Ubc 2014 Spring Simmons Adam PDF

MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL STRATIGRAPHY OF
PALEOCENE AND EOCENE PORPHYRY Cu-Mo DEPOSITS

IN SOUTHERN PERU
by
ADAM THOMAS SIMMONS
Bachelor of Science (Honours), Queens University, 2003
Master of Science, The University of British Columbia, 2005
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES
(Geological Sciences)
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

(Vancouver)
November 2013
Adam Thomas Simmons, 2013
Abstract
A geological investigation of the of the Paleocene-Eocene Cu-Mo porphyry belt of
southern Peru was undertaken at the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry system with complimentary
work completed at the Cuajone and Toquepala mines. This work adds to the understanding of
the formation and evolution of igneous systems associated with Cu-Mo porphyry formation in
an understudied but economically significant copper source globally.
The Quellaveco Igneous Complex is composed of at least five phases of porphyritic
intrusions which were emplaced into a slightly older equigranular granodiorite batholith and
Late Cretaceous Toquepala Group volcanic rocks. These intrusions were emplaced from
approximately 58Ma to 53Ma. The intrusions with the closest temporal and spatial association
to copper may have been emplaced in as short a timespan as approximately 1.5m.y. These
time periods and time spans are almost identical to those for the emplacement of the igneous
systems at Cuajone and Toquepala. At Quellaveco, zircon mineral chemistry indicates that the
igneous systems associated with porphyry copper formation are different to those not
associated with porphyry copper formation. Geochemical disruptions, flat to cup shaped Eu/Eu*
anomalies and rapid changes in temperature of formation of the zircons with their growth are
indicative of zircons from the porphyry intrusions from Quellaveco. It is postulated that these
geochemical signatures may indicate that intrusions associated with the formation of the
hydrothermal systems are derived from fractionating and cooling magmatic systems which
remained relatively oxidized and were subject to periodic geochemical disturbance. The
geochemical disturbances may reflect a dynamic deeper magmatic system where magma
mixing, replenishment and scouring of wall rock took place. At Quellaveco, each of the
porphyritic intrusions are temporally related with a hydrothermal system. Each hydrothermal
system is an evolution of mineral assemblages in veins from biotite-magnetite-chalcopyrite rich
veins to quartz-sulphide rich veins to quartz vein with quartz-sericite selvages. This sequence of
vein evolution repeats itself at Quellaveco at least four times. Each hydrothermal system occurs
immediately after the emplacement of at least five porphyry intrusion suites.
ii
Preface
The dissertation is original, independent work by the author, A. Simmons. Components of
Chapter 6 has been published by the author A. Simmons in Economic Geology (2013), v. 108,
no. 4, p. 625-639. The dissertation is based on fieldwork and laboratory work conducted solely
by the author, A. Simmons.
iv
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................. ii
Preface ................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents .................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables........................................................................................................ viii
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ x
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................xii
Chapter 1: General Introduction............................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Hypothesis and Question.................................................................................... 1
Objectives.............................................................................................................. 4
Geological Setting................................................................................................... 5
Metallogenic Setting ........................................................................................ 11
Exploration History ............................................................................................... 12
Previous Work ...................................................................................................... 13
Methodology ........................................................................................................ 14
Mapping Style and Techniques ......................................................................... 14
Presentation......................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 2: Geochronology and Evolution of Paleocene Igneous Rocks and Associated
Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits, Quellaveco, Southern Peru.............................................. 23
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 23
Previous Work ................................................................................................. 26
Tectonic Framework and Regional Geological Context.............................................. 27
Techniques and Methods....................................................................................... 29
Geology and Geochronology of Quellaveco ............................................................. 31
Toquepala Group............................................................................................. 31
Regional Granodiorite Batholith......................................................................... 32
Quellaveco Porphyry Intrusion Complex............................................................. 33
Earliest Porphyry (ca. 57.5-58.5 Ma) ............................................................ 42
Early Porphyry (ca. 56.5-57 Ma) .................................................................. 44
Intermineral Porphyry (ca. 56-56.5 Ma)........................................................ 44
Monzodiorite Porphyries (ca. 55.5-56.5 Ma) .................................................. 49
Dacite Dykes (ca. 54.5-56 Ma)..................................................................... 49
Late Porphyries (ca. 53-55 Ma).................................................................... 50
Discussion............................................................................................................ 51
Timing of the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex ...................................................... 51
Longevity of System Compared to Other Deposits Globally.................................. 54
Paleocene-Eocene Metallogenic Epoch............................................................... 55
Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 58
iv
Chapter 3: Petrogenesis of Porphyry Intrusive Complexes Associated with Paleocene

Porphyry Cu-Mo Style Mineralization; A Zircon Mineral Chemistry Perspective ............ 59
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 59
Analytical Procedures ............................................................................................ 62
Tectonic Setting and Geology of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo Deposit ................................ 64
Zircon Geochemistry ............................................................................................. 67
Toquepala Group............................................................................................. 75
Pre-Bulk Porphyry Cu-Mo Batholithic and Porphyry Intrusive Units ....................... 80
Syn-Mineral Intrusions................................................................................... 86
Late Porphyry Units and Dykes ......................................................................... 92
Zircon Chemistry Changes with Time................................................................. 96
Discussion...........................................................................................................100
Fertile vs Non-Fertile System Identification .......................................................100
Magma Contamination Sources........................................................................101
Oxidation State ..............................................................................................103
Conclusions.........................................................................................................105
Chapter 4: Geochemistry of the Quellaveco Igneous Complex (QIC) in the Southern
Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene Porphyry Cu Belt.........................................................107
Introduction ........................................................................................................107
Geology of Quellaveco .........................................................................................109
Analytical Methods and Rational............................................................................114
Results ...............................................................................................................115
Lithogeochmisty of the QIC Igneous Rocks .......................................................115
Pre-Mineral Rocks......................................................................................115
Major Elements ....................................................................................119
Minor Elements, Trace Elements and REEs .............................................121
Syn-Mineral Porphyritic Rocks.....................................................................124
Major Elements ....................................................................................125
Post-Mineral Porphyritic Rocks ....................................................................132
Major Elements ....................................................................................132
Geochemical Evolution .........................................................................................139
Discussion...........................................................................................................139
Implications of REE Patterns............................................................................141
Adakite Geochemistry; What Does it Mean? ......................................................142
Geochemical Evolution of the QIC ....................................................................142
Conclusions.........................................................................................................143
Chapter 5: Vein Paragenesis and Timing of Hydrothermal Mineralization and Alteration
Distribution Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo Style Mineralization, Quellaveco, Southern
Peru: Evidence for Multiple Overprinting Systems ...................................................144
Introduction ........................................................................................................144
Geology of Quellaveco .........................................................................................147
Vein Description and Timing .................................................................................152
Methods ........................................................................................................152
v
Vein Descriptions............................................................................................153
Veins in Post-Mineral Porphyry ...................................................................153
Veins in Late Porphyry ...............................................................................156
Veins in Monzodiorite Porphyry...................................................................158
Veins in Intermineral Porphyry ...................................................................163
Veins in Early Porphyry ..............................................................................166
Veins in Earliest Porphyry...........................................................................171
Veins in Granodiorite (Cut by Early Porphyries) ............................................173
Quellaveco Vein Type Classification..................................................................175
Early Biotite Veins (EB Veins) .....................................................................176
Molybdenite-Quartz Veins (MoQ Veins)........................................................176
Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-Texture Veins (MCN Veins) ................................177
Late Biotite Veins (LB Veins).......................................................................179
Early Quartz-Sulphide Veins (eQS Veins) .....................................................179
Sulphide Veins (S Veins) ............................................................................180
Molybdenite-Bearing Quartz Veins (QSMo Veins)..........................................181
Late Quartz Sulphide Veins (lQS Veins) .......................................................182
Quartz-Sulphide Veins with Quartz-Sericite Selvages (D Veins) ......................183
Discussion...........................................................................................................184
Hypogene Alteration Distribution......................................................................185
Paragenetic Model ..........................................................................................186
Hydrothermal Fluid Pulses ...............................................................................194
Conclusions.........................................................................................................196
Chapter 6: Punctuated Magmatism Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation in the
Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru ..................................................................198
Introduction ........................................................................................................198
U-Pb Zircon SHRIMP-RG Techniques .....................................................................201
Zircon Separation Procedure............................................................................201
Cathodolumisence ..........................................................................................201
SHRIMP-RG U-PB Analysis Technique ...............................................................202
Tectonics and District Geology ..............................................................................203
Results ...............................................................................................................206
Cuajone.........................................................................................................206
Regional Granodiorite ................................................................................208
Pre-Mineral Diorite.....................................................................................208
Latite Porphyry 1 (LP1) ..............................................................................213
Latite Porphyry 2 (BLP) ..............................................................................213
Intrusive Andesite .....................................................................................214
Latite Porphyry 3 (LP3) ..............................................................................214
Toquepala......................................................................................................215
Regional Granodiorite ................................................................................215
Dacite Porphyry.........................................................................................217
Dacite Agglomerate ...................................................................................217
Latite Porphyry..........................................................................................217
Discussion...........................................................................................................222
Timing of Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation ...............................................................222
vi
Magmatic Events Associated with Porphyry Cu Formation in Southern Peru .........226

The Paleocene-Eocene Metallogenic Belt ..........................................................226
Conclusions.........................................................................................................227
Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research.........................228
Introduction ........................................................................................................228
Impact of Work ...................................................................................................229
Conclusions.........................................................................................................229
Regional Geology and Geochronology...............................................................230
Geology and Geochronology of Quellaveco Igneous Rocks .................................233
Petrochemistry and Zircon Chemistry of Quellaveco Igneous Rocks.....................235
Vein and Hydrothermal History of Quellaveco ...................................................237
Recommendations for Future Work .......................................................................241
Bibliography ........................................................................................................243
Appendix 1: Geochronologic Results of Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks and Hydrothermal
Alteration............................................................................................................260
U-Pb Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP) Zircon
Geochronology ....................................................................................................260
Methodology ..................................................................................................260
Rocks from Quellaveco....................................................................................260
Rocks from Cuajone........................................................................................266
Rocks from Toquepala ....................................................................................268
40
Ar/39Ar Geochronology.......................................................................................270
40
Ar/39Ar Samples Not Used in Thesis ...............................................................271
Appendix 2: Sample Description and Locations.......................................................280
Appendix 3: Geochemistry Analytical Methods........................................................294
Collection, Crushing and Analytical Methods...........................................................294
Duplicates and Standards .....................................................................................295
Appendix 4: Veins Recorded to Cut Intrusive Contacts ............................................298
Appendix 5: Zircon Geochemistry Data ..................................................................302
vii
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1-1: Summary of textural and mineralogical differences between porphyry suites
at Quellaveco ....................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2
Table 2-1: Previous geochronology from southern Peru Paleocene-Eocene Cu belt ..... 26
Table 2-2: Summary of geochronology from the study area ..................................... 32
Table 2-3: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from the study area ... 38
at Quellaveco................................................................................................. 45
Chapter 3
Table 3-1: Elements and masses analyzed for zircon trace element routines on the
SHRIMP-RG.......................................................................................................... 65
Table 3-2: U-Pb zircon ages and zircon trace element acquisition techniques ............. 70
at Quellaveco ....................................................................................................... 82
Chapter 4
Table 4-1 Summary of textural and mineralogical differences between porphyry suites
at Quellaveco ......................................................................................................113
Table 4-2: Whole rock analytical data for rocks at Quellaveco..................................116
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
5-1:
5-3:
5-4:
5-5:
5-6:
5-7:
5-8:
5-9:
Chapter 5
Veins within Post Mineral Porphyry suite ................................................154
Veins within Late mineral porphyry suite................................................156
Veins within Monzodiorite porphyry suite at various elevations ................159
Veins within Intermineral porphyry suite at various elevations .................164
Veins within Early porphyry suite at various elevations............................168
Veins within Earliest porphyries above 3400m elevation ..........................172
Veins within Regional Granodiorite above 3400m elevation .....................174
Vein types and timing relative to porphyry intrusion types.......................177
Chapter 6
Table 6-1: Summary of geochronology results........................................................200
Table 6-2: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from Cuajone mine ..212
Table 6-3: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from Toquepala mine
..........................................................................................................................221
viii
Chapter 7
Table 7-1: Geological, textural and petrologic features of porphyritic rocks at
Quellaveco ..........................................................................................................234
Table 7-2: Vein types and timing relative to porphyry intrusion types.......................237
Appendix 1
Table A1-1: 40Ar/39Ar data from samples not used in the thesis ............................278
Appendix 2
Table A2-1: Rock sample locations and descriptions ...............................................281
Appendix 3
Table A3-1: Detection limits for major, trace and rare-earth elements at Acme Labs.
..........................................................................................................................296
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
A4-1:
A4-2:
A4-3:
A4-4:
A4-5:
Veins
Veins
Veins
Veins
Veins
within
within
within
within
within
Appendix 4
Late and Post mineral porphyries (above 3400m)...............298
Monzodiorite and younger porphyries (various elevations) ..298
Intermineral and younger porphyries (various elevations) ...299
Early and younger porphyries (various elevations) .............300
Earliest and younger porphyries (above 3400m) ................301
Appendix 5
Table A5-1: Zircon mineral chemistry data U-Pb routine..........................................302
Table A5-2: Zircon mineral chemistry data Trace Element routine ............................319
ix
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1-1: Location of the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt....................................... 3
Figure 1-2: Regional geology of the Quellaveco area ................................................. 7
Figure 1-3: Geology of the Quellaveco deposit .......................................................... 8
Chapter 2
Location of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry ........................................... 25
Regional geology of the area between Toquepala and Cuajone ............... 28
Cu-Mo porphyry belts of the Peruvian and Chilean Andes ........................ 30
Geology of Quellaveco ......................................................................... 34
U-Pb concordia and weighted mean diagrams from Quellaveco ............... 35
Cross section through the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit ................ 43
Plutonic textures, photos and photomicrographs .................................... 46
Summary of ages from Quellaveco ........................................................ 52
Density distribution plot for all zircons from Quellaveco........................... 57
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
2-1:
2-2:
2-3:
2-4:
2-5:
2-6:
2-7:
2-8:
2-9:
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Chapter 3
3-1: Location of the Quellaveco project ........................................................ 60
3-2: Summary of the geochronology from Quellaveco.................................... 66
3-3: Regional Geology of southern Peru Cu-Mo porphyries ............................. 68
3-4: Geological map of Quellaveco ............................................................... 69
3-5: Cathodoluminescence images of zircons from Quellaveco........................ 73
3-6: Toquepala Group zircon mineral chemistry from the Quellaveco area ....... 76
3-7: Pre-bulk Cu-Mo mineralization zircon mineral chemistry .......................... 83
3-8: Syn Cu-Mo mineralization zircon mineral chemistry................................. 88
3-9: Late-Post Cu-Mo mineralization zircon mineral chemistry......................... 93
3-10: Zircon grain traverse vectors for pre-, syn- and post-mineral intrusions .. 97
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Chapter 4
4-1: Location of the southern Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt ........108
4-2: Regional geology of the Quellaveco area ..............................................111
4-3: Geology of the Quellavco deposit .........................................................112
4-4: Major element geochemistry of pre-mineral rocks..................................120
4-5: Trace element geochemistry of pre-mineral rocks..................................122
4-6: REE geochemistry of pre-mineral rocks.................................................123
4-7: Major element geochemistry of syn-mineral rocks .................................126
4-8: Trace element geochemistry of syn-mineral rocks .................................128
4-9: REE geochemistry of syn-mineral rocks ................................................130
4-10: Major element geochemistry of post-mineral rocks ..............................134
4-11: Trace element geochemisty of post-mineral rocks................................136
4-12: REE geochemistry of post-mineral rocks .............................................138
4-13: Geochemical evolution of the QIC ......................................................140
x
Chapter 5
Figure 5-1: Location of Quellaveco ........................................................................146
Figure 5-2: Geology of the Quellaveco area ...........................................................148
Figure 5-3: Geology of Quellaveco ........................................................................150
Figure 5-4: Surface hypogene alteration at Quellaveco ...........................................151
Figure 5-5: Images of veins from Post & Late mineral porphyries ............................155
Figure 5-6: Images of veins from Monzodiorite & Intermineral porphyry intrusions....160
Figure 5-7: Images of veins from Early & Earliest porphyry suites & Regional
Granodiorite ........................................................................................................169
Figure 5-8: Vein/rock cross-cutting relations and alteration paragenesis ...................187
Figure 5-9: Paragenetic model of vein and rock types .............................................191
Chapter 6
Figure 6-1: Location of the Cuajone and Toquepala mines ......................................199
Figure 6-2: Regional geology in the vicinity of the Cuajone and Toquepala mines .....205
Figure 6-3: Geology of Cuajone mine ....................................................................207
Figure 6-4: U-Pb geochronology results from Cuajone ............................................209
Figure 6-5: Photos of intrusive rocks from Cuajone.................................................211
Figure 6-6: Geology of Toquepala .........................................................................216
Figure 6-7: Geochronology results from Toquepala.................................................218
Figure 6-8: Photos of intrusive rocks from Toquepala .............................................220
Figure 6-9: Probability distribution plots for all zircon data from Cuajone and Toquepala
..........................................................................................................................223
Figure 6-10: Geochronology summary of rocks from Cuajone & Toquepala...............224
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
7-1:
7-2:
7-3:
7-4:
Chapter 7
Location of major southern Peru porphyry deposits and Paleocene belt ...231
Summary of geochronology of intrusive rocks from southern Peru ..........232
Typical growth history of a zircon from intrusive rocks at Quellaveco ......236
Summary of hydrothermal and vein pulses at Quellaveco .......................238
Appendix 1
Figure A1-1: Plateau and inverse isochron plots from 40Ar/39Ar samples not used in this
thesis .................................................................................................................273
Appendix 3
Figure A3-1: Duplicate analyses (selected elements)...............................................297
xi
Acknowledgements
There are many people who deserve recognition for all the help that was given to me
during this study and I am likely to forget a few herein and I apologize in advance if Ive missed
somebody.
I would like to thank my supervisor, Dick Tosdal, whose input to this thesis was
invaluable. During some down times, he always remained positive and encouraging about
my project and spurred me on. Dick gave me a number of incredible opportunities, which
include geological field trips and an introduction to mining and exploration companies in
Vancouver and world-wide over the course of the last ten years we have been
collaborating during my M.Sc. and Ph.D. programs. These opportunities have enhanced
my understanding of geological processes and created a network of contacts in the
mining/geological world that will remain with me forever. Without Dick none of this would
have been possible. Id also like to thank my committee members, Jim Mortensen, Kelly
Russell and Ken Hickey, all of whom helped me with different aspects of my research, but
provided me with a basis for understanding of the various aspects, which allowed me to
come to a number of conclusions in my thesis. Joe Wooden, from Stanford/USGS is also
thanked for his help and many insights to zircon geochemistry and geochronology.
Thomas Bissig, Tom Ullrich and Farhad Bouzari, from UBC, are thanked for numerous
enlightening conversations. Additionally, there are a number of people who made
significant contributions to my thesis and always kept me in check with my field
observations and interpretations, in addition to reviewing my thesis, and the work herein.
These people include Stuart McCracken, Tim Beale, Adan Pino, Chris Oates from Anglo
American. Special thanks to Tim Beale who the champion within Anglo American to get
the project approved. Without his help this project would have never been possible.
Additionally, access to Southern Peru Copper Corporations Toquepala and Cuajone mines
was provided by Ruben Mattos and Oscar Concha. Many thanks to the support staff from
Anglo American in Lima and Moquegua, Peru that helped me through my struggles with
the Spanish language and were always prepared to help me in times of need, especially
Erica. Additionally, Walter Tejada, from Teck Corporation, welcomed me with open arms
to Lima and showed me the ropes in a new country and new language.
Who would anybody be without their peer group? My peer group both academically
and from the exploration community provided me with many helpful conversations and
were always encouraging of my thesis, which at times was a very tough process, but
xii
ultimately was completed. Not to mention the many beers/wines consumed along the way.
Some of the most involved people in this process included Alan Wainwright, Dan MacNeil,
Claire Chamberlain, Mark Cruise, Keith Henderson, Rob Carpenter, David Caulfield, Darcy
Baker, Robin Black, Rory Kutluoglu, Bill Whitehead, Patrick Redmond, Alan Wilson, and
John Dilles to name a few. All of these people were invaluable to my completion of this
project.
I would also like to thank the many sponsors of this project, which include MDRU,
NSERC, SEG, Anglo American, Minera Quellaveco and Southern Peru Copper Corporation.
This project would have never been completed without the financial and logistical support
of these sponsors.
Additionally, my family has always been patient with me. They dont quite
understand why I remained in school to complete my Ph.D., but have always been the
most supportive people during this time.
My Mom, Dad, brothers Mark and Jason and
cousin Don all helped me out in some way during this time. Thanks for the patience guys.
Additionally, Tansy OConnor-Parsons deserves a great deal of credit for my completion of
the Ph.D. Many long conversations always kept me in check, especially with anything to
do with lithogeochemistry; she remained encouraging throughout, even if she did lead me
down a bad path of molar element ratios! Her support, personally and professionally is
and will always be invaluable. She is the light of my life and the moon of my stars and I
look forward to the next chapter of my life with her and our soon to be born first child.
It was a longer than necessary process and the patience of everybody mentioned is
greatly appreciated. For those considering doing a Ph.D., it is a long and arduous task to
complete, the only advice I have is stay positive keep chipping away at, even if you think
nothing or little is being completed. Again, I apologize for those that I left out. Thank you
all so much!
xiii
Chapter 1: General Introduction

Introduction
Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits form during very narrow time frames in the life of a
convergent margin magmatic arc (Sillitoe, 1988). Furthermore, they are not uniformly
distributed along the strike length of most convergent margin arcs. Instead they tend to form
clusters of systems distributed along an arc segment that formed over geologically narrow time
frames during a much longer and protracted arc magmatic history. Porphyry Cu deposits are
genetically related to the emplacement of porphyry intrusions that emanate from a larger
batholith emplaced at greater depth (Dilles, 1987; Dilles et al., 2000; Shinohara and
Hedenquist, 1997). Explanations for the dynamic environment conducive to formation of a
porphyry Cu deposit include subduction reversals, subduction of aseismic ridges or tears in the
down going plate, changes in tectonic environment, and the waning of magmatism at the end
of an episode of arc magmatism (Soloman, 1990; Tosdal and Richards, 2001; Richards 2003,
2009; Garwin, 2002; Cooke et al., 2005; Sillitoe and Perell, 2005). Critical to arriving at a
trigger for the formation of a porphyry deposit is the timing of their formation with respect to
other events happening along the convergent plate margin, the relative timing of copper and
molybdenum bearing minerals and their associated hydrothermal events. The additional use of
whole rock and mineral chemistry to determine the variation of the chemical composition of the
igneous rocks that formed over the life-cycle of the porphyry complex may increase the
understanding of physio-chemical conditions that are required to form productive versus nonproductive porphyry systems.
Hypothesis and Question

The main question of the thesis is:
What are the magmatic conditions required for the formation of productive porphyry copper
deposits?
The hypothesis driving the research is:
In order to develop large porphyry copper deposits, the magma must have fractionated
and been rejuvenated multiple times over the magmatic history, leading to the exsolution of
copper-bearing hydrothermal fluids and associated veins that are emplaced in the same volume
of crustal rocks repeatedly. This statement implies that the geodynamic setting during the
emplacement of the porphyry system must have been relatively stagnant. In other words, uplift
and erosion must have been approximately equal in order for multiple hydrothermal systems to
1
be emplaced in the same volume of rock. Multiple heating events in the magmatic rocks that
occurred at approximately the same crustal level also imply a stagnant geodynamic setting.
This thesis focuses on the southern Peru portion of the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt
of South America (Figure 1-1), with particular emphasis on the Quellaveco Porphyry Centre.
Five chapters contribute to the understanding of the southern Peru Paleocene-Eocene copper
porphyry belt and include:
1)
The timing of porphyry intrusions associated with the development of porphyry copper
deposits from a regional perspective, with emphasis on the Cuajone and Toquepala
porphyry copper deposits and including previously reported work from Quellaveco. This
allows for a broader story to develop from the entire arc segment and puts Quellaveco
into the greater context of the Paleocene-Eocene arc. It also shows that multiple
porphyry copper systems closely spaced in the arc have similar magmatic histories and
were emplaced at approximately the same time and over the timespan. The implications
of this, is that the same processes must have occurred at all three locations over an
approximate 30km of arc length. Thus requiring the magma batches involved in the
development of three separate porphyry deposits to be that much larger.
2)
The timing of the Quellaveco Porphyry intrusions associated with the development of
the porphyry copper system at Quellaveco and their relative timing to copper and
molybdenum mineralization. This step of the research provides the absolute and relative
timing of igneous rocks, bracketing the timing of the porphyry system development and
magmatic history. However, this step is also required in order to resolve the relative
timing of vein and hydrothermal systems.
3)
Zircon mineral chemistry from the Quellaveco samples that have ages determined for
them to aid in the identification of magmatic processes that contribute to the formation
of the Quellaveco Porphyry Copper Deposit. The use of zircon is critical in this step due
to zircon having low chemical diffusion rates, clearly defined growth zones and is not
easily altered due to thermal and hydrothermal processes. The geochemical of spots in
the growth zones allows for tracking of igneous and thermal events during the growth of
the zircon grain.
4)
Petrochemistry of igneous rocks from Quellaveco was completed in order to chemically

characterize the different igneous rocks. This step is important for identifying
geochemical differences that the rocks have. Particularly important are the differences
between the igneous rocks that are associated with mineralization versus those that are
2
Lima
75
50
100km
75
125 150km
cay
PERU
Aban
ction
Defle
Cuzco
70
BRAZIL
65
600km
BOLIVIA
15
c
az
e
idg
La Paz
Arequipa
Pe
Cerro-Verde
ru
-C
hil
e
ch
Cerro Colorado
20
Pe
100km
rdi
da
Rid
ge
Pacific
Ocean
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
Arica
n
Tre
20
15
Lake Titicaca
Spence
Legend
Copper Belts
m. Miocene-e. Pliocene
e. Miocene-m. Miocene
L. Eocene-e. Oligocene
Paleocene-e. Eocene
Antofagasta
CHILE
25
25
ARGENTINA
Cu-Porphyry Deposits
Major Faults
Depth to Benioff Zone
Figure 1-1: Cu-Mo porphyry belts by age with selected Paleocene-Eocene ore deposits andadvanced
projects shown. Copper belts from Sillitoe (1992), depth to Benioff zone from Cahill and
Isacks (1992), oceanic features from Jaillard et al. (2000) and faults from Beale (2007;
Anglo American internal report and ProExplo oral presentation) .
not. These geochemical differences are then explained by magmatic and hydrothermal
processes that may have been happening that have led to the geochemical differences.
For example, high Sr/Y values are observed in rocks associated with copperbearing
hydrothermal systems but not in those that predate and postdate porphyry
development. A rationalization for this observation may be that high water pressures
suppress plagioclase allowing hornblende to fractionate first. The effect of this is that Sr
increases in the melt with time, while Y is depleted with the fractionation of hornblende.
Therefore, high water pressures may be a requirement for the formation of porphyry
copper deposits.
5)
Petrography and paragenesis of veins and vein mineral assemblages associated with the
porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco provide the relative timing link between the igneous
intrusions and the timing of copper deposition. The observations of the vein types
present with depth and time through the deposit allows for the identification of
productive hydrothermal systems present as well as the number of hydrothermal pulses
and how they change through time, depth and their relationships to the evolving
geochemistry of the igneous rocks. Without observing, first, the timing of the igneous
rocks relative to each other and the vein types relative to each other and the igneous
rocks no conclusions can be drawn from the relationship of igneous rocks to
hydrothermal systems in porphyry deposits. Therefore, without these observations any
conclusions drawn from the geochemistry of igneous rocks and minerals within them are
diminished in terms of their potential implications for porphyry copper development.
Objectives
This thesis defines the geology, geochronology and geochemistry of the rocks that host
the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit in southern Peru. Additionally, regional mapping was
completed around Quellaveco and reconnaissance geochronology samples were taken and
reported herein for the surrounding Toquepala and Cuajone Cu-Mo porphyry deposits. This
study mainly focuses on the magmatic evolution of the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex (QIC) and
the hydrothermal evolution relative to the porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco. The project was
designed to enhance the understanding of the timing and styles of hydrothermal mineralization
associated with Paleocene-Eocene porphyry intrusions and to improve the framework for future
exploration of similar deposits in southern Peru and globally. The project was supported by the
Mineral Deposit Research Unit at the University of British Columbia, Anglo American plc,
Southern Peru Copper Corporation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
4
Canada (NSERC Discovery Grant to Richard Tosdal) and the Society of Economic Geologists.
Anglo American provided logistical and financial support for two field seasons from 2006 to
2007.
The five main objectives of this thesis were to: 1) to establish a regional and local
geologic framework of the Quellaveco porphyry deposit, 2) to characterize the timing, magmatic
evolution and geochemistry of older host rocks and porphyry intrusions associated with
porphyry Cu mineralization at Quellaveco, 3) based on the timing and geochemical constraints
provided in objective 2, to draw conclusions on the evolution of deeper seated magma
chambers and its possible link to the development of porphyry Cu mineralization, 4) to better
understand the timing and origin of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization within the
Quellaveco porphyry deposit, in particular, the timing of mineral assemblages in veins relative
to each other and porphyry intrusions and, and 5) to assess the similarities, if any, between
Quellaveco and other porphyry Cu deposits in the southern Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene
porphyry Cu belt. A major outcome of the study is a genetic and chronologic model for
porphyry Cu formation at Quellaveco, repeated hydrothermal systems and the short timespan
of porphyry Cu formation at Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala, both in terms of longevity of
the magmatic systems and absolute timing of copper deposition.
Geological Setting
In the mid-Mesozoic rifting along the western margin of Gondwana (now western South
America) marks the beginning of the Andean orogen (Coira et al., 1982; Davidson and
Mpodozis, 1990; Benavides-Cceres, 1999). Steep subduction of cold oceanic crust under the
western margin of Gondwana caused the oceanward retreat of the trench allowing for the
formation of significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantlederived magmatic rocks (Jones, 1981; Atherton et al., 1983, 1985) and detritus from the rift
margins (Benavides, 1956; Wilson 1983, 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by
large-scale faults to the east and Precambrian-Paleozoic rocks to the west. Rifting and basin
development continued into the early Late Cretaceous. In southern Peru, a magmatic arc
formed west of the rift during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, consisting mainly of basaltic to
andesitic rocks intercalated with volcaniclastic rocks and limestone. Three distinct magmatic
pulses are noted during this period and were emplaced progressively towards the east: early
Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma); late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous (95110Ma) in Peru (Pitcher et al., 1995; Mukasa, 1986) and Chile (Clark et al., 1976; Mpodozis and
Ramos, 1989).
5
The Late Cretaceous is a time of a major tectonic and magmatic shift throughout the
Andes coincident with the opening of the south Atlantic Ocean (Mpodozis and Ramos, 1989).
Generally, there is migration of arc development towards the northeast. In southern Peru the
time is marked by Late Cretaceous shortening, collapse of the back-arc rift and eastward
thrusting of marine volcanic and sedimentary sequences on top of continentally derived clastic
rocks (Vicente et al., 1989, Benavides-Cceres, 1999). Magmatism continued in central and
southern Peru during the latest Cretaceous (66Ma) and into the Paleogene (59Ma) (Clark et al.,
1990a) and is responsible for obscuring the earlier rift sequence and late Cretaceous fold and
thrust belt. This arc is preserved as thick dacitic to andesitic pyroclastic rocks and intermediate
flows (Bellido, 1979), with igneous roots composed of large, mantle and Proterozoic-aged lower
crustal derived granodiorite batholiths (Barreiro and Clark, 1984; Boiley et al., 1990). This
period of magmatism is represented by the extrusive Toquepala Group rocks and large
batholiths (Yarabamaba super suite) in the Quellaveco area (Figure 1-2).
Anomalously metal-rich deposits are associated with Paleocene and Early Eocene granite and
granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru and progressively young to
the south in northern Chile, from 60-52.3 Ma (Mukasa, 1986; Clark et al., 1990a). A strong
northwest elongation of the Paleogene porphyry stocks suggests that a series of trench parallel,
northwest-trending faults, coincident with the earlier rift basin, control the emplacement the
stocks. Porphyry intrusions of this age are temporally and spatially associated with porphyry CuMo mineralization at Quellaveco, Toquepala and Cuajone (Figure 1-2).
The Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit is hosted within a large batholithic,
equigranular granodiorite intrusive complex (~60 Ma; Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), which
intruded into Toquepala Group (~92Ma-65 Ma; Simmons, unpublished data) volcanic rocks
(Figure 1-2; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; and Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000b). Several
generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced into the granodiorite batholith from 53 Ma to
58 Ma (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), and are spatially associated with hydrothermal alteration
and mineralization (Figure 1-3).
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
Figure 1-2: Regional geology surrounding the Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala ore bodies.
Coordinates in Peruvian Coordinate System (PSAD56); Zone 19S.
Legend
328500 mE
328000 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8110500 mN
8110500 mN
Undifferentiated Miocene and later ignimbrites
and sedimentary rocks
Intrusive Rocks
Late Porphyry Intrusions
Intermineral/Monzodiorite Porphyry Intrusions

Early Porphyry Intrusions
Pit outline
8110000 mN
Equigranular Granodiorite Intrusion 8110000 mN
Volcanic HostRocks Rocks

3
m
810
Undifferentiated Toquepala Group Volcanic Rocks
Contour spacing 10m

8109500 mN
8109500 mN
8109000 mN
8109000 mN
348
Rio Asana
0m
328500 mE
8107500 mN
328000 mE
8108000 mN
327500 mE
8108000 mN
327000 mE
8108500 mN
326500 mE
8108500 mN
8107500 mN
Figure 1-3: Geology of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit. Coordinates from PSAD56; UTM zone
19S. Preliminary geological map; note that the Intermineral Porphyry body is not shown
as a dyke complex because lithologies were not distinguishable in all locations on surface
due to supergene leaching.
In total there are five significant periods of porphyry intrusions, which are referred to as
(from oldest to youngest) the Earliest, Early, Intermediate, Monzodiorite, and Late/Post suites
(Table 1-1). The Earliest Porphyry is characterised by its fine grained, crowded porphyritic
texture and contains abundant, net texture magnetite-chalcopyrite veins. Typically, the Earliest
Porphyries range from monzodiorite to quartz-monzonite, are not volumetrically important,
though may contain high grade Cu (>1 %), and was emplaced into the complex at
approximately 58.5Ma-57.5 Ma (Early Porphyry of Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). The Early
Porphyries are volumetrically the most important intrusions type and is spatially associated with
the most Cu within the Quellaveco Intrusive complex (though lower grade than the Earliest, 0.5
%-0.8 % Cu). Early Porphyries are crowded and coarse grained (>10 mm phenocrysts),
ranging from quartz-monzonite to granodiorite and was emplaced at approximately 57.0 Ma56.5 Ma (possibly Intermineral or not sampled from Sillitoe and Montensen, 2010). Intermineral
Porphyries range from granodiorite to monzogranite and are typically coarse grained (>10 mm
phenocrysts)
and
crowded
with
characteristically
rounded
(resorbed)
feldspars.
The
Intermineral Porphyries are spatially and temporally related to the second most amount of Cu
and comprise the volumetrically second most important unit and was emplaced at
approximately 56.5Ma-56.0 Ma (Intermineral of Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). The Monzodiorite
Porphyries make up the third most volumetrically important unit and are spatially and
temporally correlated with significant Cu (0.6 %-1 %). Intermineral Porphyries range from
monzodiorite-quartz monzonite with characteristically low phenocryst content (<25 %) and
were emplaced at approximately 55.5Ma-56.5 Ma. Post and Late Mineral Porphyries are
associated with low concentrations of Cu (<0.2 %) and were emplaced at approximately 53 Ma55Ma (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010).
The porphyry intrusions are unconformably overlain by ignimbrites of the Miocene
Chuntacala Formation (ca. 13 Ma), Asana Formation (ca. 10 Ma) and Sencca Formation (ca. 8
Ma; Quang et al., 2005). These tuffs filled a paleovalley that paralleled the current Rio Asana to
the north and are preserved in small depressions in the exhumed early Miocene Altos de
Camilaca surface at elevations of about 4000 m to the south of the Rio Asana (Tosdal et al.,
1981). The Chuntacala Formation ignimbrites preserved the secondary sulphide horizon that
developed in the Miocene (Quang et al., 2005).
Table 1-1: Summary of textural and mineralogical differences between porphyry suites at Quellaveco
Suite
Age (Ma)
Rock Type
Phenocryst
%
50-65
Earliest
57.5-58.6
Monzodiorite Qtz Monzonite
Early
55.9-56.6
Qtz Monzonite
Granodiorite
50-60
Intermineral 1
55.7-57.1
Granodiorite
Monzogranite
40-50
Intermineral 2
56.3-57.0
Qtz monzodiorite
Qtz monzonite
50-60
Monzodiorite
55.2-57.2
Monzodiorite
Qtz Monzonite
25-30
Late/Post
53.9-55.5
Granodiorite
60-65
Phenocryst assemblage
Alteration
Plag>>Kfs>Bt
Bt-MagKfs
Plag; 25%, sub-anhedral

Kfs; 15%, sub-anhedral
Qtz; 15%, large, euhedral
Bt; 5%, small, euhedral
Hbld; rare
Plag; 20%, large, sub-euhedral
Kfs; 15%, large, sub-euhedral
Qtz; 15%, medium, euhedral
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Plag; 40%, large, sub-anhedral

Kfs; 10%, large sub-anhedral
Bt; 5%, medium, sub-anhedral
Hbld; rare
Kfs 2%, large, euhedral
Hbld; 2%, small anhedral
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
BtKfsMag
late QtzSer
Comments
-high grade and low volume;

-dense veins and rock replacement by
Cp-Mag-Py-Mo;
-as xenoliths in Early Porphyry;
-microphenocrystic
-dense veins>disseminations vein sequence
(early to late): Bt-Py; Qtz-Bt-Cp; Qtz-Cp-Py;
Qtz-Mo-Cp; Qtz-Ser-Cp-Py;
-medium grade and large volume;
-elongated stocks or several thick dykes
-medium grade and medium volume;
-several dykes 1-10s of meters thick
-medium to low grade and medium volume;
-highly variable grade and low volume
Dense veins and rock replacement by
sulphides and magnetite
-Qtz-Py>>CpMo >>disseminations
-very low grade and medium volume
-sub-rounded stocks
Plag; 40%, large, euhedral

