors as
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.... (12)
(23)
. (13)
.. (24)
.. (14)
Similarly
. (15)
the
charging
currents
, and
on dc
bus due to the each leg of inverter can be
expressed as
.. (25)
.. (26)
(27)
... (16)
... (28)
... (17)
.. (18)
If
switch
, then upper
will be OFF
. (19)
and
in the
inverter.
If
(20)
will be OFF
a leg of inverter.
Where
, and
are
the three-phase ac switching voltages
generated on the output terminal of
inverter. These inverter output voltages
can be modeled in terms of instantaneous
dc bus voltage and switching pulses of the
inverter as
.. (21)
(22)
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IV CONCLUSION
V REFERENCES
[1] M. Singh , K. vinod , A. Chandra, and
Rajiv K.varma. Grid interconnection of
renewable
energy sources at the distribution level
with
power-quality
improvement
features, IEEE Transactions on power
delivery, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 307-315,
January 2011
Aug. 2006.
[9] B. Renders, K. De Gusseme, W. R.
Ryckaert, K. Stockman, L. Vandevelde,
and M. H. J. Bollen, Distributed
generation for mitigating voltage dips in
low-voltage distribution grids, IEEE
Trans. Power. Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp.
15811588, Jul. 2008.
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