Cl-Ep
Qtz; 15%, large, anhedral
Kfs; 10%, large, euhedral
Bt; 4%, large, subhedral
Hbld; 1% large, euhedral
Critical distinguishing features are shown in bold. Shortened forms for minerals areas follows: Qtz=Quartz, Plag=Plagioclase, Bt=Biotite, Mag=Magnetite,
Kfs=Potassium Feldspar, Hbld=Hornblende, Ser=Sericite, Cl=Chlorite, Ep=Epidote, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Py=Pyrite, Mo=Molybdenite
Alteration is given as the dominant alteration minerals spatially associated with the porphyry suite at elevations between 3000-3500m
Rock type and phenocryst abundance given as visual modal amounts of Qtz-Kfs-Plag and volumetric abundance of phenocrysts to matrix
10
A thin (50 to 60 m), irregular Cu-enrichment zone is developed above hypogene

sulphide mineralization (Estrada, 1975 and; Clark et al., 1990b). At least two distinctive zones
are comprised of secondary Cu-sulphides, Cu-oxides, and hypogene sulphides. Clark et al.,
(1990b) separates these into two zones of an upper moderately to strongly enriched zone of
disseminated secondary chalcocite overlying a mixed zone of supergene chalcocite and
hypogene sulphide. A conglomerate at the base of the Ma Chuntacala Formation unconformably
overlies the leached and oxidized zone and indicates that the last enrichment phase occurred
prior to the Miocene. Clark et al., (1990b) suggests that the enrichment blanket is a product of
two or more superposed enrichment phases based on the geometry of the enrichment and
leached zones and the reconstructed paleogeomorphology (Tosdal et al., 1984). The periods of
the enrichment are thought to be contemporaneous with formation of the Altos de Camilaca
surface in the Oligocene and the down cutting of broad valleys through the deposit during the
Miocene.
Metallogenic Setting
The relatively high abundance, grade and density of ore deposits make the Andes one of
the richest orogenic belts in terms of metallic ores (Petersen, 1977). Because of the high
importance placed on metals, due to global consumption of such commodities, it is important to
understand the distribution of metals within the Earths crust. In terms of the post-Paleozoic
metallogenesis, the Andes may be divided into four distinct metallic domains, as defined by
Routhier (1980): the iron, copper, polymetallic and tin belts (Turneaure, 1960; Petersen, 1970;
Sillitoe, 1972, 1976, 1977; Malvicini, 1975; Ericksen, 1976; Malvicini and Llambias, 1982).
These belts are characterized by the predominance of one or two principal metals, but may
contain ore deposits of different ages, deposit types and paragenesis. Longitudinal
segmentation/disruption of the belts is a function of heterogeneities of the continental crust,
changing geometry of the continent, the complexities of oceanic plates being subducted (e.g.
ocean ridges), the variation in speed and angle of convergence between the continent plates
and their effects on the subduction zone (e.g. Petersen, 1970; Goosesens, 1972; Sillitoe, 1974;
Oyarzun and Frutos, 1980; Oyarzun, 1985, 1990; Petford and Atherton, 1995).
The Cu belt can be temporally subdivided into four spatially distinct trench parallel
metallogenic belts; Paleocene to Early Eocene, Late Eocene to Early Oligocene, Early to Middle
Miocene and, Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene (Figure 1-1; Sillitoe, 1992; Richards, 2001,
2003). These belts progressively young to the east and in northern Chile there is distinct spatial
overlap of the Paleocene and Eocene belts, whereas in southern Peru there is a distinct
11
eastward shift (~ 25 to 35 km) of the Eocene belt from the Paleocene belt (Perell et al., 2003;
Martinez and Cervantes, 2003). This eastward jump of the magmatic arc in southern Peru may
have caused a distinctly lower rate of uplift and erosion of the Paleocene belt, resulting in less
significant supergene leaching than observed in Chile. This study focuses on the southern
Peruvian portion of the Paleocene-Eocene copper belt.
Exploration History
Quellaveco was recognized as a potential porphyry Cu deposit in the 1930s (Lacy,
1991). It has been explored at various times in the past by Northern Peru Mining and Smelting
Co. between 1947 and 1952, Southern Peru Copper Corporation in 1970 before being
nationalized and explored further by Minero Peru in 1972 (Candiotti, 1995). Announced
reserves at that time were 405 Mt at 0.8 % Cu (Estrada, 1975). Subsequent exploration by
Anglo American Exploration Peru S.A has defined a geological resource of 1,670 Mt at 0.56 %
Cu (cut-off at 0.3 % Cu) with reserves of 979 Mt at 0.63 % Cu, 0.021 % Mo and 2.19 g/t Ag,
including 213 Mt @ 0.95 % Cu. As of January 2012, the total resource at Quellaveco has grown
to 1923.2 Mt at 0.54% Cu for a total of 10,351 kt of copper (Anglo Ameican, 2012). The details
of the deposit have been summarized by Estrada (1975), Toropoca (1979), Guerrero and
Candiotti (1979), Kihien (1995), and Candiotti de los Rios (1995).
Cuajone was recognized as a potential porphyry Cu deposit in the 1930s (Lacy, 1991).
It was first drilled in 1942. The 157 Mt at 1.27 % Cu prospect at that time was not considered
economic (Lacy, 1991). Subsequent drilling in 1952 expanded the resource to 417 Mt at 1.05 %
Cu. Development on the Cuajone property ceased once Toquepala began production. However,
under pressure from the Peruvian government, the Cuajone project was eventually developed
with the first production being in mid-1976. Concha and Valle (1999) report reserves of 1,400
Mt at 0.64 % Cu and 0.033 % Mo at a cut-off of 0.40 % Cu.
Toquepala was recognized in the 1930s as a porphyry Cu prospect by Carl
Schmedeman (Lacy, 1991) based upon the surface outcrops of leached and limonite filled
veinlets that locally contained copper oxides and carbonate minerals. The Cerro de Pasco
Company drilled the property through 1942 and outlined a resource of 9 Mt of 4.21 % Cu at a
cut-off grade of 3 %. In 1949, the information and property became part of Northern Peru
Mining and Smelting Co. and an exploration program outlined a 363 Mt at 1.05 % Cu ore body.
Mattos and Valle (1999) report reserves of 300 Mt at 0.83 % Cu and 0.07 % Mo in sulfide ore
and 700 Mt at 0.2 % Cu in leachable ore (Southern Peru Copper Corporation, 2003). The
12
current reserve figures do not take into account past production reported to be 558 Mt of 1.03
% Cu (Mattos and Valle, 1999).
Previous Work
Previous work established that the porphyry deposits of southern Peru formed during
the Paleocene to the early Eocene. The Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa porphyry systems hosted by
Proterozoic gneiss of the Arequipa massif and the pre-mineral 62-67 1 Ma Yarabamba
Superunit batholith are associated genetically with porphyry intrusions with 61 1 Ma U-Pb
ages (LeBel, 1985; Mukasa, 1986), and
40
Ar/39Ar hydrothermal sericite alteration age of
61.80.7 Ma and 62.01.1 Ma for Cerro Verde and 62.22.9 Ma for Santa Rosa (Quang et al.,
2003). Hydrothermal sericite alteration at Cuajone has been dated using
~52.81.0 Ma (Clark et al., 1990a). At Toquepala,
40
40
Ar/39Ar methods at
Ar/39Ar ages of igneous biotite and
hydrothermal sericite suggest the porphyry Cu system formed between 55.9 and 55.0 Ma
(Zweng and Clark, 1995), with a late pyrite-bearing hydrothermal stage as young as 52 Ma
(A.H. Clark, 2003, written communication). At Quellaveco, Estrada (1975) reported a K-Ar age
on sericite of 56.2 Ma (no uncertainty) whereas a slightly younger
40
Ar/39Ar age on sericite of
54.32.0 Ma has also been reported (A.H. Clark, 2003, written communication). Sillitoe and
Mortensen (2010) reported U-Pb ages on zircon from a suite of porphyry intrusions between
~54 and 59 Ma from Quellaveco that although fairly close are slightly older than K-Ar and
40
Ar/39Ar ages, suggesting that the
40
Ar/39Ar ages reflect the overall cooling of the hydrothermal
event rather than the actual age of the porphyry formation, as is in many porphyry Cu deposits
and districts (e.g. Richards and Noble, 1998; Gustafson et al., 2001; Harris et al., 2008).
Nonetheless, the K-Ar and
40
Ar/39Ar ages are sufficiently close to the ages of the porphyry
intrusions associated with Cu-introduction to provide sufficient constraints (e.g. Perell et al.,
2003; 2008) to define a broad scale chronologic framework for porphyry Cu formation.
Regardless, the available chronologic data suggests at least an 8 to 10 m.y. period during which
porphyry Cu deposits were emplaced in the southern Peru belt, a duration similar to that found
elsewhere (Sillitoe and Perell, 2005; Barra et al., 2005; Glen et al., 2007).
This study focuses attention on the southern end of the southern Peru porphyry belt.
Specifically, the three spatially associated porphyry Cu-Mo deposits at Cuajone, Quellaveco, and
Toquepala (Figure 1-1). A detailed mapping and geochronological study of intrusive rocks at
Quellaveco augment the four U-Pb ages of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) and provide the basis
for further studies related to the igneous petrochemistry, igneous geochemical evolution,
geotectonic setting of igneous rocks and the hydrothermal evolution of the Quellaveco porphyry
13
Cu-Mo system. No previous work has been reported on the igneous petrochemistry, evolution
and hypogene hydrothermal evolution of the Quellaveco Porphyry or the Cuajone and
Toquepala Porphyries.
Methodology
A combination of detailed and regional geological mapping, petrography, geochronology,
geochemistry and zircon mineral chemistry were integrated to understand the igneous and
hydrothermal evolution of southern Peruvian Paleocene to Eocene porphyry deposits, with
emphasis on the Quellaveco porphyry deposit.
Mapping Style and Techniques

The geology of Quellaveco was mapped at a scale of 1:1000 and several reconnaissance
traverses through the Toquepala Group completed in the areas between Quellaveco, Toquepala
and Cuajone over two field seasons (2007 and 2008). A modified Anaconda style of mapping
(Einaudi, 1997) was used in order to produce separate maps that distinguish between;
lithology, structure, hypogene alteration, supergene alteration and percent quartz-sericite
alteration as halos around quartz-sulphide veins. This method allows for a better understanding
of the distribution of primary igneous textures from hypogene and supergene alteration effects
on these rocks.
Zircons from twenty-eight samples representing all the major porphyry intrusions and
mineralized centers were prepared for this study. These include eighteen samples from
Quellaveco, six samples from Cuajone and four samples from Toquepala. Samples were
selected based on their relative timing to other intrusion types so as to ensure every porphyry
intrusion types were analyzed for their U-Pb isotopic composition to determine ages for all
intrusion types. Additionally, the least altered and mineralized samples of each intrusion type
was selected for avoid possible problems with Pb-loss within the zircons. All samples were
collected as part of this study and all preparation was completed at the Pacific Centre for
Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences,
the University of British Columbia (UBC). Rock samples were prepared in a steel jaw crusher
and ceramic disk grinder to a powder. A Wilfley table was used on the <500 micron size
fraction to produce a heavy mineral concentrate. This concentrate was then put through heavy
liquids (methylene-iodide; MEI) with all minerals off greater than a specific gravity of 3.335
g/cm3 sinking. Both the floating and sinking separates were retained. The heavy fraction was
then put through a Frantz isodynamic magnetic separator to isolate a non-magnetic fraction.
14
Individual zircons were hand-picked under a binocular microscope based on grain morphology,
quality, size and magnetic susceptibility. Lab procedures emphasize careful cleaning (with air,
water, soap, alcohol), between samples to minimize possibilities of cross-sample contamination.
Zircons were mounted in a 2.5 cm diameter epoxy plug together with a zircon age
standard R33 (419 0.4 Ma; Black et al., 2004) and a rare earth element zircon standard MADgreen (Frank Mazdab, personal communication, 2007). The plugs were polished to expose grain
centers and photographed in reflected light and using a cathodoluminescence (CL) detection
system at the Stanford University with a JEOL JSM 5600 scanning electron microscope
operating at 15 keV accelerating potential. The CL images were used to screen the zircons; CLdark areas of high uranium content were generally selected for analysis due to the high
uranium content. However, both grain edges and centers were measured. The most uraniumrich zones contain >40 to <900 ppm U, but average ~150 ppm U. CL-images of the zircon in
each sample display a range of textures including oscillatory growth zones, sector zoning, and
rarely contain rounded cores. In the current study, zircon rims displaying regular concentric
(oscillatory) growth zones were sampled and interpreted to represent normal magmatic
crystallization from zircon-saturated melt (Vavra, 1994; Hoskin, 2000; Hoskin and Schaltegger,
2003). Identifiable truncated or resorbed cores were typically avoided although they were
occasionally sampled in cases where the core represented the only dark portion of the grain.
Interpreted inherited zircons represent <12 percent of all spots analyzed.
Trace element analyses in zircon were performed on the SHRIMP-RG at the U.S.G.S.Stanford Ion Microprobe Laboratory at Stanford University. For a detailed overview of the
instrumental set-up and methodology, see posters at www.shrimprg.stanford.edu. To
summarize, a ~1.5 nA O2- primary beam is used to produce a ~15 m diameter spot on the
sample. The instrument mass resolution is adjusted to M/M =>11000 (at 10% peak height) to
effectively separate
45
Sc+ from
90
Zr2+,
93
Nb+ from
92
Zr1H+,
48
Ti+ from both
96
Zr2+ and
48
Ca+, and
all of the HREE from the MREE oxides, while maintaining high sensitivity and reproducible, flattopped peaks. The acquisition program cycles through as many as 44 sequential mass positions
consisting of elemental and molecular species from 7Li+ through
238
U16O+. Peak centering on
both ubiquitous species and on guide peaks adjacent to low-abundance or interference-prone

species is used to eliminate any potential effects of magnet drift or peak wandering. Over the
10-15 minute analysis duration, the crater depth grows to <2 m. The overall limited sampling
volume significantly minimizes, but does not entirely preclude, beam overlap with invisible
subsurface inclusions. Measurements on the unknowns are interspersed with periodic
measurements on a well-characterized, homogeneous natural zircon standard, CZ3 or MAD15
green. Data reduction is done offline in Excel. Average count rates of each element of interest
are ratioed to
30
Si+ to account for any primary current drift, and the derived ratios for the
unknowns are compared to an average of those for CZ3 or MAD-green zircon to determine
concentrations. Spot to spot precision (as measured on the standard) vary according to
elemental ionization efficiency and concentration, and generally range from about 3 % for Hf,
5 % for the HREE, 10-15 % for P, Sc, Y and the MREE, and up to 40 % for La (all values
at 2). Spot locations on the unknowns are selected to sample the diversity of observed CL or
BSE zonation present, locating multiple spots (typically two to four) on a set of eight to twelve
individual grains per sample to assess overall trends.
MAD and CZ3 were calibrated for concentration against doped synthetic zircons grown
by Frank Mazdab in a furnace in the SUMAC facility. Different batches of zircons were doped
with Hf, P, Sc, Ti, Y, REE, Th and U in such a way as to avoid inferring x-ray lines when they
were analyzed by electron microprobes at Stanford and the USGS Menlo Park. The synthetic
zircons were typically broadly sector zoned, but areas within zones were sufficiently
homogeneous to provide calibration references. The analyzed areas on the synthetic zircons
were then re-analyzed on the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe at the same time as chips of MAD
and CZ3. Concentrations of elements that could not be determined by doping of synthetic
zircons were estimated by utilizing the ionization efficiencies of the elements and comparing
independently calibrated ones against uncalibrated ones (Li, Be, B, F, Na, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Ge, Nb). A set of ionization efficiencies were directly determined for the SHRIMP-RG using
the NIST glasses (Mazdab, unpublished) and are generally comparable to values determined on
other SIMS instruments.
Prior to trace element analyses, the samples analyzed for U/Pb geochronology. The
mounts were then repolished and only zircons with centers of grains that had been analyzed for
geochronology were used for trace element analyses. This decreases the possibility of analyzing
zircons for trace elements that do not belong to that suite of intrusion. However, since the ages
of many of the intrusive suites overlap, particularly the Early and Intermineral suites, it is often
difficult to be sure that the zircon sampled for trace element analyses belongs to that suite. As
the Early suite of intrusions is older than the Intermineral suite, possible contamination of the
data should not be problem until selecting zircons grains for the Intermineral suite.
Seventy-three samples reflecting the petrologic range of Late Cretaceous to Eocene
igneous rocks in the district were analyzed for major and trace elements. All seventy-three
samples are from rocks that comprise the QIC; an additional one hundred and sixteen samples
16
were taken from the older and younger rocks from areas between the Toquepala and Cuajone
Mines. All samples were analyzed at Acme Analytical Laboratories in Vancouver, Canada, by
Acme staff. Major elements and selected trace elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (XRF), rare earth elements (REE) and remaining trace elements were determined
by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Although an attempt was made to collect least altered samples through field screening
and thin section evaluation, some samples are weakly altered as these rocks are associated
with giant porphyry Cu-Au deposits. Rocks that were particularly problematic to collect
minimally altered samples include the Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite porphyries,
all other rocks may be found to be relatively unaltered. Inevitably, some of the analyzed
samples are partially altered and the alteration usually takes place in the form of chloritization
of mafic minerals, sericite replacing feldspars as well as carbonate introduction, within the Early
and Late porphyries, Post-mineral dykes and the regional granodiorite. Potassium feldspar,
magnetite and biotite alteration dominate with late sericite over printing alteration within the
Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite porphyries. Wherever possible, we used a
diamond saw to cut off visibly altered and vein material during preparation of samples for
submission to Acme Labs. Relatively soluble elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K are
known to be mobile during hydrothermal events; therefore we have placed more emphasis on
lithogeochemical characterization based on REE and high field-strength elements (HFSE), which
are relatively immobile under low-grade metamorphic conditions and hydrothermal events.
Some emphasis is placed on Y and Yb, which are also relatively immobile and the results are
sufficiently greater than the detections limits such that they are robust.
Due to the complexity, variability and high density of vein types within each intrusion
type, particularly within older intrusion types, and the lack of minerals containing radiogenic
elements that would provide an adequate temporal resolution required to differentiate vein
types and veins associated with particular intrusions, a method for differentiating the veins in
terms of timing, had to be devised. In this study, the vein timing is described relative to
intrusion types due to the relative and absolute timing constraints previously established
(Chapter 2 and Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). Theoretically, since the youngest suite of
intrusions (Post Mineral Porphyries) represents the last emplacement of igneous rocks, they
should only contain veins that were emplaced after the Post Mineral Porphyries were emplaced.
Several areas within the proposed pit area contain Post Mineral Porphyries, these were logged
in four separate locations and the veins recorded at each location were compiled into a
summary table. Once these veins were recorded, areas within the deposit where non17
mineralized Post-Mineral Porphyries and weakly mineralized Late Mineral Porphyries were in
contact with each other, drill core was logged and veins that were crosscut by the Post Mineral
Porphyries were recorded, in additional to those that cut through both rock types. Veins that
are crosscut by the Post Mineral Porphyry were traced into the Late Mineral Porphyry and the
cross cutting relationships with other vein types were recorded. This allows for recording of
veins that have clear timing relationships to both of the rock types. Progressively, through
increasing time, areas where the contacts between the Late Mineral and Monzodiorite Porphyry,
Monzodiorite Porphyry and Intermineral Porphyry, Intermineral Porphyry and Early Porphyry,
Early Porphyry and Earliest Porphyry, and the Granodiorite and Early Porphyry were logged in
detail to record the vein types and timing relationships as in the example described between
the Post Mineral and Late Mineral Porphyry, previously. The types of information described
macroscopically include, mineralogy, relative abundance of minerals, selvage type and textures,
textures of minerals (quartz in particular), continuity of vein, distribution of sulphides within
veins, textures of sulphide and oxides contained in veins, behaviour of vein (i.e. straight vs.
wavy), secondary mineralogy (where present) and timing relative to other veins. All veins in this
study were recoded at elevations below supergene oxidation and enrichment from drill core.
Many sources of error are present when using this method of data collection; however,
due to the high amount of data being collected from many different areas within the deposit,
the sources of error should be minimized by the amount of data being collected. Timing
relationships of veins were restricted to within one meter of contacts between intrusive units,
however, the largest source of error remains the recording of vein crosscutting relationships the
further away from the contact that the observation was made. Secondly, the ideal contacts
between intrusion types were not always available. In particular no drilled contacts between the
regional granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry, and Post Mineral and Late Mineral Porphyries were
recorded. In these circumstances vein types recorded in earlier porphyries were excluded and
older vein types were assumed to be of the timing of between one rock type and the other.
Thirdly, where vein types were recoded with depth (Monzodiorite, Intermineral and Early
Porphyries) not all ideal contacts were observed to have been drilled. In these cases,
observations from other depths and the closest to ideal contact (e.g. Intermineral to Late
Porphyry) were taken into consideration. Presented below are the vein types within each rock
type that have been crosscut or interpreted to have been crosscut by the next youngest
intrusion type to which the vein is hosted in, for a detailed compilation of all veins recorded see
Chapter 5 and for the veins that were recorded to be in both rock types at contacts between
intrusion types see Accompanying Data, at the end of Chapter 5. Also, note that the
18
observations are supported by microphotographs/thin section description as necessary and that

relative abundances of veins are not the emphasis of the tables, but rather the timing of the
vein types. Relative abundances are estimated within the text.
Presentation
This thesis is presented in manuscript format, in accordance with the University of
British Columbia guidelines. Results are presented as five individual research papers in Chapters
2 through 6. The manuscripts will be submitted for publication in various journals. As these
chapters are stand-alone papers, some repetition is unavoidable in order to provide clarity and
context for each chapter. As of June 2013, a slightly modified version of Chapter 6 has been
published Economic Geology (2013), v. 108, no. 4, p. 625-639.
Chapter 2
Geochronology and Evolution of Paleocene Igneous Rocks and the Associated
Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Quellaveco, Southern Peru
Adam Simmons, Richard Tosdal, Joseph Wooden, Stuart McCracken and Timothy Beale
This chapter focuses on the describing the geology and timing of igneous rocks
associated with the Cu-Mo porphyry deposit at Quellaveco. In this chapter, new Sensitive High
(Mass) Resolution Ion MicroProbe-Reverse Geometry (SHRIMP-RG) geochronology results from
zircon will be presented as well as new maps and lithological descriptions. These data and
description covers the range of all igneous rocks at Quellaveco including premineral host rocks,
early, Intermineral and late porphyry intrusions as well as post mineralization volcanic cover
rocks. These data compliment those of previous workers in the area and improve the
understanding of the timing of emplacement of magmatic rocks at Quellaveco. The timing of
the igneous rocks relative to mineralization will be discussed, but not covered in detail.
19
Chapter 3
Petrogenesis of Porphyry Intrusive Complexes Associated with Paleocene Porphyry
Cu-Mo Style Mineralization; A Zircon Mineral Chemistry
Adam Simmons, Richard Tosdal, Joseph Wooden and Frank Mazdab

This chapter will describe magmatic processes that occurred prior to, during and after
the formation of hydrothermal systems at Quellaveco. Zircon chemistry data will provide the
basis for process identification and allows for assumptions when presenting whole rock data.
This chapter discusses the concepts of magma mixing, recharge and convection and how they
affect the development of repeated hydrothermal systems. Also discussed will be the
importance of mafic and intermediate magma mixing. This paper will also attempt to identify a
means of identifying productive vs. non-productive system based on the zircon and whole rock
geochemistry.
Chapter 4
Geochemistry of the Quellaveco Igneous Complex (QIC) in the Southern Peruvian
Paleocene-Eocene Porphyry Cu Belt
Adam Simmons and Richard Tosdal

This chapter will focus on whole rock geochemistry of all rocks from the Quellaveco
area. It focuses on presenting the data and interpreting the data in a time sequence as
demonstrated in Chapter 2. The use of whole rock geochemistry allows for general geochemical
characterization of the rocks and adds insights to the possible magma chamber dynamics
presented in Chapter 3. Possible links of magmatic processes, magma types and evolution to
fertile vs. non-fertile magmas are made. The whole rock geochemical data presented largely
supports the work of other workers in porphyry systems globally.
20
Chapter 5
Vein Paragenesis and Timing of Hydrothermal Mineralization and Alteration
Distribution Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo style Mineralization, Quellaveco,
Southern Peru: Evidence for Multiple Overprinting Systems
Adam Simmons and Richard Tosdal

This chapter will discuss the evolution of the hydrothermal systems present at
Quellaveco. Within this chapter the vein and hypogene alteration paragenesis will be presented.
This will provide the basis for argument on the generation of multiple hydrothermal systems.
This was done by making macroscopic observations of vein-vein crosscutting relationships and
vein-porphyry intrusion crosscutting relationships. Critical to the arguments made in this
chapter are the conclusions drawn from Chapter 2. Key conclusions of this chapter include a
description of the vein evolution of a single hydrothermal event and that at least three
hydrothermal systems with similar veins evolutions were emplaced in the same volume of the
crust repeatedly over a span of a maximum of approximately 3m.y.
Chapter 6
Punctuated Magmatism Associated with Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation in the
Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru
Adam Simmons, Richard Tosdal, Joseph Wooden, Rubn Mattos, Oscar Concha, Stuart
McCracken and Timothy Beale
This chapter will present the geochronology data from all intrusive rocks types at the
Cuajone and Toquepala mines. Insights to the longevity of the igneous systems will be provided
as well as basic descriptions of the mines and the petrogenesis of the rocks within each mine.
Comparisons are made to the timing of porphyry systems globally as well as the timing and
longevity of the Quellaveco porphyry system. The key conclusion from this chapter is that all of
the Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala ore bodies were emplaced at approximately the same
time and had very similar magmatic longevities associated with porphyry Cu formation. This
chapter has been published as follows with the above authors and title: June 2013, Economic
Geology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 625-639.
21
Chapter 7
General Conclusions
This chapter outlines the overall conclusions of the research presented in chapters two
through seven. Ideas left open to future research and unexplained questions are also
discussed.
Appendices
Appendix 1 provides sample locations and sample descriptions of rocks used for U-Pb
geochronology, Ar-Ar geochronology and Re-Os geochronology, some of which were used in
the thesis and others did not fit into the chapters as written.
Appendix 2 provides sample location and descriptions for all samples collected during the
course of this study.
Appendix 3 discusses the methodology, detection limits and duplicate analyzes (to test for
precision) used for geochemical data. Samples were analysed at ACME Laboratories Ltd.,
Vancouver.
Appendix 4 provides veins observed and described to have cross-cut contacts between rock
types. That is veins that are associated with younger hydrothermal systems than the
hydrothermal system that immediately follows the emplacement of the porphyry unit they are
described to be in. This data is meant to compliment that presented in Chapter 5.
22
Chapter 2: Geochronology and Evolution of Paleocene Igneous

Rocks and Associated Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits, Quellaveco,
Southern Peru
Introduction
Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are spatially associated with co-eval granitic porphyry
intrusions that are usually contained within trench parallel magmatic arcs at destructive plate
margins. These deposit types have been well studied globally in terms of their temporal and
spatial distribution (e.g. Sillitoe, 1972; 1992), spatial relationships to major crustal structures
(Richards, 2000), alteration and vein distribution (e.g. Lowell and Guilbert, 1970, Gustafson and
Hunt, 1975; Pollard and Taylor, 2002) and their associated magmatism (e.g. Lowell and
Guilbert, 1970; Dilles, 1987, 2000; Seedorf et al., 2008). In contrast to the younger Chilean
porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry Cu-Mo deposits of southern Peru and
northern Chile are not as well studied. In particular, few detailed U-Pb geochronology studies of
porphyry intrusive complexes associated with significant Cu-Mo mineralization have been
completed. For the most part, the ages of these intrusive centres have been constrained by KAr and Ar-Ar techniques in highly altered rocks and few of the studies clearly demonstrate the
relative timing relationship between porphyry intrusions and veins containing significant Cu-Mo
bearing sulphides.
Economically significant porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are present throughout the Andean
Orogen in both Chile and Peru. In 2010, Peru accounted for 7.8 % of the global copper mine
production and ranks as the second largest copper producing nation in the world, behind only
Chile (U.S. Geological Survey, 2012). A large portion of the Peruvian copper production is
accounted for in the southern Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene Cu-Mo porphyry belt. Economically
significant ore bodies in southern Peru typically contain >1300 Ktons of approximately 0.62
wt% Cu and approximately 0.02 wt% Mo, with variable but often significant amounts of Ag.
Although secondary supergene processes play significant roles in the modification of the
Peruvian ore bodies, they typically only have thin supergene enrichment blankets indicating that
deep weathering of the Peruvian porphyries did not take place. For the most part, the bulk of
copper is contained within chalcopyrite-bearing quartz veins and sulphide veins with quartzsericite halos in the hypogene environment below the supergene enriched portions of the
porphyries. Examples of these include Cerro Verde (1407 Mt at 0.469% Cu and 0.015% Mo),
Cuajone (2446 Mt at 0.527% Cu and 0.019% Mo), Toquepala (4294 Mt at 0.442% Cu, 0.021%
23
Mo) and Quellaveco (1670 Mt @ 0.56% Cu) (Figure 2-1). The Paleocene porphyry Cu-Mo belt
extends from northern Chile into southern Peru (Figure 2-3; Sillitoe, 1992). The porphyry Cu-Mo
deposits are spatially, temporally and genetically related to Late Paleocene to Early Eocene
porphyritic intrusive rocks. The porphyritic intrusions were emplaced variably into older volcanic
and intrusive rocks, broadly parallel to the Peru-Chile trench. In southern Peru major porphyry
Cu-Mo deposits include Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa (Figure 2-1; Mukasa, 1986; Quang et al.,.
2003), Cuajone (Figure 2-3; Bellido, 1979; Clark et al.,. 1990a), Toquepala (Figure 2-3; Bellido,
1979; Zwang and Clark, 1995) and Quellaveco (Figure 2-3; Bellido, 1979; Clark et al.,. 1990a).
In northern Chile the Paleocene Cu-(Mo) porphyry deposits are represented by the Spence
(Figure 2-3; Rowland and Clark, 2001) and Cerro Colorado deposits (Figure 2-3; Bouzari and
Clark, 2002).Critical to understanding the hypogene temporal and spatial distribution of Cu and
Mo is understanding the relative and absolute timing of intrusive complexes related to the
formation of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. At Quellaveco, U-Pb zircon geochronology has been
completed on 17 samples from within its associated intrusive complex in oder to better
understanding the timing of hypogene porphyry Cu-Mo formation at Quellaveco.
At Quellaveco, upwards of 30-40 individual porphyry intrusions are recognized and have
been grouped into five porphyry intrusive suites based on their relative timing, phenocryst and
matrix assemblages and igneous textures. These intrusions comprise the Quellaveco porphyry
intrusive complex, which was emplaced over a period of approximately 6 m.y. The high number
of porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco, which were emplaced over a relatively short period of
time, makes it possible to describe the timing of intrusion types relative to Cu-bearing
mineralization, vein types and alteration types. Using U-Pb zircon geochronology is
advantageous because zircon often contains uranium in quantities much higher than the
average host rock and discriminates strongly against the daughter element Pb, during
crystallization. Additionally, it is robust enough to retain its original U and radiogenic Pb
concentrations through remelting and high temperature, acid alteration (Davis et al.,, 2003).
Because of the physical and chemical characteristics of zircon, this technique is not significantly
affected by secondary alteration, reducing the possibility of isotopic resetting during alteration
and younger heating events. However, since the zircons being measured are igneous and within
porphyry intrusions that are either mineralized or not, the age of mineralization can only be
bracketed using this technique. Nevertheless, understanding the timing of mineralization
relative to igneous events and how these ages compares along strike are important pieces of
24
80W
75W
70W
65W
0S
ECUADOR
COLUMBIA
Coastal Areas
Quito
Western Corillera
Iquitos
Interandean Depressions
5S
Eastern Cordillera
o
R
ra
Ma
Subandean Zone
Eastern Lowlands
BRAZIL
n
Tre
Shield
Ro
Uca
ch
10S
yali
Lima
fic
ci
Pa
Cuzco
BOLIVIA
PERU
O
an
ce
15S
Arequipa
Tr
e
nc
Cerro Verde
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
La Paz
Peru
Pacific Ocean
Potasi
20S
Iquique
250
Santa
Cruz
Cerro Colorado
Spence
500km
Antofagasta
CHILE
ARGENTINA
Figure 2-1: Map of the Central Andes from southern Columbia to northern Chile showing the project
location in the southermost Peru, centered around the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry as well
as other Cu-Mo porphyry deposits within the study area. Major morphostructural units
across the orogen are modified from Jaillard et al. (2000)
25
information allowing for interpretations as to how long the arc was active and how long it
produced significant concentrations of Cu-Mo in the upper crust.
Previous Work
Previously, porphyry intrusive centres and associated alteration, in southern Peru, have
been largely dated by K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods (e.g. Estrada, 1978; Mukasa and Tilton, 1985; Le
Bel, 1985; Clark et al., 1990; Zweng and Clark, 1995; Clark, 2003; Quang, 2003) with only a
few utilizing U-Pb techniques (e.g. Mukasa, 1986). More recently, Sillitoe and Mortensen (2011)
reported four U-Pb ages from intrusive rocks at Quellaveco, the ages presented herein
compliment those ages and provide more details to the formation of the Quellaveco Intrusive
Complex (QIC). The only other previously reported U-Pb ages of porphyry intrusive centres in
southern Peru that have been used to bracket stages of Cu-Mo mineralization are reported by
Simmons et al., (2013.; Chapter 6). All relevant reported ages are summarized below in Table
2-1.
Table 2-1: Previous geochronology from southern Peru Paleocene-Eocene Cu belt
District
Cerro Verde
Cerro Verde
Moquegua
Cuajone
Toquepala
Cerro Verde
Cerro Verde
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
Cuajone
Toquepala
Qullaveco
Quellaveco
Hypogene setting/description
Pre-mineralization Yarabamba suite
Biotite altered porphyry
Early hydrothermal alteration
Hydrothermally altered porphyry
Hydrothermally altered porphyry, all phases
Interpreted
Age (Ma)
62-671 Maa,b
683Mac
58-65 Mad
65.10.8Mae
61.40.8Mae
56-592Maf
61-621.2Mag
52.4 Mah,i
54.5-54.7 Mai
55.0-55.9 Mai,j
53.0-56.9 Mae
53.7-57.4 Mae
59.460.3Mak
53.7-58.94Mak
Method (Mineral)
U-Pb (zircon)
Rb-Sr
K-Ar (unknown)
U-Pb SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
K-Ar (biotite)
Ar-Ar (muscovite)
Ar-Ar (Biotite and sericite)
U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (zircon)
U-Pb LA-ICP-MS (zircon)
a. Mukasa and Tilton,1985; b. Mukasa, 1986; c. Le Bel, 1985; d. Martinez and Zuloaga 2000a; e. Simmons et al., (2013); f. Estrada,
1978; g. Quang, 2003; h. Clark et al.,, 1990; i. Clark, 2003; j. Zweng and Clark, 1995.
This study uses U-Pb zircon geochronology of porphyry intrusive suites and their relative
timing to fluid pulses, vein types and Cu-Mo mineralization to bracket the age of
mineralization at Quellaveco. Because it is very difficult to demonstrate the timing of wallrock
alteration mineral assemblages to veins and Cu-Mo sulphide deposition, this study provides a
more robust timing of Cu-Mo mineralization at Quellaveco than previously reported. However,
possible questions can be raised due to zircons occurring as an early crystallizing phase within
the intrusions source batholith region, which may contain several generations of zircon growth
26
(i.e. inheritance from previously crystallized magmas; e.g. Watson, 1996). These sources of
uncertainty are reduced by selecting the youngest population of zircons that have not been
interpreted to have lost Pb and using these data only to calculate the age of the most recent
zircon growth immediately prior to the emplacement of the porphyry intrusion suites.
Tectonic Framework and Regional Geological Context

America) marks the beginning of the Andean orogen (Coira et al.,,1982; Davidson and
formation of significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantlederived magmatic rocks (Jones, 1981; Atherton et al.,, 1983; 1985) and detritus from the rift
margins (Benavides, 1956; Wilson, 1983; 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by
Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma); late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous (95110Ma) in Peru and Chile (Boekhout et al., 2010; Mamani et al., 2010; Pitcher et al.,, 1995;
Clark et al., 1990a; Mpodozis and Ramos, 1989; Mukasa, 1986; Clark et al.,, 1976).
rocks (Vicente et al.,, 1989, Benavides-Cceres, 1999). Magmatism continued in central and
crustal derived granodiorite batholiths (Barreiro and Clark, 1984; Boiley et al.,,1990). This
batholiths in the Quellaveco area (Figure 2-2).
27
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
28
Anomalously metal-rich deposits are associated with Paleocene and Early Eocene granite
and granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru over a 8 to 10 m.y.
period during which porphyry Cu deposits were emplaced in the southern Peru belt, a duration
similar to that found elsewhere (Sillitoe and Perell, 2005; Barra et al., 2005; Glen et al., 2007).
A strong northwest elongation of the Paleogene porphyry stocks suggests that a series of
trench parallel, northwest-trending faults, coincident with the earlier rift basin, control the
emplacement the stocks. Porphyry intrusions of this age are temporally and spatially associated
with porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization at Quellaveco, Toquepala and Cuajone (Figure 2-2).
During the Eocene and Oligocene flat slab subduction (Sandeman et al., 1995) in Peru caused a
sudden north-eastward shift in magmatism (Noble et al., 1984). In southern Peru this is
recorded as Paleogene arc degradation, whereby sedimentation (Moquegua Formation) began
filling an intra-arc basin until approximately 18Ma, when volcanism continued (Quang et al.,
2005). The majority of volcanism erupted from 22-18Ma (Huaylillas Formation), as large
ignimbrites interbedded with the earlier Moquegua Formation (Tosdal et al., 1984). The early
Miocene was also characterized by shortening, orogen-scale uplift and accentuation of the
oroclinal bend in the Andes (Isacks 1988).
Techniques and Methods

New U-Pb ages reported herein utilized the Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroprobeReverse Geometry (SHRIMP-RG) at the United States Geological Survey (USGS)-Stanford
University facility. Zircons were separated at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical
Research (PCIGR) in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British
Columbia. Data reduction for U-Pb SHRIMPRG geochronology uses the Microsoft Excel add-in
Squid (Ludwig, 2001) and Isoplot programs (Ludwig, 2008), following the methods described
by Ireland and Williams (2003). For young zircons, U-Pb SHRIMP-RG ages are calculated from
the weighted mean
207
Pb-corrected
206
Pb/238U ages of spot analyses on individual crystal, due to
the poor ability of the SHRIMP-RG to precisely measure small amounts of
204
Pb, the isotope
used to ensure proper correction for any common Pb. Individual analyses characterized by
excessive common Pb are included in the age calculation, even though their inclusion may
degrade the statistical validity of the age. Ages for individual analytical spots that did not
overlap the weighted mean age within their analytical uncertainty are excluded from final age
calculation. Zircon spot analyses containing distinct chemical characteristics, such as elevated
Th/U or high U concentrations from the normal population, were also excluded. Complete
descriptions of the analytical procedures related to the SHRIMP-RG can be found in Chapter 1.
29
Lima
75
50
100km
75
125 150km
cay
PERU
Aban
ction
Defle
Cuzco
70
BRAZIL
65
600km
BOLIVIA
15
Na
ca
e
idg
La Paz
Arequipa
Pe
Cerro-Verde
ru
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
-C
hil
e
Arica
n
Tre
ch
20
Rid
ge
Pacific
Ocean
Cerro Colorado
Pe
100km
rdi
da
20
15
Lake Titicaca
Spence
Legend
Copper Belts
Paleocene-e. Eocene
Antofagasta
CHILE
25
25
ARGENTINA
Interpreted Major Faults
Figure 2-3: Cu-Mo porphyry belts by age with selected Paleocene-Eocene ore deposits andadvanced
Anglo American internal report and ProExplo oral presentation) and Richards (2001) based
on magnetic and topographic lineaments.
30
This
chapter
presents
mapping,
geochronological
and
petrological
data
and
characteristics of the porphyry Cu-Mo deposit at Quellaveco. Detailed rock descriptions and
mapping are provided for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry and is based on both surface
mapping and drill core logging by Adam Simmons from 2007 to 2008.
Geology and Geochronology of Quellaveco

equigranular granodiorite intrusive complex (~60Ma), which intruded into Toquepala Group
(~72.4-65Ma) volcanic rocks (Figures 5 and 6; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; and Martinez and
Zuloaga, 2000b). The Toquepala Group has not been studied in great detail and not much is
known about the environment of deposition, facies changes and petrochemistry, which has led
to a lack of consistency of nomenclature. However, Martinez and Cervantes (2003) showed that
the Toquepala Group rocks evolve from more volumetrically important older basalt and
trachybasalt flows to younger, less volumetrically important rhyolitic flows and pyroclastic
deposits over an approximate depositional thickness of 4450m (Bellido, 1979). Several
generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced into the granodiorite batholith from 55 to
58Ma (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), and are spatially associated with hydrothermal alteration
and mineralization (Zweng and Clark, 1995). A period of uplift and erosion followed the
emplacement of the porphyry intrusions, which are currently overlain by Miocene valley filling
ignimbrites (Figure 2-7a). A summary of the geochronology results from the Quellaveco is given
in Table 2-2.
Toquepala Group
Toquepala Group rocks host the late Cretaceous batholiths of the Yarabamba suite as
well as the late Paleocene to early Eocene porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and their associated
porphyritic intrusions in southern Peru (Figure 2-2; 2-7b). Previous work on the Toquepala
Group has been very limited and in general it is not well understood in terms of the changes in
facies, depositional setting, magma types, timing and longevity of volcanism. Bellido (1979)
divided
the
Toquepala
Group
into
four
formations
(from
oldest
to
youngest)
Huaracane/Toquepala, Inogoya, Paralaque and Quellaveco. The Quellaveco Formation was subdivided into five members (from oldest to youngest) Quellaveco Porphyry, Toquepala, Alta,
Yarito and Tinajones. At Quellaveco the Toquepala Member is absent and the Quellaveco
Porphyry and Alta Members host the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system.
31
Table 2-2: Summary of geochronology from the study area

Sample
Northing
Easting
Qu709
8108748
326123
Qu283
Qu008
Qu335
Qu396
Qu395
Qu138
Qu507
Qu242
Qu327
Qu210
Qu448
Qu461
Qu362
Qu168
Qu393
Qu050
Qu394
8109355
8108526
8109349
8108312
8108049
8108264
8108841
8109238
8108224
8109063
8109282
8108841
8108641
8108375
8108630
8108055
8108049
326617
328420
326843
327933
327933
327760
327686
327371
327601
327537
327270
327686
328062
327808
327462
327846
327933
Description
Quellaveco
Toquepala Group; Quellaveco Rhyolite;
Quartz Porphyry
Regional Granodiorite
Earliest Porphyry
Earliest Porphyry
Early Porphyry
Early Porphyry
Early Porphyry
Intermineral Porphyry
Monzodiorite Porphyry
Dacite Dyke
Dacite Dyke
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Interpreted
Age (Ma)
Method
(Mineral)
71.10.5
SRHIMP-RG
59.70.7
60.00.9
57.80.8
58.20.8
56.10.5
57.51.0
55.41.3
56.40.6
56.40.7
57.20.9
56.81.4
57.20.7
55.10.6
57.40.9
53.70.9
56.00.8
54.70.8
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
SRHIMP-RG
Limited geochemistry studies (e.g. Martinez and Cervantes, 2003), suggest that the
Toquepala Group rocks evolve from more volumetrically important older basalt and trachybasalt
flows to younger, less volumetrically important rhyolitic flows and pyroclastic deposits from the
Huaracane Formation to the Tinajones Member of the Quellaveco Formation. This somewhat
agrees with the observation of Bellido (1979), however does not explain the Toquepala and Atla
Members of the Quellaveco Formation largely consisting of dolorite and andesite with lesser
dacite and rhyolite. No reliable radiometric ages have been reported for rocks within the
Toquepala Group, but are assumed to have been deposited during the latest Cretaceous
(Bellido, 1979; Martinez and Cervantes, 2003). This is supported by a zircon U-Pb age of the
Quellaveco Porphyry Member, which yielded and age of 71.10.5Ma from within the proposed
pit at Quellaveco (Figure 2-4, 2-5a; -7-c; Table 2-3), and by an additional thirteen zircon U-Pb
SHRIMP-RG ages provided in Appendix !.
Regional Granodiorite Batholith

A large (~2.5 by 5km) batholith elongated in a north-westerly direction is the main host
unit for porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and associated porphyritic intrusions at Quellaveco (Figure 2-2,
32
2-4). This unit has been grouped into the Yarabamba suite of intrusions which have been
previously defined by Mukasa and Tilton (1985) and Mukasa (1986) in the Arequipa area. These
intrusions were emplaced along the southern Precordillera of Peru between 62-67 1 Ma. At
Quellaveco, this unit is an equigranular, medium-grained (3mm), biotite and hornblende
bearing granodiorite with quartz occurring as interstitial anhedral crystals, zircon, titanite and
apatite are accessory phases present in minor amounts (Figure 2-7d). Minor variations of this
texture include a coarse-grained (>6mm) equigranular variety, which occasionally looks
porphyritic, due to the coarse feldspars being visually distinct, especially in the leached cap.
However, quartz occurs as finer-grained anhedral crystals interstitial to the other rock forming
minerals. Two samples of this unit were analyzed for zircon U-Pb geochronology and yielded
ages of 59.70.7Ma and 60.00.9Ma, respectively (Figure 2-4, 2-5b-c; Table 2-3). Although
these ages are slightly younger than those reported by Mukasa and Tilton (1985), they are
distinctively older than the porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco and do not overlap in error with
the porphyry intrusions. Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) reported U-Pb Laser Ablation Inductively
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) ages on this unit and yielded an age of
59.460.24Ma. The ages from this study, overlap with those of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010).
The markedly older ages, relative to the porphyry intrusions, the batholithic nature of the unit
and the lack of veins and Cu-Mo bearing mineralization within the unit allow for the granodiorite
to be correlated to the Yarabamba suite.
Quellaveco Porphyry Intrusion Complex

Currently there are four published U-Pb ages for intrusive phases present at Quellaveco
(Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), which supports the intrusive complex having been previously
grouped into the Paleocene-early Eocene epoch of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits based on Ar-Ar
ages from Clark et al.,. (1990). The ages presented by Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) are
discussed below and differences in interpretation are discussed.
The Quellaveco porphyry intrusive complex consists 30-40 individual porphyritic
intrusions ranging from small dykes to elongate and subcircular stocks. The porphyry complex
is elongated in a NW-SE orientation and covers an area of approximately 2000m by 800m,
though the northern portion of the complex is covered by Miocene volcanic rocks (Figure 2-5
and-6). The porphyry intrusions have different timing relationships to veins/vein types and
some are heavily mineralized whereas others lack sulphides. Five distinct porphyry suites based
on
relative
timing,
texture,
phenocryst/matrix
compositions,
accessory
phases
and
petrochemistry are present. Compositions of rock units given herein are based on visual
33
Legend
328500 mE
328000 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8110500 mN
8110500
mN
Undifferentiated Miocene and younger
ignimbrites
Intrusive Rocks

Pit outline
8110000 mN

381
0m
, Surface, Diamond drill hole U/Pb sample

Contour spacing 10m
8109500 mN
8109500 mN
Qu283
Qu335
Qu448
Qu242
Qu210
8109000 mN
8109000 mN
348
Rio Asana
0m
Qu507
Qu461
200m to
Qu050
Qu362
Qu393
8108500 mN
8108500 mN
Qu008
Qu168
Qu138
Qu396
Qu327
8108000 mN
328500 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8107500 mN
Qu394
Qu395
328000 mE
Qu050
8108000 mN
8107500 mN
34
Age (Ma)
To 2709Ma
75
70
75
65
60
70
55
283-14
283-12
283-13
283-11
283-9
283-10
283-8
283-7
283-6
283-4
283-5
283-3
283-1
40
70
To 79.8
60
60
50
50
Qu008 Granodiorite
60.00.9Ma
MSWD 0.8
Probability 0.64
40
30
Qu335 Earliest Porphyry

57.80.8Ma
MSWD 1.85
Probability 0.06
40
70
65
335-14
335-13
335-12
335-11
335-10
335-9
335-8
335-7
335-6
335-5
335-4
335-3
008-13
008-12
008-11
008-10
008-9
008-8
008-7
008-6
008-5
008-4
008-3
008-2
30
008-1
70
45
335-2
70
Qu283 Granodiorite
59.70.7Ma
MSWD 1.66
Probability 0.07
50
335-1
60
709-15
709-20
709-18
709-17
709-12
709-19
709-16
709-13
709-1
709-11
709-14
709-3
709-2
709-7
709-8
709-10
709-9
709-6
709-4
709-5
65
283-2
Qu709; Quellaveco Rhyolite

71.10.5Ma
MSWD 1.19
Probability 0.28
60
60
50
55
Qu396 Earliest Porphyry
58.20.8Ma
MSWD 0.34
Probability 0.95
50
45
40
Qu395 Early Porphyry

56.10.5Ma
MSWD 0.94
Probability 0.49
40
395-13
395-12
395-11
395-10
395-9
395-8
395-7
395-6
395-5
395-4
395-3
395-2
395-1
396-12
396-11
396-10
396-9
396-8
396-7
396-6
396-5
396-4
396-3
396-2
396-1
30
Figure 2-5: U-Pb zircon age from SHRIMP-RG. Ages based on weighted mean averages of Pb
corrected Pb206/U238 ages from spots on different zircons. See Appendix 1 and Table 2-2 for
analytical data and results.
207
35
Age (Ma)
70
70
65
60
60
55
50
50
57.51.0Ma
MSWD 1.18
Probability 0.31
65
60
507-10
507-9
507-8
507-7
507-6
507-5
507-4
60
55
55
50
Qu242 Intermineral Porphyry

56.40.6Ma
MSWD 1.67
Probability 0.09
45
50

56.40.7Ma
MSWD 0.52
Probability 0.84
45
70
327-12
327-11
327-9
327-10
327-8
327-7
327-6
327-5
327-4
327-3
327-2
242-15
242-14
242-13
242-12
242-11
242-9
242-8
242-7
242-6
242-5
242-4
242-3
242-2
242-1
242-10
40
40
66
507-3
138-9
138-8
138-7
138-6
138-5
138-4
138-3
30
327-1
65
138-2
138-1
30
40
507-2
35

56.51.7Ma
MSWD 4.90
Probability 0.00
507-1
40
138-10
45
61
60
56
50
57.20.9Ma
MSWD 0.5
Probability 0.89
51
448-16
448-15
448-14
448-13
448-12
448-11
448-10
448-9
448-8
448-7
448-6
448-5
448-4
448-3
448-2
448-1
210-5
210-9
210-4
210-1
210-7
210-3
210-10
210-8
210-11
210-6
210-12
210-13
210-14
30
210-15
210-2
210-16
46
Qu448 Monzodiorite Porphyry

56.81.4Ma
MSWD 2.40
Probability 0.01
40
Figure 2-5 (contd): U-Pb zircon age from SHRIMP-RG. Ages based on weighted mean averages of
Pb207 corrected Pb206/U238 ages from spots on different zircons.
36
Age (Ma)
70
N
60
60
55
65
To
74.60.7
60
362-15
362-14
362-13
362-12
362-11
362-10
362-9
362-8
362-7
362-6
362-5
362-4
362-3
60
55
50
60
60
393-15
393-8
393-9
393-10
393-7
393-6
393-5
393-4
393-3
393-2
393-1
168-1
168-7
393-14
35
393-13
40
393-12
Qu393 Late Porphyry

53.70.9Ma
MSWD 1.70
Probability 0.07
45
30
168-3
168-12
168-2
168-10
168-8
168-5
168-13
168-9
168-14
55
50
Qu050 Late Porphyry
56.00.8Ma
MSWD 0.70
Probability 0.65
40
50
Qu394 Late Porphyry
54.70.8Ma
MSWD 1.64
Probability 0.10
45
168-10
168-6
168-7
168-2
168-3
168-8
168-9
168-11
168-4
050-9
050-8
050-7
050-6
050-5
050-4
050-3
050-2
050-1
168-5
40
30
168-12
168-6
45
168-11
50
168-4
Qu168 Dacite Dyke

57.40.9Ma
MSWD 1.34
Probability 0.21
393-11
55
70
40
70
67.91.0
Qu362 Dacite Dyke

55.10.6Ma
MSWD 1.32
Probability 0.21
45
362-2
461-13
461-12
461-9
461-8
461-7
461-6
461-5
461-4
50
168-1
65
461-3
461-1
461-2
30
461-11
40
461-10
Qu461 Monzodiorite Porphyry

57.20.7Ma
MSWD 0.64
Probability 0.77
362-1
50
Figure 2-5 (contd): U-Pb zircon age from SHRIMP-RG. Ages based on weighted mean averages of
37
Table 2-3: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from the study area
Sample
Spot
206
Pb
%
U
(ppm)
Qu709 (Quartz Porphyry)
709-1
709-2
709-3
709-4
709-5
709-6
709-7
709-8
709-9
709-10
709-11
709-12
709-13
709-14
709-15
709-16
709-17
709-18
709-19
709-20
-0.09
0.64
0.02
0.06
3.09
0.13
0.48
0.05
0.30
0.31
0.92
0.50
0.22
0.16
0.19
0.00
0.10
0.12
-0.01
-0.15
Th
(ppm)
232
Th
U
238
206
Pb 2
(ppm)
199
194
369
1017
367
492
127
267
562
342
390
285
518
370
171
384
79
1742
1130
859
279
263
294
1247
85
459
116
159
907
371
302
466
436
260
87
248
53
2487
2058
724
Qu283 (Equigranular Granodiorite)
1.45
1.40
0.83
1.27
0.24
0.96
0.95
0.62
1.67
1.12
0.80
1.69
0.87
0.73
0.53
0.67
0.69
1.48
1.88
0.87
133
93
104
494
89
185
198
75
95
103
297
134
116
121
130
59
62
877
55
198
230
38
56
71
251
117
91
91
1.01
0.65
0.61
1.83
0.64
1.10
1.20
0.53
0.61
0.72
0.87
0.90
0.80
0.77
1.1
0.7
0.8
4.1
0.7
1.5
1.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
2.4
1.1
1.0
1.0
008-1
008-2
008-3
008-4
008-5
008-6
008-7
008-8
008-9
008-10
008-11
008-12
008-13
6.07
6.01
5.47
13.60
9.36
7.04
2.51
3.06
2.68
1.77
3.36
1.12
3.05
49
94
66
31
41
65
123
104
130
165
78
312
119
31
74
49
14
23
44
98
80
153
144
65
539
82
0.66
0.81
0.76
0.47
0.59
0.69
0.82
0.79
1.22
0.90
0.86
1.79
0.71
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.4
0.6
2.5
1.0
77
72
55
68
154
45
129
109
27
252
170
66
39
252
0.70
0.46
0.37
0.65
1.02
0.53
1.02
0.57
0.57
0.26
0.70
0.76
0.51
1.04
1.0
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.3
0.7
1.0
1.5
0.4
10.8
1.9
0.7
0.6
1.9
Qu008 (Equigranular Granodiorite)
Qu335 (Diorite microporphyry)
1
%
207
1
%
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
(Ma, 1)
0.0467
0.0525
0.0476
0.0479
0.1862
0.0485
0.0512
0.0479
0.0498
0.0499
0.0547
0.0513
0.0492
0.0487
0.0489
0.0474
0.0482
0.0483
0.0474
0.0462
5.2
4.9
3.8
2.1
2.1
3.2
9.5
4.5
2.9
3.8
3.4
4.1
3.0
3.6
5.8
3.8
8.0
1.8
2.2
2.5
70.98
71.56
71.52
73.43
2442.89
72.91
71.68
72.04
72.19
72.12
71.16
70.14
70.88
71.43
68.95
70.79
70.14
69.44
70.40
69.15
(0.89)
(0.87)
(0.64)
(0.38)
(37.69)
(0.56)
(1.15)
(0.77)
(0.53)
(0.68)
(0.71)
(0.74)
(0.52)
(0.63)
(0.94)
(0.64)
(1.31)
(0.35)
(0.37)
(0.41)
4.7
4.6
3.8
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.1
5.3
5.8
4.7
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.7
0.0534
0.0563
0.0521
0.0482
0.0639
0.0559
0.0503
0.0562
0.0608
0.0510
0.0488
0.0542
0.0483
0.0559
7.4
8.2
8.5
4.0
8.2
6.1
5.9
9.4
9.0
8.5
5.1
10.7
8.0
7.6
59.13
58.47
59.02
62.37
56.98
60.30
61.35
62.14
57.93
59.69
59.54
61.28
61.17
58.03
(1.08)
(1.27)
(1.25)
(0.59)
(1.29)
(0.95)
(0.88)
(1.52)
(1.27)
(1.25)
(0.73)
(1.16)
(1.21)
(1.13)
4.3
2.5
3.5
4.3
3.7
4.7
3.3
3.7
3.8
4.7
5.5
4.0
3.5
0.0953
0.0947
0.0905
0.1550
0.1214
0.1029
0.0670
0.0714
0.0685
0.0612
0.0738
0.0561
0.0714
9.9
7.2
9.1
10.6
8.8
8.1
7.4
7.8
11.3
9.0
8.8
5.4
7.3
61.69
55.03
59.58
59.00
60.50
58.37
57.69
59.50
61.20
60.95
58.74
60.32
61.24
(2.02)
(1.35)
(1.69)
(2.61)
(2.14)
(1.73)
(1.21)
(1.37)
(1.33)
(1.13)
(1.54)
(0.91)
(1.32)
12.3
4.7
4.0
6.6
3.5
4.5
4.9
4.0
7.7
2.1
4.1
4.0
4.5
4.5
0.0980
0.0624
0.0516
0.0535
0.0605
0.0667
0.0557
0.0525
0.0647
0.0489
0.0528
0.0550
0.0552
0.0525
22.1
6.1
6.9
8.4
6.3
8.1
7.5
6.1
11.0
2.2
5.4
8.5
9.2
5.6
63.55
55.69
60.25
54.99
58.88
56.24
57.84
55.00
58.21
79.80
57.71
57.30
59.13
55.24
(2.21)
(0.92)
(1.02)
(1.13)
(0.99)
(1.28)
(1.07)
(0.84)
(1.71)
(0.43)
(0.76)
(1.25)
(1.41)
(0.76)
7
0.01106
1.2
1.9
0.01124
1.2
3.5
0.01116
0.9
10.0
0.01146
0.5
149.7
0.47543
1.4
4.8
0.01139
0.7
1.2
0.01123
1.5
2.6
0.01124
1.0
5.5
0.01130
0.7
3.3
0.01129
0.9
3.8
0.01120
1.0
2.7
0.01099
1.0
4.9
0.01108
0.7
3.5
0.01116
0.9
1.6
0.01077
1.3
3.6
0.01104
0.9
0.7
0.01095
1.8
16.2
0.01084
0.5
10.7
0.01098
0.5
8.0
0.01077
0.6
0.79
1.15
0.62
0.12
2.11
1.09
0.39
1.13
1.71
0.48
0.20
0.88
0.14
1.11
6.40
1.92
0.55
0.80
1.68
2.47
1.07
0.68
2.22
0.16
0.72
0.99
1.02
0.67
Pb 2
U
238
Pb
Pb
206
Quellaveco Rhyolite
283-1
283-2
283-3
283-4
283-5
283-6
283-7
283-8
283-9
283-10
283-11
283-12
283-13
283-14
335-1
335-2
335-3
335-4
335-5
335-6
335-7
335-8
335-9
335-10
335-11
335-12
335-13
335-14
206
115
161
152
108
157
88
131
196
49
1012
251
89
78
250
0.01389
0.01490
0.01290
0.01523
0.01398
0.01479
0.01630
0.01548
0.01522
0.01431
0.01354
0.01392
0.01545
0.01384
0.01593
0.01481
0.01528
0.01637
0.01649
0.01520
0.01457
0.01444
0.01474
0.01464
0.01413
0.01500
0.01596
Earliest Porphyry
0.01584
0.01365
0.01384
0.01342
0.01470
0.01345
0.01382
0.01289
0.01461
0.02441
0.01407
0.01418
0.01361
0.01289
Common lead; 2 Atomic ratios of radiogenic Pb

Pb/238U age using 207Pb to correct for common lead
3 206
38
Table 2-3: Continued

Sample
Spot Name
206
Pb
%
U
(ppm)
Th
(ppm)
Qu396 (Diorite Microporphyry)

396-1
396-2
396-3
396-4
396-5
396-6
396-7
396-8
396-9
396-10
396-11
396-12
2.13
3.76
2.09
5.00
3.31
2.18
8.27
3.20
1.23
2.44
7.36
2.02
74
88
457
74
146
157
121
109
210
176
149
137
Qu395 (Quartz Monzonite Porphyry)
232
Th
U
238
206
Pb2
(ppm)
206
Pb 2
U
238
1
%
207
206
Pb
Pb 2
1
%
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
(Ma, 1)
46
41
629
49
110
96
75
66
139
143
154
129
0.64
0.48
1.42
0.68
0.78
0.63
0.64
0.62
0.69
0.84
1.06
0.97
0.6
0.7
3.6
0.6
1.2
1.3
1.0
0.9
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.1
0.01546
0.01386
0.01519
0.01509
0.01473
0.01509
0.01566
0.01136
0.01486
0.01435
0.01418
0.01424
Early Porphyry
2.4
4.3
3.3
3.7
3.9
3.0
2.4
2.6
5.3
2.9
1.7
4.3
0.0641
0.0769
0.0637
0.0868
0.0734
0.0645
0.1127
0.0725
0.0570
0.0665
0.1055
0.0632
9.0
8.4
6.0
8.5
6.6
6.8
5.8
7.5
6.2
6.3
5.4
7.4
61.42
55.83
57.73
59.83
58.55
61.38
57.77
57.42
58.93
58.32
58.17
58.00
(1.62)
(1.43)
(0.67)
(1.65)
(1.14)
(1.14)
(1.27)
(1.26)
(0.94)
(1.04)
(1.13)
(1.18)
395-1
395-2
395-3
395-4
395-5
395-6
395-7
395-8
395-9
395-10
395-11
395-12
395-13
1.39
2.67
0.42
3.84
3.37
2.54
1.98
1.39
1.49
0.40
0.79
0.36
0.06
121
100
526
41
58
146
185
406
164
176
292
222
277
40
65
347
33
23
117
78
368
72
94
251
133
199
0.34
0.67
0.68
0.82
0.40
0.83
0.43
0.94
0.46
0.55
0.89
0.62
0.74
0.9
0.8
4.0
0.3
0.4
1.1
1.1
3.1
1.2
1.3
2.2
1.7
2.1
0.01233
0.01311
0.01391
0.01514
0.01217
0.01344
0.00934
0.01328
0.01284
0.01441
0.01448
0.01346
0.01307
3.3
3.9
4.8
3.8
5.2
3.4
2.4
4.0
3.2
3.3
2.3
4.4
4.9
0.0581
0.0683
0.0505
0.0776
0.0737
0.0673
0.0626
0.0581
0.0589
0.0502
0.0534
0.0500
0.0476
8.0
7.8
3.9
10.9
10.1
6.5
4.9
4.2
6.7
6.5
5.1
6.0
5.6
53.65
55.73
56.88
58.18
49.75
56.10
44.43
56.20
54.61
54.74
55.65
56.58
56.32
(1.24)
(1.38)
(0.61)
(1.93)
(1.49)
(1.05)
(0.59)
(0.61)
(0.96)
(0.90)
(0.71)
(0.82)
(0.74)
138-1
138-2
138-3
138-4
138-5
138-6
138-7
138-8
138-9
138-10
-0.05
0.43
3.49
0.49
0.52
0.20
0.29
0.24
0.26
1.32
138
143
102
100
50
124
173
192
304
86
73
62
44
52
20
48
124
166
303
40
0.55
0.45
0.44
0.54
0.42
0.40
0.74
0.89
1.03
0.48
1.0
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
2.4
0.7
0.01230
0.01345
0.01334
0.01420
0.01341
0.01369
0.01136
0.01390
0.01530
0.01375
5.3
4.0
6.7
4.3
5.6
4.4
4.7
2.5
5.1
3.1
0.0468
0.0506
0.0748
0.0510
0.0512
0.0487
0.0494
0.0491
0.0492
0.0576
8.1
7.4
12.3
8.9
13.0
8.5
7.1
6.9
5.4
9.6
56.68
58.27
55.89
59.18
54.56
57.45
54.45
58.13
58.70
56.56
(1.23)
(1.22)
(1.45)
(1.46)
(1.82)
(1.32)
(1.10)
(1.14)
(0.98)
(1.54)
507-1
507-2
507-3
507-4
507-5
507-6
507-7
507-8
507-9
507-10
2.28
1.20
-0.35
0.97
-0.26
0.16
-0.84
0.78
0.18
-0.24
142
250
165
114
214
202
150
105
289
105
97
192
110
56
174
121
61
50
130
40
0.71
0.80
0.69
0.51
0.84
0.62
0.42
0.50
0.47
0.40
1.1
0.01228
1.9
0.01416
1.3
0.01439
0.8
0.01289
1.7
0.01351
1.5
0.01185
1.2
0.01309
0.8
0.01277
2.2
0.01240
0.8
0.01381
4.8
3.7
1.8
3.7
2.7
4.6
4.3
2.8
2.4
2.7
0.0652
0.0566
0.0444
0.0548
0.0452
0.0483
0.0406
0.0533
0.0485
0.0452
6.7
5.3
7.2
8.0
6.4
6.8
7.8
8.2
6.9
9.2
54.23
57.06
59.68
53.40
58.48
53.82
60.43
55.68
55.87
56.36
(1.11)
(0.88)
(1.06)
(1.21)
(0.96)
(0.98)
(1.17)
(1.28)
(0.81)
(1.31)
45
49
270
117
284
117
104
58
227
152
258
117
51
186
163
0.51
0.52
0.95
0.64
0.95
0.67
0.55
0.46
0.99
0.79
1.04
0.57
0.52
0.75
0.86
0.7
0.7
2.3
1.5
2.4
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.6
0.8
2.0
1.5
5.1
3.4
3.1
6.5
3.3
5.6
3.8
4.4
5.8
4.8
2.6
3.5
3.7
6.1
3.8
0.0549
0.0606
0.0515
0.0483
0.0475
0.0571
0.0568
0.0575
0.0562
0.0554
0.0487
0.0536
0.0660
0.0539
0.0540
9.1
8.3
5.0
9.9
5.1
6.3
6.1
7.4
5.5
5.8
5.4
12.9
7.4
5.3
5.7
54.05
55.31
57.02
59.22
57.52
60.12
59.06
53.98
53.50
57.39
59.78
55.89
56.30
56.22
56.78
(1.26)
(1.23)
(0.71)
(0.95)
(0.69)
(0.94)
(0.93)
(1.03)
(0.75)
(0.85)
(0.77)
(0.93)
(1.21)
(0.74)
(0.82)
Qu242 (Granodiorite Porphyry)
242-1
242-2
242-3
242-4
242-5
242-6
242-7
242-8
242-9
242-10
242-11
242-12
242-13
242-14
242-15
0.99
1.71
0.55
0.14
0.04
1.24
1.21
1.31
1.15
1.05
0.19
0.82
2.38
0.85
0.86
91
97
293
187
311
181
194
131
236
200
256
212
102
258
196
0.01241
0.01305
0.01381
0.01417
0.01375
0.01397
0.01402
0.01242
0.01252
0.01445
0.01465
0.01355
0.01413
0.01368
0.01368

3 206
39

Sample
Spot Name
206
Pb
%
U
(ppm)
Th
(ppm)
232
Th
U
238
327-1
327-2
327-3
327-4
327-5
327-6
327-7
327-8
327-9
327-10
327-11
327-12
1.77
3.18
2.45
4.21
0.93
3.04
4.13
0.52
2.00
7.35
3.32
3.69
133
152
154
163
200
205
103
691
149
148
129
142
56
67
79
94
160
135
57
646
80
93
68
85
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.59
0.83
0.68
0.57
0.97
0.56
0.65
0.55
0.62
210-1
210-2
210-3
210-4
210-5
210-6
210-7
210-8
210-9
210-10
210-11
210-12
210-13
210-14
210-15
210-16
-0.34
-0.02
-0.11
-0.11
-0.14
0.24
-0.02
0.18
0.05
-0.10
0.27
0.33
0.74
1.19
0.37
0.25
273
120
209
110
280
118
231
132
154
296
353
307
255
129
115
614
189
71
110
43
250
36
122
84
92
224
323
235
176
79
51
767
0.71
0.61
0.55
0.41
0.92
0.32
0.54
0.66
0.62
0.78
0.95
0.79
0.71
0.63
0.46
1.29
Qu448 (Monzodioirite Porphyry)
206
Pb 2
(ppm)
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
0.8
5.3
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
206
Pb 2
U
238
1
%
207
206
Pb
Pb 2
1
%
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
(Ma, 1)
0.01447
0.01565
0.01397
0.01359
0.01389
0.01350
0.01327
0.01450
0.01360
0.01450
0.01419
0.01300
3.5
3.0
2.6
6.2
3.1
3.6
5.7
5.3
2.7
4.0
2.2
5.6
0.0612
0.0724
0.0666
0.0804
0.0545
0.0712
0.0798
0.0512
0.0629
0.1054
0.0735
0.0763
6.6
5.8
6.2
5.5
6.1
5.2
7.0
3.3
6.5
5.7
7.1
7.0
57.52
59.30
56.74
55.33
57.10
55.47
55.36
56.56
53.31
56.13
56.62
52.89
(1.24)
(1.13)
(1.10)
(1.06)
(0.99)
(0.95)
(1.34)
(0.51)
(1.08)
(1.26)
(1.32)
(1.26)
2.1
0.01112
0.9
0.01135
1.6
0.01321
0.8
0.01401
2.2
0.01314
0.9
0.01362
1.8
0.01289
1.0
0.01286
1.2
0.01336
2.2
0.01401
2.7
0.01203
2.3
0.01270
1.9
0.01293
1.0
0.01157
0.8
0.01227
4.4
0.01292
2.8
6.9
4.8
2.6
4.2
4.9
4.1
5.5
4.5
4.1
3.8
3.8
4.2
3.8
3.9
4.8
0.0445
0.0469
0.0463
0.0463
0.0461
0.0490
0.0470
0.0486
0.0476
0.0463
0.0493
0.0497
0.0529
0.0565
0.0500
0.0491
5.4
7.3
5.7
7.6
4.8
7.0
5.2
6.8
6.3
4.6
4.2
4.7
5.0
7.0
8.1
3.2
57.27
53.39
57.21
57.94
58.24
56.48
57.60
56.73
57.99
56.74
56.57
56.50
54.53
54.45
52.79
54.01
(0.90)
(1.53)
(0.93)
(1.16)
(0.85)
(1.10)
(0.90)
(1.07)
(1.02)
(0.82)
(0.79)
(0.83)
(0.85)
(1.10)
(1.14)
(0.66)
448-1
448-2
448-3
448-4
448-5
448-6
448-7
448-8
448-9
448-10
448-11
448-12
448-13
448-14
448-15
448-16
1.42
-0.17
0.56
0.14
-0.65
1.54
2.99
0.18
-0.29
1.17
-0.71
-0.01
0.09
1.61
-0.28
0.62
152
109
177
180
139
51
65
106
242
144
156
111
296
133
123
224
56
89
100
152
72
24
33
82
148
149
82
52
185
43
90
125
0.38
0.85
0.58
0.87
0.53
0.49
0.53
0.80
0.63
1.06
0.54
0.48
0.65
0.34
0.76
0.58
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.3
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.9
1.1
1.2
0.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.8
0.01225
0.01374
0.01353
0.01169
0.01322
0.01356
0.01274
0.01300
0.01554
0.01270
0.01369
0.01537
0.01191
0.01292
0.01524
0.01404
6.4
5.4
4.2
2.8
2.7
4.8
3.5
2.6
4.4
5.9
3.5
6.1
4.3
6.2
2.8
3.1
0.0582
0.0456
0.0514
0.0482
0.0420
0.0593
0.0707
0.0484
0.0449
0.0564
0.0415
0.0471
0.0479
0.0598
0.0450
0.0521
8.9
11.1
8.3
9.3
10.4
13.7
12.1
10.9
6.9
9.3
10.1
10.0
7.5
9.4
9.5
6.6
47.74
49.39
47.56
55.17
55.46
52.92
50.62
51.56
57.40
56.79
59.36
58.87
55.53
53.50
59.99
58.26
(1.23)
(1.40)
(1.07)
(1.41)
(1.37)
(2.10)
(1.93)
(1.44)
(1.03)
(1.51)
(1.62)
(1.54)
(1.02)
(1.45)
(1.41)
(1.06)
461-1
461-2
461-3
461-4
461-5
461-6
461-7
461-8
461-9
461-10
461-11
461-12
461-13
-0.09
1.46
0.48
0.43
0.29
-0.03
-0.47
-0.38
0.56
0.51
-0.33
0.21
1.62
238
148
92
253
121
217
125
198
103
126
111
373
140
158
72
52
143
83
112
44
123
70
42
44
405
83
0.68
0.50
0.59
0.58
0.71
0.53
0.37
0.64
0.70
0.34
0.41
1.12
0.61
1.8
1.1
0.7
2.0
0.9
1.7
1.0
1.5
0.8
1.0
0.9
3.0
1.0
0.01190
0.01396
0.01121
0.01394
0.01385
0.01258
0.01415
0.01407
0.01400
0.01475
0.01388
0.01507
0.01109
2.7
3.8
7.2
5.5
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.9
4.3
2.0
3.3
3.8
7.3
0.0464
0.0587
0.0509
0.0505
0.0495
0.0469
0.0435
0.0441
0.0516
0.0512
0.0446
0.0489
0.0599
6.3
6.8
9.4
5.6
8.3
6.5
8.0
6.5
8.5
12.0
9.0
4.4
7.1
55.72
53.75
57.12
57.28
56.99
58.03
57.20
56.65
58.97
57.60
57.75
59.75
53.31
(0.90)
(1.07)
(1.44)
(0.86)
(1.27)
(0.96)
(1.13)
(0.93)
(1.39)
(1.24)
(1.28)
(0.69)
(1.12)
Qu461 (Monzodiorite Porphyry)

3 206
40

Sample
Spot Name
206
Pb
%
Qu362 (Dacite Dyke)
U
(ppm)
Th
(ppm)
206
Pb 2
(ppm)
Th
U
238
206
Pb 2
U
238
1
%
207
206
Pb
Pb 2
1
%
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
(Ma, 1)
Dacite Porphyry Dykes
362-1
362-2
362-3
362-4
362-5
362-6
362-7
362-8
362-9
362-10
362-11
362-12
362-13
362-14
362-15
2.58
1.14
2.79
1.29
3.42
1.25
2.81
1.20
1.53
0.92
1.61
1.86
0.83
1.38
4.16
129
248
131
195
186
230
259
259
245
381
203
118
324
312
89
64
163
59
116
128
116
203
207
166
251
230
86
280
379
27
168-1
168-2
168-3
168-4
168-5
168-6
168-7
168-8
168-9
168-10
168-11
168-12
168-13
168-14
-0.31
1.91
0.57
1.12
0.42
0.83
0.05
0.88
0.30
0.24
1.55
0.08
1.64
0.65
277
96
168
253
165
142
505
146
286
232
224
204
225
184
258
49
144
139
66
83
338
40
292
186
311
110
198
149
Qu168 (Dacite Dyke)
232
0.51
0.68
0.46
0.61
0.71
0.52
0.81
0.83
0.70
0.68
1.17
0.75
0.89
1.26
0.32
0.9
1.8
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.9
1.6
0.8
2.4
2.3
0.7
0.01297
0.01322
0.01411
0.01452
0.01393
0.01486
0.01321
0.01299
0.01352
0.01437
0.01448
0.01289
0.01470
0.01312
0.01381
3.9
2.9
2.2
3.4
3.0
4.1
4.7
3.7
4.6
3.3
3.4
5.6
3.2
4.0
3.6
0.0675
0.0562
0.0692
0.0573
0.0742
0.0570
0.0693
0.0566
0.0592
0.0544
0.0599
0.0618
0.0537
0.0580
0.0800
6.8
5.5
6.8
6.2
5.6
5.7
7.9
5.4
5.3
4.4
5.6
7.4
4.7
4.9
7.5
52.10
54.32
56.04
55.51
55.07
56.58
54.05
54.28
53.88
56.49
57.57
52.53
55.51
54.66
53.29
(1.14)
(0.85)
(1.21)
(1.01)
(1.05)
(0.94)
(0.99)
(0.85)
(0.86)
(0.70)
(0.96)
(1.18)
(0.74)
(0.78)
(1.39)
0.96
2.5
0.52
0.8
0.88
1.3
0.57
2.0
0.42
1.3
0.61
1.0
0.69
5.1
0.29
1.1
1.05
2.1
0.82
1.8
1.44
1.6
0.55
1.6
0.91
1.7
0.84
1.4
Late Porphyry
0.01552
0.01354
0.01496
0.01352
0.01388
0.01344
0.01826
0.01381
0.01272
0.01258
0.01178
0.01470
0.01338
0.01151
3.3
2.7
2.0
3.8
3.1
5.0
4.2
3.4
5.6
5.0
9.5
3.2
3.5
3.0
0.0449
0.0623
0.0517
0.0560
0.0505
0.0536
0.0479
0.0541
0.0495
0.0491
0.0593
0.0478
0.0602
0.0523
4.7
9.6
6.0
5.4
6.5
6.7
3.2
6.4
5.0
5.3
7.4
5.6
5.0
6.1
67.93
58.03
59.42
57.88
57.07
51.55
74.65
57.52
55.91
57.88
52.43
58.53
56.78
55.82
(0.98)
(1.28)
(1.04)
(0.95)
(1.04)
(1.11)
(0.92)
(1.08)
(0.86)
(0.92)
(0.88)
(0.96)
(0.93)
(0.99)
393-1
393-2
393-3
393-4
393-5
393-6
393-7
393-8
393-9
393-10
393-11
393-12
393-13
393-14
393-15
0.35
0.22
1.44
2.12
0.65
0.24
1.27
1.20
0.35
1.25
0.57
1.07
0.10
0.21
1.00
184
281
145
63
131
234
89
194
346
179
291
128
225
228
172
91
205
62
46
74
178
87
121
217
105
307
59
208
107
121
0.51
0.75
0.44
0.76
0.58
0.79
1.00
0.65
0.65
0.60
1.09
0.47
0.95
0.48
0.73
1.2
2.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.7
0.7
1.4
2.6
1.3
2.1
1.0
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.01214
0.01404
0.01183
0.01447
0.01431
0.01305
0.01492
0.01357
0.01506
0.01410
0.01168
0.01281
0.01675
0.01315
0.01334
3.1
3.9
5.6
4.0
4.7
5.9
3.4
3.7
4.2
2.7
5.2
3.7
3.9
4.4
6.8
0.0498
0.0488
0.0585
0.0639
0.0523
0.0490
0.0572
0.0566
0.0499
0.0570
0.0516
0.0556
0.0481
0.0487
0.0550
9.2
5.5
7.7
10.4
7.9
6.2
13.3
6.3
6.2
6.4
5.6
8.0
5.6
6.7
6.7
49.22
52.17
52.23
53.76
56.58
54.70
56.42
54.99
55.82
53.90
53.81
56.08
64.97
52.44
53.04
(0.96)
(0.78)
(1.17)
(1.69)
(1.22)
(0.92)
(1.51)
(1.00)
(0.77)
(1.02)
(0.83)
(1.27)
(0.98)
(0.97)
(1.01)
050-1
050-2
050-3
050-4
050-5
050-6
050-7
050-8
050-9
0.82
0.16
0.59
0.29
0.97
-0.19
0.35
1.24
1.29
223
144
120
195
273
196
824
185
101
121
87
77
100
223
114
1671
157
44
0.56
0.62
0.67
0.53
0.84
0.60
2.10
0.88
0.45
1.6
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.1
1.5
6.3
1.4
0.7
0.01171
0.01342
0.01389
0.01416
0.01232
0.01409
0.01225
0.01148
0.01170
5.5
6.7
3.8
5.7
5.1
6.3
5.5
5.5
6.5
0.0536
0.0484
0.0519
0.0494
0.0548
0.0457
0.0499
0.0569
0.0574
5.6
7.1
9.7
6.3
5.1
6.5
3.2
12.6
8.4
54.64
56.81
58.95
56.40
56.46
59.16
56.54
55.22
54.86
(1.06)
(1.13)
(1.27)
(1.04)
(1.05)
(1.09)
(0.75)
(1.15)
(1.33)
394-1
394-2
394-3
394-4
394-5
394-6
394-7
394-8
394-9
394-10
394-11
394-12
-0.17
0.24
-0.29
0.32
1.23
0.57
0.20
0.51
0.02
0.55
-0.10
0.40
175
246
645
252
378
422
329
173
202
217
194
92
114
154
507
204
492
310
353
134
119
129
205
37
0.67
0.65
0.81
0.84
1.34
0.76
1.11
0.80
0.61
0.61
1.09
0.41
1.2
1.8
4.8
1.8
2.7
3.3
2.5
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.4
0.7
0.01183
0.01329
0.01376
0.01367
0.01339
0.01312
0.01335
0.01251
0.01324
0.01271
0.01280
0.01213
4.8
5.5
7.2
4.7
3.6
4.9
3.3
1.4
3.5
3.3
4.2
3.8
0.0457
0.0490
0.0448
0.0496
0.0568
0.0517
0.0487
0.0512
0.0473
0.0515
0.0463
0.0503
6.6
5.0
3.0
4.9
4.6
3.6
4.3
6.0
5.6
5.2
5.8
7.7
52.70
55.80
55.45
54.33
53.49
57.30
56.16
54.88
54.87
57.70
54.58
53.36
(0.94)
(0.85)
(0.66)
(0.82)
(0.81)
(0.75)
(0.79)
(0.96)
(0.89)
(0.92)
(0.91)
(1.15)

3 206
41
variations in phenocryst proportions and petrochemistry presented in Chapter 4. The

nomenclature of these units are based on the exploration terminology for the intrusive suites
and do not necessarily reflect their timing relative to Cu-Mo bearing veins or hydrothermal
alteration. From oldest to youngest the porphyry intrusion suites are: Earliest, Early,
Intermineral, Monzodiorite and Late suites. The Intermineral Suite is further subdivided into two
suites termed the Intermineral 1 and Intermineral 2 suites, based on the consistent relative
timing of similar composition dykes that contain euhedral and resorbed feldspars. U-Pb zircon
ages are presented below, in addition to the description of the rock units and their variations
within the deposit.
Earliest Porphyry (ca. 57.5-58.5 Ma)

The Earliest porphyries are the least volumetrically important of the porphyry
intrusions at Quellaveco and were first described by Sillitoe (1996) in an internal report to Anglo
American. Complete textural destruction of this unit is common, due to high degrees of quartzmagnetite-chlorite hypogene alteration. This unit is preserved as xenoliths within other
porphyry intrusions, with a maximum drill hole intersection of approximately 50 meters (Figure
2-6). The Earliest porphyry is fine grained crowded porphyry consisting of two feldspars and
biotite as phenocryst phases in a very fine grained greyish-green groundmass with quartz
(Figure 2-7e). Two drill core samples of this rock were collected for U-Pb zircon geochronology
from the two known occurrences of this unit north and south of the Rio Asana and yielded ages
of 57.80.8Ma and 58.20.8Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5d-e; Table 2-3). Although these ages slightly
overlap with younger porphyries they are considered to be distinct from the younger porphyry
suites, because these porphyries were largely emplaced prior to the bulk of Cu-Mo
mineralization and are host rocks. Additionally, these porphyry intrusions are intensely biotitemagnetite and K-feldspar altered and may contain copper grades in excess of 1%. The
characteristics of the porphyry units are summarized in Table 2-3, which highlights the
distinguishing features of the porphyry units.
The Earliest porphyries range in composition from monzodiorite to quartz monzonite,
based on visual variations in phenocryst proportions and petrochemistry presented in Chapter
4. The Earliest Porphyry typically contains 50-65% phenocrysts. Their microphenocrystic texture
and occurrence as xenoliths in the next youngest porphyry intrusion suite (Early porphyry) are
distinguishing features of this unit.
42
A
3750
21500
Conglomerate
with Cu-oxide
21250
21000
Supergene
Oxide/Sulphide
20750
20500
20250
20000
19750
Weak supergene enrichment

Leached/oxidized zone
Strong supergene enrichment
Asana River
A
3500
Legend
Miocene and Later Volcanic Rocks
Sencca Formation
Asana Formation
Chuntacala Formation
Paleocene to Eocene Intrusions
3250
Intermineral/Monzodiorite Porphyry
Earliest Porphyry Intrusions
Equigranular Granodiorite Intrusion
Hypogene Alteration and Mineralization
Figure 2-6: Cross section through the long axis of the proposed pit area at Quellaveco. Topography to scale and grid from locally derived grid for
Quellaveco; all grid locations in meters.
43
Early Porphyry (ca. 56.5-57 Ma)

The Early porphyry intrusion suite is most closely, spatially associated with and
hosts the bulk of the Cu-Mo mineralization that makes up the Quellaveco resource. It is
considered to have been temporally and genetically associated with the main ore-deposition
stages due to major chalcopyrite bearing veins hosted within this unit being cross-cut by the
latter Intermineral porphyry units. This brackets the age of mineralization to a maximum within
the resource area. The Early porphyry suite consists of large NW-SE elongated stocks with
lesser dykes and is, volumetrically the most significant of the porphyry intrusions (Figure 2-4).
The Early porphyry intrusions contain approximately 50-60% phenocrysts in a fine
grained light grey-green matrix of quartz, biotite and feldspars (Figure 2-7f; Table 2-4). The
phenocryst assemblage is composed of plagioclase (25%), K-feldspar (15%), quartz (15%) and
biotite (5%), with rare hornblende. Feldspars are typically subhedral to anhedral, biotite
phenocrysts are small and euhedral, quartz forms large sub-rounded crystals. These intrusions
range from quartz monzonite through granodiorite to monzogranite compositions. High degrees
of alteration commonly obscure primary igneous textures. The intrusions also commonly contain
densely spaced veins of several types. In the core of the resource area, the dominant style of
alteration is quartz-white mica assemblages overprinting early biotite and K-feldspar
assemblages. Three samples (two drill core; one surface) of different Early Porphyry intrusions
yielded U-Pb ages of 56.10.5Ma, 57.51.0Ma and 56.51.7Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5f-h; Table 2-3).
Although the data suggest a wide variety of ages they are all within error of each other and are
considered to be from the same intrusive suite. Alternate explanations for the apparently wide
range of ages might be that several intrusions of this suite were emplaced at distinct,
temporally separate or that there may have been an error in sampling/assignment of samples
to the Early porphyry suite. The study of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) yielded an age for the
Early porphyry of 58.410.53Ma, which is significantly older than the ages of this study, but
within error of two of the Early porphyry samples. The age of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010)
more closely overlaps with the Earliest porphyry of this study as does the reported high copper
grades. Differences in the ages are due to discrepancies in unit assignment and nomenclature
between the studies with the Early Porphyry sample of Sillitoe and Mortensen coming from a
location interpreted to be the Earliest Porphyry in this study.
Intermineral Porphyry (ca. 56-56.5 Ma)

Intermineral porphyry dykes, along with the Monzodiorite porphyry dykes form a large
dyke complex in the center of the resource area (Figure 2-4). The dyke complex consists of at
44
Age (Ma)
Rock Type2
Earliest
57.5-58.6
Early
55.9-56.6
Qtz Monzonite
Granodiorite
50-60
Intermineral 1
55.7-57.1
Granodiorite
Monzogranite
40-50
Intermineral 2
56.3-57.0
Qtz
monzodiorite
Qtz monzonite
50-60
Monzodiorite
55.2-57.2
Monzodiorite
Qtz Monzonite
25-30
Late/Post
53.9-55.5
Granodiorite
60-65
Suite
Phenocryst
%
50-65
Alteration3
Plag>>Kfs>Bt
Bt-MagKfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser
over Bt-Kfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser
over Bt-Kfs
Plag; 40%, large, euhedral; Qtz; 15%,

large, anhedral; Kfs; 10%, large,
euhedral; Bt; 4%, large, subhedral;
Cl-Ep
Qtz-Ser
over Bt-Kfs
BtKfsMag
late QtzSer
Comments

Cp-Mag-Py-Mo;
-microphenocrystic
-sub-rounded stocks
1. Critical distinguishing features are shown in bold.

2. Rock type and phenocryst abundance given as visual modal amounts of Qtz-Kfs-Plag and volumetric abundance of phenocrysts to matrix
3. Alteration is given as the dominant alteration minerals spatially associated with the porphyry suite at elevations between 3000-3500m
Shortened forms for minerals areas follows: Qtz=Quartz, Plag=Plagioclase, Bt=Biotite, Mag=Magnetite, Kfs=Potassium Feldspar, Hbld=Hornblende,
Ser=Sericite, Cl=Chlorite, Ep=Epidotic, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Py=Pyrite, Mo=Molybdenite
45
Proposed pit wall
Hauylillas Formation
Quellaveco Igneous Complex
Toquepala Gp.
C
Xenolith (Toq. Gp.)
Granodiorite
Figure 2-7: Photos of rocks from the Quellaveco porphyry and igneous textures. A) View of the
Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit looking north from the south wall of the Rio Asana
showing the Quellaveco Igneous Complex overlain by Hauylillas volcanic rocks (drill roads
for scale); B) Contact between Cretaceous Toquepala Group volcanic rocks (left) and
Regional Granodiorite (right); C) Quellaveco Member quartz-phyic rylolite flow.
46
D
Early Porphyry
G
Early Porphyry
H
Late
Porphyry
Post Mineral
Porphyry Dyke
Figure 2-7 contd: Photos of rocks from the Quellaveco porphyry and igneous textures. D) Regional
Granodiorite with containing quartz-sulphide veins being cut by Early Poprhyry. Note the
equigranular texture within the hornblende bearing granodiorite; E) Sample Qu-396 of the
Earliest Porphyry showing the micro-porphyritic texture with K-feldspar/biotite alteration
and containing magnetite-chalcopyrite veins; F) Sample Qu-507 of Early Porphyry with
biotite alteration of hornblende, K-feldpar alteration with weak sericite overprint; G) Sample
Qu-508 of Intermineral Porphyry crosscutting Early Porphyry and veins contained within the
Early Porphyry; H) Biotite altered Monzodiorite Porphyry crosscutting sericite over K-feldspar
altered Intermineral Porphyry and veins therein; note the biotite alteration, lack of quartz
and low phenocryst to matrix ratio in the Monzodiorite Porphyry; and I) Post mineral dyke
with fine grained phenocrysts cutting coarse grained Late Porphyry with large feldspar,
quartz and hornblende phenocysts, veins in Late Porphyry also cut by post mineral dyke.
47
least 20 individual dykes that strike NNW and are interpreted to have a steep eastward dip,
though this is hard to establish due to most of the drill holes being drilled vertical. This suite of
porphyry intrusions are for the most part mineralized to the same extent as the Early porphyry
units, however the Intermineral suites are volumetrically less important than the Early porphyry
suite. The Intermineral porphyry suite consists of two texturally and temporally distinct types of
intrusions.
The older of the two porphyry suites ranges in composition from granodiorite to
monzogranite and contains approximately 40-50% phenocrysts set in a fine grained light grey
matrix consisting of quartz and altered plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite (Figure 2-7g-h; Table
2-4). The phenocryst assemblage consists of plagioclase (20%), K-feldspar (15%), quartz
(15%) and biotite (5%). The main distinguishing feature between the two Intermineral
porphyry suites is the phenocryst morphology. In the older suite, phenocrysts of feldspar are
typically subhedral to euhedral, whereas in the younger suite feldspars are resorbed with
rounded crystal edges. Quartz and biotite phenocrysts are euhedral and smaller than those in
the younger suite. High degrees of alteration destroy most of primary igneous textures and
frequently contain densely spaced veins of several types. In the core of the resource area the
dominant style of alteration is quartz-white mica, overprinting early biotite and K-feldspar.
The younger Intermineral porphyry intrusions range in composition from quartz
monzodiorite to quartz monzonite and contain approximately 50-60% phenocrysts (Figure 2-7;
Table 2-4). The phenocryst assemblage consists of plagioclase (40%), K-feldspar (10%), quartz
(5%), biotite (5%) and trace hornblende within a very fine-grained, medium grey-green matrix
of feldspar, biotite and quartz. Biotite and feldspars form anhedral to subhedral (sub-rounded)
phenocrysts, with biotite generally smaller than feldspars whereas quartz phenocrysts form
small rounded and resorbed crystals. Very weak biotite alteration is present in this rock and has
been overprinted by a pervasive quartz-white mica assemblages.
Three samples (two surface; one drill core) were collected for U-Pb zircon
geochronology from both of the Intermineral series of dykes and yielded 56.40.6Ma,
56.40.7Ma and 57.20.9Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5j-l; Table 2-3). These ages are all within error of
the ages from the Early porphyry intrusions, indicating that several distinctive porphyry
intrusive types were emplaced in a reasonably short period of time, perhaps as short as 0.4m.y.
The study of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) yielded an age of 55.900.31Ma, which although
younger than the samples of this study overlap with two of the three samples. This is sufficient
to say that the two studies agree with each other and that the variations in age from one
48
Intermineral dyke to another are explained by having at least to temporally and texturally
distinct phases of Intermineral porphyry dykes present at Quellaveco.
Monzodiorite Porphyries (ca. 55.5-56.5 Ma)

The Monzodiorite porphyry dykes make up a portion of the central dykes complex at
Quellaveco and are volumetrically less important than the Intermineral porphyry dykes (Figure
2-5). Within the dyke complex there are at least 10-15 Monzodiorite dykes present, ranging in
true width from approximately 0.25m to 20m. They typically strike NNW and are interpreted to
be steeply dipping to the east. These dykes are variably, spatially associated with high grade Cu
mineralization, and represent the youngest unit that consistently contains >0.4% Cu within
hypogene altered and mineralized rocks. Therefore, this unit brackets the majority of Cu-Mo
bearing mineralization within the Early and Intermineral porphyry phases.
The Monzodiorite intrusions are very distinctive, ranging in composition from
monzodiorite to quartz monzonite and contain a very low abundance of phenocrysts,
approximately 25-30% (Figure 2-7h; Table 2-4). The phenocryst assemblage consists of
plagioclase (20%), quartz (3%), biotite (3%), K-feldspar (2%) and hornblende (2%) within a
medium to dark grey-green to black, fine-grained to aphanitic matrix. Feldspar and quartz are
large (up to 10mm) and euhedral with biotite and hornblende phenocrysts being smaller and
euhedral. Contacts with other rocks are commonly well mineralized igneous breccias with the
fragments composed of older porphyry intrusions and the matrix composed of monzodiorite
porphyry that has been massively to semi-massively replaced by magnetite-biotite-chalcopyrite
in the most altered areas. Igneous textures are commonly preserved, with the major alteration
assemblages consisting of biotite-K-feldspar-magnetite with late quartz-white mica overprinting.
Two drill core samples were collected for U-Pb zircon geochronology from different
monzodiorite dykes and yielded 56.81.4Ma and 57.20.7Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5m-n; Table 2-3).
These ages are all within error of the ages from the Early and Intermineral porphyry intrusions,
further emphasizing that very different magma types were emplaced into approximately the
same level of the crust within a very short time span. Additionally, these ages suggest that the
lower limit of the bulk of Cu-Mo mineralization was deposited prior to approximately 56.5Ma.
This suite was not sampled as part of the Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) study.
Dacite Dykes (ca. 54.5-56 Ma)

Several sets of dykes cross cut most porphyry intrusions and range in composition from
monzodiorite to granodiorite. These dykes are typically no wider than approximately 2m and
49
range from approximately 35-40% phenocrystic to micorphenocrsytic/aphanitic. Where

phenocrysts are recognized, they consist of K-feldspar, resorbed quartz and plagioclase within
an aphanitic medium grey-green matrix (Figure 2-7i). Their relative timing compared to the late
porphyries is unknown as no contacts have been observed, though none of these dykes have
been observed cross-cutting late porphyry intrusions. They typically strike NNW to NW and are
nearly vertical. These sets of dykes are not mineralized with respect to copper or molybdenum,
however quartz veins-bearing pyrite have been observed in this unit. Two of these dykes were
sampled (one surface [Qu-168]; one drill core [Qu-362]) for U-Pb zircon geochronology and
yielded 55.10.6Ma and 57.40.9Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5o-p; Table 2-3). Most of these dyke
yielded low returns of zircon during the separation process, which may explain the wide range
of ages, which do not overlap. That is, the dyke with the population chosen for the weighted
mean age may reflect xenocrystic zircon from the early to monzodiorite porphyries (Figure 25o). Alternatively, several sets of weakly mineralized dykes may have been emplaced over an
extended period of time after the emplacement of the monzodiorite porphyry and post Cu-Mo
mineralization. Additionally, the sample taken from surface may have been assigned to the
wrong suite of intrusions. This time period may be as long as 2m.y. from approximately 56.5Ma
to 54.5Ma.
Late Porphyries (ca. 53-55 Ma)

Late to Post mineral porphyry intrusions form small NW elongated stocks (up to 350 by
200m) and lesser dykes and are spatially associated with sub-economic concentrations of Cu
and Mo (Figure 2-4). They range from granodiorite to monzogranite and contain 60-70%
phenocrysts consisting of plagioclase (~40%), quartz (~15%), K-feldspar (~10%), biotite (4%)
and hornblende (1%) in a fine grained light grey-green matrix of feldspar and quartz.
Plagioclase and K-Feldspar phenocrysts are large (>10mm) and euhedral whereas quartz is
poorly developed having irregular to sub-rounded morphology. Biotite forms subhedral masses
and are never larger than feldspar or quartz phenocrysts. Hornblende forms large (up to the
same size as feldspar crystal) euhedral phenocrysts (Figure 2-7i). These intrusions are not
highly altered or leached due to the low amounts of sulphide present in the rock and the
plagioclase acting as a buffer to acidic fluids, thus preserving primary igneous textures.
Three samples (two drill core; one surface) were collected for U-Pb zircon
geochronology from both of the Intermineral series of dykes and yielded 53.70.9Ma,
56.00.8Ma and 54.70.8Ma (Figure 2-4, 2-5q-s; Table 2-3). These ages are spread over a
wide range, with the oldest (Qu-050; Figure 2-5r) completely overlapping with most of Early to
50
Monzodiorite porphyry units. However the two youngest indicate that the post mineral porphyry
intrusions form a temporally distinct series of intrusions that were emplaced up to 2m.y. after
the emplacement of the Monzodiorite porphyry intrusions. As with the dykes, discussed above,
the large range in ages may suggest that there was a prolonged period of episodic magmatism
following the development of the hydrothermal centre at Quellaveco. Alternatively, the field
assignment of the unit may have been done incorrectly for the sample with the oldest sample
(Qu-050), however, it was observed to have crosscut the Early porphyry, was unaltered and
contained very sparse Cu-Mo-bearing veins. The Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) study yielded an
age of 54.340.63Ma for the Late porphyry, which is within error with the samples from this
study.
Discussion
U-Pb zircon geochronology on rocks from Quellaveco provide ages for pre-intrusion,
host Toquepala Group volcanic rocks to post-mineralization intrusions that span approximately
18m.y. from approximately 71Ma to 53 Ma (Figure 2-8). At Quellaveco, the porphyry intrusive
complex spanned approximately 6m.y. from 59Ma to 53Ma and is hosted within a premineralization granodiorite batholith with an approximate age of 60Ma. A total of 18 ages have
been used to constrain the timing of the bulk of Cu-Mo mineralization at Quellaveco, by
recording vein types and fluid pulses relative to porphyry intrusion types and using the
interpreted ages of the porphyry intrusion suites to bracket the age of mineralization.
Timing of the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex

It is often difficult describing the timing of hypogene Cu-Mo mineralization in porphyry
systems due to the often cyclical nature of hydrothermal fluid pulses (e.g. Pollard and Taylor,
2002). At Quellaveco fluid pulses have been bracketed by recording the timing of veins types
relative to intrusions. The majority of hypogene Cu-Mo mineralization at Quellaveco is hosted
within the Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite suites of porphyry dykes and stocks.
Volumetrically, the host porphyritic rocks containing the most hypogene Cu-Mo mineralization is
the Early suite, followed by the Intermineral and Monzodiorite suites. Additionally, there is very
little grade variation from suite to suite, though the Monzodiorite unit can be spatially
associated with small zones of higher grade Cu (0.8%) contained within magnetite-biotite
veins (Chapter 5).
In general, a minimum of four fluid pulses have been recognized at Quellaveco and are
classified in terms of timing to have occurred immediately after the emplacement of the Early,
51
52Ma
53Ma
Sillitoe & Mortensen (2010)
This Study
P
54Ma
D
55Ma
N
H
F
56Ma
L
Q
57Ma
G
E
58Ma
59Ma
A
60Ma
61Ma
62Ma
63Ma
64Ma
65Ma
66Ma
71Ma
Quellaveco
A. Qu-709-Quellaveco Porphyry; 71.10.5Ma
B. Qu-283-Regional Granodiorite; 59.70.7Ma
C. Qu-008-Regional Granodiorite; 60.00.9Ma
D. Qu-335-Earliest Monzonite; 57.80.8Ma
E. Qu-396-Earliest Monzonite; 58.20.8Ma
F. Qu-395-Early Monzonite; 56.10.5Ma
G. Qu-138-Early Porphyry; 57.51.0Ma
H. Qu-507-Early Porphyry; 56.51.7Ma
I. Qu-242-Intermineral Monzonite; 56.40.6Ma
J. Qu-327-Early Intermineral Monzonite; 56.40.7Ma

K. Qu-210-Intermineral Monzonite; 57.20.9Ma
L. Qu-448-Monzodiorite Porphyry; 56.81.4Ma
M. Qu-461-Monzodiorite Porphyry; 57.20.7Ma
N. Qu-362-Dacite Dyke; 55.10.6Ma
O. Qu-168-Dacite Dyke; 57.40.9Ma
P. Qu-393-Late Monzonite; 53.70.9Ma
Q. Qu-050 Post Mineral Porphyry; 56.00.8Ma
R. Qu-394-Post Mineral Porphyry; 54.70.8Ma
Sillitoe & Mortensen, 2010

A. Regional Granodiorite; 59.460.24Ma
B. Early Porphyry; 58.410.53Ma
C. Intermineral Porphyry; 55.900.31Ma
D. Late Porphyry; 54.340.63Ma
Figure 2-8: Summary of ages from this study and Sillitoe & Mortensen (2010) of igneous rocks from
Quellaveco. Ages from this study based on weighted mean averages of 207Pb corrected
206
Pb/238U spot ages using SHRIMP-RG. Errors shown at 2 levels.
52
Intermineral, Monzodiorite and Late-Post Mineral suites (Chapter 5). Additionally, there is
evidence for a fluid pulse occurring prior to the emplacement of the Early suite, due to veins
within the regional granodiorite batholith being cut by Early suite dykes (Figure 2-7). These
early signs of hydrothermal activity may be related to the emplacement of the Earliest suite of
intrusions. Although Cu-Mo bearing veins are associated with all suites of intrusions, the most
Cu-Mo sulphide-rich are the veins sets that occur immediately after the emplacement of the
Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite suites. Since the Monzodiorite suite is volumetrically
insignificant compared to the Early and Intermineral suites, we define the timing of
mineralization as the time period immediately following the emplacement of the Early porphyry
intrusions and prior to the emplacement of the Monzodiorite dykes. If the monzodiorite suite
were to be included in this definition then the age minimum of mineralization would have to be
bracketed with the ages of the Late to Post suites, this is discussed in more detail below.
At Quellaveco, a similar evolution of vein types associated with one hydrothermal
system has been noted and at least four hydrothermal systems are present (Chapter 5). In
general, the vein types evolve from early/deep biotite>quartz-chalcopyrite-pyitemagnetitemolybdenite-chlorite, with K-feldspar halos; through quartz>biotite-chlorite-chalcopyritepyriteK-feldspar halos; through quartz chalcopyrite-pyriteK-feldspar-biotite halos; through
quartzpyrite-molybdenite
chalcopyrite;
to
veins
containing
quartz>pyrite-
chalcopyritemolybdenite with quartz-sericite halos as either late or more distal/higher

assemblages (Chapter 5). Mineral and vein textures can vary within each fluid pulse and include
wavy and straight veins, variable thickness and mineral types as vein selvages, and quartz
variations ranging from diffuse and grainy to open space filling to solid coarse quartz in both
cloudy and clear varieties. Although there is much more detail to the fluid pulses and the
evolution of veins types within each fluid pulse, the above sequence is a simplified evolution of
vein types that occurs at least three times immediately after the emplacement of each of the
Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite suites of porphyry intrusions.
The Quellaveco Igneous Complex formed over a time period of approximately 6.5m.y. to
4.4m.y. from the pre-mineral granodiorite to the late porphyry. The porphyritic intrusions were
emplaced over a time span of approximately 3.1m.y. to 1.9m.y., however the porphyry
intrusions with the closest spatial and temporal correlation to Cu-Mo (Early to Monzodiorite)
may have been emplaced in a little as 2.0m.y. to 0.5m.y. The gap in age from the barren
granodiorite to the Early porphyry is approximately 3.9m.y. to 2.5m.y. Sillitoe and Mortensen
(2010) suggest an age gap from the pre-mineral granodiorite to the Early porphyry of
~1.08m.y. differing from this study which suggests a much larger gap in igneous activity. These
53
larger age gap s between the precursor plutons and porphyry intrusions have also been noted
at Toquepala and Cuajone (Simmons, et al., 2013). The chemistry of the zircons are very
similar from the pre-mineral granodiorite and the porphyry intrusions (Chapter 3), suggesting at
a minimum a similar magmatic source, be it a parental magma chamber or melt source.
Although the ages herein, are in minor disagreement with Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010), the
key difference is in porphyry intrusion nomenclature. Taking this into account, the ages of this
study are in agreement with Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) as well as K-Ar alteration ages of
Estrada (1975, 54.12.1Ma) and whole rock K-Ar ages averaging 53.611.6Ma (Zimmermann
and Kihien, 1983).
Longevity of System Compared to Other Deposits Globally

Using these constraints, provides an estimated age of mineralization at Quellaveco to
be 55.7-57.7 Ma. Including the hydrothermal pulse immediately following the emplacement of
the Monzodiorite porphyry suite and using the age maximum of the Post-Mineralization
porphyry suite as the age minimum for mineralization gives an age of mineralization of 56.56.6 Ma. This suggest that the bulk of copper and molybdenum related to hypogene
hydrothermal fluids, was deposited over a minimum of approximately 0.2 m.y. and a maximum
of 2.0 m.y. The igneous geochronological results together with observations displaying chilled
margins at porphyry intrusions contacts with recurrent development of potassic to serecitic
alteration sequences and recurrent vein paragenesis (Chapter 5) suggest that the porphyry
system developed over a short to prolonged period of time characterized by amagmatic pauses.
The 0.2m.y. to 2.0m.y emplacement of porphyry stocks at Quellaveco is similar to the durations
of other porphyry systems within the Paleocene-Eocene porphyry belt in southern Peru. For
example, ~0.7m.y. at Cuajone (Simmons, et al., 2013) and ~0.6m.y at Toquepala (Simmons, et
al., 2013). Elsewhere, within the Andes similar time spans have been recognized at Antapaccay
5.2 0.7 m.y. (Jones et al., 2007; B. Jones), Escondida 4.2 1.0 m.y. (Padilla-Garza et al.,
2004), Los Pelambres 3.68 0.15 m.y. (Perell et al., 2009), Chuquicamata 3.5 0.4 m.y.
(Ballard et al., 2001), Bajo de la Alumbrera ~3 m.y. (Harris et al., 2008), El Teniente 2.8 0.6
m.y. (Maksaev et al., 2004), and Ro Blanco 2 m.y. (Deckart et al., 2005). Outside of the
Andes, others have recognized variably shorter time spans, 1.7 2.3 m.y. at La Caridad in
Mexico (Valencia et al., 2005), 0.7 0.3 m.y. at Elatsite in Bulgaria (von Quadt et al., 2002),
and only 0.09 0.16 m.y. at Batu Hijau in Indonesia (Garwin, 2002). These shorter time spans
are more correlative to the time spans observed at Quellaveco and elsewhere in southern Peru
(Simmons, et al., 2013).
54
These geochronologic results are similar to those observed elsewhere and show that the
porphyry Cu-Mo systems are intermittently magmatically and hydrothermally active for as little
as 0.2m.y. and as long as 4m.y. or longer. The duration of the systems are bracketed by the
age of the oldest mineralized unit and the age of the youngest unit that post dates Cu-Mo
mineralization. However, at a minimum the bulk of the Cu-Mo appears to be deposited within
the systems after the emplacement of the first one or two porphyry intrusions, in the case of
Quellaveco; ~0.2m.y. to 0.5m.y. (Early and Intermineral porphyry phases), at least in the case
of southern Peru Paleocene-Eocene porphyry systems. The time spans in which these systems
are determined using U-Pb zircon dating alone or in combination with other chronometers are
commonly, but not always, longer than those based on Re-Os molybdenite ages (e.g., 0.51.0
m.y.; Zimmerman et al., 2008) and/or
40
Ar/39Ar ages of alteration minerals (e.g., 0.21.9 m.y.;
Arribas et al., 1995; Marsh et al., 1997; Masterman et al., 2004; Pollard et al., 2005). These
differences in time spans reflect the fact that Re-Os and
40
Ar/39Ar ages are age minima. For
example, Re-Os ages underestimate life spans because molybdenite generations rarely span the
entire porphyry copper event. Alteration mineral ages are likely to record only the later stages
of porphyry copper formation, after systems cooled through the blocking temperatures for
biotite, K-feldspar, and sericite (250400C; Richards and Noble, 1998), thereby taking no
account of the early, higher-temperature (400>800C) events during which all porphyry
intrusion and major copper introduction took place (cf. von Quadt et al., 2002) or have been
isotopically reset during later heating (igneous or hydrothermal events).
Paleocene-Eocene Metallogenic Epoch

Sillitoe (1992) noted that the Cu-porphyry deposits of southern Peru and northern Chile
could be spatially and temporally divided into arc parallel Cu-belts. The southern Peruvian CuMo porphyry deposits were included into the Paleocene- early Eocene division and included
Cerro Verde, Cuajone, Toquepala and Quellaveco. However, no or very little zircon U-Pb
geochronology had been done on the intrusive complexes at any of the deposits. Previous
workers have constrained the emplacement age of the pre-mineralization Yarabamba batholiths
to 62-67 1 Ma (Mukasa and Tilton, 1985; Mukasa, 1986). However, the porphyry intrusion
clusters more closely associated with hydrothermal activity have not been well studied. More
recently, Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) provided U-Pb zircon ages of four intrusive rocks at
Quellaveco, which broadly fit within the scope of the conclusions of this study, with minor
difference in interpretation. Most available ages were taken from near or within the deposits
from rocks containing K-bearing minerals using the K-Ar and Ar-Ar system for both alteration
55
and igneous minerals, as well as whole rock. Due to the style and scale of alteration this
method is not very robust or reliable, not to mention, it is very difficult to establish a clear
temporal relationship between chalcopyrite-molybdenite-bearing veins and wall rock alteration.
That being said, Estrada (1978) estimated the age of Cerro Verde hydrothermal alteration to
56-59 2 Ma, Quang (2003) also dated hydrothermal sericite by Ar-Ar method and produced
ages of ca. 62Ma. Using the Ar-Ar method on K-bearing minerals the hydrothermal alteration
age at Cuajone has been established by Clark et al., (1990a); and Clark (2003) to be
approximately 524Ma, at Quellaveco by Clark (2003) to be 54.5-54.7Ma in addition to Sillitoe
and Mortensen (2010) to be approximately 55.6-58.9Ma and at Toquepala by Zweng and Clark
(1995) to be 55.0-55.9Ma. These ages were refined by Simmons, et al., (2013) at Cuajone and
Toquepala by bracketing the age of mineralization by dating all of the porphyry intrusions suites
at both deposits and in this study at Quellaveco. Simmons, et al., (2013) established these ages
by the same techniques described herein with the age of mineralization at Cuajone and
Toquepala estimated to have taken place between 55.5-56.2 Ma and 56.2-56.8 Ma, respectively
(Figure 2-6).
At Quellaveco, a minimum of six intrusive phases have been recognized within the
deposit area. These igneous events span almost 9 m.y., from the time of the emplacement of
the pre-mineralization granodiorite batholith to the post-mineralization porphyry suites (Figures
2-4, -8 and -9). Within this time span, the first hydrothermal activity took place after the
emplacement of the Earliest porphyry suite and the last hydrothermal activity (largely barren
of copper and molybdenum) took place after the emplacement of the Post-Mineral suite of
intrusions. The intrusions during this time period comprise the Quellaveco porphyry intrusions
complex and spans a time of approximately 6 m.y., from 59 Ma to 53 Ma. The bulk of the
copper and molybdenum mineralization as Quellaveco was deposited immediately after the
emplacement of the Early and Intermineral intrusive suites as two separate hydrothermal
pulses. However, there are volumetrically less significant hydrothermal pulses associated with
the Earliest and Monzodiorite porphyry suites; the age of mineralization at Quellaveco is being
constrained by the ages of the Early porphyry suite and the Monzodiorite porphyry suite.
Additionally, these ages overlap or nearly overlap with the ages of mineralization estimated at
Cuajone and Toquepala (Simmons, et al.,, 2013), indicating that all three deposits formed at
approximately the same time and over a reasonably short period of time at the approximate
55.8Ma boundary between the Paleocene and Eocene (Walker and Geissman, 2009). Given that
the three deposits formed within approximately the same 25km portion of the Paleocene-
56
Early, Intermineral &

Complex
50
Frequency
40
Earliest
Porphyries
Late Porphyries
Granodiorite
Batholiths
30
Figure 2-6: Distribution of spot ages and timing of igenous events within the Quellaveco Porphyry
Complex.
XX
20
Inherited zircons from
Toquepala Group Rocks
10
Pb-loss in zircons
0
40
50
60
70
Age (Ma)
80
90
Figure 2-9: Spot ages of zircons plotted in bins of age versus frequency spot ages occur within the
age bins. Approximate timing of intrusive rock types at Quellaveco are shown on the
diagram. All data are from spot ages using the SHRIMP-RG.
57
Eocene arc segment at approximately the same time, very large volumes of deeper seated
magma must have been present to supply the S and Cu required to form the system.
Conclusions
U-Pb zircon geochronology of igneous rocks from the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo
deposit show that magmatic events at Quellaveco lasted as long as approximately 9m.y.,
spanning at least six intrusive phases. The bulk of Cu-Mo mineralization occurred immediately
after the emplacement of the Early and Intermineral suites, and thus the timing of significant
Cu- and Mo-bearing hydrothermal systems can be bracketed by the emplacement age of the
Early and Monzodiorite suites. Using this relative age bracketing in conjunction with the U-Pb
geochronology in this study suggests that the porphyry system may have formed in as little as
0.2m.y. and as much as 2.0m.y. at approximately 56Ma, although other hydrothermal systems
are also associate with the Earliest and Monzodiorite porphyries. This suggests that the
porphyry system formed intermittently over a protracted period of time, but that the bulk of the
Cu and Mo formed intermittently over a relatively short period of time. The timing of both the
hydrothermal systems and the igneous systems at Quellaveco, overlap in age with those at
Toquepala and Cuajone, in addition to having similar time spans for their respective
developments. We envisage that there was a large mid-crustal magma chamber that has
undergone several periods of cooling and fractionation with subsequent hydrothermal
degassing followed by replenishment of the mid-crustal magma chamber several times resulting
in multiple intrusive events followed by multiple hydrothermal events for all southern Peruvian
Paleocene to Eocene porphyry systems, which developed intermittently over a relatively shot
period of time.
58
Chapter 3: Petrogenesis of Porphyry Intrusive Complexes

Associated with Paleocene Porphyry Cu-Mo Style Mineralization; A
Zircon Mineral Chemistry Perspective
Introduction
Porphyry deposits, located in modern continental and island arcs as well as in more
ancient orogenic belts, may contain major concentrations of copper, gold and molybdenum, and
account for the majority of copper production annually. As such porphyry deposits have been
well studied. However, there is a paucity in research of the magmas associated with porphyry
Cu deposits, particularly research pertaining to tectono-magmatic processes in volcanic arcs and
how they may result in more fertile (with respect copper, sulphur, ) magmas. Recent studies
indicate that porphyry copper deposits are associated with upper-crustal emplacement of a
complex series porphyritic dykes and stocks above cupola zone of a calc-alkaline batholith
(Gustafson and Hunt, 1975; Dilles, 1987). Generally, these shallow level intrusive rocks tend to
be hydrous and strongly oxidized (Dilles, 1987), but otherwise similar to granitoid magmas of
similar composition (Cline and Bodnar, 1992). The hydrous and oxidized characteristics of
magmas associated with porphyry Cu formation are relatively uncommon in the geologic
records of volcanic arcs. The Cu-Mo bearing porphyry deposits in southern Peru are spatially
and temporally related to Late Paleocene to Early Eocene porphyritic intrusive phases that were
emplaced over approximately 4 m.a. (Figure 3-1). At Quellaveco the intrusive complex is
referred to as the Quellaveco Igneous Complex (QIC).
Copper-bearing porphyries in island and continental arcs are disproportionately
associated with high-K calc-alkaline (Sillitoe, 1997) and adakitic rocks (Thieblemont et al., 1998;
Oyarzn et al., 2001, 2002; Rabbia et al., 2002; Richards, 2002, 2009; Richards and Kerrich,
2007). Gold-rich porphyries are more associated with alkaline rocks, in particular of shoshonitic
composition (Sillitoe, 1997, Mueller et al., 2002). Moreover, input from mafic magmas into the
intermediate to felsic porphyry complex have been suggested to be a possible mechanism for
the necessary sulphur budget required to form porphyry Cu deposits (e.g. Streck and Dilles,
1998; Field et al., 2005; Chambefort et al., 2008; Lee, 2008) and has been documented within
upper crustal magma chambers (e.g. Di Muro et al., 2008; Mtrich et al., 2010). Problematic to
this process is that the mafic components that may have mixed into more felsic magmas or
magma
59
80W
75W
70W
65W
0S
ECUADOR
COLUMBIA
Coastal Areas
Quito
Western Corillera
Iquitos
5S
Eastern Cordillera
o
R
ra
Ma
Subandean Zone
Eastern Lowlands
BRAZIL
n
Tre
Shield
Ro
Uca
ch
10S
yali
Lima
fic
ci
Pa
Cuzco
BOLIVIA
PERU
O
an
ce
15S
Arequipa
Tr
e
nc
Cerro Verde
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
La Paz
Peru
Pacific Ocean
Potasi
20S
Iquique
250
Santa
Cruz
Cerro Colorado
Spence
500km
Antofagasta
CHILE
ARGENTINA
60
replenishment are often difficult to observe or establish. However, Clark et al.,. (1991) infer
magma replenishment from variations in plagioclase chemistry over growth bands.
More recently, work on zircons have allowed for interpretations and insights pertaining to the
evolution of the magma chambers from which the zircons precipitated, prior to the
emplacement of the porphyry intrusions associated with Cu-Mo deposits. Zircon mineral
chemistry provides a better record of magma evolution than lithogeochemistry in porphyry
copper deposits as they are not subject to alteration. Tracking compositional changes in zircon
through time (and within zircon crystals), within igneous complexes associated with Cu-Mo
porphyry deposits allow for the identification of specific igneous geochemical characteristics and
magma chamber events that may be related to the genesis of large porphyry copper deposits.
Up to recently, geoscientists have been limited to using whole rock analyses on relatively
unaltered intrusive rocks that appear petrologically similar to those porphyritic rocks that are
spatially and temporally related to Cu-Mo porphyry deposits. Though it may be difficult to
determine these rocks genetic link to ore deposit formation some important observations have
been made.
The use of zircon mineral chemistry from intrusions directly related to Cu-Mo porphyry
deposits may provide a better understanding of the physio-chemical factors present within rootmagma chambers. Observations from such data may be critical to the development of models
that aid in the explaination of ore deposit genesis, deposit location in space and time, as well as
providing geologic criterion that improve exploration programs for metal deposits associated
with magmas.
In this chapter, SHRIMP-RG trace element geochemistry of zircons is used to investigate
the evolution of the QIC and possible linkages to the development of giant copper-molybdenum
deposits within the Paleocene-Eocene magmatic arc of southern Peru and northern Chile.
Additionally to comparing these physio-chemical factors to igneous rocks not associated with
Cu-Mo deposits to demonstrate differences between fertile and non-fertile magmas.
Previous studies have included work by Wainwright (2008) on the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au
deposit in Mongolia, Lee (2009) on the El Salvador Cu-Mo deposit in northern Chile and Ballard
et el. (2001) on the Chuquicamata deposit in northern Chile.
The goal of this chapter is to present petrologic observations and zircon mineral
chemistry data in a chronological sequence that allows us to define the paragenetic sequence of
intrusive rocks at the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, whole rock data is presented in
Chapter 4. Additionally, the zircon mineral chemistry, allows for tracking the physio-chemical
conditions present within the root magma chamber prior to, during and after the development
61
of the Cu-Mo deposit at Quellaveco. This data is compared to porphyry intrusions from other
porphyry Cu districts as well as to rocks that are common in arc environments in order to
identify the characteristics of the QIC porphyries that are different from most arc rocks and
place the QIC intrusions in a global context. Finally, we discuss possible petrogenetic linkages
between the unique characteristics and the porphyry Cu-Mo fertile magmas. These
characteristics may have a profound impact on the hydrothermal systems related to the
intrusive rocks and may aid in the observations that multiple pulses of magma are associated
with multiple hydrothermal pulses (e.g. Redmond et al., 2004).
Zircon mineral chemistry from all rock types from the Quellaveco area allow for
differentiating the magmatic histories from zircons extracted from host rocks to the Quellaveco
Intrusive Centre, pre-mineral intrusive suites, syn-mineral intrusive suites and post-mineral
intrusive suites. Implications for differentiating magma suites and analyzing individual suites
include:
1. Insights to the development of magma chambers at the batholithic roots to porphyry
Cu-Mo systems. This has further implications such as tracking oxidation state of magma
chambers, contamination sources for magmas, cooling and crystallization history of
magmatic systems,
2. Possible differentiation of source melt environments from suite to suite and also within
suites.
3. Differentiation between fertile magmas and non-fertile magmas when magmatic
rocks which are spatially and temporally related to Cu-Mo mineralization are compared
to those that are not.
4. Possible insights to copper and sulphur budgets in the system.
Analytical Procedures
Trace element analyses in zircon were performed on the SHRIMP-RG at the U.S.G.S.Stanford Ion Microprobe Laboratory at Stanford University. For a detailed overview of the
instrumental set-up and methodology, see posters at shrimprg.stanford.edu. To summarize, a
~1.5 nA O2- primary beam is used to produce a ~15 m diameter spot on the sample. The
instrument mass resolution is adjusted to M/M =>11000 (at 10% peak height) to effectively
separate
45
Sc+ from
90
Zr2+,
93
Nb+ from
92
Zr1H+,
48
Ti+ from both
96
Zr2+ and
48
Ca+, and all of the
HREE from the MREE oxides, while maintaining high sensitivity and reproducible, flat-topped
peaks. The acquisition program cycles through as many as 44 sequential mass positions
62
consisting of elemental and molecular species from 7Li+ through
238
U16O+ (see below). Peak
centering on both ubiquitous species and on guide peaks adjacent to low-abundance or

interference-prone species is used to eliminate any potential effects of magnet drift or peak
wandering. Over the 10-15 minute analysis duration, the crater depth grows to <2 m. The
overall limited sampling volume significantly minimizes (but does not entirely preclude) beam
overlap with invisible subsurface inclusions. Measurements on the unknowns are interspersed
with periodic measurements on a well-characterized, homogeneous natural zircon standard,
CZ3 or MAD-green. Data reduction is done offline in Excel. Average count rates of each element
of interest are ratioed to
30
Si+ to account for any primary current drift, and the derived ratios for
the unknowns are compared to an average of those for CZ3 or MAD-green zircon to determine
concentrations. Spot to spot precisions (as measured on the standard) vary according to
elemental ionization efficiency and concentration, and generally range from about 3% for Hf,
5% for the HREE, 10-15% for P, Sc, Y and the MREE, and up to 40% for La (all values at
2). Spot locations on the unknowns are selected to sample the diversity of observed CL or BSE
zonation present, locating multiple spots (typically two to four) on a set of eight to twelve
individual grains per sample to assess overall trends.
MAD and CZ3 were calibrated for concentration against doped synthetic zircons grown
by Frank Mazdab in a furnace in the SUMAC facility. Different batches of zircons were doped
with Hf, P, Sc, Ti, Y, REE, Th and U in such a way as to avoid inferring x-ray lines when they
were analyzed by electron microprobes at Stanford and the USGS Menlo Park. The synthetic
zircons were typically broadly sector zoned, but areas within zones were sufficiently
homogeneous to provide calibration references. The analyzed areas on the synthetic zircons
were then re-analyzed on the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe at the same time as chips of MAD
and CZ3. Concentrations of elements that could not be determined by doping of synthetic
zircons were estimated by utilizing the ionization efficiencies of the elements and comparing
independently calibrated ones against uncalibrated ones (Li, Be, B, F, Na, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Ge, Nb). A set of ionization efficiencies were directly determined for the SHRIMP-RG using
the NIST glasses (Mazdab, unpublished) and are generally comparable to values determined on
other SIMS instruments.
Two techniques were used to on the SHRIMP-RG to acquire data from zircons within
intrusive rocks from the Quellaveco deposit and surrounding area. The first technique acquires
trace element data while simultaneously acquiring data for U-Pb geochronology. The technique
to acquire trace element data during U-Pb analysis is not as robust as the trace element routine
in which trace elements are acquired separate of U-Pb geochronology data. The main problem
63
being the large mass differences between
238
U16O (mass position 254) and lighter masses such
as Li (mass position 7) through Zr (mass position 96). The large mass differences cause
problems with the SHRIMP-RG when measuring masses for U-Pb geochronology, particularly
with the magnet, as the measurements require high precision. A summary of the masses
analyzed for is provided in Table 3-1.
Prior to trace element analyses, the samples underwent geochronology analysis (see
chapter 2). The mounts were then repolished and only zircons with centers of grains that had
been analyzed for geochronology were used for trace element analyses. This decreases the
possibility of analyzing zircons for trace elements that do not belong to that suite of intrusion.
However, since the ages of many of the intrusive suites overlap, particularly the early and
Intermineral suites, it is often difficult to be sure that the zircon sampled for trace element
analyses belongs to that suite (Figure 3-2). As the early suite of intrusions is older than the
Intermineral suite, possible contamination of the data should not be problem until selecting
zircons grains for the Intermineral suite.
Tectonic Setting and Geology of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo Deposit

America) marks the beginning of the Andean orogen (Coira et al., 1982, Davidson and Mpodozis
1990, Benavides-Cceres 1999). Steep subduction of cold oceanic crust under the western
margin of Gondwana caused the oceanward retreat of the trench allowing for the formation of
significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantle-derived magmatic
rocks (Jones 1981, Atherton et al., 1983, 1985) and detritus from the rift margins (Benavides
1956, Wilson 1983, 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by large-scale faults to
the east and Precambrian-Paleozoic rocks to the west. Rifting and basin development continued
into the early Late Cretaceous. In southern Peru, a magmatic arc formed west of the rift during
the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, consisting mainly of basaltic to andesitic rocks intercalated
with volcaniclastic rocks and limestone. Three distinct magmatic pulses are noted during this
period and were emplaced progressively towards the east: early Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma);
late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous (95-110Ma) in Peru (Pitcher et al.,
1995, Mukasa 1986) and Chile (Clark et al., 1976, Mpodozis and Ramos 1989).
Andes coincident with the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean (Mpodozis and Ramos, 1989).
Generally, there is migration of arc development towards the northeast. The tectono-magmatic
conditions from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene have been defined by Bellido (1979),
64
Table 3-1: Elements and masses analyzed for zircon trace element routines on the SHRIMPRG
Zircon U-Pb + Short Trace Element
Mass Position
Mass
Peak Guide
Zr2O (196)
Normalize for conc.
Li
90
Be
Background
11
94
19
23
24
27
30
31
32
35
39
40
45
48
49
51
52
55
56
F
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
74
89
93
94
96
139
140
141
146
147
153
165
173
175
179
182
185
188
191
196
196
206
207
248
254
Ge
Y
Nb
ZrH
Zr
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Ho
GdO
TbO
DyO
ErO
TmO
YbO
LuO
Zr2O
HfO
Pb
Pb
ThO
UO
196
90
204
204
Pb
204.045
206
207
208
238
248
254
139
140
146
147
153
155
179
182
188
196.135
Zircon Long Trace Element
206
Pb
Pb
208
Pb
238
U
232
Th16O
238 16
U O
139
La
140
Ce
146
Nd
147
Sm
153
Eu
155
Gd
163
Dy16O
166 16
Er O
172
Yb16O
180
Hf16O
207
94
96
92
94
Zr ZrO, Zr ZrO
96
Zr ZrO
Zr29SiO
Zr28SiO
90 28
Zr Si2
91 28
Zr Si2, 90Zr28Si29Si
91 30
Zr SiO2
94 29
Zr SiO2
179
ZrHf
96
Mass
Position
Mass
Peak Guide
Comments
Monitor Non-zircon
Monitor Non-zircon
Monitor Non-zircon
Normalize for conc.
16
O2
29
Si16O
Monitor Non-zircon
Monitor Non-zircon
X
92
ZrH
Monitor H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
65
52Ma
53Ma
Cuajone
54Ma
55Ma
Quellaveco
Toquepala
F
C
D
E
56Ma
L
Q
57Ma
58Ma
G
E
59Ma
B
60Ma
61Ma
62Ma
A
63Ma
64Ma
65Ma
66Ma
71Ma
Quellaveco

Q. Qu-050 Post Mineral Porphyry; 56.00.8Ma
R. Qu-394-Post Mineral Porphyry; 54.70.8Ma
Cuajone
Toquepala
A. Qu-701-Regional Granodiorite; 65.10.8Ma

B. Qu-700-Premineral Diorite; 64.20.9Ma
C. Qu-697-Intrusive Andesite; 55.90.5Ma
D. Qu-696-LP1 Porphyry; 55.60.6Ma
E. Qu-695-BLP Porphyry; 56.20.7Ma
F. Qu-699-LP3 Porphyry; 53.50.5Ma
A. Qu-705-Regional Diorite; 61.40.8Ma

B. Qu-704-Dacite Porphyry; 56.80.6Ma
C. Qu-706-Latite Porphyry; 54.30.6Ma
D. Qu-708-Dacite Agglomerate; 56.20.6Ma
Figure 3-2: Summary of ages from Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala, based on wieghted mean
averages of 207Pb corrected 206Pb/238U spot ages using SHRIMP-RG. Errors shown at 2
levels. Toquepala and Cuajone geochronology from Simmons et al. (2013) and
Chapter 6.
66
Barreiro and Clark (1984),Vicente et al., (1989), Boiley et al., (1990), Clark et al., (1990a),
Benavides-Cceres (1999) and Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010) and has been summarized in
Chapter 2. This period of magmatism is represented by the extrusive Toquepala Group rocks
and large batholiths (Yarabamaba super suite) in the Quellaveco area (Figure 3-3).
and granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru over a 8 to 10 m.y.
period during which porphyry Cu deposits were emplaced in the southern Peru belt, a duration
similar to that found elsewhere (Sillitoe and Perell, 2005; Barra et al., 2005; Glen et al., 2007).
A strong northwest elongation of the Paleogene porphyry stocks suggests that a series of
trench parallel, northwest-trending faults, coincident with the earlier rift basin, control the
emplacement the stocks. Porphyry intrusions of this age are temporally and spatially associated
with porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization at Quellaveco, Toquepala and Cuajone (Figure 3-3).
equigranular granodiorite intrusive complex (~60Ma; Chapter 2), which intruded into Toquepala
Group (~72.4-65Ma) volcanic rocks (Figures 5 and 6; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; and
Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000b). Several generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced into
the granodiorite batholith from 53 to 58Ma (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010; Chapter 2), and are
spatially associated with hydrothermal alteration and mineralization (Figure 3-2 and 3-4). In
total there are five significant periods of porphyry intrusions, which are referred to as (from
oldest to youngest) the Earliest, Early, Intermediate, Monzodiorite, and Late/Post suites. All of
the porphyry suites are associated with chalcopyrite and molybdenite mineralization, though
volumetrically the Early and Intermediate suites of porphyry intrusions are temporally and
spatially associated with most of the copper and molybdenum. A period of uplift and erosion
followed the emplacement of the porphyry intrusions, which are currently overlain by Miocene
valley filling ignimbrites.
Zircon Geochemistry
A total of thirty-three samples were measured for trace elements in zircon from the
Quellaveco area, twenty-three of which were acquired using the U-Pb technique and ten of
which were acquired using the trace element routine (Table 3-2). Of the U-Pb technique
fourteen are from Toquepala Group rocks, three regional granodiorites, one Earliest porphyry,
one Early porphyry, one Intermineral porphyry, two Monzodiorite porphyries and one Post/Late
mineral porphyry dykes and stocks. Of the trace element technique samples one is from the
67
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
68
Legend
328500 mE
328000 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8110500 mN
8110500 mN
Intrusive Rocks

Pit outline
8110000 mN

3
m
810
Contour spacing 10m

8109500 mN
8109500 mN
8109000 mN
8109000 mN
348
Rio Asana
0m
328500 mE
8107500 mN
328000 mE
8108000 mN
327500 mE
8108000 mN
327000 mE
8108500 mN
326500 mE
8108500 mN
8107500 mN
69
Table 3-2: U-Pb zircon ages and zircon trace element acquisition techniques
Sample
Intrusive Phase/
Rock Type
Qu-283
Qu-335
Qu-138
Qu-395
Qu-210
Qu-242
Qu-050
Qu-393
Qu-394
Qu-168
Granodiorite
Earliest Porphyry
Early Porphyry
Early Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry Dyke
Qu-008
Granodiorite
Qu-380
Granodiorite
Qu-381
Granodiorite
Qu-396
Earliest Porphyry
Qu-507
Early Porphyry
Qu-327
Qu-448
Qu-461
Qu-362
Late Porphyry
Qu-652
*Huaracane Formation
Qu-666
*Huaracane Formation
Qu-668
*Paralaque Formation
Qu-084
*Quellaveco Porphyry
Qu-709
*Quellaveco Porphyry
Qu-371
*Alta Series
Qu-382
*Alta Series
Qu-383
*Alta Series
Qu-384
*Alta Series
Qu-405
*Alta Series
Qu-409
*Alta Series
Qu-411
*Alta Series
Qu-687
*Alta Series
Qu-410
*Tinajones Rhyolite
Note: *=Toquepala Group Rocks
Location
Northing
Easting
Trace Element Method
8108748
326123
8109349
326843
8108264
327760
8108049
327933
8109063
327537
8109238
327371
8108055
327846
8108630
327462
8108049
327933
8108375
327808
U-Pb Method
8108526
328420
8096512
329115
8096512
329115
8108312
327933
8108841
327686
8108224
327601
8109282
327270
8108841
327686
8108641
328062
8103582
292705
8107809
299519
8113868
301758
8107605
327952
8108748
326123
8106762
327151
8097920
331642
8099830
334942
8101541
336307
8111729
314539
8110371
323406
8104460
334655
8115981
307397
8111074
324891
Age
59.70.7
57.80.8
57.51.0
56.10.5
57.20.9
56.40.6
56.00.8
53.70.9
54.70.8
57.40.9
60.00.9
59.80.9
60.20.7
58.20.8
55.41.3
56.40.7
56.21.0
57.20.7
55.10.6
90.30.8
68.30.7
71.40.7
69.80.4
71.10.5
69.71.4
69.41.8
71.40.6
71.51.8
71.01.6
69.70.8
72.81.4
73.80.8
72.90.7
Age Reference
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chapter 2
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Chapter 2
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
Unpublished Data
70
regional granodiorite, one from the Earliest porphyry, two from the Early porphyry, two from
the Intermineral porphyry and four from the post/late mineral porphyry dykes and stocks.
Toquepala Group rocks are a package of andesitic to rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks and
related sedimentary and intrusive rocks that host all porphyry Cu-Mo related rocks. The
Toquepala Group rocks have a minimum thickness of 4450m (Bellido, 1979) and were
deposited in the area from approximately 91Ma to 68Ma (Simmons, unpublished data). The
regional granodiorite forms batholiths which intruded the Toquepala Group rocks at Quellaveco.
All granodiorite samples are equigranular ranging in grain size from 5mm to 10mm and ranging
in age from approximately 61-59Ma (Figure 3-2; Chapter 2 and 6). The Earliest porphyry suite
is the first porphyry intrusive phase present at Quellaveco and hosts high grade Cu. The Earliest
porphyry only occurs in low volume, as large (~20m by 20m) xenoliths within later porphyry
intrusions. All Earliest porphyry samples are from micro porphyritic diorite-monzodiorite
(Chapter 2) and range in age from approximately 57.5-58.6Ma (Figure 3-2). The Early porphyry
suite hosts the majority of the Cu-Mo at Quellaveco and is the second porphyritic intrusive
phase. Early porphyry samples are of coarsely porphyritic quartz-monzonite to granodiorite
(Chapter 2) and range in age from approximately 55.9-56.6Ma (Figure 3-2). The Intermineral
porphyry suite is the third porphyritic intrusive intrusive phase and hosts a subequal amount of
Cu-Mo as the Early porphyry. Intermineral porphyry samples are from coarsely porphyritic
quartz-monzodiorite to monzogranite (Chapter 2) and range in age from 55.7-57.1Ma (Figure 32). The Monzodiorite porphyry suite hosts high grade Cu-Mo, but like the Earliest porphyry is
volumetrically small and occurs as 1m-10m wide dykes in the centre of the deposit area.
Monzodiorite porphyry samples are of coarsely porphyritic, phenocryst poor monzodiorite to
quartz monzonite (Chapter 2) and range in age from 55.2-57.2Ma (Figure 3-2). The youngest
suite of porphyritic intrusions is the Post/Late mineral porphyry dykes and stocks. These
intrusions cross-cut the majority of Cu- and Mo-bearing veins and all samples are from coarsely
porphyritic granodiorite (Chapter 2), which were emplaced at approximately 53.9-55.5Ma
(Figure 3-2). Because the majority of Cu-Mo is spatially and temporally associated with the
Early through Monzodiorite porphyry suites and the granodiorite predates porphyry
development and the Post and Late mineral porphyries down grade Cu-Mo contents we are
comparing data from igneous rocks that are not associated with Cu-Mo mineralization, both
prior to (regional granodiorite and Toquepala Group rocks) and post-dating (Post and Late
mineral porphyries) the formation of Cu-Mo mineralization with intrusions that are spatially and
temporally associated with Cu-Mo mineralization (Early through Monzodiorite porphyries). We
interpret the Earliest porphyry suite as the oldest porphyritic intrusions within the deposit,
71
however are volumetrically insignificant and are not included in the main mineralizing phases,
despite of their typical high grade Cu-Mo contents.
Zircon size and morphology varies widely throughout all samples with long axes that
typically range from 100 to 300 m (Figure 3-5). Zircon shapes vary from elongate, wellterminated crystals to relatively equant, faceted crystals, occasionally sub-rounded crystals and
rare broken crystals. Cathodoluminescence images have revealed significant internal complexity
with concentric bands being most common and discordant-concentric banding are also locally
present. Approximately 1/3 of the crystals display sector zoning in addition to concentric zoning.
Cores containing older zircon overgrown discordantly by younger zircon are very rarely present.
There is no correlation between zircon shapes or morphologies with any particular group within
the datasets.
The main difference between the U-Pb and trace element acquisition routines is that the
trace element routine is maximized to measure lighter masses and is capable of measuring Ti48
and Ti
49
. Acquisition of Ti masses allows for the use of the TiO2-in-zircon thermometer (Watson
and Harrison, 2005; using aTiO2 0.7; Claiborne et al., 2006), providing a minimum
crystallization temperature of the zircons with an error of 10C. A TiO2 activity of 0.7 is chosen
because it represents the approximate activity at which titanite precipitates from magmas.
Titanite has been recovered in heavy mineral separations for all intrusive phases as the main Ti
bearing mineral.
Zirconium has a much higher zircon/melt partition coefficient compared to Hf and as
magmas undergo cooling and fractional crystallization, Hf will increase in the melt relative to Zr.
Because of this effect, Hf can be used as an index of fractionation (Wooden et al., 2006). The
majority of the data presented herein is the data collected during the trace element routine
(Granodiorite, Earliest porphyry, Early porphyry, Intermineral porphyry and Post mineral
porphyry) due to the acquisition of several other masses that could not be collected with the UPb routine. In cases where no trace element routine was run on the rock types (Toquepala
Group rocks and Monzodiorite porphyry) we use Hf as an index of fractionation. In general,
zircon cores tend to be high-T and low Hf compared to their corresponding rim analyses (Figure
3-5). However, there are some exceptions where low-T, high Hf cores are surrounded by highT, low Hf growth zones as well as grain traverses where T and Hf behave discordantly.
72
A
QU-283; Granodiorite
791C
781C
777C
10919
10843
773C
795C
11504
759C
772C
750C
QU-335; Earliest Prophyry
10729
11111
11630
686C
798C
9651
11664
10806
809C
777C
11959
10159
690C
12734
796C
9135
11498
B
QU-395; Early Porphyry
QU-138; Early Porphyry

634C
6437
732C
749C
11384
718C
683C
14126
689C
13249
688C
12588
700C
12147
729C
11286
703C
797C
725C
13121
702C
12308
751C
9379
12310
12072
QU-210; Intermineral Porphyry

720C
766C
9511
748C
11525
727C
12023
10277
702C
11999
13044
11432 680C
661C
13701
661C
13169
707C
9334
738C
10609
711C
730C
672C
777C
695C
11878
11342
QU-210; Intermineral Porphyry

723C
12955
646C
13852
629C
13871
723C
10200
734C
10608
12969
11055
13335
9844
713C; 11786
681C
12566
696C
11350
713C
11581
673C
12022
Figure 3-5: Cathodoluminescence images of zircons showing the minimum temperatures (C) and
hafnium concentration (ppm) for a) Pre mineral intrusive suites (Granodiorite and Earliest
Porphyry) b) Syn mineral intrusive suites (Early and Intermineral Porphyry Suites), and c)
post mineral intrusive suites (Post and Late mineral porphyry suite). Note that only zircons
with the Trace element routine are shown.
73
C
QU-050; Late Porphyry

721C
703C
771C
11012
715C
670C
733C
708C
10041
654C
12826
11839
726C
12475
12672
11775
9989
742C
9270
771C
10434
10224
735C; 12856
706C
11587
796C
13110
694C
11170
721C
9868
862C; 8597
769C
10253
676C
12298

692C
702C
728C
737C
716C
692C; 12871
QU-168; Late Porphyry Dyke
717C; 11770
12605
12466
688C
10399
11142
693C
11564
706C
11960
11050
12451
703C
726C
729C
736C
713C
677C
12714
700C
11016
721C
11834
726C
11124
11530
10962
12071
735C
9852
15376
11860
647C
13329
691C
12147
Figure 3-5 (contd): Cathodoluminescence images of zircons showing the minimum temperatures (C)
and hafnium concentration (ppm) for a) Pre mineral intrusive suites (Granodiorite and
Earliest Porphyry) b) Syn mineral intrusive suites (Early and Intermineral Porphyry Suites),
and c) post mineral intrusive suites (Post and Late mineral porphyry suite). Note that only
zircons with the Trace element routine are shown
74
Toquepala Group
Toquepala Group rocks host the late Cretaceous batholiths of the Yarabamba suite
(regional granodiorite) as well as the late Paleocene to early Eocene porphyry Cu-Mo deposits
and their associated porphyritic intrusions in southern Peru (Figure 3-3). Previous work on the
Toquepala Group has been very limited. As a consequence, the Toquepala Group is not well
understood in terms of the changes in facies, depositional setting, magma types, timing and
longevity of volcanism. Bellido (1979) divided the Toquepala Group into four formations (from
oldest to youngest) Huaracane/Toquepala, Inogoya, Paralaque and Quellaveco. The Quellaveco
Formation was sub-divided into five members (from oldest to youngest) Quellaveco Porphyry,
Toquepala, Alta, Yarito and Tinajones. At Quellaveco the Toquepala Member is absent and the
Quellaveco Porphyry and Alta Members host the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system and
granodiorite batholiths. Volcanism spanned approximately 24my from approximately 91Ma to
67Ma (Simmons, unpublished data).
Only the U-Pb routine was run on all Toquepala Group, as a consequence the TiO2-inzircon thermometer cannot be used for theses rocks. However, wide ranges in hafnium content
for each of the rocks suggest that using Hf as a fractionation index for these rocks is
permissible. Hafnium contents range from 7869 ppm to 13321 ppm in Huaracane formation
rocks, 6644 ppm to 11530 ppm in Paralaque Formation rocks, 7590 ppm to 14002 ppm in
Quellaveco Member rocks, 6406 ppm to 16169 ppm in Alta Member rocks and 5751 ppm to
13077 ppm in Tinajones Member rocks (Figure 3-6).
Zircon Th/U values range from 0.4 to 1.5 for Huaracane Formation rocks, 0.4 to 2.2 for
Paralaque Formation rocks, 0.2 to 2.1 for Quellaveco Member rocks, 0.2 to 1.9 for Alta Member
rocks and 0.3 to 2.7 for Tinajones Member rocks. Overall, the hafnium versus Th/U plot shows
a decreasing Th/U trend with increasing Hf content (Figure 3-6a). Additionally, there are two or
three trends that can be observed from the data, one steep and one shallow, with perhaps a
moderate trend between the maxima and minima slopes, all of which converge at about 14000
ppm Hf. This convergent trend is more pronounced in the Alta and Quellaveco Member rocks,
although all display some degree of the convergent trend. The ratio plot is consistent with the
observation that smaller ions are in relatively higher abundance in zircon versus larger ions with
increased fractionation. That is, both the Th/U (atomic radii of 1.05 and 1.00, respectively)
and Yb/Gd (atomic radii 0.99 and 1.05 , respectively) both show patterns of increasing
larger atomic radii with decreasing temperature at 4+ and 3+ valences, respectively. This
75
60
Legend
St
ee
Alta Member-U/Pb Routine
Quellaveco Member-U/Pb Routine
50
Paralaque Formation-U/Pb Routine
Th/U
Mo
der
ate
40
Yb/Gd
Huaracanne Formation-U/Pb Routine
30
20
Shallow
10
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
Hf
Hf
60
50
4000
40
3000
P;A
A2;H2;P2
Yb/Gd
5000
30
H
2000
20
1000
10
15000
H3
Q;P;A
A1;H1;P1
0
5000
60
10000
Hf
15000
0
1.0
50
1000
2000
3000
Y
4000
5000
6000
0.8
P
Yb/Gd
0.6
30
Eu/Eu*
40
0.4
20
0.2
10
A;P;Q2
H
Q1
0
0
2
Th/U
0.0
3 5000
10000
Hf
15000
Figure 3-6: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Toquepala Group Rocks a) Th/U vs Hf, b) Yb/Gd vs Hf, c)
Y vs Hf, d)Yb/Gd vs Y, e) Yb/gd vs Th/U and f) Eu/Eu* vs Hf.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are H=Huaracanne; P=Paralaque
Q=Quellaveco; A=Serie Alta; subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters
where multiple are present referred to in the text.
76
Legend
Huaracane Formation
Quellaveco Member
Alta Member-U/Pb Routine

Quellaveco Member-U/Pb Routine
800
Paralaque Formation-U/Pb Routine
Ce/Ce*
Huaracanne Formation-U/Pb Routine
600
400
200
0
5000
10000
Hf
I
Paralaque Formation
15000
Alta Member
Figure 3-6 (contd): Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Toquepala Group Rocks g) Ce/Ce* vs Hf, and
h through k) REE chondrite normalized spider plots for Huaracanne Formation, Paralaque
Formation, Quellaveco Member and Serie Alta Member zircons.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are H=Huaracanne; P=Paralaque
Q=Quellaveco; A=Serie Alta; subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters
where multiple are present referred to in the text. Grey lines represent individual data
points, dashed black lines represent median and solid black lines represent mean. Spider
diagrams normalized after Sun & McDonough, 1989.
77
observation is common to other studies at Oyu Tolgoi (Wainwright et al., 2007) and at El
Salvador (Lee, 2008).
The Yb/Gd ratio measures the steepness of the REE pattern for those elements heavier
than europium (heavy REE to light REE ratio). Yb/Gd ratios vary from 9 to 26 in Huaracane
Formation rocks, 13 to 34 in Paralaque Formation rocks, 9 to 40 in Quellaveco Member rocks, 5
to 45 in Alta Member rocks and 3 to 28 in Tinajones Member rocks (Figure 3-6b). The Yb/Gd
versus hafnium plot shows that, in general, the Yb/Gd ratio increases with increasing Hf
content. That is, with fractionation the heavy REE occur in increased abundance in zircon
relative lighter REEs. Huaracane rocks show a relatively shallow trend and somewhat less
spread in the data than other rocks types with the Toquepala Group. Paralaque Formation,
Quellaveco Member and Tinajones Member rocks have a slightly steeper trend than the
Huaracane rocks and have relatively straight trends, although there is somewhat more spread
in the Quellaveco and Tinajones data. The Alta Member shows a wide range of Yb/Gd values,
however does display the same increasing trend with increasing Hf in zircon from other rock
types. The large spread in the data may be attributed to the wide variety of rock types and
compositions mapped with the Alta Member, ranging from fine grained quartz porphyritic flow
domes to andesitic pyroclastic rocks.
Yttrium data was only collected for a limited amount of samples within the dataset. Y
values range from 640 to 5971 ppm in Huaracane samples, 759 to 2706 ppm in Paralaque
samples, 467 to 4758 ppm in Quellaveco Member samples and 356 to 1871 ppm in Alta
Member samples (Figure 3-6c). In general, Alta Member and Paralaque Formation rocks have
relatively low Y contents over wide ranges of Hf concentrations, compared to other Toquepala
Group rocks, and decrease slightly with increased Hf content. Huaracane Formation and
Quellaveco Member rocks behave somewhat differently with both exhibiting a greater scatter in
Y content over wide ranges of Hf concentrations. Additionally, Huaracane Formation rocks have
increasing Y content with increasing Hf content, whereas Quellaveco Member rocks have
decreasing Y contents with increasing Hf concentrations. When Y is plotted against Yb/Gd,
Quellaveco Member rocks have an overall increasing Yb/Gd with decreasing Y concentrations
(Figure 3-6d). Yb/Gd increases dramatically at low Y concentrations. Both Huaracane and
Paralaque Formation rocks behave similarly, in that they have a much wider spread in the data
along the trend line defined by Quellaveco Member samples; however they both generally plot
on or above the Quellaveco Member trend-line. The Huaracane Member samples can perhaps
be divided into three distinct groups;
78
1. Low Yb/Gd and moderate to high Y concentrations.

2. Moderate to high Yb/Gd and low Y concentrations.
3. High to moderate Yb/Gd and high to moderate Y concentrations.
Paralaque Formation rocks can be divided into two distinctive groups;
1. Low Yb/Gd over a wide range of Y concentrations along a gently increasing Yb/Gd with
increasing Y concentration trend-line.
2. A cluster of data with generally high Yb/Gd and low Y concentrations.
Alta Member rocks have a wide scatter of Yb/Gd over relatively narrow Y concentrations. They
form two distinctive groups of data;
1. Low Yb/Gd and low to moderate Y concentrations, with data points plotting below the
trend-line formed by the Quellaveco Member data. These data have a gently increasing
Yb/Gd with increasing Y concentrations.
2. A cluster of data with high Yb/Gd and low Y concentrations.
In general all Toquepala Group rocks have a large number of data points with Y
concentrations from 1000 to 2000 ppm and low Yb/Gd (~10-15). The main difference between
all of the rocks types are that the Quellaveco Member plots along a single trend-line, Huaracane
and Paralaque Formation rocks generally plot above the Quellaveco trend-line and form groups
of data and Alta Member rocks generally plot below the Quellaveco trend-line and form two
distinctive groups.
On the plot of Th/U versus Yb/Gd the data from all Toquepala Group rocks generally
define an array that increases in Yb/Gd with decreasing Th/U (Figure 3-6e). Huaracane
Formation zircons form a relatively tight array of data points that have overall lower Yb/Gd
values with decreasing Th/U values, relative to the other rock types in the Toquepala Group.
Paralaque Formation zircons form a parallel array to the Huaracane Formation zircons.
However, they form an array in which Yb/Gd has higher values at the same Th/U values. That
is, Paralaque Formation zircons form a parallel array with overall increased Th/U and Yb/Gd
values, relative to the Huaracane Formation zircons. Quellaveco Member zircons form three
parallel arrays, similar to those for the Paralaque and Huaracane Formation zircons;
1. An array below the Huaracane Formation array in which lower Yb/Gd values are at the
same Th/U value (i.e. overall, decreased Th/U and Yb/Gd values).
79
2. Low Th/U and Yb/Gd array with values generally plotting between the Huaracane and
Paralaque formation arrays (i.e. moderate Th/U and Yb/Gd values). These data plot at
just about the average trend-line for all Toquepala Group zircons.
3. A sparse array of relatively high Th/U and Yb/Gd values parallel to the trends of the
aforementioned two Quellaveco Member zircons.
Alta Member zircons form an array similar to the second trend described for Quellaveco
Member zircons above. However, there is significant spread in the data with no discernable
parallel trends.
We have used EuN/EuN* to quantify the magnitude of the negative europium anomalies
in the REE patterns (where the subscript indicates chondrite normalization and EuN* =
(SmN*GdN)0.5) (e.g. Ballard et al., 2002). REE are normalized to the values of Anders and
Grevesse (1989) and multiplies by a factor of 1.3596 (e.g. Korotev, 1996a and 1996b).
Similarly, we have used an analogous equation to quantify the positive cerium anomaly (Ballard
et al., 2002). The EuN/EuN* values range from 0.05 to 0.48 for Huaracane formation zircons,
0.07 to 0.60 for Paralaque Formation zircons, 0.02 to 0.58 for Quellaveco Member zircons, 0.01
to 1.01 for Alta Series zircons and 0.03 to 0.93 for Tinajones Member zircons (Figure 3-6f).
Overall, the data for all Toquepala Group rocks show a similar pattern of EuN/EuN* decreasing
with increasing Hf concentrations. With both the Alta and Quellaveco Members there is
significant spread in the data along a decreasing trend-line. Paralaque and Huaracane
Formation zircons plot along a tight array of decreasing EuN/EuN* with increasing Hf
concentrations. CeN/CeN* values range from 3 to 888 for Huaracane zircons, 8 to 567 for
Paralaque Formation zircons, 5 to 506 for Quellaveco Member zircons, 1 to 1820 for Alta
Member zircons and 2 to 552 for Tinajones zircons (Figure 3-6g). The data for all Toquepala
Group rocks have significant spread with no to little differences from one rock type to another.
Although, there may be a slight increasing trend of CeN/CeN* with increasing Hf concentrations.
However, it does not appear as though CeN/CeN* values are a function of hafnium values. That
is, high and low CeN/CeN* values occur over the entire range of Hf values in all Toquepala
Group rock types.
Pre-Bulk Porphyry Cu-Mo Batholithic and Porphyry Intrusive Units

Two main rock types occur prior to the deposition of the majority of copper and
molybdenum at Quellaveco, a large granodiorite batholith and a series of micro porphyritic
diorite units. The granodiorite hosts the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex associated with the
porphyry Cu-Mo deposit and precedes all Cu-Mo deposition, whereas the micro porphyritic
80
diorite units, termed Earliest Porphyries are associated with high grade but volumetrically
unimportant Cu and Mo (Chapters 2 and 5), and also pre-dates the majority of Cu and Mo
within the deposit. Since both units occur prior to the deposition of the majority of Cu and Mo
they have been treated the same in the zircon analyses and termed pre-bulk porphyry Cu-Mo
formation units. The geochronology and significant petrological characteristics of these units are
summarized in Table 3-3.
Hafnium content in the granodiorite range from 8969 to 12191 ppm and from 8904 to
18410 ppm in the Earliest Porphyry. The TiO2-in-zircon thermometer suggests that minimum
temperatures in the granodiorite range from 710C to 849C and from 642C to 828C in the
Earliest Porphyry. The Hf versus temperature plot for both the granodiorite and Earliest
Porphyry suggest sharply increasing Hf concentrations with decreasing temperature (Figure 37a). The Earliest Porphyry displays a wider spread in the data points and perhaps a slightly
shallower trend (i.e. temperature decreases less with increased Hf concentrations) than the
granodiorite. Relative to the porphyry dykes associated with the bulk of the Cu-Mo
mineralization the data form tight trends of decreasing temperature with increasing Hf contents.
Zircon Th/U values range from 0.1 to 1.8 for the granodiorite and from 0.2 to 1.2 for the
Earliest Porphyry. Both the granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry show decreasing Th/U values
along a shallow trend, with increasing Hf concentrations (Figure 3-7b). There is no major
difference in the decreasing Th/U with increasing Hf between the two rock types. The main
difference between the two rock types is that the Earliest Porphyry has a wider spread in Th/U
values at any given Hf concentration and that at lower Hf values the granodiorite contains
values with characteristically high Th/U values. There is no discernable difference between the
Toquepala Group rocks and the Earliest Porphyry and Granodiorite, with respect to Hf values.
Note, however, that the Earliest Porphyry and Granodiorite share a common Th/U increase at
values approximately less than 11000 ppm Hf, though it less pronounced in the granodiorite.
Additionally, at values of >9000 ppm Hf the Th/U values are on average a bit higher for the
Earliest Porphyry and Granodiorite, and have a slightly steeper trend from high Th/U and low Hf
to low Th/U and high Hf, relative to the Toquepala Group rocks.
Yb/Gd values range from 6 to 35 for the Granodiorite and from 9 to 48 for the Earliest
Porphyry. On the plot of Yb/Gd versus Hf, both units have overall increasing Yb/Gd values with
increasing Hf concentrations (Figure 3-7c). The Granodiorite has a marginally wider spread of
Yb/Gd values at a given Hf value than the Earliest Porphyry. Additionally, the Granodiorite has
81
Suite
Age (Ma)
Rock Type
Phenocryst
%
50-65
Earliest
57.5-58.6
Early
55.9-56.6
Qtz Monzonite
Granodiorite
50-60
Intermineral 1
55.7-57.1
Granodiorite
Monzogranite
40-50
Intermineral 2
56.3-57.0
Qtz monzodiorite
Qtz monzonite
50-60
Monzodiorite
55.2-57.2
Monzodiorite
Qtz Monzonite
25-30
Late/Post
53.9-55.5
Granodiorite
60-65
Alteration
Plag>>Kfs>Bt
Bt-MagKfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
BtKfsMag
late QtzSer
Comments

Cp-Mag-Py-Mo;
-microphenocrystic
-sub-rounded stocks

Cl-Ep
Kfs=Potassium Feldspar, Hbld=Hornblende, Ser=Sericite, Cl=Chlorite, Ep=Epidotic, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Py=Pyrite, Mo=Molybdenite
Alteration is given as the dominant alteration minerals spatially associated with the porphyry suite at elevations between 3000-3500m
82
900
Legend
Granodiorite-TE Routine
Granodiorite-U/Pb Routine
Earliest Porphyry-TE Routine
Temperature (C)
700
Earliest Por.-U/Pb Routine
Th/U
800
600
5000
10000
Hf
15000
0
5000
60
10000
Hf
15000
5000
50
4000
30
3000
Yb/Gd
40
2000
20
G
E
1000
10
0
5000
60
10000
Hf
15000
5000
60
50
10000
Hf
15000
50
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Y
4000
5000
0
6000 0
Yb/Gd
40
Yb/Gd
40 G
Th/U
Figure 3-7: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Premineral rocks at Quellaveco a) Temperature vs Hf,
b) Th/U vs Hf, c) Yb/Gd vs Hf, d)Y vs Hf, e) Yb/Gd vs Y and, f) Yb/Gd vs Th/U Note grey
areas represents area of Toquepala Group rock values.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are G=Granodiorite; E=Earliest Porphyry
83
1.0
1000
Legend
Granodiorite-TE Routine
0.8
Granodiorite-U/Pb Routine
800
Earliest Porphyry-TE Routine
600
Ce/Ce*
Eu/Eu*
Earliest Por.-U/Pb Routine
0.6
400
0.4
G
200
0.2
0.0
5000
10000
Hf
15000
0
5000
10000
Hf
15000
Earliest Porphyry
Figure 3-7 (contd): Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Premineral rocks from Quellaveco g) Eu/Eu* vs
Hf, h) Ce/Ce* vs Hf and i) though j) REE chondrite normalized zircon data for Granodiorite
and Earliest Porphyry zircons. Note grey areas represent the area of samples from Toquepala
Group rocks.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are G=Granodiorite; E=Earliest
Porphyry. Grey lines represent individual data points, black dashed lines represent the
median and black lines represent the mean. Spider diagrams normalized after the values of
Sun & McDonough, 1989.
84
an overall steeper slope of increasing Yb/Gd and perhaps displays three parallel trends. The
Earliest Porphyry has a slightly shallower slope at low to moderate Hf values and sharply
steepens at approximately 13000 ppm Hf. This hook is less pronounced than in the Granodiorite
and occurs at approximately 11000 ppm Hf. Though most of the Granodiorite and Earliest
Porphyry samples plot within the Toquepala Group field, they overall have much lower Yb/Gd
values and are most similar to the Huaracane Formation rocks. Perhaps the upward hook of
Yb/Gd values at increasing Hf contents and overall shallower trends at lower Hf contents are
distinguishing features of the Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry relative to the Toquepala
Group rocks. However, this observation is based on limited amount of data and is not
conclusive if this trend is real or composed of outliers.
Yttrium content in the Granodiorite zircons range from 112 to 1585 ppm and from 200
to 1311 ppm for Earliest Porphyry zircons. Both rocks display overall decreasing Y contents with
increasing Hf concentrations (Figure 3-7d). The Earliest Porphyry has an overall shallower trend
of decreasing Y with increasing Hf and a wider spread in the data, relative to the Granodiorite.
Relative to the Toquepala Group rocks, the Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry both display
coherent trends in the data, whereas the Toquepala Group rocks do not. Additionally, the
Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry have distinctively low Y contents that trend up into the
Toquepala Group field at lower Hf concentrations. On the Yb/Gd versus Y plot, both rock types
show and increasing Yb/Gd with decreasing Y contents (Figure 3-7e). Both also show a marked
increase in Yb/Gd values to near vertical trends at low Y concentrations. For the Granodiorite,
the near vertical trend occurs at approximately 200 ppm Y and has a very sharp bend from
shallow to steep. The Earliest Porphyry has a somewhat lesser bend and the near vertical trend
begins at approximately 400 ppm Y. This trend was only noted in the Quellaveco Member rocks
of the Toquepala Group, however, Quellaveco Member rocks have a much more open curve in
the bend and the near vertical trend also occurs at higher Yb/Gd values and much higher Y
contents than in the Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry.
On the Yb/Gd versus Th/U plot, both rock types show an overall increase in Yb/Gd
values with decreasing Th/U values (Figure 3-7f). Both also show a shallow trend in the data at
high Th/U values and a steep trend in the data at low Th/U values. The inflection point of the
curve for the Earliest Porphyry occurs at slightly lower Yb/Gd and Th/U values than the
Granodiorite. Additionally there is a wider spread in the Earliest Porphyry data. Overall, both of
these units show similarities to the Toquepala Group rocks, however the Granodiorite and
Earliest Porphyry both have distinctively lower inflection points in the trend and also have a
much more open curve.
85
The EuN/EuN* values range from 0.23 to 0.70 for the Granodiorite and from 0.18 to 0.71
for the Earliest Porphyry (Figure 3-7g). There is considerable scatter in the data from both rock
types. In general the Earliest Porphyry has higher EuN/EuN* values than the Granodiorite on
average (0.35 vs. 0.42). Although the Granodiorite plots largely as a cluster, there is a slight
decreasing trend to the EuN/EuN* with increasing Hf concentrations, whereas the Earliest
Porphyry has a flat or even slightly increasing trend in EuN/EuN* values at higher Hf
concentrations. At lower Hf concentrations (<10000 ppm), the Earliest Porphyry has somewhat
higher EuN/EuN* values, indicating at least a component of the data decreases in EuN/EuN*
values with increasing Hf contents. The main difference between the pre-mineral intrusive rocks
and the Toquepala Group rocks is that the pronounced decreasing trend in EuN/EuN* values
with increasing Hf contents are not observed in the Granodiorite or the Earliest Porphyry.
CeN/CeN* values range from 4 to 452 for the Granodiorite and from 2 to 779 for the Earliest
Porphyry (Figure 3-7h). Although there is no real recognizable pattern when CeN/CeN* is plotted
against Hf, on average the Earliest Porphyry has higher CeN/CeN* values than the Granodiorite
(179 vs. 139). Both rocks types have a wide scatter over wide ranges in Hf concentrations.
However, the Earliest Porphyry has distinctively high CeN/CeN* values at higher Hf contents.
With the exception of lower CeN/CeN* values than in the Toquepala Group rocks, both the
Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry plot similar to and within the field for the Toquepala Group
zircons.
Syn-Mineral Intrusions
Three porphyry intrusive phases are temporally and spatially associated with the
majority of the Cu and Mo at Quellaveco. From oldest to youngest, these are the Early
Porphyries dykes, Intermineral Porphyry dykes and Monzodiorite Porphyry dykes. Through time
each rock types becomes volumetrically less important and are also associated with slightly
lower grades of Cu, with the exception of the Monzodiorite which has higher grades spatially
and temporally associated with it, relative to the Intermineral Porphyry suite. As these units are
spatially and temporally related to the majority of the Cu and Mo at Quellaveco, the zircons are
considered to be part of the syn-porphyry Cu-Mo units (Figure 3-8). The geochronology and
significant petrological characteristics of these units are summarized in Table 3-3 and in Chapter
2.
Hafnium contents range from 6437 ppm to 14126 ppm in the Early Porphyries, 8854
ppm to 13871 ppm in the Intermineral Porphyries and from 8855 ppm to 15644 ppm in the
Monzodiorite Porphyries. The TiO2-in-zircon thermometer for these rocks suggest minimum
86
crystallization temperatures ranging from 799C to 643C in the Early Porphyries and from
797C to 628C for the Intermineral Porphyries. No temperature data was collected for the
Monzodiorite Porphyries as only the U-Pb routine was run for the samples. Aside from one
outlier data point within the Early Porphyry, the data suggests a consistently decreasing
temperature with increasing Hf content, albeit with significant spread in the temperature and
concentration (Figure 3-8a). In general the Intermineral Porphyries have a wider spreads in the
data at lower Hf contents whereas the Early Porphyries have wider spread in the data at higher
Hf contents. Additionally, the Early Porphyries have an overall shallower trend in the data from
high temperature and low Hf to low temperature and high Hf than the Intermineral Porphyries.
In both rock types, there appears to be some evidence that there are several parallel trends in
the data. Where compared to pre-mineral rocks, the syn-mineral rocks have overall shallower
trends to their data and have wider spreads in the data, particularly at higher Hf contents and
lower temperatures.
Th/U values for the syn-mineral rocks range from 0.25 to 1.78 for Early Porphyry
zircons, from 0.26 to 1.25 for Intermineral Porphyry zircons and from 0.37 to 1.24 for
Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons. On the Th/U versus Hf plot there is an overall decreasing Th/U
trend with increasing Hf contents for all rocks types (Figure 3-8b). Overall, there is a high
degree of spread in Th/U values at a given Hf value, where compared to older rock types. Early
Porphyry zircons show high spread in their data compared to other syn-porphyry intrusions.
They form a trend that is very similar to the trends observed in pre-mineral zircons, from high
Th/U and low Hf to low Th/U and high Hf. However, the Monzodiorite Porphyries are very
distinct form the other syn-mineral units, in that the data forms a parallel trend but at higher
Th/U values (on average 0.1 higher Th/U values) at a given Hf concentration. The Monzodiorite
also has less spread in the data than does the Early and Intermineral Porphyries Compared to
the pre-mineral intrusions, the syn-mineral units have a much more consistent spread in the
data, particularly at high Hf concentrations. Additionally, no increase in the Th/U values at
values below approximately 11000 ppm Hf is noted for these units, but rather a series of
steeper sub-trends in the data is present for all rock types but is particularly pronounced in the
Early Porphyry.
Yb/Gd values range from 7 to 43 for Early Porphyry zircons, 6 to 54 for Intermineral
zircons and from 5 to 33 for Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons. On the Yb/Gd versus Hf plot all synmineral intrusions show an overall increasing Yb/Gd trend with increasing Hf concentrations
(Figure 3-8c). The Intermineral Porphyry zircons have an overall wider spread in the Yb/Gd
87
900
Legend
Early Porphyry-TE Routine

Early Porphyry-U/Pb Routine
700
Th/U
Temperature (C)
800
Intermineral Por.-TE Routine

Intermineral-U/Pb Routine
Monzodiorite-U/Pb Routine
1
E
M
E;I
600
5000
10000
Hf
15000
0
5000
60
E2;I
50
15000
4000
Yb/Gd
Steep
3000
M
20
2000
E1
Shallow
1000
10
10000
Hf
15000
0
5000
60
50
40
40
Yb/Gd
50
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
1000
2000
3000
Y
4000
5000
0
6000 0
F
E;I
Yb/Gd
0
5000
10000
Hf
5000
40
60
15000
30
10000
Hf
Th/U
Figure 3-8: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Syn-mineral rocks at Quellaveco a) Temperature vs Hf, b)
Th/U vs Hf, c) Yb/Gd vs Hf, d)Y vs Hf, e) Yb/Gd vs Y and, f) Yb/Gd vs Th/U. Note grey areas
represents area of Pre-mineral intrusion values.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are E=Early Porphyry; I=Intermineral
Porphyry; M=Monzodiorite Porphyry; subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters
where multiple are present referred to in the text.
88
1.0
1000
H
0.8
800
0.4
E;M
Eu/Eu*
0.6
I1
Legend
600
400
Ce/Ce*
I2
Early Porphyry-TE Routine

Early Porphyry-U/Pb Routine
0.2
200
Intermineral Por.-TE Routine

Intermineral-U/Pb Routine
Monzodiorite-U/Pb Routine
0.0
5000
10000
Hf
Early Porphyry
15000
0
5000
10000
Hf
15000
Figure 3-8 contd: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Syn-mineral rocks from Quellaveco g) Eu/Eu* vs Hf,
h) Ce/Ce* vs Hf and, i) through k) REE chondrite normalized zircon data from Early,
Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries. Note grey areas represent the area of samples
from Pre-mineral intrusive rocks.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are E=Early Porphyry; I=Intermineral
Porphyry; M=Monzodiorite Porphyry; subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters
where multiple are present referred to in the text. Grey lines represent individual data points,
dashed black lines represent medians and black lines represent means. Spider diagrams
normalized after the values of Sun & McDonough, 1989.
89
values at any given Hf concentration. The Early Porphyry zircons perhaps show multiple trends
in the data, one with a shallow slope from low Yb/Gd and low Hf to high Yb/Gd and high Hf,
trending to distinctive low Yb/Gd values at high Hf concentrations relative to older rock types.
The second of the Early Porphyry trends starts out parallel to the first trend but at high Yb/Gd
values for a given Hf values and has a sharp increase in Yb/Gd values at approximately 13,000
ppm Hf, a trend observed in Earliest Porphyry zircons. The Intermineral Porphyry zircons do not
show as much a pronounced trend to distinctive low Yb/Gd values at high Hf concentrations,
but does show a very sharp increase in the Yb/Gd values at approximately 13,000 ppm Hf.
While there may be parallel trends to the Intermineral zircons at lower Hf concentrations, the
data is consistently spread making it difficult to make this interpretation. As with the Th/U
values, the Yb/Gd trend is very distinct for the Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons, in that they tend
to form a cluster of data, characterized by increasing Yb/Gd with increasing Hf concentrations
to values that are unique from older pre-mineral zircons of distinctively low Yb/Gd values at
high Hf concentrations. These uniquely low Yb/Gd values at high Hf concentrations are to some
degree present in all syn-mineral intrusions and are what separate them from pre-mineral
intrusions.
Yttrium values range from 239 ppm to 4029 ppm for Early Porphyry zircons, from 182
ppm to 3038 ppm for Intermineral Porphyry zircons and from 253 ppm to 1992 ppm for
Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons. On the Y versus Hf plot all rock types show an overall
decreasing trend in Y values with increasing Hf concentrations (Figure 3-8d). The Early
Porphyry zircons show the widest spread in the data with two separate trends one steep and
another shallow from high Y and low Hf, with both converging at approximately 15,000 ppm Hf
and 200 ppm Y. The shallower of these trends is also observed in both the Intermineral and
Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons. Both the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons also
have a steeper trend in the data but is somewhat shallower than the steep trend observed in
the Early Porphyry zircons. As with the pre-mineral intrusions, the syn mineral intrusions have
distinctively low Y values relative to the Toquepala Group host rocks. On the Yb/Gd versus Y
plot the trends in the data are similar to those of the pre-mineral intrusions, with Yb/Gd values
increasing with decreasing Y concentrations and sharp increases in the Yb/Gd values at
approximately 300 ppm Y and less (Figure 3-8e). All syn-mineral rocks types have a high
amount of data plotting at high Yb/Gd and Y values above the apex of the curve formed from
the trend in the data. Additionally the apex of the curve (where there is a marked increase in
Yb/Gd values) occurs at high Yb/Gd and Y values (i.e. up and to the right on the diagram) than
for pre-mineral zircons.
90
On the Yb/Gd versus Th/U plot all syn-mineral rock types show increasing Yb/Gd with
decreasing Th/U values (Figure 3-8f). Both the Early and Intermineral Porphyries show steadily
increasing Yb/Gd with decreasing Th/U at values approximately higher than 0.5. At Th/U values
of less than 0.5 there is a marked increase in Yb/Gd values, trending towards near vertical
slopes. Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons, plot more as a cluster of data with moderate increases in
Yb/Gd values with decreasing Th/U values and a less pronounced increase in Yb/Gd values. For
syn-mineral rocks types the trends in the data occur at higher Th/U and Yb/Gd values (i.e. up
and to the right). Additionally the near vertical slopes occur at slightly higher Th/U values.
Compared to the pre-mineral intrusive rocks, there is also a wider spread in the data for all synmineral intrusions.
The EuN/EuN* values range from 0.33 to 0.59 for Early Porphyry zircons, from 0.35 to
0.97 for Intermineral Porphyry zircons and from 0.42 to 0.78 for Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons.
Overall the data show relatively flat trends EuN/EuN* versus Hf, with perhaps early EuN/EuN*
value decreases at low Hf contents and late increases in EuN/EuN* values at high Hf contents
(Figure 3-8g). Overall the flat trends occur at higher average EuN/EuN* values than observed in
the pre-mineral rocks, with average values of 0.47 for the Early Porphyry, 0.49 for the
Intermineral Porphyry and 0.50 for Monzodiorite Porphyry zircons. The Early Porphyry zircons
plot as a cluster of data overall slightly increasing in EuN/EuN* values with increasing Hf. The
Intermineral Porphyry decreases in EuN/EuN* values fairly consistently until approximately
11,500 ppm Hf, where the data become divergent, with one trend of rapidly increasing
EuN/EuN* values and the other with a shallow decrease in EuN/EuN* values at approximately Hf
contents greater than 11,500 ppm. The Monzodiorite forms a cup shape trend with decreasing
EuN/EuN* values at low Hf content and increasing EuN/EuN* values at high Hf contents. The cup
shape is observed to some degree in all syn-mineral intrusions and is more pronounced than
those observed in the pre-mineral intrusions. As with the pre-mineral intrusions distinctively
high EuN/EuN* values at high Hf contents set the syn-mineral intrusions apart from the
Toquepala Group rocks. The CeN/CeN* values range from 5 to 904 for Early Porphyry zircons,
from 2 to 1341 for Intermineral Porphyry zircons and from 1 to 1479 for Monzodiorite Porphyry
zircons. Overall there is no real pattern to the CeN/CeN* values when plotted versus Hf, though
there may be a slight increase with increasing Hf contents, however the spread in the data
make this difficult to observe (Figure 3-8h). The increase in CeN/CeN* values with increasing Hf
content is perhaps best displayed in the Monzodiorite Porphyry. Overall the syn-mineral
intrusions have higher average CeN/CeN* values than the pre-mineral intrusions with values
91
averaging 301, 314 and 424 for the Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries,
respectively.
Late Porphyry Units and Dykes

A series of small stocks and dykes crosscut the syn-mineral intrusive rocks and generally
down grade Cu and Mo contents of the rocks to below values of 0.2% Cu. These are grouped
into Late Porphyry and porphyry dykes, where the Late Porphyries and the porphyry dykes
whose relative timing to the Late Porphyries is unknown but crosscuts the other syn-mineral
units. These rock types are typically not associated spatially or temporally with significant Cu or
Mo (Figure 3-4). Since these units are spatially and temporally related to a general down
grading of the Cu and Mo at Quellaveco, they have been treated the same in the zircon
analyses and termed Late-porphyry Cu-Mo formation units (Figure 3-9). The geochronology and
significant petrological characteristics of these units are summarized in Table 3-3 and in Chapter
2.
Hafnium concentrations range from 7574 ppm to 15,376 ppm for Late Porphyry zircons
and from 8028 ppm to 14202 ppm for zircons from dykes. The TiO2-in-zircon suggests that the
minimum crystallization temperatures for the Late Porphyry ranges from 862C to 636C and
from 809C to 645C for the dykes (Figure 3-9a). In general, there is an overall decreasing
trend in the temperature with increasing Hf concentrations for both rock types. The dykes have
a much wider spread in the data, particularly at low Hf contents. Zircons from the dykes have
two parallel trends separated by approximately 50-100C at a given Hf concentration. Zircons
from the Late Porphyry stocks have wide spreads in the data and perhaps show a steeper trend
to the data and a wider spread at higher Hf contents than the syn-mineral intrusions. A similar
difference that also characterizes the pre-mineral and syn-mineral intrusions.
Th/U values range from 0.28 to 1.99 for the Late Porphyry zircons and from 0.26 to
1.40 for the zircons from the dykes. On the Th/U versus Hf plot both rock types show an overall
decreasing Th/U value with increasing Hf concentration (Figure 3-9b). As with the syn mineral
rocks, the Late Porphyry and dykes show two converging trends in the data with one steep and
shallow trend converging at approximately 15,000 ppm Hf. Overall there is also a consistently
wider spread in the data when compared to the syn-mineral intrusions, particularly with the
Late Porphyry zircons.
92
900
Legend
Late Mineral-TE Routine

Late Mineral-U/Pb Routine
800
700
600
5000
Th/U
Temperature (C)
Late Dykes-TE Routine

Late Dykes-U/Pb Routine
Steep
1
Shallow
10000
Hf
15000
0
5000
60
10000
Hf
15000
10000
Hf
15000
50
5000
40
Yb/Gd
L2;D
3000
30
L1
20
L1
10
1000
0
5000
10000
Hf
15000
5000
60
60
50
40
40
Yb/Gd
50
30
20
20
10
10
Yb/Gd
30
L2
5000
Y
Th/U
Figure 3-9: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Post-mineral rocks at Quellaveco a) Temperature vs Hf, b)
Th/U vs Hf, c) Yb/Gd vs Hf, d)Y vs Hf, e) Yb/Gd vs Y and, f) Yb/Gd vs Th/U. Note grey areas
represent areas of Syn-mineral intrusion values. All values in ppm, unless otherwise stated.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are L=Late Porphyry; D=Late Dykes;
subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters where multiple are present referred
to in the text.
93
1000
800
0.6
600
Eu/Eu*
0.8
0.4
400
Ce/Ce*
1.0
Legend
Late Mineral-TE Routine
0.2
200
Late Mineral-U/Pb Routine
0.0
5000
Late Dykes-TE Routine

Late Dykes-U/Pb Routine
10000
Hf
Late Porphyry
15000
0
5000
10000
Hf
15000
Post Mineral Porphyry Dykes
Figure 3-9 contd: Zircon mineral chemistry plots of Post-mineral rocks from Quellaveco g) Eu/Eu* vs Hf;
h) Ce/Ce* vs Hf and, i) through j) REE chondrite normalized zircon data from Late Porphyries
and Late Dykes. Note grey areas represent the area of samples from Syn-mineral intrusive
rocks. All values in ppm, unless otherwise stated.
Note: annotations on figures for trends and clusters are L=Late Porphyry; D=Late Dykes;
subscripted numbers correspond to trends and clusters where multiple are present referred
to in the text. Grey lines represent individual data points, dashed black lines represent
medians and black lines represent means. Spider diagrams normalized after the values of Sun
& McDonough, 1989.
94
Yb/Gd values range from 5 to 47 for the Late Porphyry zircons and from 9 to 60 for the
dykes. Both rock types have broadly increasing Yb/Gd values with increasing Hf contents
(Figure 3-9dc. The Late Porphyry zircons plot as two divergent trends. The first is a shallow,
consistently increasing Yb/Gd with increasing Hf and the second is a steeper trend that
continuously increases in Yb/Gd values with increasing Hf content. The dykes display only a
consistently steepening slope of increasing Yb/Gd with increasing Hf content. Overall, the postmineral intrusions plot very similar to the Early and Intermineral Porphyry zircons, with perhaps
the main difference being that the Late Porphyries and dykes have shallower slopes at Hf
values of less than 12,000 ppm Hf.
Yttrium values range from 185 ppm to 10,997 ppm for Late Porphyry zircons and from
212 ppm to 2315 ppm for zircons from dykes. When plotted versus Hf, Y values consistently
decrease with increasing Hf contents for both of the post-mineral rocks types (Figure 3-9d).
The Late Porphyry zircons have two trends of shallowly and moderately decreasing Y values
with increasing Hf, which converge at approximately 14,000 ppm Hf. The dykes plot more as a
cluster of data with consistently decreasing Y values with increasing Hf contents. Overall, these
patterns are very similar to those observed in the syn-mineral intrusions, although both of the
post-mineral rock suites appear to have slightly shallower slopes than the syn-mineral
intrusions. Additionally, the post-mineral intrusions have a higher spread in the data at lower Hf
contents. On the Yb/Gd versus Y plot, Yb/Gd values increase with decreasing Y values for both
rock types (Figure 3-9e). The inflection point, where the slope at which the Yb/Gd values versus
Y trend becomes increasingly steeper for both rocks types with decreasing Y contents until near
vertical at approximately 200 ppm Y. The main difference between the two is that the trends
for each become near flat at two different Yb/Gd values, for the Late Porphyry zircons at
approximately 10 and for the dykes at approximately 15. Overall these rock types plot very
similar to the syn-mineral intrusions, but have less spread in the data between near vertical and
horizontal trend in the data.
On the Yb/Gd versus Th/U plot, the Yb/Gd values increase with decreasing Th/U values
(Figure 3-9f). Both rock types show a relatively tight pattern of a steepening in the slope of
increasing Yb/Gd with decreasing Th/U values until near vertical slopes a Th/U values of
approximately 0.3 and near horizontal slopes at Yb/Gd values of approximately 10. Perhaps the
main difference between these rocks and the syn-mineral intrusions is the that the syn-mineral
intrusions never reach near horizontal slopes and there is more spread in the data, or a less
well developed curve in the trend from shallow to steep slopes in the syn-mineral zircons.
95
The EuN/EuN* values range from 0.24 to 0.73 for Late Porphyry zircons and from 0.26 to
0.70 for zircons form the dykes. Aside from three outlier datum, at high EuN/EuN* values and
high Hf contents there is no evidence of cup shapes to the trends in the data for the rocks
types (Figure 3-9g). Rather, there are parallel trends of consistently decreasing EuN/EuN* values
with increasing Hf contents, albeit at a much shallower angle than the Toquepala Group and
Granodiorite zircons. EuN/EuN* values average 0.49 for Late Porphyry zircon and 0.48 for
zircons from dykes. Overall these values compare very closely to the syn-mineral intrusions
though there is a slight decrease from the Monzodiorite values. The result of the consistently
decreasing trend is that the post-mineral intrusions have higher EuN/EuN* values at low Hf
values and lower EuN/EuN* values at high Hf compared to the syn-mineral intrusions. As with
the syn-mineral intrusions when CeN/CeN* is plotted versus Hf there is a very broad spread in
the data, but overall there is an increase in the CeN/CeN* value with increasing Hf contents
(Figure 3-9h). This trend is more pronounced in the Late Porphyry zircons. Overall the average
CeN/CeN* values are similar to the syn-mineral intrusions with the Late Porphyry CeN/CeN*
values averaging 351 and the dykes averaging 325. As with the EuN/EuN* this represents a
slight decrease from the values of the Monzodiorite zircons.
Zircon Chemistry Changes with Time

Several examples of discordant trends of the zircon chemistry data are present, from
rock type to rock type, within rock types, within individual samples and within individual zircons.
Values showing particularly high degrees of variability include Th/U, Yb/Gd and Y
concentrations. Additionally, there are wide variations on all diagrams where the minimum
crystallization temperatures are plotted against Hf. Figure 3-10 shows single sample spot
traverses for the granodiorite, Early Porphyry, Intermineral Porphyry and Late Porphyry. These
plots show multiple examples of increased temperatures from core to edge indicating that in
some cases high-T interiors and edges occasionally overgrow low-T centers or interiors.
In general, centers of concentrically, oscillatory-zoned zircon grains tend to be higher
temperature and lower Hf than their corresponding interiors and grain edges (Figures 3-5 and
3-10). There are a number of exceptions to this, however, where cooler, high Hf centers or
interiors are overgrown by hotter, low Hf interiors or edges as well as several grain traverses
where temperature and/or Hf behave discordantly. However, there are problems where zircon
grains have been measured in the same oscillatory zone but in different sector zones and yield
different temperatures and Hf concentrations. For this reason an attempt was made to measure
grain traverses from the same sector zone. Examples of this effect are rare within this dataset,
96
900
Explanation
A Sample Qu-283 (Granodiorite)
Grain Center
Grain Middle
11.1
850
Grain Edge
Temperature (C)
2.2
5.1
800
15.1
6.1
3.1
2.1
11.2
1.1
10.1
8.1
8.2
6.2
1.2
2.3
750
3.2
10.2
Temperature Error
(10C)
5.2
11.3
700
650
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
Hf (ppm)
800
B Sample Qu-138 (Early Porphyry)
775
8.1
2.3
Temperature (C)
750
1.2
10.1
2.2
5.2
6.2
725
1.1
11.1
11.3
10.2
2.4
10.3
5.1
5.3
700
6.1
1.3
10.4
675
To 2.1
8.2
6.3
Temperature Error
(10C)
8.3
11.2
650
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
Hf (ppm)
Figure 3-10: Plots of minimum temperature of crystallization versus Hf content in zircon from a) the
granodiorite and b) Early Porphyry. Note: plots show grain traverses from grain centers to
edges for individual zircons. #.#, Denotes zircon number and spot number.
97
800
C Sample Qu-210 (Intermineral Porphyry)
Explanation
9.1
Grain Edge
750
Temperature (C)
Grain Center
Grain Middle
1.3
4.1
4.2
7.5
3.1
3.2
1.4
8.2
7.1
9.2
4.3
7.4
700
8.1
3.3
1.1
9.3
8.3
3.4
1.2
650
4.4
7.2
Temperature Error
(10C)
600
9000
7.3
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
Hf (ppm)
900
D Sample Qu-050 (Late Porphyry)

7.2
850
Temperature (C)
800
3.1
10.3
5.2
750
9.1
10.1
6.4
5.1
10.2
8.3
11.2 6.3
11.1
12.1 3.3
7.1
1.1
6.1
700
3.2
8.1
7.3
9.2
9.3
10.4
11.3
12.2
6.2
12.3
650
Temperature Error
(10C)
600
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
Hf (ppm)
Figure 3-10 (contd): Plots of minimum temperature of crystallization versus Hf content in zircon from
c) Intermineral Porphyry and d) Late Porphyry. Note: plots show grain traverses from grain
centers to edges for individual zircons. #.#, Denotes zircon number and spot number.
98
however a good example of this occurs within sample Qu-393 (Late Porphyry) where point 4.1
(grain center; dark sector zone) measured 843C and 8178 ppm Hf, whereas the same
oscillatory zone point 4.2 (grain center; light sector zone) measured 780C and 7574 ppm Hf.
Point 4.2 was also measured along the narrow axis of the grain where the oscillatory zones are
much tighter and the analysis may have incorporated part of a different oscillatory zone
measured in point 4.1. There are additional problems with the timing of each oscillatory zone,
in that it is very difficult to determine when and where the zircon grew. For example a center of
the grain for the Intermineral Porphyry may have grown in the batholithic roots to the porphyry
system at the time the Early Porphyry was emplaced (i.e. antecrystic zircon overgrown by later
magmatic zircon more closely associated with the Intermineral Porphyry). The probability of
measuring grains or portions of grains is reduced by only analyzing for trace elements on grains
in which the centers have been incorporated into the age calculation of the rock.
The granodiorite, with the exception of grains 2 and 8 all grain traverses behave as
expected with decreasing temperature and increasing Hf (Figure 3-10a). For spots 8.1 and 8.2
as well as 2.1 and 2.2, they are within the temperature error of each other and at very similar
Hf values and may simply be centers and interiors or edges that grew at approximately the
same time (i.e. the magma chamber did not cool significantly from one oscillatory zone to the
next). However, the difference between spots 2.2 and 2.3 is outside of the temperature error
and decreases by approximately 50C at approximately the same Hf value.
The Early Porphyry largely follows a similar pattern as the granodiorite with decreasing
temperature and increasing Hf contents, albeit a shallower slope and at overall decreased
temperature at the same Hf concentration (Figure 3-10b). However, several examples of
increasing temperature within grains are recorded in the Early Porphyry. Increases in
temperature and decreasing Hf contents are recorded from spot 1.1 to 1.2 and 2.1 to 2.2;
these patterns likely represent some form of magma chamber contamination by a foreign
source. Where there are increases in temperature with decreasing Hf contents (spots 2.2 to
2.3, 5.1 to 5.26.1 to 6.2 and 11.2 to 11.3), the trend are subparallel to the main decreasing
temperature and increasing Hf trend and likely represent magma recharge or turbulent mixing
from hotter portions of the magma chamber. In one case there is a large decrease in Hf and
decrease in temperature (spot 10.1 to 10.3); this may also represent contamination from a
foreign source.
The Intermineral Porphyry follows much the same patterns as in the Early Porphyry,
however there is much more spread in the data (Figure 3-10c).
99
1. Increases in temperature and decreases in Hf content from spots 1.4 to 1.3 and 8.1 to
8.2, though the latter is within error.
2. Increases in temperature and decreases in Hf not parallel to the main fractionation trend
from spots 7.3 to 7.2 and 7.2 to 7.1.
In any case there is a wide variation in temperatures at any given Hf concentration
indicating that the magmatic system is not derived from a single cooling and fractionation
magma chamber, closed to external contamination.
The Late Porphyry perhaps shows the widest spread in the data for all porphyry types
(Figure 3-10d). Several centers at low temperatures and low Hf content (approximately 725C
and 9750 ppm Hf) are overgrown by slightly higher temperature and much higher Hf interiors
and edges. This may be further evidence for magma contamination. Also evident are possible
magma recharge trends from spots 3.2 to 3.1 and 10.2 to 10.3. Additionally, there appears to
be several parallel fractionation trends separated by approximately 50 to 100C.
Discussion
Fertile vs Non-Fertile System Identification
The global zircon database comparing zircons from igneous rocks temporally and
spatially related to ore deposits to those that are not is currently very limited. This study
indicates that there are several distinct zircon chemical patterns that distinguish igneous rocks
associated with Cu-Mo porphyry deposits at Quellaveco, southern Peru, from those that are
unrelated to Cu-Mo porphyry formation. These distinct geochemical patterns suggest that
specific and distinct magmatic processes are fundamental to the formation of giant porphyry
Cu-Mo deposits in the southern Peru. Within this dataset several patterns distinguish the
identification of seeming fertile systems versus non-fertile systems at Quellaveco. The terms
fertile-system is used because many of the geochemical features, whereas they are distinct to
the intrusive rocks spatially and temporally related to the porphyry Cu-Mo system, they may
serve primarily as process identifiers rather than geochemically distinct single intrusions (e.g.
magma contamination). For the most part, the host Toquepala Group volcanic rocks cannot be
compared as they represent several pyroclastic eruptions over time and may have been sourced
from several magma batches, explaining the wide spread in their data.
1. Compared to pre-mineral intrusions, wider spreads in almost all data occur in syn- and
post-mineral intrusions, indicating that magma contamination played an important role
in magmas more closely related to Cu-Mo mineralization (e.g. Th/U versus Hf plots).
100
2. Shallow trends in the minimum temperature versus Hf, indicating that the system
possibly stayed hotter for longer periods of time or in the very minimum over the same
Hf concentration ranges (i.e. fractionation).
3. Divergent trends in Yb/Gd values with increased fractionation with progressively
increasing Yb/Gd values being distinct to the Earliest, Early, Intermineral and
Monzodiorite porphyries (i.e. near vertical trends in Yb/Gd values at high Hf
concentrations).
4. Y serves as a good indicator for all intrusive rocks compared to Toquepala Group
volcanic rocks, in that all intrusive rocks have distinctively low Y contents (<500 ppm),
particularly at high Hf contents (>10,000 ppm ). Syn- and post-mineral rocks are
distinctive in that there is a wide spread in the data with two convergent trends of
decreasing Y concentrations at approximately 15,000 ppm Hf.
5. Yb/Gd versus Y plots show that all intrusive rocks have very sharp and well defined
kinks in the data from near zero at high Y to near vertical slopes at low Y contents.
Furthermore, syn-mineral intrusions are distinct in that they generally have lower Y
contents and higher Yb/Gd values than all other rocks. Similarly, syn-mineral intrusions
have distinctively high Yb/Gd and Th/U value relative to the post- and pre-mineral
intrusions. These results are similar to those of Wainwright (2008) and Lee (2009).
6. EuN/EuN* of >0.45 are distinctive for intrusive rocks of the syn- and post-mineral suites.
Additionally, the flat, increasing or cup shaped patterns with increasing fractionation
appear to be distinctive only for syn-mineral intrusions. These increases in slope and cup
shapes may indicate that melts with increased oxidation state were injected into the
batholitic roots prior to the emplacement of the syn-mineral porphyry dykes. These
results are similar to those of Wainwright (2008) and Lee (2009).
7. CeN/CeN* values of greater than 300 are distinct for syn- and post-mineral intrusions,
with perhaps increasing CeN/CeN* values with increasing fractionation being distinctive
for syn-mineral intrusions. These results are similar to those of Wainwright (2008) and
Lee (2009).
Magma Contamination Sources

Observations from zircon geochemical data provide evidence that the magmatic system
associated with the porphyry Cu system at Quellaveco was not a simple cooling and crystallizing
system. Some form of contamination/chemical disruptions of the magma system had to have
101
occurred in order to account for the variations observed and include source heterogeneity,
mixing of magmas from different sources, rejuvenation of magmas from the same source,
mixing of melts with distinctive fractionation histories, wall rock contamination, intermittent
injections of magma from a deeper seated mid-crustal magma chamber and turbulent mixing
within a single magma chamber where fractional crystallization has created chemical laying
within the magma chamber.
Several different scenarios for contamination of the magmas could account for the
discrete populations and trends within rock types and samples. It could be possible that the
contamination is a result of magma chamber dynamics where early chilled walls are mixed into
new magma batches that intrude older solid intrusions. This would require new magma batches
to physically scour the chamber walls and remelt all but the refractory minerals. If this were to
be the case, discordant trends should be evident at high temperatures, which is not a common
observation. Additionally, the lack of inherited zircons from walls rocks in the region argue
against this. It is also possible that there is magmatic layering caused by fractional
crystallization and settling processes. This may explain some of the variations in the trends and
groupings within individual samples and rocks types. However, we propose a hybrid system,
where a high energy magma chamber mixes the magma throughout the chamber and is
periodically contaminated by new magmatic input. From the data herein, it appears that both
magma recharge from a similar source and magma mixing of foreign magma from different
sources with different crystallization histories occurred prior to the emplacement of porphyry
dykes. Possibly the new magmatic input that mixes into upper crustal magma chambers may be
from deeper seated mid-crustal level magmatic chambers that have undergone fractional
crystallization and or have themselves been subject to intermittent new magmatic input. The
idea that mid-crustal magmatic chambers periodically release magma that ascends upwards and
mixes into upper crustal magma chambers and their potential relationships, spatially and
temporally to hydrothermal systems have been explored by several authors, most recently
Chiaradia et al.,. (2012). Chiaradia et al.,. (2012) explained anomalous Sr, Yb and Y
geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with porphyry Cu-Mo formation by suggesting that
more mafic mid crustal level magma chambers fractionate pyroxene and hornblende out of the
magma and the mid crustal magmas periodically release some fractionated magma into the
upper crust, which mixes with the mid crustal level magma chambers. Data from this study
support these ideas, though do not preclude other possibilities to explain the zircon
geochemistry discussed above. The fact that rocks not associated with porphyry Cu
development do not appear to be as complex as those that are, indicates that the discrete
102
populations and different trends in the data are fundamental to the formation of Cu-Mo fertile
magmas.
Oxidation State
Syn-mineral intrusions and post-mineral intrusions, on average, have considerably
higher EuN/EuN* and CeN/CeN* values than igneous rocks not associated with Cu-Mo
mineralization. Similar studies in Northern Chile, found that the intrusive complexes associated
with porphyry Cu systems were oxidized containing high Ce4+/Ce3+ (>300) and high EuN/EuN*
values (>0.4) (Ballard et al., 2002). For this study, Ce4+/Ce3+ values cannot be calculated and
for this reason are not directly comparable to those of Ballard (2002), instead CeN/CeN* values
have been calculated to quantify the magnitude of positive Ce anomalies. We use CeN/CeN*
values as a correlation to the Ce4+/Ce3+ of Ballard (2002) because when Ce3+ is oxidized to Ce
4+, it behaves more like Zr or Hf, and thus is preferred by zircon over the LREE (e.g. Belousova
et al., 2002). In general, trace element routine analyses were a series of points from zircon
grain centre to edge on a number of grains from one sample. U/Pb geochronology had been
completed prior trace element analyses, which showed that zircons analyzed were not
xenocrystic or contained inherited cores. This allows for the EuN/EuN* and CeN/CeN* values to
be traced with the growth of the zircon grains. However, other factors that may influence the
EuN/EuN* and CeN/CeN* values other than oxidation state are temperature (Liang et al., 2006)
and plagioclase feldspar fractionation (e.g. Belousova et al., 2002).
Regardless of the exact values of EuN/EuN* for the division between fertile and nonfertile rocks in northern Chile (0.4; Ballard, 2002), El Salvador, northern Chile (0.4; Lee, 2008),
and Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia (0.3; Wainwright, 2008), there is a common observation from all
areas, that intrusive rocks associated with and immediately post-dating porphyry Cu systems
appear to have higher EuN/EuN* values than rocks that are not directly associated with porphyry
Cu systems. At Quellaveco, zircons from syn-mineral intrusions and post-mineral intrusions have
average EuN/EuN* values of greater than 0.45, whereas all other intrusions and igneous rocks
contain zircons with EuN/EuN* values less than 0.45. In general, there is a wide variation of
EuN/EuN* values at any given Hf concentration, indicating that oxidation state (assuming
EuN/EuN* is mainly governed by oxidation state) did not remain consistent throughout the
intrusive events and in some cases within single intrusions, suggesting that contributions of
oxidized magma may have been repeatedly injected into the batholitic roots over the evolution
of the system. Aside from the Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries, all rock
types show decreasing EuN/EuN* values with increased fractionation (i.e. increasing Hf; e.g.
103
Figures 3-6f, 3-7g and 3-9g). Although not plotted herein, the same correlations are made
when EuN/EuN* is plotted versus temperature. This decreasing trend in EuN/EuN* values with
increased fractionation is what should be expected in a magma that fractionates plagioclase
feldspar. In this scenario Eu2+ is removed from the melt by plagioclase feldspar and as Hf
increases in zircon, Eu3+ will also increase in the melt. Alternatively, increasingly reduced melts
being injected into the magma batch may also create such decreasing trends in the EuN/EuN*
values with increased fractionation. The Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite
Porphyries all show vastly different patterns than the other intrusions (Figure 3-7g and 3-8g).
With increased fractionation these rock types show EuN/EuN* values that are flat or increase
with fractionation or have cup shapes where minor early decreases in EuN/EuN* values are
followed by EuN/EuN* values that increase late in the zircon growth (i.e. at increased
fractionation; Hf contents). In this scenario, either increasingly oxidized melts injected into the
magma batch with increased evolution of the system or plagioclase fractionation never occurred
or the magma was enriched in Eu3+ relative to Eu2+, so much so that any fractionated out by
plagioclase did not effect the EuN/EuN* values. As plagioclase is a main phenocryst component
to all of these rocks it is hard to believe that plagioclase fractionation does not influence the
EuN/EuN* values with increased evolution. Therefore, the most likely scenario is that
increasingly oxidized magmas where injected into the system with increased evolution of the
system. Although this not observed at El Salvador (Lee, 2009) or Oyu Tolgoi (Wainwright,
2008), both deposits do show shallower slopes to the EuN/EuN* values with increasing
fractionation for rocks types most closely linked to the porphyry Cu systems. This suggests that
a similar process may have also occurred in both of these systems as at Quellaveco.
Positive CeN/CeN* values are related to Ce4+ behaving similarly to Zr and Hf as direct
substitutions in zircon. Thus, the larger the positive anomaly the more Ce4+ available in magma.
Although there is a large scatter in the data, average values of CeN/CeN* mimic those of the
EuN/EuN* values, in the Toquepala Group rocks and pre-mineral intrusions have overall low
CeN/CeN* values whereas the Early, Intermineral, Monzodiorite and Late Porphyries all have
much higher average values. The division from rocks temporally and spatially related to Cu
mineralization all have CeN/CeN* above 300. Moreover, the values continuously increase with
time from rocks type to rock type until a maximum within the Monzodiorite samples
(CeN/CeN*=424) and decreases in the Late Porphyry stocks and dykes. However the Late
Porphyry stocks and dykes are also above CeN/CeN* values of 300. The Late Porphyry stocks
and dykes likely have these increased values, as they are still associated with significant Cu,
although Cu grades are typically less than 0.3%. Some rock types display increases in CeN/CeN*
104
values with increased fractionation, though there is a wide spread in the data. Rock types
displaying this increase include syn-mineral and post-mineral intrusions. This increase in
CeN/CeN* is correlative with the increased EuN/EuN* values, especially with the syn-mineral
intrusions. That is, both the CeN/CeN* and EuN/EuN* values and trends are consistent with
increasing or in the very least neutral oxidation state. The wide spread in the data and lack of
any robust correlation may indicate that other factors, such as temperature or subtle variations
La and Pr are affecting the CeN/CeN* values in zircon.
Conclusions
Zircon geochemistry from Quellaveco suggests that QIC intrusions are derived from
fractionating and cooling magmatic systems which were subject to periodic geochemical
disturbance. Fractionation and cooling trends are commonly complicated by mixing of fresh
magma of both similar and foreign sources into the batholithic roots of the porphyry system.
High spread in Th/U, Yb/Gd, EuN/EuN*, CeN/CeN*, Hf and Y indicate that mixed magmas came
from distinctive reservoirs. A number of differentiation characteristics distinguish syn and latemineral intrusions from the rest including Y contents, Yb/Gd and Th/U values. The presence of
zircons with high EuN/EuN*, CeN/CeN* and Yb/Gd with low Y contents for syn- and late-mineral
intrusions differentiate them from older intrusive and volcanic rocks not related to the formation
of the porphyry Cu-Mo system. Divergent trends on many plots may be explained by mixing of
magmas with different fractionation histories or source areas as well as rejuvenation. Trends in
EuN/EuN* may be explained either by plagioclase fractionation or possibly oxidation effects,
specifically injections of increased oxidation with increased differentiation.
The study of zircon geochemistry at Quellaveco indicates that magma chamber
processes, source heterogeneity, oxidation state and magma mixing are related to the
formation of the Cu-Mo porphyry system at Quellaveco and is comparable to other studies at
Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia and El Salvador, northern Chile. Identification of these processes is critical
to the evaluation of fertile non-fertile magmatic processes associated with the formation of
giant porphyry Cu-Mo systems. We propose a high energy magma chamber capable of mixing
magmas thoroughly to create discordant trends and changes in temperature and Hf content
with the growth of individual zircons. Mixing of magmas, particularly mafic, may have
contributed to a bulk increase in the S and Cu budgets of the system. Intrusive rocks from preto post mineral intrusions, particularly all of the porphyritic intrusions associated with the
porphyry Cu-Mo system show very little to no inheritance from wall rocks, indicating that
105
magma contamination via remelting of wall rock was not a major component to the formation
of the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system.
106
Chapter 4: Geochemistry of the Quellaveco Igneous Complex

(QIC) in the Southern Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene Porphyry Cu
Belt
Introduction
Porphyry deposits are important sources of copper, molybdenum and gold; and are
located within modern continental and island arcs, in addition to ancient orogenic belts.
Linkages between magmatic rocks and porphyry deposits are well established in these
environments; as such research pertaining to the magmas are of great importance to
explorationists as well as academics interested in tectono-magmatic processes associated with
volcanic arcs. Recent studies have established that copper-bearing porphyry deposits are
temporally and spatially associated with upper-crustal (1-3 km) emplacement of a complex
series of porphyritic stocks and dykes in and above the cupola zone of a calc-alkaline batholith
(Gustafson and Hunt, 1975; Dilles, 1987). Although volcanic arcs and associated magmatic
rocks are common globally, the petrologic and petrochemical characteristics of magmatic rocks
associated with porphyry Cu-Mo (-Au) deposits is relatively uncommon within the broader
volcanic arc, within which they are contained. Intrusions associated with porphyry copper
deposits are generally hydrous and strongly oxidized (e.g. Dilles, 1987), but are otherwise very
similar to other magmatic rocks within the arc (Cline and Bodnar, 1991). Additionally, some
authors have speculated that porphyry copper deposits, particularly in island arc settings, are
associated with adakitic compositions (Thieblemont et al., 1997), although the interpretations
as to how this geochemical signature are a topic of recent debate (Richards, 2007). Although
not necessarily important to this study, gold rich porphyry deposits have been correlated with
alkaline rocks, particularly of shoshonitic composition (Sillitoe, 1997, Mueller et al., 2001). More
recently, several authors have documented input/mixing of mafic magmas into the intermediate
to felsic porphyry complex (Cornejo et al., 1997; Hattori and Keith, 2001; Pollard and Taylor,
2002; Maughan et al., 2002), which may have very important implications for the overall
sulphur budgets in the systems, particularly where no other sulphur sources are available
(Chambefort et al., 2008).
The Quellaveco porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit is typical of porphyry deposits
found within modern calc-alkaline, continental arcs. The deposit is located in the Southern Peru
Paleocene to Eocene porphyry copper belt (Figure 4-1) and is spatially and temporally related to
107
80W
75W
70W
65W
0S
ECUADOR
COLUMBIA
Coastal Areas
Quito
Western Corillera
Iquitos
5S
Eastern Cordillera
o
R
ra
Ma
Subandean Zone
Eastern Lowlands
BRAZIL
n
Tre
Shield
Ro
Uca
ch
10S
yali
Lima
fic
ci
Pa
Cuzco
BOLIVIA
PERU
O
an
ce
15S
Arequipa
Tr
e
nc
Cerro Verde
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
La Paz
Peru
Pacific Ocean
Potasi
20S
Iquique
250
Santa
Cruz
Cerro Colorado
Spence
500km
Antofagasta
CHILE
ARGENTINA
108
a complex series of intrusive phases that compose the Quellaveco Igneous Complex (QIC).
Compared to their younger Chilean brethren, the porphyry deposits of Southern Peru Paleocene
to Eocene porphyry copper belt and their associated intrusive rocks have been much less
studied and as a result are less well understood and documented. The goal of this paper is to
present petrologic and lithogeochemical data to compliment the geochronological constraints of
all intrusive rocks as pat of this study (Chapter 2), in addition to recently published
geochronologic data of Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010). This data is compared to porphyry
intrusions from other porphyry Cu-Au districts as well as to rocks that are common in island arc
environments in order to identify the characteristics of the OTIC porphyries that are different
from most arc rocks and place the OTIC intrusions in a global context. Additionally, we
constrain the tectono-magmatic history of the IOC by applying wholerock geochemical data to
the rocks that we have already constrained with U-Pb geochronology. Finally, we discuss
possible petrogenetic linkages between the unique characteristics and the porphyry Cu-Aufertile magmas.
Geology of Quellaveco
America) marks the beginning of the Andean orogen (Coira et al.,, 1982; Davidson and
formation of significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantlederived magmatic rocks (Jones, 1981; Atherton et al.,, 1983, 1985) and detritus from the rift
margins (Benavide, 1956; Wilson, 1983, 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by
Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma); late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous (95110Ma) in Peru (Pitcher et al.,, 1995; Mukasa, 1986a, b) and Chile (Clark et al.,, 1976;
Mpodozis and Ramos, 1989).
109
southern Peru during the latest Cretaceous (66Ma) and into the Paleogene (59Ma) (Clark et al.,,
batholiths (Yarabamaba super suite) in the Quellaveco area (Figure 4-2).
and granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru and progressively young
to the south in northern Chile, from 60-52.3Ma (Mukasa 1986a, Clark et al., 1990a). A strong
equigranular granodiorite intrusive complex (~60Ma; Chapter 2, Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010),
which intruded into Toquepala Group (~92Ma-65Ma; Simmons, unpublished data) volcanic
rocks (Figures 4-2; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; and Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000b). Several
generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced into the granodiorite batholith from 53Ma to
58Ma (Chapter 2; Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), and are spatially associated with hydrothermal
alteration and mineralization (Figure 4-3).
(from oldest to youngest) the Earliest, Early, Intermediate, Monzodiorite, and Late/Post suites
(Table 4-1). The Earliest Porphyry is characterised by its fine grained, crowded porphyritic
texture and contains abundant, net texture magnetite-chalcopyrite veins. Typically, the Earliest
Porphyries range from monzodiorite to quartz-monzonite, are not volumetrically important,
though may contain high grade Cu (>1%), and was emplaced into the complex at
approximately 58.5Ma-57.5Ma (Chapter 2; Early Porphyry of Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2011). The
Early Porphyries are volumetrically the most important intrusions type and is spatially
associated with the most Cu within the Quellaveco Intrusive complex (though lower grade than
110
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
111
Legend
328500 mE
328000 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8110500 mN
8110500 mN
Intrusive Rocks

Pit outline
8110000 mN

3
m
810
Contour spacing 10m

8109500 mN
8109500 mN
8109000 mN
8109000 mN
348
Rio Asana
0m
328500 mE
8107500 mN
328000 mE
8108000 mN
327500 mE
8108000 mN
327000 mE
8108500 mN
326500 mE
8108500 mN
8107500 mN
112
Table 4-1 Summary of textural and mineralogical differences between porphyry suites at Quellaveco
Suite
Age (Ma)
Rock Type
Phenocryst
%
50-65
Earliest
57.5-58.6
Early
55.9-56.6
Qtz Monzonite
Granodiorite
50-60
Intermineral 1
55.7-57.1
Granodiorite
Monzogranite
40-50
Intermineral 2
56.3-57.0
Qtz monzodiorite
Qtz monzonite
50-60
Monzodiorite
55.2-57.2
Monzodiorite
Qtz Monzonite
25-30
Late/Post
53.9-55.5
Granodiorite
60-65
Alteration
Plag>>Kfs>Bt
Bt-MagKfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
BtKfsMag
late QtzSer
Comments

Cp-Mag-Py-Mo;
-microphenocrystic
-sub-rounded stocks

Cl-Ep
Kfs=Potassium Feldspar, Hbld=Hornblende, Ser=Sericite, Cl=Chlorite, Ep=Epidote, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Py=Pyrite, Mo=Molybdenite
Alteration is given as the dominant alterion minerals spatially associated with the porphyry suite at elevations between 3000-3500m
113
the Earliest, 0.5%-0.8% Cu). Early Porphyries are crowded and coarse grained (>10mm
phenocrysts), ranging from quartz-monzonite to granodiorite and was emplaced at
approximately 57.0Ma-56.5Ma (Chapter 2; possibly Intermineral or unsampled from Sillitoe and
Montensen, 2010). Intermineral Porphyries rang from granodiorite to monzogranite and are
typically coarse grained (>10mm phenocrysts)and crowded with characteristically rounded
(resorbed) feldspars. The Intermineral Porphyries are spatially and temporally related to the
second most amount of Cu and comprise the volumetrically second most important unit and
was emplaced at approximately 56.5Ma-56.0Ma (Chapter 2; Intermineral of Sillitoe and
Mortensen, 2010). The Monzodiorite Porphyries make up the third most volumetrically
important unit and are spatially and temporally correlated with significant Cu (.6%-1%).
Intermineral Porphyries range from monzodiorite-quartz monzonite with characteristically low
phenocryst content (<25%) and were emplaced at approximately 55.5Ma-56.5Ma (Chapter 2).
Post and Lat Mineral Porphyries are associated with low concentrations of Cu (<0.2%) and
were emplaced at approximately 53Ma-55Ma (Chapter 2; Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). Post
emplacement uplift and weathering during the Miocene and later times resulted in supergene
oxidation and enrichment of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit (Tosdal et al., 1981;
Quang et al., 2005).
Analytical Methods and Rational

Seventy-three samples reflecting the petrologic range of Late Cretaceous to Eocene
igneous rocks in the district were analyzed for major and trace elements. All seventy-three
samples are from rocks that comprise the QIC; an additional one hundred and sixteen samples
were taken from the old and younger rocks from areas between the Toquepala and Cuajone
Mines; but are not discussed in this chapter. All samples were analyzed at Acme Analytical
Laboratories in Vancouver, Canada. Major elements and selected trace elements were
determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), rare earth elements (REE) and remaining
trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Although an attempt was made to collect least altered samples through field screening
and thin section evaluation, some samples are weakly altered as these rocks are associated
with giant porphyry Cu-Au deposits. Rocks that were particularly problematic to collect
minimally altered samples include the Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite porphyries,
all other rocks may be found to be relatively unaltered. Inevitably, some of the analyzed
samples are partially altered and the alteration usually takes place in the form of chloritization
of mafic minerals, sericite replacing feldspars as well as carbonate introduction, within the Early
114
and Late porphyries, Post-mineral dykes and the regional granodiorite. Potassium feldspar,
magnetite and biotite alteration dominate with late sericite over printing alteration within the
Earliest, Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite porphyries. Wherever possible, we used a
diamond saw to cut off visibly altered and vein material during preparation of samples for
submission to Acme Labs. Relatively soluble elements such as Si, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na and K are
known to be mobile during hydrothermal events; therefore we have placed more emphasis on
lithogeochemical characterization based on rare-earth elements (REE) and high field-strength
elements (HFSE), which are relatively immobile under low-grade metamorphic conditions and
hydrothermal events. Some emphasis is placed on Y and Yb, which are also relatively immobile
and the results are sufficiently greater than the detections limits such that they are robust.
Results
Whole rock geochemistry of samples from the QIC are presented herein. Of the seventythree samples from the QIC, fifteen are from the regional granodiorite (n=15), one from the
Earliest Porphyry (n=1), fifteen from the Early Porphyry (n=15), six from the Intermineral
Porphyry (n=6), four from the Monzodiorite Porphyry (n=4), twenty form the Late Porphyry
(n=20) and twelve from Post-Mineral Dykes (n=12). Only one sample of the Earliest Porphyry
was selected due to the scarcity of the unit within the QIC and due to the intense biotite, Kfeldspar and magnetite alteration often observed within this unit. Additionally, rocks from both
the Monzodiorite and Intermineral Porphyries are less prevalent and reasonably more Kfeldspar, biotite altered than the Early Porphyry, which is why a disproportionate amount less of
these samples were selected for whole rock geochemistry. Analytical results for the igneous
suites are presented in Appendix 2 and only selected representative samples are presented in
Table 4-2.
Lithogeochmisty of the QIC Igneous Rocks

Pre-Mineral Rocks
Pre-mineral rocks are defined at Quellaveco as consisting of the Regional Granodiorite
batholithic suites and the Earliest Porphyries. Regional Granodiorite units range in size from 2
by 5 km to several 10s of kms by several 10s of kms and are elongated in a NE direction and
range in age from 60.9Ma to 59.0Ma (Chapter 2). Although the granodiorite unit may be
significantly mineralized adjacent to the porphyritic intrusions, minimal to no Cu-bearing veins
or hydrothermal alteration is known to accompany this unit prior to being intruded by the
porphyritic igneous suites of the QIC. The Earliest Porphyry unit is included within the Pre115
Table 4-2: Whole rock analytical data for rocks at Quellaveco

Sample
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
Cr2O3
TiO2
MnO
P2O5
LOI
TOT/C
TOT/S
Total
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sn
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Mo
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ag
Ni
Co
Mn
As
Cd
Sb
Bi
Cr
Tl
Hg
Se
Te
Ge
Re
Be
Ba
Sc
Qu009
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppb
Ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
70.1
17.75
0.58
1.73
0.36
5.26
1.69
0.001
0.34
0.01
0.06
1.9
0.01
0.01
99.83
1.3
14.7
2.5
4.2
50.8
2
634.6
0.2
2.4
1.7
27
8.4
94.1
2.8
7
13.8
1.64
7.2
1.44
0.56
1.03
0.17
0.65
0.1
0.26
0.04
0.24
0.05
5.16
79.31
8.31
9.7
976
10
0.8
34
0.1
0.01
0.03
0.26
3.4
0.04
5
0.2
0.02
0.1
2
0.1
380
3
Qu058
70.08
16.65
1.68
2.5
0.31
3.83
2.62
0.001
0.34
0.02
0.04
1.8
0.01
0.17
99.95
1.6
17.3
2.9
4.9
55.4
1
564.1
0.3
4.4
2.6
27
2
95.9
4.8
12.4
26.2
2.9
10.7
1.79
0.63
1.23
0.2
0.85
0.14
0.41
0.07
0.44
0.08
0.93
295.17
1.58
15.6
392
10
1.3
71
0.2
0.02
0.04
0.34
5.8
0.03
5
0.3
0.03
0.1
1
0.1
683
5
Qu349
65.87
16.51
4.12
0.95
1.52
1.73
4.03
0.001
0.34
0.06
0.15
4.3
0.04
2.37
99.69
2.2
18.2
2.9
3.6
110.6
3
215.1
0.2
3.4
1.9
49
11.4
107.2
7.2
14.1
29.6
3.4
11.7
2.18
0.59
1.5
0.25
1.05
0.2
0.61
0.1
0.59
0.1
4.97
1665.05
7.6
271.3
835
10
5.6
345
0.4
1.27
0.07
1.67
2.6
0.19
5
1.5
0.18
0.1
7
0.3
997
5
Earliest
Qu389
64.39
16.12
4.5
3.51
1.82
3.84
1.76
0.003
0.51
0.06
0.17
3.1
0.13
2.34
99.84
3.6
17.9
3.5
5.2
52.9
3
551.3
0.3
10
3.8
77
9.5
110.7
10.9
22.8
46.2
5.08
18.6
2.95
0.98
2.21
0.4
1.64
0.32
0.88
0.15
0.86
0.15
23.38
961
21.91
105.4
638
10
11.9
421
1.6
0.43
1.82
0.89
13.8
0.04
5
0.9
0.14
0.1
3
0.2
441
8
Qu396
65.34
16.13
4.98
1.08
1.27
1.58
4.2
0.001
0.44
0.05
0.15
3.8
0.12
2.4
99.08
3.3
16.4
3.2
4.8
110.3
4
171.2
0.3
5.4
2.1
66
17.8
105.8
8.4
20.2
41.3
4.61
16.1
2.66
0.83
1.72
0.31
1.33
0.26
0.65
0.12
0.66
0.11
190.06
9086.94
14.27
81
4897
10
13.6
323
0.1
0.73
0.17
8.42
5.5
0.09
8
4
0.03
0.1
68
0.2
513
6
Early Porphyry
Qu027
69.37
17.39
1.71
0.71
0.46
5.65
1.98
0.001
0.39
0.02
0.05
2
0.01
0.02
99.77
1.1
18.5
2.8
4.4
71.2
2
423.4
0.2
3.1
2.6
47
8.4
100.9
3.5
3
5
0.53
2.1
0.4
0.22
0.46
0.1
0.44
0.1
0.32
0.05
0.39
0.08
1.53
586.4
9.78
30.7
997
10
0.7
45
0.7
0.04
0.09
1.83
3.3
0.06
7
0.4
0.14
0.1
1
0.1
331
5
Qu164
72.81
15.84
1.13
0.5
0.44
3.43
3.11
0.001
0.33
0.01
0.03
2.3
0.01
0.01
99.98
3.8
15.7
3
5.4
75.4
1
346.1
0.3
1.7
1.2
29
5.2
94
3.7
6.3
12.5
1.49
5.5
0.97
0.21
0.7
0.12
0.54
0.1
0.34
0.06
0.4
0.07
0.6
162.84
5.3
1.5
191
10
0.2
9
0.2
0.01
0.04
0.12
1.4
0.06
8
0.4
0.02
0.1
1
0.1
496
4
Qu345
65.91
15.54
2.02
3.85
1.46
4.88
1.64
0.002
0.41
0.06
0.17
3.7
0.12
1.26
99.69
1.2
14.4
3.1
4.9
49.5
1
699.3
0.3
6.4
2.4
57
7.6
104.3
8.6
40.5
75.7
8.03
25.3
3.82
0.93
2.14
0.36
1.35
0.24
0.67
0.12
0.66
0.1
62.93
2637.03
3.58
40.9
1014
10
3.4
369
0.2
0.14
0.24
0.07
7.4
0.06
5
1
0.04
0.1
31
0.2
412
7
Qu395
68.4
16.02
2.3
3.12
1
4.22
2.44
0.001
0.33
0.04
0.14
1.6
0.08
0.72
99.7
3
16.8
2.7
4.3
55.2
1
644.9
0.3
3.7
1.3
43
3.3
94.4
7.7
15.7
32.3
3.64
13.1
2.16
0.73
1.42
0.29
1.15
0.22
0.56
0.11
0.58
0.11
19.78
924.17
2.48
25
395
10
5.2
246
2.5
0.07
0.31
0.18
6.5
0.07
22
0.5
0.03
0.1
24
0.2
763
4
116
Table 4-2 (contd): Whole rock analytical data for rocks at Quellaveco
Sample
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
Cr2O3
TiO2
MnO
P2O5
LOI
TOT/C
TOT/S
Total
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sn
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Mo
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ag
Ni
Co
Mn
As
Cd
Sb
Bi
Cr
Tl
Hg
Se
Te
Ge
Re
Be
Ba
Sc
Qu210
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppb
Ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
70.88
17.06
0.78
1.78
0.34
6.19
0.95
0.001
0.35
0.01
0.05
1.5
0.01
0.29
99.91
0.8
14.1
3.1
4.7
28
2
625.1
0.2
3.8
3
30
11.4
110.9
2.1
5.3
10.1
1.2
5
1
0.38
0.6
0.1
0.42
0.07
0.19
0.04
0.3
0.06
15.36
506.66
2.96
14
1670
10
1.3
76
0.1
0.01
0.04
0.18
4.1
0.02
5
1
0.03
0.1
14
0.1
196
5
Qu242
72.07
16.19
2.61
0.05
0.62
0.18
4.9
0.001
0.34
0.01
0.05
2.8
0.01
0.04
99.86
2
14.4
2.6
4.8
146.5
5
107.5
0.2
3
1.3
58
20.2
95.8
4
16.1
29.2
2.82
9.6
1.3
0.33
0.74
0.14
0.61
0.11
0.35
0.05
0.42
0.09
27.21
197.6
0.83
8.1
185
10
0.2
22
1.6
0.01
0.07
0.51
1.5
0.07
5
1.3
0.16
0.1
1
0.1
388
5
Qu494
66.15
17.04
1.82
2.3
1.26
3.12
3.86
0.002
0.42
0.04
0.12
3
0.07
0.63
99.16
2.9
16
3.1
4.7
92.6
3
1262
0.3
3.4
1.7
29
11.3
111.1
6.8
17.3
35.4
3.98
15.3
2.65
0.75
2.01
0.24
1.29
0.2
0.64
0.07
0.66
0.07
65.32
3982.6
6.91
37.2
1323
10
3.2
249
0.7
0.23
0.21
0.24
4.2
0.02
12
1.8
0.06
0.1
23
0.2
801
5
Qu509
66.56
17.03
1.77
2.5
1.09
3.62
3.8
0.003
0.41
0.03
0.16
2.2
0.06
0.6
99.16
2.4
16.3
2.8
4.5
82.5
2
764.1
0.3
3.5
1.6
41
9.9
104.9
6.7
17.4
35.2
3.92
14.8
2.57
0.73
1.93
0.22
1.19
0.2
0.6
0.07
0.62
0.07
164.51
4365.19
4.95
37
1231
10
2.4
207
2.2
0.3
0.28
0.27
5.2
0.02
5
2.3
0.05
0.1
65
0.1
793
5
Qu327
67.96
16.22
2.62
1.73
1.24
3.27
3.02
0.001
0.34
0.03
0.16
2.8
0.01
1.23
99.48
3
15.8
2.7
4.2
69.9
2
469.8
0.3
3
1.4
50
6.2
94.4
7.2
17.4
37
4.33
15
2.67
0.74
1.65
0.28
1.22
0.22
0.6
0.1
0.64
0.11
84.35
3877.43
4.91
48.2
1241
10
12.6
177
0.3
0.06
0.24
0.1
4.5
0.03
5
2.3
0.03
0.1
52
0.6
694
5
Qu460
63.65
17.07
3.36
1.74
1.39
2.75
5.49
0.002
0.42
0.04
0.17
2.3
0.03
1.26
98.41
2
17
3
4.6
125.3
4
706.9
0.3
3.2
2.4
62
19.7
107.4
7.2
18.3
36.7
4.33
16.6
2.75
0.7
2.1
0.26
1.3
0.23
0.68
0.1
0.74
0.11
591.52
9262.65
4.11
42.6
2738
10
8.8
295
0.1
0.63
0.46
0.33
5.5
0.09
41
3.7
0.08
0.1
195
0.3
1481
6
Qu461
65.17
16.68
2.16
2.51
1.23
3.24
4.77
0.002
0.43
0.03
0.18
2.7
0.03
0.92
99.14
2.4
15.6
3.3
4.8
111.7
3
794.9
0.3
3
1.8
65
19.6
110.6
7.1
17.2
34.4
4.01
16.1
2.62
0.71
1.98
0.25
1.26
0.23
0.67
0.1
0.68
0.11
283.91
3953.88
4.27
31.5
1247
10
5.2
212
0.5
0.33
0.17
0.14
5.8
0.1
16
1.9
0.05
0.1
86
0.2
1063
6
Late Porphyry
Qu026
66.07
16.64
3.68
2.32
1.18
4.94
2.55
0.001
0.36
0.15
0.13
1.7
0.02
0.02
99.82
0.8
17.3
2.8
4.7
62.2
1
596.1
0.2
3.8
1.4
53
2.3
103.2
19.4
21
44.3
5.14
21.2
4.31
1.15
3.78
0.67
3.19
0.54
1.58
0.21
1.32
0.2
0.51
1222.65
3.93
102.9
645
10
2.5
698
0.8
0.37
0.15
0.24
6.4
0.03
5
0.1
0.05
0.1
1
0.1
871
6
Qu171
66.35
17.14
3.46
3.19
1.29
3.88
2.11
0.001
0.41
0.04
0.15
1.8
0.01
0.02
99.91
2.5
17.3
2.9
4.5
34.9
1
625
0.2
3.7
1.2
52
0.6
105.5
10.4
19.8
42.8
5.19
20.5
3.62
0.99
2.52
0.43
1.84
0.29
0.82
0.12
0.81
0.14
0.44
511.61
1.45
26.7
128
10
6.3
233
0.5
0.05
0.15
0.02
5.4
0.02
5
0.1
0.03
0.1
1
0.1
732
6
117
Table 4-2 (contd): Whole rock analytical data for rocks at Quellaveco
Late Porphyry
Sample
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
Cr2O3
TiO2
MnO
P2O5
LOI
TOT/C
TOT/S
Total
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sn
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Mo
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ag
Ni
Co
Mn
As
Cd
Sb
Bi
Cr
Tl
Hg
Se
Te
Ge
Re
Be
Ba
Sc
Qu206
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppb
Ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
72.51
15.34
0.91
1.74
0.5
4.29
3.27
0.001
0.24
0.04
0.06
1
0.01
0.01
99.98
1
14.3
2.8
4.7
57.7
1
501
0.2
6.9
2.2
28
4.1
85.5
3.1
14.7
28.1
3.04
11.3
1.62
0.43
0.82
0.12
0.45
0.07
0.23
0.04
0.31
0.06
5.67
117.28
7.95
23.7
307
10
0.2
231
0.3
0.02
0.07
0.25
3.4
0.02
5
0.2
0.04
0.1
1
0.1
653
3
Qu232
70.3
16.21
0.66
1.96
0.78
4.06
3.34
0.001
0.36
0.04
0.04
2
0.01
0.02
99.83
1.9
14.9
3.3
5.5
60.4
1
528.7
0.3
4.7
2.9
29
5.7
122
3.5
14
27
2.98
10.9
1.72
0.53
1
0.15
0.64
0.11
0.29
0.05
0.35
0.07
3.78
87.92
2.58
57.7
543
10
0.3
235
0.3
0.03
0.31
0.12
4.1
0.03
5
0.1
0.02
0.1
1
0.1
706
5
Qu348
63.41
15.99
2.41
4.3
1.4
3.58
3.04
0.001
0.43
0.04
0.18
4.6
0.09
2.02
99.47
1.1
13.9
2.7
5.1
74.3
3
659.1
0.2
4.1
3.2
57
10.4
105
7.1
16.4
33.4
3.83
13.5
2.29
0.78
1.63
0.25
1.2
0.23
0.59
0.09
0.55
0.1
117.51
3259.34
3.35
38.1
1334
10
3.6
255
0.1
0.09
0.12
0.12
5.8
0.04
5
1.5
0.02
0.1
48
0.1
735
6
Post-Mineral Dykes
Qu425
65.1
17.33
3.13
2.57
1.58
3.62
2.19
0.002
0.42
0.05
0.18
3.4
0.21
1.21
99.61
4.7
17.2
3.2
4.5
56.9
2
475.1
0.3
3.3
1.4
55
8.5
115.5
7.4
17.1
34.8
3.97
16
2.72
0.75
2.04
0.24
1.37
0.22
0.67
0.08
0.68
0.09
16.32
1342.36
6.36
34.7
475
10
8.8
372
0.3
0.09
0.08
0.11
4.6
0.05
5
1.6
0.02
0.1
8
0.2
736
6
Qu145B
67.24
15.91
2.66
3.31
0.96
3.99
2.27
0.001
0.33
0.03
0.12
3
0.01
0.01
99.91
2
16.7
2.5
5
37.9
1
579.5
0.3
3.6
1.1
44
1.1
89.4
6.9
14.7
30.4
3.47
13.3
2.19
0.67
1.58
0.25
1.15
0.19
0.56
0.1
0.58
0.1
1.77
685.69
0.64
23.1
255
10
3.5
178
0.2
0.04
0.05
0.03
5.7
0.02
5
0.1
0.02
0.1
1
0.1
743
5
Qu163
71.75
17.18
0.33
0.61
0.38
4.94
1.73
0.001
0.43
0.01
0.05
2.5
0.02
0.04
99.97
2.8
18.3
2.9
4.9
60.2
1
581
0.3
2.9
1.5
46
2.5
101.8
5.2
10.4
20.4
2.08
6.8
0.93
0.21
0.6
0.12
0.67
0.14
0.45
0.08
0.52
0.09
0.53
38.53
3.95
7.9
1885
10
0.5
9
0.1
0.01
0.05
0.58
1.4
0.05
5
0.1
0.02
0.1
1
0.1
517
5
Qu351
65.5
16.66
2.83
2.59
1.52
4.81
2.56
0.001
0.42
0.12
0.21
2.3
0.02
1.52
99.65
2.2
18.4
2.9
4
52.1
1
606.2
0.2
2.9
1.9
57
8.8
108.1
8.3
16.7
35.6
4.27
15.6
2.78
0.77
1.85
0.3
1.3
0.25
0.67
0.1
0.63
0.11
0.57
540.94
8.58
1041.8
498
10
3.7
763
0.5
5.4
0.09
1.82
7.2
0.1
5
0.6
0.15
0.1
1
0.3
1061
6
Qu362
64.25
16.65
3.02
3.54
1.21
4.81
1.14
0.001
0.44
0.05
0.21
4.4
0.14
1.94
99.78
3
18.4
3.1
3.8
35.2
1
922.4
0.2
2
1.6
56
4.6
113.2
7
17.9
36.7
4.46
15.5
2.86
0.79
1.76
0.27
1.2
0.2
0.49
0.07
0.5
0.08
1.18
51.04
7.15
31.6
110
10
4.9
288
0.6
0.07
0.1
0.62
3.7
0.02
5
0.9
0.08
0.1
1
0.3
542
5
Qu385
67.17
16.19
3.35
2.54
1.09
3.86
3.01
0.001
0.31
0.18
0.13
2
0.05
1.12
99.94
2.1
17.6
2.7
4
88.4
1
627
0.2
3.2
1.2
42
3.4
98.6
7.5
18.2
36.3
3.98
14.7
2.26
0.73
1.59
0.27
1.14
0.22
0.57
0.09
0.57
0.1
1.21
227.99
19.85
90.6
196
10
5.9
891
1.1
0.25
0.13
1.09
6.9
0.14
16
0.5
0.23
0.1
3
0.1
962
4
118
Mineral suites due to its relatively low overall volumetric importance, even though significant
Cu-Mo-bearing vein deposition and alteration followed the emplacement of this unit. The
Earliest Porphyry occurs solely as large (up to approximately 20,000m3) xenoliths within the
Early Porphyry unit. Cu-Mo associated with this unit, while high grade, only accounts for less
than 5% of the overall Cu and Mo within the Quellaveco deposit. This unit was emplaced from
approximately 59.0Ma to 57.0Ma (Chapter 2).
Major Elements
The Regional Granodiorite, which hosts the majority of the porphyritic intrusions, ranges
in composition from 63.6% to 75.1% SiO2, while the lone Earliest Porphyry sample has a SiO2
value of 65.3% (Table 4-2). The Regional Granodiorite trend from near diorite compositions
through granodiorite and into the granite fields of Lebas et al.,. (1986) of silica versus total
alkalies petrochemical discrimination plot (Figure 4-4a). The majority of which plot within the
granodiorite field. On the same plot the Earliest Porphyry plots as a granodiorite (Figure 4-4a).
The outlier sample of the regional granodiorite (Qu-381) containing 75.1% SiO2, was collected
from near the Toquepala mine and is an apalitic sub-phase of the regional granodiorite that
cross cut the main batholithic granodiorite.
Regional Granodiorite samples are not overly alkaline with K2O contents ranging from
1.7% to 5.3% (average 2.6%), with the high sample again being aplite (Qu-381). The
K2O/Na2O ratios ranging from 0.32 to 2.33 (average 0.77). On the SiO2 versus K2O classification
plot of Peccerillo and Taylor (1976) the Regional Granodiorite plots mainly within the calcalkaline series, while the lone data point for the Earliest Porphyry plots well into the high-K calc
alkaline series (Figure 4-4b). Samples of the Regional Granodiorite that plot well into the high-K
calc alkaline field probably experienced some degree of potassium introduction during
subsequent hydrothermal K-feldspar and biotite alteration associated younger porphyry
intrusions. Likewise the sample of Earliest Porphyry is significantly K-feldspar, biotite and
magnetite altered and likely experienced significant potassium introduction during later
hydrothermal alteration.
Respectively, for the Regional Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry MgO ranges from
0.3% to 2.3% and 1.3%, while Al2O3 ranges from 12.7% to 17.8% and 16.1%. No trends can
be determined from the Earliest Porphyry as only a single analysis was completed for this rock
type. For the Regional Granodiorite MgO decreases with increasing SiO2, while Al2O3 increases
slightly (Figure 4-4c-d). The data point for Qu-381, again plots as an outlier and is off of the
main trend defined by the rest of the Regional Granodiorite samples. Minor silica introduction
119
16
14
Earliest Porphyry
5
Syenite
10
Granite
K 2O
Monzonite
8
Shoshonitic Series
4
3
High-K CalcAlkaline Series
6
4
Granodiorite
Diorite
Quartz diorite
Calc-Alkaline Series
Arc Tholeiite Series

0
0
35
Monzonite
Monzodiorite
Regional Granodioite
12
Na 2O+K 2O
40
45
50
55
SiO2
60
65
70
45
75
19
50
55
60
SiO2
65
70
75
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
18
4
17
Al 2O
MgO
16
15
14
1
13
0
12
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
Figure 4-4: Major elements and petrochemical discrimination diagrams. A) Total alkalies vs. silica
diagram from Lebas et al. (1986). B) Quellaveco wholerock geochemical data plotted on
silica vs. K2O diagram based on Peccerillo and Taylor (1976). C) SiO2 vs. MgO and D) SiO2 vs.
Al2O3 for pre-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco.
120
may affect some outliers on all of the plots, though secondary quartz and quartz veins were not
overly present within either of these rock types where sampled.
Minor Elements, Trace Elements and REEs

On the Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 classification plot of Pearce (1996) revised after Winchester
and Floyd (1977) the Regional Granodiorite plots in the monzonite and diorite fields and trends
up into the quartz diorite field and the Earliest Porphyry plots in the diorite field close to the
monzonite field (Figure 4-5a). For the Earliest Porphyry this is consistent with petrographic
data, however, the granodiorite is observed to contain significant quantities of igneous quartz
phenocrysts. All samples from both rock suites plots within the volcanic arc granitoid field on
the Y+Nb versus Rb plot (Figure 4-4b) of Pearce et al.,. (1984). Most samples contain Ba/La
ratios that exceed 20, which indicates that these rocks are related to arc, rather than back-arc
granitoids (Figure 4-5c; Kay et al., 1994a). All units also have strong continental arc affinities,
consistent with most Chilean and Peruvian Paleocene to Eocene Porphyries (e.g. Lee, 2008) as
observed on the Zr versus Zr/Y plot (Figure 4-5d) of Pearce (1983).
Sr/Y ratios range from 4.17 to 226.64 (average 69.28) for the Regional Granodiorite. On
the SiO2 versus Sr/Y plot most samples plot above the threshold of 40 and into the adakite field
(Figure 4-5e) of Defant and Drummond (1990). The Earliest Porphyry sample plots below this
threshold into the non-adakite field. Yb concentrations within the Regional Granodiorite range
from 0.24ppm to 2.25ppm (average 0.85ppm). When Yb is plotted versus Sr/Y ratios, a trend
from non-adakitic rocks into the adakitic field is observed (Figure 4-5f). The importance of the
adakite geochemistry is discussed below but may reflect slab-melt, increased hornblende
fractionation and/or crustal thickening over the time period that the Regional Granodiorite was
emplaced (e.g. Thieblemont, 1997; Mungall, 2002).
Primitive mantle-normalized trace elements, after Sun and McDonough (1989) show that
both the Regional Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyries are depleted in Nb (Figure 4-6b and d).
There is significant spread in the primitive mantle-normalized rare earth element values (REE),
particularly with the heavy rare earth elements (HREE), this may reflect fractionation over
protracted periods of time or contamination of the magma chamber over time, for example,
magma rejuvenation, injection and mixing of a foreign magma, wall rock scouring and
homogenization. Some of the spread in the data with more mobile elements may be explained
by varying intensities and types of alteration present within the sample suite.
Rare earth element concentrations in rocks have been widely and effectively used as
petrogenetic indicators in similar tectonic environments (e.g. Kay et al.,. 1991; Bissig et al.,.
121
Granodiorite
Earliest Porphyry
Granite
syn-collisional
within-plate
Foid Syenite
Granodiorite
Syenite
Quartz Diorite
.1
1000
Alkali Granite
100
Foid
Monzosyenite
Rb
Zr/TiO
Monzonite
Diorite
10
ocean ridge
Foidolite
.01
volcanic arc
Gabbro
Gabbro
1
.01
.1
10
10
100
Y+Nb
Nb/Y
200
1000
C
10
Zr/Y
Ba/La
150
100
Continental arc
Oceanic arc
50
Arc
Back-arc
0
50
250
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
10
80
250
200
150
150
Sr/Y
100
1000
Sr/Y
200
100
Zr
Adakite
100
50
50
Adakite
Non-adakite
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Yb
Figure 4-5: Trace element plots for pre-mineral intrusive rock suites from Quellaveco. A) Nb/Y vs.
Zr/TiO2 rock type discrimination diagram after Pearce (1996), revised from Winchester and
Floyd (1977). B) Y+Nb vs. Rb plot after Pearce (1983). C) Silica vs. Ba/La, the boundary
between the arc and back-arc fields from Kay et al. (1994). D) Zr vs. Zr/Y from Pearce
(1983). E) Silica vs. Sr/Y, adakite field provided from Defant and Drummond (1990). F) Yb
vs. Sr/Y, adakite field form Defant and Drummond (1990).
122
1000
100
100
10
10
1
1
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cs Rb Ba Th U Nb K La Ce Pb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu
1000
Earliest Porphyry
Earliest Porphyry
100
100
10
10
1
1
70
60
6
Granodiorite
Earliest Porphyry
50
40
Sm/Yb
La/Yb
30
4
3
20
10
1
0
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Figure 4-6: Rare earth element plots for pre-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco. A) Chondritenormalized rare-earth element (REE) for Regional Granodiorite samples. B) Primitive mantlenormalized trace element plot for Regional Granodiorite samples. C) Chondrite normalized
rare-earth element (REE) for Earliest Porphyry samples. D) Primitive mantle normalized trace
element plot for Earliest Porphyry samples. E) and F) Variation in REE ratios vs. silica.
Chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized values from Sun and McDonough (1989).
123
2003). These elements behave similarly to other trace elements, in that their concentrations
may reflect fractionation of minerals, and may provide information on the generation and
evolution of magma, as well as the composition of the source rocks. Heavy-REE (HREE)
partition into garnet and hornblende, whereas the middle-REE (Gd-Er: MREE) most readily
partition into hornblende. REE concentrations with concave-up chondrite-normalized patterns
are considered to indicate hornblende fractionation (e.g. Bissig et al.,, 2003). Light-REE (LREE)
are the most incompatible elements in the REE series and are concentrated in later stages of
magmatism relative to the MREE and HREE. Eu, when present in its divalent state, behaves
similarly to Sr and substitutes readily for Ca2+ into feldspar, because they have similar ionic radii
and charge. However in oxidizing magmas where Eu3+ is the dominant Eu species, only minor
Eu fractionation would be expected. The Regional Granodiorite shows a wide spread in the REE
normalized values (Figure 4-6a) and likely reflects that the samples were taken from multiple
granodiorite batholiths in the region between Cuajone and Toquepala (though the majority are
from Quellaveco). Also, the Granodiorite contains several phases ranging from coarse grained
to fine grained were sampled from what in all likelihood is a batholith consisting of multiple
phases as is commonly observed elsewhere (e.g. Barth and Wooden, 2006; Barth et al., 2008).
In general, Eu anomalies are either non-existent to slightly positive within both the Regional
Granodiorite and the Earliest Porphyry (Figure 4-6a-c). Sample Qu-381 (apalitic phase), again
plots against the normal trends and is more REE enriched in general than all other samples and
has a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. The consistent positive to non-existent Eu anomaly
suggests that the magmas were somewhat oxidizing as both contain significant plagioclase and
Eu2+ would have been fractionated out of the magma, at least in part. The lack of concave up
MREE to HREE patterns suggest that hornblende did not play a significant role in fractionating
the REE elements. However, this is potentially contradictory to the Yb versus Sr/Y plots which
may indicate that a hydrous magma fractionating hornblende may be responsible for the
adakitic signatures observed. Within the Regional Granodiorite La/Yb ratios range from 13.49 to
63.78 (average 26.96) and Sm/Yb ratios range from 1.74 to 6.00 (average 3.56).Aside from the
apalitic unit (sample Qu-381) the Regional Granodiorite shows increasing trends of both La/Yb
and Sm/Yb ratios with increasing SiO2 content and the Earliest Porphyry single data point plots
above the average of the La/Yb and Sm/Yb ratios of the Regional Granodiorite (Figure 4-6e-f).
Syn-Mineral Porphyritic Rocks

Syn-mineral rocks are defined at Quellaveco as consisting of the Early, Intermineral and
Monzodiorite Porphyry suites (Chapter 2). The Early porphyry intrusion suite is most closely,
spatially associated with and hosts the bulk of the Cu-Mo mineralization that makes up the
124
Quellaveco resource. The Early Porphyries consist of large NW-SE elongated stocks with lesser
dykes and is, volumetrically the most significant of the porphyry intrusions. The units have
previously been described in Chapter and are summrized in Table 4-1.
Major Elements
Early Porphyries range in composition from 65.91% to 72.81% SiO2, the Intermineral
Porphyries from 66.15% to 72.07% SiO2 and the Monzodiorite Porphyries from 63.65% to
67.96% SiO2 (Table 4-2). The Early Porphyries trend from granodiorite compositions into the
granite field of Lebas et al.,. (1986) on the silica versus total alkalies petrochemical
discrimination plot (Figure 4-7a). The wide spread in the total alkalies within the Early
Porphyries is likely due to the high degree of hydrothermal alteration that has affected this rock
type. Both the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries trend from the syenite field through
the granodiorite field and into the granite field with increasing SiO2 content. The syenitic and
near syenitic compositions are likely caused by moderate to high degrees of K-feldspar and
biotite alteration of the samples. Compared to the Regional Granodiorite all of the syn-mineral
suites contain somewhat higher SiO2 and total alkalies. The high total alkalis can be attributed
to the overall higher degree of hydrothermal K-feldspar and biotite alteration within the synmineral units.
K2O contents have wide ranges over similar SiO2 contents for all syn-mineral suites
ranging from 0.73% to 4.11% (average 2.11%) for Early Porphyries, 0.95% to 4.90% (average
3.15%) for Intermineral Porphyries and 2.34% to 5.49% (average 3.91%) for Monzodiorite
Porphyries (Figure4-7b). K2O/Na2O ratios range from 0.14 to 27.40 (average without sample
Qu-357 of 0.52) for samples of Early Porphyries, sample (Qu-357) is anomalously high,
containing severally depleted Na2O and the highest K2O contents within the Early Porphyries, in
addition to very high loss on ignition (8.5%) indicating that this sample has undergone
relatively high secondary alteration in which Na2O was lost and K2O potentially added. Similarly,
within Intermineral samples K2O/Na2O ratios range from 0.15 to 27.22 (average without Qu-242
of 0.81), with one anomalously high sample (Qu-242) containing severally depleted Na2O and
the highest K2O within all Intermineral Porphyry samples. Monzodiorite Porphyries contain the
average highest K2O/Na2O ratios of 1.24 and range from 0.58 to 2.00. On the SiO2 versus K2O
classification plot of Peccerillo and Taylor (1976) the Early Porphyry for the most part plots in
the calc-alkaline series, whereas both the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries plots in the
high-K cal-alkaline series (Figure 4-7b). With all rock types there is a wide range of K2O values
at similar SiO2 values, suggesting that K2O has been added to the system during hydrothermal
125
16
Early Porphyry
Monzonite Porphyry
14
12
Monzonite
Monzodiorite
6
5
Shoshonitic Series
Syenite
10
Monzonite
K 2O
Na 2O+K 2O
Granite
4
3
Diorite
Granodiorite
Quartz diorite
0
35
40
45
50
55
SiO2
60
65
70
75
45
19
50
55
55
60
60
SiO2
65
70
75
70
75
80
18
4
Al 2O
MgO
17
3
16
15
14
1
13
0
12
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
65
SiO2
Al2O3 for syn-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco.
126
alteration. Many of the rocks have significant K-feldspar and biotite alteration associated with
them, suggesting that potassium was added during hydrothermal alteration of these rocks.
Additionally, all rock types contain higher K2O values on average than the pre-mineral suites,
suggesting that syn-mineral rocks have undergone higher degrees of hydrothermal alteration or
in the very least, higher degrees of potassium introduction.
MgO ranges from 0.44% to 1.46%, 0.34% to 1.26% and 1.23% to 1.39% for the Early
Porphyries, Intermineral Porphyries and Monzodiorite Porphyries, respectively. Al2O3 ranges
from 15.08% to 17.39%, 16.19% to 17.06% and 16.22% to 17.076% respectively for the same
rocks types. All syn-mineral suites decrease in MgO composition with increasing SiO2 content,
similar to the Regional Granodiorite samples, but have overall lower MgO contents (Figure 47c). However, the syn-mineral suits decrease in MgO content at a much lower rate than the
Regional Granodiorite with the Monzodiorite Porphyry having the shallowest slope of all of the
syn-mineral suites. Unlike the Regional Granodiorite, syn-mineral suites decrease in Al2O3
contents with increasing SiO2 (Figure 4-7d). Within the syn-mineral suites, both the Early and
Intermineral Porphyries show two sub-parallel trends of decreasing Al2O3 with increasing SiO2
contents, whereas the Monzodiorite, in spite of the paucity of data, shows a shallow single
declining trend of Al2O3 with increasing SiO2 content. Minor silica introduction may affect some
outliers on all of the plots, though secondary quartz and quartz veins were not overly present
within either of these rock types where sampled.

The Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 classification plot of Pearce (1996) revised after Winchester
and Floyd (1977) shows that all syn-mineral intrusive suites plot as diorites to monzonites
(Figure 4-8a), similar to the Regional Granodiorite sample. The Early Porphyry samples are
most similar to the Regional Granodiorite in that there is a wide spread in the data within the
monzonite and granodiorite fields. The Intermineral Porphyries plot exclusively in the monzonite
field and approach foidite/foid-monzosyenite fields and the Monzodiorite Porphyry samples all
plot on or near the boundary between the diorite and monzodiorite fields. All samples from all
syn-mineral intrusive suites plot within the volcanic arc granitoid field on the Y+Nb versus Rb
plot of Pearce (1984), with the exception of one Intermineral Porphyry sample which plots on
the boundary with the syn-collisional field (Figure 4-8b). This sample (Qu-242) appears to be
the most K2O enriched and Na2O depleted of the samples and may have its geochemical
signature displaced due to K-feldspar and biotite alteration. Compared to the Regional
Granodiorite samples, the syn-mineral suites have much more restricted Y+Nb values and do
127
Early Porphyry
1000
Alkali Granite
syn-collisional
within-plate
Foid Syenite
Granite
Syenite
100
Foid
Monzosyenite
Quartz Diorite
Rb
.1
Zr/TiO
Granodiorite
Monzonite
Diorite
10
ocean ridge
Foidolite
.01
volcanic arc
Gabbro
Gabbro
1
.01
.1
10
10
100
Y+Nb
Nb/Y
200
1000
C
10
Zr/Y
Ba/La
150
100
Continental arc
Oceanic arc
50
Arc
Back-arc
1
50
250
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
10
250
200
150
150
Sr/Y
100
1000
Sr/Y
200
100
Zr
Adakite
100
50
Adakite
50
Non-adakite
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Yb
Figure 4-8: Trace element plots for syn-mineral intrusive rock suites from Quellaveco. A) Nb/Y vs.
128
not display a prominent positive slope towards the within-plate field. Most samples contain
Ba/La ratios that exceed 20, which indicate that these rocks are related to arc, rather than
back-arc granitoids (Figure 4-8c; Kay et al., 1994). All units also have strong continental arc
affinities, consistent with most Chilean and Peruvian Paleocene to Eocene Porphyries as
observed on the Zr versus Zr/Y plot (Figure 4-8d) of Pearce (1983).
Respectively, for the Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries Sr/Y ratios range
from 3.39 to 142.53 (average 88.39), 26.88 to 297.67 (average 148.43) and 65.25 to 111.96
(average 90.04). On the SiO2 versus Sr/Y plot most samples plot above the threshold of 40 and
into the adakite field (Figure 4-8e) of Defant and Drummond (1990). On average all synmineral intrusive suits have higher Sr/Y ratios than the Regional Granodiorite. Additionally, both
the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries have higher Sr/Y ratios than the Early Porphyries,
with the Intermineral samples averaging the highest values. Another difference from the
Regional Granodiorite is that all syn-mineral suites show decreasing Sr/Y ratios with increasing
SiO2 content, whereas the Regional Granodiorite shows an increasing trend in Sr/Y. Yb
concentrations within the Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries range from 0.36ppm
to 0.75ppm (average 0.54ppm), 0.30ppm to 0.66ppm (average 0.49) and 0.64ppm to 0.74ppm
(average 0.69). When Yb is plotted versus Sr/Y ratios, all samples, with the exception of one
each from the Early and Intermineral Porphyries, plot within the adakite field (Figure 4-8f).
Compared to the Regional Granodiorite samples, the syn-mineral intrusive suites have much
narrower spreads of and lower Yb values and more consistently plot within the adakite field.
both all syn-mineral intrusive suites are depleted in Nb (Figure 4-9b, d and e), similar to the
Regional Granodiorite and Earliest Porphyries. There is significant spread in the primitive
mantle-normalized trace element values for the Early Porphyries and much less spread in the
data for the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries. This may reflect fractionation over
protracted periods of time or contamination of the magma chamber over time, for example,
magma rejuvenation, injection and mixing of a foreign magma, wall rock scouring and
homogenization. Some of the spread in the data with more mobile elements may be explained
by varying intensities and types of alteration present within the sample suite.
The Early Porphyry shows a wide spread in LREE normalized values with much lower
spreads in the values of HREE (Figure 4-9a). This may reflect that the samples were taken from
multiple individual dykes within the same suites that intruded at slightly different times and may
have experience slightly different geochemical conditions prior to their emplacement. The
129
1000
Early Porphyry
Early Porphyry
100
100
10
10
1
1000
100
100
10
10
1
1000
E
100
100
10
10
1
Figure 4-9: Rare earth element plots for syn-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco. A) Chondritenormalized rare-earth element (REE) for Early Porphyry samples. B) Primitive mantlenormalized trace element plot for Early Porphyry samples. C) Chondrite normalized rareearth element (REE) for Intermineral Porphyry samples. D) Primitive mantle normalized trace
element plot for Intermineral Porphyry samples. E) Chondrite normalized rare-earth element
(REE) for Monzodiorite Porphyry samples. D) Primitive mantle normalized trace element plot
for Monzodiorite Porphyry samples. Chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized values from
Sun and McDonough (1989).
130
70
50
Early Porphyry
60
40
Sm/Yb
La/Yb
30
4
3
20
10
1
0
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Figure 4-9(contd): G) and H) Variation in REE ratios vs. Silica for syn-mineral intrusive suites.
131
Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries have much less spread in their normalized REE
values, particularly with the HREEs (Figures 4-9c and e). Eu anomalies are either non-existent
to slightly positive within all syn-mineral intrusive suites, with the Early Porphyries having a
more pronounced positive Eu anomaly. The consistent positive to non-existent Eu anomaly
suggests that the magmas were somewhat oxidizing as both contain significant plagioclase and
Eu2+ would have been fractionated out of the magma, at least in part. Concave up MREE to
HREE patterns are most pronounced within the Intermineral samples and is present, but much
less pronounced within the Early and Monzodiorite Porphyries. This suggests that hornblende
may have played an important role in fractionating the REE elements. La/Yb ratios range from
7.69 to 61.36 (average 25.81), 17.67 to 38.33 (average 27.32) and 24.73 to 27.19 (average
26.03) for the Early, Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries, respectively. Sm/Yb ratios for
the same rock types range from 1.03 to 6.07 (average 3.56), 2.14 to 4.15 (average 3.45) and
3.72 to 4.17 (average 3.96), respectively. La/Yb ratios show increasing values with increasing
SiO2 content for the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries, and the Early Porphyries show a
decreasing trend (Figure 4-9g). With the Intermineral Porphyries two sub-parallel trends are
evident in the La/Yb ratios. The Early and Monzodiorite Porphyries have overall lower La/Yb
ratios than the Regional Granodiorite and the Intermineral Porphyries have overall higher La/Yb
values. Sm/Yb ratios show decreasing values with increasing SiO2 content for the Early and
Intermineral Porphyries, and the Monzodiorite Porphyries show an increasing trend (Figure 49h). Only the Monzodiorite Porphyries have overall higher Sm/Yb values than the Granodiorite.
This may be a reflection of hornblende playing a more important role in fractionating MREE to
HREEs than in the Regional Granodiorite.
Post-Mineral Porphyritic Rocks

Post-mineral rocks are defined at Quellaveco as consisting of the Late Porphyry and
Post-Mineral Dyke suites (Chapter 2). Both suites crosscut and dilute the overall Cu and Mo
grade of the Quellaveco porphyry deposit, but are weakly mineralized (up to approximately
0.1% Cu). The units have previously been described in Chapter and are summrized in Table 41.
Major Elements
SiO2 compositions for the Late Porphyries and Post Mineral Porphyry dykes range from
63.41% to 72.51% and 64.25% to 71.75%, respectively (Table 4-2). The Late Porphyries trend
from near diorite compositions in to the granite field of Lebas et al.,. (1986) on the silica versus
total alkalies petrochemical discrimination plot (Figure 4-7a). One sample (Qu-394) plots into
132
the syenite field and contain anomalously high concentrations of Na2O, Late Porphyries are
plagioclase dominated (Chapter 2), and thus may have been affected by either SiO2 or Na2O
addition. Similarly, Post-Mineral Porphyry dyke trend from the granodiorite field and into the
Granite field and have a narrower spread in SiO2 compositions than the Late Porphyries.
Compared to the syn-mineral intrusions the post-mineral intrusions have a narrow spread in
total alkalis over similar SiO2 compositions. Both post-mineral suites show spread in their total
alkali compositions, which this may be partially explained by minor sericite alteration that
affects most of these rock types and likely experienced some K2O addition.
Though there is a high degree of spread in K2O contents for the post-mineral intrusive
suites, there is less spread in the data compared to the syn-mineral intrusive suites. K2O
contents range from 0.46% to 3.34% (average 2.30%) for Late Porphyries and 1.14% to
3.45% (average 2.27%) for Post Mineral Porphyry dykes (Figure4-10b). K2O/Na2O ratios range
from 0.09 to 0.90 (average 0.58) for samples of Late Porphyries, sample (Qu-357) and from
0.24 to 0.93 (average 0.58) for samples of Post Mineral Porphyry dykes. On average these
ratios are much lower than all other rock types aside from the Early Porphyry, likely reflecting
the fact that the post mineral intrusive suites have undergone far less hypogene and supergene
alteration than the older suites of intrusive rocks. On the SiO2 versus K2O classification plot of
Peccerillo and Taylor (1976) both the Late Porphyry and Post Mineral Porphyry dykes plot
mainly within in the calc-alkaline series field (Figure 4-10b). However, both rock types have
data points that plot into the high-K calc-alkaline series field and are likely affected by K2O
addition during hypogene sericite alteration.
MgO ranges from 0.15% to 1.58% and 0.38% to 1.57% for the Late Porphyries and
Post Mineral Porphyry dykes, respectively. Al2O3 ranges from 14.29% to 17.3% and 15.58% to
17.53% respectively for the same rocks types. All post-mineral suites decrease in MgO
composition with increasing SiO2 content, similar to the syn-mineral intrusive suites (Figure 410c). Also, like the syn-mineral intrusive suites, the post-mineral suites decrease in MgO
content at a much lower rate than the Regional Granodiorite, though slightly steeper than the
Monzodiorite Porphyry. All post-mineral suites have increasing Al2O3 contents with increasing
SiO2 (Figure 4-10d). This again, is similar to the syn-mineral suites and different from the
Regional Granodiorite samples, though the Post Mineral Porphyry dykes decrease at a higher
rate than the syn-mineral suites. Minor silica introduction may affect some outliers on all of the
plots, though secondary quartz and quartz veins were not overly present within either of these
rock types where sampled. Additionally, some of the spread in the data may be a result of
magma mixing and co-mingling of foreign magmas in the post-mineral suites or desorption of
133
16
A
Late Porphyry
Post Mineral Dykes
14
12
Monzonite
Monzodiorite
Shoshonitic Series
Syenite
10
Monzonite
K 2O
Na 2O+K 2O
Granite
4
3
6
2
Diorite
Granodiorite
Quartz diorite
35
40
45
50
55
SiO2
60
65
70
45
75
19
50
55
55
60
60
SiO2
65
70
75
18
4
Al 2O
MgO
17
3
16
15
14
1
13
0
12
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Al2O3 for post-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco.
134
wall rocks being re-melted into the magma, though no to little inherited zircons have been
noted in these intrusive suites (Chapter 2).

On the Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO2 classification plot of Pearce (1996) revised after Winchester
and Floyd (1977) post-mineral intrusive suites plot as diorites to monzonites (Figure 4-11a),
similar to syn-mineral suits and the Regional Granodiorite samples. For both the Late Porphyry
Post-mineral porphyry dyke samples the majority of samples plot within the diorite field near
the boundary with monzonite, though there is more spread in the data from post-mineral
porphyry dykes. This wider spread may reflect the wide range in phenocryst compositions
observed within these dykes and may also reflect the highly variable timing of emplacement of
the dykes (Chapter 2) with each dyke possibly experiencing different degrees of magma mixing
or wall rock contamination than other dykes. Unlike syn-mineral suites the post-mineral samples
that plot within the monzonite field trend more towards the gabbro field rather than the
foidite/foid-monzosyenite fields. All samples from all post-mineral intrusive suites plot within the
volcanic arc granitoid field (Figure 4-11b) on the Y+Nb versus Rb plot of Pearce (1984). Like
syn-mineral intrusive rocks, post mineral intrusive samples plot on a steep positive slope
towards the syn-collisional field. Most samples contain Ba/La ratios that exceed 20, which
indicate that these rocks are related to arc, rather than back-arc granitoids (Figure 4-11c; Kay
et al., 1994). All units also have strong continental arc affinities, consistent with most Chilean
and Peruvian Paleocene to Eocene Porphyries as observed on the Zr versus Zr/Y plot (Figure 411d) of Pearce (1983).
Sr/Y ratios range from 30.73 to 172.76 (average 91.13) and 63.58 to 131.77 (average
148.43), respectively for the Late Porphyries and Post-Mineral Porphyry dykes. On the SiO2
versus Sr/Y plot most samples plot above the threshold of 40 and into the adakite field (Figure
4-11e) of Defant and Drummond (1990); aside from one sample of Late Porphyry (Qu-026),
which plots in the non-adakite field. On average all post-mineral intrusive suits have higher Sr/Y
ratios than the Regional Granodiorite, but slightly lower averages than the syn-mineral suites.
Additionally, both the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries have higher Sr/Y ratios than the
Early Porphyries, with the Intermineral samples averaging the highest values. Similar to the
syn-mineral intrusive suites, the post mineral suites show decreasing Sr/Y ratios with increasing
SiO2 content. Yb concentrations within the Late Porphyries and Post-Mineral Porphyry dykes
range from 0.31ppm to 1.32ppm (average 0.61ppm) and 0.41ppm to 0.76ppm (average 0.57),
respectively. When Yb is plotted versus Sr/Y ratios, all samples, with the exception of one Late
135
Late Porphyry
Post-mineral Dykes
1000
Alkali Granite
syn-collisional
within-plate
Foid Syenite
Granite
Syenite
100
Foid
Monzosyenite
Quartz Diorite
Rb
.1
Zr/TiO
Granodiorite
Monzonite
Diorite
10
ocean ridge
Foidolite
.01
volcanic arc
Gabbro
Gabbro
1
.01
.1
10
10
100
Y+Nb
Nb/Y
200
1000
C
10
Zr/Y
Ba/La
150
100
Continental arc
Oceanic arc
50
Arc
Back-arc
0
50
250
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
10
80
250
200
150
150
Sr/Y
100
1000
Sr/Y
200
100
Zr
Adakite
100
50
50
Adakite
Non-adakite
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Yb
Figure 4-11: Trace element plots for syn-mineral intrusive rock suites from Quellaveco. A) Nb/Y vs.
136
Porphyry sample (Qu-026), plot within the adakite field (Figure 4-11f). Compared to the
Regional Granodiorite samples, the post-mineral intrusive suites have much narrower spreads of
and lower Yb values and more consistently plot within the adakite field, and compared to the
syn-mineral suites thy have slightly higher Yb concentrations.
both all post-mineral intrusive suites are depleted in Nb (Figure 4-12b and d), similar to the preand syn-mineral intrusive suites. There is significant spread in the primitive mantle-normalized
trace element values for the Late Porphyries and much less spread in the data for the Post
Mineral Porphyry dykes. This may reflect fractionation over protracted periods of time or
contamination of the magma chamber over time, for example, magma rejuvenation, injection
and mixing of a foreign magma, wall rock scouring and homogenization. Some of the spread in
the data with more mobile elements may be explained by varying intensities and types of
alteration present within the sample suite. The post-mineral intrusive suites have higher Pb
contents, that could be reflect the presence of minor sulphides or the presence of igneous Kfeldspar.
Compared to the Regional Granodiorite, the Intermineral and Early Porphyry suites have
much less spread in REE normalized values, particularly with the LREE values (Figure 4-12a and
c). This may reflect the relative lack of wall rock contamination and magma mixing that
occurred during the waning stages of magmatism associated with the QIC. Eu anomalies are
either non-existent to slightly positive within all post-mineral intrusive suites, with the Post
Mineral Porphyry dykes having a more pronounced positive Eu anomaly. The consistent positive
to non-existent Eu anomaly suggests that the magmas were somewhat oxidizing as both
contain significant plagioclase and Eu2+ would have been fractionated out of the magma, at
least in part. Concave up MREE to HREE patterns are most pronounced within the Late
Porphyry samples and is present, but much less pronounced within the Post Mineral Porphyry
dykes. This suggests that hornblende may have played an important role in fractionating the
REE elements, albeit the concave up patterns are much less pronounced than in the synmineral suits. La/Yb ratios range from 15.91 to 47.42 (average 27.14) and 20.00 to 35.80
(average 28.07) for the Late Porphyries and Post Mineral Porphyry dykes, respectively. On
average these values show that slightly steeper LREE to HREE patterns are present within the
post-mineral suites, compared to the pre- and syn-mineral suits. Sm/Yb ratios for the same rock
types range from 2.65 to 5.22 (average 3.98) and 1.79 to 6.85 (average 4.28), respectively. As
with the LREE to HREE values the MREE to HREE ratios show that the post-mineral suites have,
on
average,
steeper
trends
than
the
pre-
and
syn-mineral
suites.
La/Yb
137
1000
Late Porphyry
Late Porphyry
100
100
10
10
1
1000
Post-mineral Dykes
Post-mineral Dykes
100
100
10
10
1
1
70
60
6
Late Porphyry
Post-mineral Dykes
50
40
Sm/Yb
La/Yb
30
4
3
20
10
0
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
50
55
60
65
SiO2
70
75
80
Figure 4-12: Rare earth element plots for post-mineral intrusive suites from Quellaveco. A) Chondritenormalized rare-earth element (REE) for Late Porphyry samples. B) Primitive mantlenormalized trace element plot for Late Porphyry samples. C) Chondrite normalized
rare-earth element (REE) for Porphyry Dykes samples. D) Primitive mantle normalized trace
element plot for Porphyry Dykes samples. E) and F) Variation in REE ratios vs. silica.
Chondrite and primitive mantle-normalized values from Sun and McDonough (1989).
138
ratios show decreasing values with increasing SiO2 content for the Post Mineral Porphyry dykes,
similar to the Early Porphyry samples (Figure 4-12e). The Late Porphyries show two trends of
steeply increasing La/Yb ratios within increasing SiO2, similar to the Regional Granodiorite,
Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries, and shallowly decreasing La/Yb with increasing SiO2,
similar to the Early Porphyry. Sm/Yb ratios show steeply decreasing values with increasing SiO2
content for the Post Mineral Porphyry dykes, similar to the Early and Intermineral Porphyries
(Figure 4-12f). The Late Porphyry samples show divergent trends with the Sm/Yb ratios, on
with slightly increasing values with increasing SiO2 contents, similar to Monzodiorite Porphyry
samples and another more steeply increasing Sm/Yb trend with increasing SiO2 contents, similar
to the Regional Granodiorite.
Geochemical Evolution
There is a gradual trend with decreasing age towards increasing Sr/Y ratios (Figure 413a). Aside from the Earliest Porphyry, all porphyry intrusions have higher Sr/Y ratios than the
Regional Granodiorite. These ratios increase to their highest within the Intermineral Porphyry
and decrease sharply within the Monzodiorite through Late Porphyry units. No such pronounced
changes are evident with Yb concentrations through time (Figure 7-13b). Every rock type plots
below the 1.8ppm threshold, defining adakitic rocks. From the Regional Granodiorite, there is a
gradual decrease in Yb values to a low with the Intermineral Porphyry then a gradual increase
in Yb values from the Monzodiorite through Late Porphyries. La/Yb ratios vary through time but
have no apparent trend (Figure 4-13c). Sm/Yb ratios show a slight increase through time from
the Regional Granodiorite through all porphyritic intrusions (Figure 4-13d). Sm/Yb ratios
reach their peak values with the younger porphyry units from the Monzodiorite through
Late Porphyry units.
Discussion
Intrusive rocks at Quellaveco are dominated by calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline rocks
ranging in composition from diorite to granodiorite. This is consistent with compositions
observed macro and microscopically, based on phenocryst composotions, inspite of the high
degree of altertion ranging from K-silicate to quartz-sericite. All rock types are of continental
volcanic arc affinities. All rock types display moderately to strongly fractionated REE patterns,
with weak to non-existent negative Eu anomolies. Mild varitions from rock type to rock type are
present in LREE and MREE to HREE ratios and display varying degrees of cup shaped MREE
patterns. These differences may be in the degree of hornblende fractionation (Dostal et al.,.
139
250
150
Yb
Sr/Y
200
2
Adikite
100
1
50
Adikite
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Age (Ma)
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Age (Ma)
60
50
40
Sm/Yb
La/Yb
70
30
20
10
0
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Age (Ma)
0
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
Age (Ma)
Early Porphyry
Earliest Porphyry
Late Porphyry
Post-mineral Dykes
Figure 4-13: Variation of adakite characteristics and REE ratios with time for all intrusive rock types from
the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex. U-Pb data from Chapter 2. Adakite field from Defant
and Drummond (1993).
140
1983) and overall degree of fractionation. All rocks types exhibit depletions in Nb, as is typical
of most continental arc calc-alkaline series rocks. Through time the rocks become increasingly
adakitic evolving from relatively high Yb and low Sr/Y to low Yb and high Sr/Y. The
significance of these results and observations are discussed below.
Implications of REE Patterns

Middle to heavy REE fractionation is present in most porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco.
This may indicate that hornblende fractionation played a role in the development of the
intrusive rocks at Quellaveco. Of the porphyry intrusions perhaps the Intermineral Porphyry has
the most pronounced cup shaped pattern indicating that hornblende fractionation may have
played a slightly more prominent role in this rock type. Light and medium to heavy REE ratios
measure the steepness of the REE patterns and are an indication of increased fractionation in
igneous rocks. In general the ratios from rock type to rock type are similar; however as the
rocks young, there are minor variations in the ratios. This is particularly evident with the Sm/Yb
ratio for the Monzodiorite and Post Mineral Porphyry dykes which have increased MREE to HREE
ratios compared to older porphyry intrusion types. This may also reflect the relative les well
developed cup shape MREE as in the Intermineral Porphyry, possibly suggesting that
hornblende was of lesser importance in these rocks.
With the exception of perhaps the Regional Granodiorite all porphyry intrusions display
either no Eu anomaly or a slight positive Eu anomaly. Eu is a divalent element with charges of
Eu2+ and Eu3+. Eu2+ will readily substitute for Ca2+ in plagioclase feldspar in igneous rocks that
have undergone plagioclase fractionation. This should create a negative Eu anomaly on spider
plots. At Quellaveco all porphyry intrusion types contain plagioclase phenocrysts and thus must
have undergone plagioclase fractionation. This lack of negative anomaly may indicate that more
Eu3+ was present in the magna and thus minimal Eu2+ substitution for Ca2+ took place. This
inference would indicate that the magma must have been relatively oxidized during the time of
emplacement of all porphyry intrusions over an extended period of time. This observation is
also supported by the observations made from zircon mineral chemistry in the Chapter 2.
These observations are critical with respect to the formation and development of
porphyry Cu deposits. Primarily because the magmas need to remain oxidized to keep S stable
as sulphate, as opposed to sulphide so that S remains in the magma and is not stripped out
along with the chalcophile elements. This process of avoiding sulphide saturation in the magma
prevents the sulphur and copper from being stripped from the magma at deeper levels in the
crust as these elements are critical components required for the formation of the porphyry Cu
141
deposit in the upper crust. Additionally, the fractionation of hornblende indicates that the
magmas were rich in H2O, again a critical component in the formation of veins and
transportation of metals in the hydrothermal system, along with the sulphur.
Adakite Geochemistry; What Does it Mean?

The high correlation of magmas spatially and temporally associated with the formation
of porphyry copper deposits and adakitic geochemistry has been well documented and remains
controversial. Adakite is a geochemical term defined as rocks with > 56 wt.% SiO2, Al2O3 15
wt.%, MgO < 3wt.%, Sr > 400 ppm, Y < 18 ppm, Yb < 1.9 ppm and 87Sr/86Sr < 0.7045
(Defant and Drummond, 1990). They correlated these melts and their peculiar geochemical
signatures to magmas derived from slab melts where garnet amongst other minerals are
present in the restite. Later, Defant and Kepezhinskas (2001), made the unusual correlation of
the adakite geochemistry defined above to magmas associated with porphyry Cu deposits,
globally. Richards (2007) debates how these geochemical signatures may be derived within
continental and oceanic arc environments providing other alternative to the slab melt scenario
of Defant and Drummond (1990). As observed in many other locations, through time the rocks
in the Quellaveco area become increasing adakitic. This increasing adakite signature may be
attributed to, amongst other things, crustal thickening and/or increased degrees of K-silicate
alteration. That is, as the crust thickens the increased pressures in the lower crust may contain
garnet with magmas being derived from lower crustal environments where garnet is stable.
Additionally, high Sr values may be accentuated by increases in K-silicate alteration where Sr
may substitute for other cations within feldspars including K and Ca.
At Quellaveco the correlation of adakite geochemistry and the formation of the porphyry
Cu deposit are present. However, the correlation to slab melting may not necessarily be present
and is more likely that crustal thickening and increases in K-silicate alteration are more likely to
have contributed to the adakite geochemistry present in porphyry intrusions spatially and
temporally associated with the Quellaveco porphyry Cu deposit.
Geochemical Evolution of the QIC

At Quellaveco several generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced and are
associated spatially and temporally with hydrothermal systems that deposited copper and
molybdenum in veins of various types. Although all show fractionated REEs consistent with
continental arc igneous rocks there are subtle variations in the geochemistry through time.
From the Regional Granodiorite to the Intermineral porphyry the rocks consistently plot in
142
granodiorite to monzonite fields whereas the Monzodiorite porphyry plots consistently in the
diorite field on the Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y plot and consistently have lower SiO2 values, MgO values
and increased MREE to HREE ratios. This would indicate that the Monzodiorite Porphyry may
have been influenced by more mafic magmas then the younger porphyry intrusions. This is
consistent with field observations of this rocks type where no to very little quartz was observed
in this rock type and based on phenocryst proportions consistently plots as a monzodiorite to
diorite. This fluctuation in chemistry may indicate that magma mixing of multiple magma
sources was present at within deeper seated magma chambers at Quellaveco, an observation
supported by the conclusions of the zircon geochemistry (Chapter 2).
Conclusions
The igneous rocks at Quellaveco are characterized by depleted high field strength
elements with continental volcanic arc affinities. Compositions range from diorite to granodiorite
and fall within the calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline series fields. The rocks in general
increase in adakitic signatures with time and display minor fluctuations in MREE to HREE ratios,
possibly indicating variable influences of hornblende through the development of the igneous
systems at Quellaveco. Moreover, all rocks show that hornblende played a role in their
fractionation indicating the rocks were hydrous and the lack of negative Eu anomalies coupled
with evident plagioclase phenocrysts indicate that the rocks wee also relatively oxidized. Thus,
relatively oxidized, hydrous magmas with possible fluctuations in magmatic sources through
time and potential crustal thickening are coincident with the formation of the Quellaveco
porphyry Cu deposit.
143
Chapter 5: Vein Paragenesis and Timing of Hydrothermal

Mineralization and Alteration Distribution Associated with
Porphyry Cu-Mo Style Mineralization, Quellaveco, Southern Peru:
Evidence for Multiple Overprinting Systems
Introduction
Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits are associated with large hydrothermal systems, often being
spatially associated with alteration footprints covering an area of greater than two by two
kilometres (e.g. Lowell and Guillbert, 1970; Sillitoe, 1973; Dilles et al., 2000; Seedorf and
Einaudi, 2004a, b). These alteration systems contain a series of veins with varying mineralogy
and morphology, distributed throughout the system. Additionally wall rock alteration separate
from veins or vein halos is prominent. The link between wall rock alteration and vein
emplacement, while related, is often highly complicated by multiple genertions of hydrothermal
alteration and vein emplcement overprinting each other. Therefore, understnding the timing
and distribution of veins and wall rock alteration relative to each other is a critical step in
distinguishing between the two. This could improve the understning of the distribution of Cu
and Mo within the system and lead to an improved model for exploration, both internal to a
deposit and globally. At Quellaveco, a well developed geochronology of dykes swarms with
different ages has allowed for developing a relative chronology of veins and vein types within
the deposit, in additional to the distribution of wall rock alteration in time and space, relative to
the dyke swarms.
Current terminology of veins and vein types associated with porphyry deposits, globally,
has have been adopted from Gustafson and Hunt (1975) and later refined by Gustafson and
Quiroga (1995) and other workers (e.g. Seedorf, 1988; Seedorf and Einaudi, 2004a, b, Seedorf
et al., 2005; Redmond and Einaudi, 2010). Within this system of classifying veins there are a
series of veins from earliest to latest are terms EB, A, B, C D and G veins. These vein
types describe very specific mineralogies and are often abused in literature leading to confusing
definitions of veins types. For a thorough description of this classification scheme see Gustafson
and Hunt (1975), Gustafson and Quiroga (1995) and Seedorf and Einaudi (2004a, b). We have
described veins based on their mineralogy, morphology and alteration selvages relative to the
timing of dyke swarms and other veins types.
As with the veins, alteration zones in porphyry deposits are often classified as potassic,
sodic, propolitic, phyllic, argillic or advanded argillic. In porphyry systems these alteration types
144
are zoned about the middle and deepest parts of the deposit from hotter and more basic
compositions to cooler and more acid compositions. These alteration styles are zoned away
from the centre of the deposit from sodic to potassic, to propolitic and phyllic, with argillic and
advanced argillic alteration assemblages occurring above the porphyry or collapsing down onto
the earlier alteration styles as the system cools. However, sodic compositions have been known
to occur laterally within porphyry deposits as well (e.g. Dilles et al.,. 2000). Conceptually this
method of describing alteration has merit, however, in practice the alteration zonation patterns
observed are commonly more complex. These complex alteration patterns are often present
due to multiple generations of dyke swarms and multiple generations of hydrothermal systems
overprinting each other over different areas within the porphyry deposit.
In this contribution we present detailed macroscopic observations of vein cross cutting
relationships and dyke-vein cross cutting relationships at Quellaveco in order to determine the
hydrothermal history associated with several generations of porphyry intrusions. The
observations made herein are described in time relative to each other, but are constrained by
absolute ages and relative the relative timing of porphyry intrusions, as defined in Chapter 2.
Key points that we address in this contribution using these observations include:
a) The timing of mineral assemblages observed within veins relative to each other.
b) The timing of veins relative to porphyry intrusions.
c) The identification of a hydrothermal system/systems temporally and spatially associated
with porphyry intrusions.
d) Vein paragenesis and evolution of hydrothermal systems with respect to changes in vein
mineral assemblages.
e) Topographic/crustal level changes in vein mineral assemblages within the Quellaveco
Cu-Mo porphyry deposit.
f) Spatial and temporal relationships of wall rock alteration and vein mineral assemblages.
Addressing these key points may give insights as to how the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry
was formed through time and enable us to identify possible which veins and rock types are
associated with the higher Cu-Mo grades. This may aid further exploration at Quellaveco in
addition to elsewhere in the southern Peruvian Paleocene-Eocene Cu-Mo porphyry belt (Figure
5-1).
145
80W
75W
70W
65W
0S
ECUADOR
COLUMBIA
Coastal Areas
Quito
Western Corillera
Iquitos
5S
Eastern Cordillera
o
R
ra
Ma
Subandean Zone
Eastern Lowlands
BRAZIL
n
Tre
Shield
Ro
Uca
ch
10S
yali
Lima
fic
ci
Pa
Cuzco
BOLIVIA
PERU
O
an
ce
15S
Arequipa
Tr
e
nc
Cerro Verde
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
La Paz
Peru
Pacific Ocean
Potasi
20S
Iquique
250
Santa
Cruz
Cerro Colorado
Spence
500km
Antofagasta
CHILE
ARGENTINA
146
Geology of Quellaveco
margin of Gondwana caused the oceanward retreat of the trench allowing for the formation of
significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantle-derived magmatic
rocks (Jones 1981, Atherton et al., 1983, 1985) and detritus from the rift margins (Benavides
1956, Wilson 1983, 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by large-scale faults to
the east and Precambrian-Paleozoic rocks to the west. Rifting and basin development continued
into the early Late Cretaceous. In southern Peru, a magmatic arc formed west of the rift during
the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, consisting mainly of basaltic to andesitic rocks intercalated
with volcaniclastic rocks and limestone. Three distinct magmatic pulses are noted during this
period and were emplaced progressively towards the east: early Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma);
late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous (95-110Ma) in Peru (Pitcher et al.,
1995, Mukasa 1986) and Chile (Clark et al., 1976, Mpodozis and Ramos 1989).
batholiths (Yarabamba super suite) in the Quellaveco area (Figure 5-2).
Anomalously metal-rich deposits are associated with Paleocene and Early Eocene granite and
granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru and progressively young to
the south in northern Chile, from 60-52.3Ma (Mukasa 1986, Clark et al., 1990a). A strong
147
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
148
equigranular granodiorite intrusive complex (~60Ma; Chapter 2, Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010),
which intruded into Toquepala Group (~92Ma-65Ma; Simmons, unpublished data) volcanic
rocks (Figures 5-2; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; and Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000b). Several
generations of porphyry intrusions were emplaced into the granodiorite batholith from 53Ma to
58Ma (Chapter 2; Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010), and are spatially associated with hydrothermal
alteration and mineralization (Figure 5-3 and 5-4).
(from oldest to youngest) the Earliest, Early, Intermediate, Monzodiorite, and Late/Post suites.
The Earliest Porphyry is characterised by its fine grained, crowded porphyritic texture and
contains abundant, net texture magnetite-chalcopyrite veins. Typically, the Earliest Porphyries
range from monzodiorite to quartz-monzonite, are not volumetrically important, though may
contain high grade Cu (>1%), and was emplaced into the complex at approximately 58.5Ma57.5Ma (Chapter 2; Early Porphyry of Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). The Early Porphyries are
volumetrically the most important intrusions type and is spatially associated with the most Cu
within the Quellaveco Intrusive complex (though lower grade than the Earliest, 0.5%-0.8% Cu).
Early Porphyries are crowded and coarse grained (>10mm phenocrysts), ranging from quartzmonzonite to granodiorite and was emplaced at approximately 57.0Ma-56.5Ma (Chapter 2;
possibly Intermineral or unsampled from Sillitoe and Montensen, 2011). Intermineral Porphyries
rang from granodiorite to monzogranite and are typically coarse grained (>10mm phenocrysts)
and crowded with characteristically rounded (resorbed) feldspars. The Intermineral Porphyries
are spatially and temporally related to the second most amount of Cu and comprise the
volumetrically second most important unit and was emplaced at approximately 56.5Ma-56.0Ma
(Chapter 2; Intermineral of Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2011). The Monzodiorite Porphyries make
up the third most volumetrically important unit and are spatially and temporally correlated with
significant Cu (.6%-1%). Intermineral Porphyries range from monzodiorite-quartz monzonite
with characteristically low phenocryst content (<25%) and were emplaced at approximately
55.5Ma-56.5Ma (Chapter 2). Post and Lat Mineral Porphyries are associated with low
concentrations of Cu (<0.2%) and were emplaced at approximately 53Ma-55Ma (Chapter 2;
Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). Post emplacement uplift and weathering during the Miocene and
later times resulted in supergene oxidation and enrichment of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry
deposit (Tosdal et al., 1984; Quang, 2003; Quang et al.,. 2003, 2005).
149
Legend
328500 mE
328000 mE
327500 mE
327000 mE
326500 mE
8110500 mN
8110500 mN
Intrusive Rocks

Pit outline
8110000 mN

3
m
810
Contour spacing 10m

8109500 mN
8109500 mN
8109000 mN
8109000 mN
348
Rio Asana
0m
328500 mE
8107500 mN
328000 mE
8108000 mN
327500 mE
8108000 mN
327000 mE
8108500 mN
326500 mE
8108500 mN
8107500 mN
150
327000 mE
326000 mE
Legend
Quartz-Sericite
Epidote-Chlorite w/ overprinting Quartz-Sericite
Epidote-Chlorite
Biotite-K-Feldspar w/ overprinting Quartz-Sericite
8110000 mN
Chlorite over Biotite-K-Feldspar w/ overprinting

Quartz-Sericite
Chlorite over Biotite-K-Feldspar
Biotite-K-Feldspar
Geological Contact
8109000 mN
329000 mE
8107000 mN
328000 mE
8108000 mN
Figure 5-4: Surface hypogene alteration of the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit. Coordinates from
PSAD56; UTM zone 19S. Dashed lines indicate the surface geology as present in Figure 5-3.
Preliminary geological map; note that the Intermineral Porphyry body is not shown as a dyke
complex because lithologies were not distinguishable in all locations on surface due to
supergene leaching.
151
Vein Description and Timing

Geochronology of igneous rocks from Quellaveco (Chapter 2, and Sillitoe and
Mortensen, 2010), indicate that the igneous system/s temporally related to the hydrothermal
system/s at Quellaveco spanned a time period of approximately 5m.y. (~59Ma to ~54Ma; Table
5-1). Over time from the oldest to the youngest intrusion types, vein density and the
variability/complexity of vein types decrease with time. To understand this sequence, vein types
contained within each rock type have been recorded and described in Tables 5-1 to 5-7 as well
as in Appendix 1. Vein types are described in terms of their relative timing to other veins in
addition to their relative timing to intrusion types. From youngest to oldest the intrusion types
referred to are (Chapter 2): 1) Post Mineral Porphyry (53.0Ma-55.0Ma), 2) Late Mineral
Porphyry (54.5Ma-56.0Ma), Monzodiorite Porphyry (55.5Ma-56.5Ma), Intermineral Porphyry
(56.0Ma-56.5Ma), Early Porphyry (56.5Ma-57.0Ma), Earliest Porphyry (57.5Ma-58.5Ma) and
Regional Granodiorite (59.1Ma-60.5Ma).
Methods
Due to the complexity, variability and high density of vein types within each intrusion
type, particularly within older intrusion types, and the lack of minerals containing radiogenic
elements that would provide an adequate temporal resolution required to differentiate vein
types and veins associated with particular intrusions, a method for differentiating the veins in
terms of timing, had to be devised. In this study, the vein timing is described relative to
intrusion types due to the relative and absolute timing constraints previously established
(Chapter 2, Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). This method is described in detail in Chapter 1, but
essentially utilizes porphyry intrusions contacts and describes veins that are cross cut by
younger porphyry intrusions. In order to accomplished this, the best way is to work backwards
through time describing veins in the youngest intrusions through to the oldest.
Many sources of uncertainty are present when using this method of data collection.
However, due to the high amount of data being collected from many different areas within the
deposit, the uncertainties should be minimized by the amount of data being collected. Timing
relationships of veins were restricted to within one meter of contacts between intrusive units.
Even with these constraints, the largest source of uncertainty is the recording of crosscutting
vein relationships the farther away from the contact that the observation was made. Secondly,
the contacts between intrusion types were not always available. In particular, no contacts
between the regional granodiorite and Earliest Porphyry, and Post Mineral and Late Mineral
Porphyries were available to be examined. In these circumstances, vein types recorded in
152
earlier porphyries were excluded. Thirdly, where vein types were recoded with depth
(Monzodiorite, Intermineral and Early Porphyries) not all ideal contacts were observed to have
been drilled. In these cases, observations from other depths and the closest to ideal contact
(e.g. Intermineral to Late Porphyry) were taken into consideration.
Presented below are the vein types within each rock type that have been crosscut or
interpreted to have been crosscut by the next youngest intrusion type to which the vein is
hosted in. For a detailed compilation of all veins recorded to be in both rock types at contacts
between intrusion types see Appendix 4, at the end of this chapter. Also, note that the
observations presented in tables below are supported by microphotographs/thin section
description as necessary and that relative abundances of veins are not the emphasis of the
tables, but rather the timing of the vein types. Relative abundances are reported within the
text.
Vein Descriptions
Descriptions of veins and their timing relative to each other and the control intrusion
types are outlines below.
Veins in Post-Mineral Porphyry

The Post Mineral Porphyry is the youngest of the intrusive suite composing the
Quellaveco Igneous Complex. They form large stocks and dykes that typically contain <0.1%
Cu and have marginally higher Mo:Cu ratios when compared to older intrusions (excluding the
Late Mineral Porphyry) within the Quellaveco Igneous Complex (Figure 5-3). Vein densities
within the Post Mineral Porphyries are typically very low, with one vein occurring approximately
every 40-50cm. The Post Mineral and Late Mineral Porphyry comprise the same unit, Late
Porphyry, described by previous workers and within Chapter 2, but the two have been
separated herein due to the presence of slightly higher density of veins in addition to Cu-Mo
contents. The ages of the two are not resolvable by geochronological techniques and their
compositions (phenocrysts and matrix) are similar, however the Post Mineral Porphyries
crosscut Late Mineral Porphyries. The approximate age of emplacement for these intrusions is
55.0Ma-53.0Ma (Chapter 2), and any veins observed to have crosscut this rock are assumed to
be younger than the emplacement age of the Post Mineral Porphyries. These veins probably
represent the waning stages or last hydrothermal pulse present within the Quellaveco Cu-Mo
porphyry deposit. Observations of vein types within the Post Mineral Porphyry were made at
one location from drill hole MQ-115 (144.85m-166.32m) and for elevations above 3400m, only.
153
Quartz dominated, straight walled veins are the most common vein types within the
Post Mineral Porphyries (Table 5-1). Four vein types are observed, with the youngest vein type
associated with this intrusion type being recorded within all other rocks types. This vein type
contains fine grained quartz adjacent to the wall rock with later phases of comb textured quartz
overgrowing the fine grained quartz and terminating quartz towards the center of the vein. The
oldest veins are quartz dominated, but contain lesser amounts of pyrite and trace to negligible
chalcopyrite and locally have very thin feldspar selvages. The most dominant (volumetrically)
vein
type
within
the
Post
Mineral
Porphyries
are
quartz-pyrite-
chloritechalcopyritemolybdenite, straight wall veins with thin feldspar selvages and inward
growing, interlocking quartz occasionally overgrown by anhedral feldspar in the vein center.
The relatively low concentrations of chalcopyrite and the most dominant vein containing
molybdenite, explain the higher Mo:Cu ratios observed within the Post Mineral Porphyries. For
simplicity, the veins have been grouped for the paragenetic model into common vein types:
a) Quartz dominated veins with disseminated sulphides K-feldspar selvages (veins 34; Table 5-1).
b) Quartz dominated veins with sulphides and molybdenite with K-feldspar selvages
(vein 2; Table 5-1).
c) Open space quartz veins (vein 1; Table 5-1).
Old Young
Table 5-1: Veins within Post Mineral Porphyry suite

#
1
Minerals
Qtz
Selvage
None
Qtz-Py-ClCpMo
Thin Kfs
3
4
Qtz-Py
QtzPyCp
None
Thin Kfs
Notes
straight; fine grained (<2mm); filled with
Qtz; open space Qtz
straight; inward growth of last phase Qtz;
interlocking Qtz; center Kfs filled
straight
straight
Notes: Qtz=Quartz, Py=Pyrite, Cl=Chlorite, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Mo=Molybdenite, Kfs=K-feldspar, =much greater than, trace to
rarely occurring
- Bold=volumetrically dominant vein types
This youngest hydrothermal pulse at Quellaveco is associated with no wall rock

alteration of the Post Mineral Porphyry intrusions to weak quartz-sericite alteration. Very little in
the way of disseminations or sulphidation of mafic minerals is evident. Quartz dominated
straight walled veins with feldspar selvages, open space quartz and minor coarse grained
sulphides characterize the veins types observed within the Post Mineral Porphyry suite.
154
EQS
EQS2
QSMo
EQS1
Mo
QSMo
LQS
Mo
EQS
QSMo
EB
Mo
EQS
QSMo
EQS
D-vein
Mo
Figure 5-5: Photos of veins in Post and Late Mineral Porphyries. A) eQS1 veins with qtz-py and weak Kfs
selvage cut by eQS2 qtz-py-cl vein with weak Kfs selvage in Post Mineral Porphyry, B) eQS
vein cut by QSMo vein in Post Mineral Porphyry, C) EB vein cut by QSMo vein cut by lQS vein
in Late Mineral Porphyry, D) eQS vein (qtz>>py) cut by QSMo vein with Mo on vein margins
in Late Mineral Porphyry, E) eQS vein cut by QSMo vein in Late Porphyry, and F) two eQS
veins containing qtz>>py with weak Kfs selvages cut by a D-vein containing qtz-py.
155
Veins in Late Porphyry

The Late Mineral Porphyry suite is the second youngest series of porphyry intrusions
present within the Quellaveco Igneous Complex and combined with the Post Mineral Porphyry
suite comprise approximately 10% of the QIC, by volume. They form stocks and dykes that
typically contain 0.25% Cu and have marginally higher Mo:Cu ratios when compared to older
intrusions (Figure 5-3). Vein densities within the intrusions are typically very low, though
slightly higher than within the Post Mineral Porphyries, with one vein occurring approximately
every 30-40cm. Due to the low vein densities present and only the use of drill core to make
observations, no crosscutting relationships of veins within the Late Mineral Porphyries being cut
by the Post Mineral Porphyries were visible. However, similar veins to those observed within the
Post Mineral Porphyries are present within the Late Mineral Porphyries and were used as a
proxy for the relative timing of veins (Appendix 4: Table A4-1). Observations of vein types
within the Late Mineral Porphyry suite were only made for elevations above 3400m, from three
separate locations (drill holes MQ-144, MQ-70 and MQ-76; 225.6m-231.3m, 194.86m-208.33m
and 329.75m-343.23m, respectively) and are compiled below (Table 5-3).
OldestYoungest
Table 5-3: Veins within Late mineral porphyry suite

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Minerals
QtzPyCp
Drusy QtzPy
PyQtz-ClCp
Qtz-Py-Mo-Cl
Qtz-PyCp
QtzPyCp
Qtz-Py-Bt(Cl)Cp
Bt(Cl)PyCp
Selvage
Qtz-Ser
None
None
None
None
Discontinuous Kfs
None
None
Notes
straight;
straight;
straight
straight;
straight;
straight
straight
straight;
very tr Mo
tr Kfs in and on vein edge
diffuse grainy Qtz; tr Kfs at vein edge
irregular Qtz; diffuse
diffuse; discontinuous
Notes: Qtz=Quartz, Py=Pyrite, Cl=Chlorite, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Mo=Molybdenite, Kfs=K-feldspar, Bt=Biotite, Ser=sericite, =much
greater than, trace to rarely occurring, tr.=trace, v.tr.=very trace, (mineral)=secondary after mineral to left;
- unit has very low vein densities (less than 1 per 30cm)
- high Mo:Cu compared to other intrusions
- Qtz vein dominated with rare Bt bearing veins
- All veins cut by Post Mineral Porphyries
Veins within the Late Mineral Porphyry intrusions are quartz dominated, however, more
sulphide and complexity of veins was observed for veins contained within the Late Mineral
Porphyry suite compared to the Post Mineral Porphyry suite. Volumetrically, quartz dominated
veins containing molybdenite comprise most of the veins within this rock type (Table 5-3). Two
types of quartz veins containing molybdenite were observed with one occurring immediately
prior to quartz veins with quartz-sericite selvages (vein type 4; Table 5-3) and the other is the
quartz veins with a quartz sericite selvage (vein type 1; Table 5-3). Like the Post Mineral
Porphyry suite, the Late Mineral Porphyry suite contain similar quartz dominated veins with
disseminated sulphides with trace to discontinuous K-feldspar selvages, as well as drusy quartz
156
veins with minor pyrite and K-feldspar. Unlike veins observed within the Post Mineral Porphyry
suite, the Late Mineral Porphyry suite contains biotite and chlorite bearing veins earlier in the
vein sequence. Of the biotite and chlorite bearing veins, one type is observed to contain no
quartz and is discontinuous (vein 8; Table 5-3), and the other vein type contained quartz with
more sulphide and is continuous (vein 7; Table 5-3). The later may simply be a more evolved
version of the prior vein.
A noticeable difference to veins within earlier porphyries is that all veins observed within
the Late Mineral Porphyry suite are straight walled. Veins within the Late Mineral Porphyry suite
have been grouped into six different major vein types (from oldest to youngest):
a) Straight walled biotite bearing veins with variable amounts of quartz, pyrite and
chalcopyrite (veins 7-8, Table 5-3).
b) Quartz dominated veins with disseminated sulphides K-feldspar selvages (veins
types 5-6; Table 5-3).
c) Quartz dominated veins with sulphides and molybdenite with K-feldspar selvages
d) Pyrite dominated veins with minor quartz-chlorite and trace chalcopyrite (vein 3;
Table 5-3).
e) Open space quartz veins with minor pyrite and K-feldspar (vein 2; Table 5-3).
f) quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite veins with minor molybdenite and quartz-sericite selvages
From these observations, it is evident that similar types of veins have been repeated
from the Late Mineral Porphyry suite and Post Mineral Porphyry suite with vein type 2 (Late)
being similar to vein type 1 (Post), vein type 3 (Late) being similar to vein type 2 (Post) and
vein type 5 (Late) being similar to vein type 3 (Post). This indicates that, at least in part, vein
sequences have been repeated through two hydrothermal pulses.
The second youngest hydrothermal pulse at Quellaveco is associated with a weak
quartz-sericite and K-feldspar-biotite alteration and very little in the way of dissemination or
sulphidized mafic minerals. Quartz veins bearing molybdenite and quartz-sulphide veins with
quartz-sericite selvages, both straight walled, dominate the majority of the veins types present
in the Late Mineral Porphyry suite; however, drusy quartz veins are diagnostic of the
157
hydrothermal system that followed the emplacement of the Late Mineral Porphyries at
elevations above 3400m to surface.
Veins in Monzodiorite Porphyry

The Monzodiorite Porphyry suite is the third youngest porphyry intrusion within the
Quellaveco Igneous Complex. These porphyry intrusions are cross cut by both the Late and
Post Mineral Porphyries but cross cut the Intermineral Porphyries. Monzodiorite Porphyry
intrusions form narrow dykes (<1m and up to ~20m wide) that occur within the Intermineral
dyke complex, but are not mappable at the scale of the deposit. Collectively, these intrusions
are much less volumetrically abundant than the Intermineral, Early and Post Mineral porphyries
and do not contribute large amounts of Cu and Mo to the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system.
However, the high grades observed within these intrusions add to their importance to the
Quellaveco porphyry system. Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions typically contain 0.4% to >1%
Cu and have lower Mo:Cu ratios than the younger porphyry dykes, but higher Mo:Cu ratios than
the older intrusions (Figure 5-3). Vein density within Monzodiorite Porphyries range from low to
very high (5% to 20%) with one vein occurring approximately every 3-8cm at its densest. The
highest densities often occur where magnetite-bearing veins are present.
Only drill core was used to determine the vein paragenesis within the Monzodiorite
Porphyry suite. All veins (Table 5-4) have either been crosscut by Late Mineral Porphyry
intrusions or their relative timing to veins cut by the Late Mineral Porphyry intrusions suggests
that the veins occurred prior to the emplacement of Late Mineral Porphyry suite. Veins that
occur later than those temporally associated with the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite (i.e. those
contained within Late and Post Mineral Porphyry intrusions) are present within the Monzodiorite
Porphyry intrusions and are recorded in Appendix 4: Table A4-2. Vein types temporally
associated with Monzodiorite Porphyry suite were recorded at three different elevation levels;
>3400m, from 3000-3400m and <3000m, to emphasize the changing characteristics of vein
types present at different depths of emplacement within the deposit. Observations of vein types
within the Monzodiorite Porphyries were recorded from eight separate locations (drill holes
MQ07-02, MQ07-06, MQ07-07, MQ07-07, MQ07-07, MQ07-07, MQ07-05 and MQ07-05;
197.15m-215.19m,
240.50m-253.30m,
687.20m-709.50m,
613.50m-632.10m,
444.50m-
459.70m, 504.70m-519.90m, 213.10m-230.90m and 244.40m-256.20m, respectively) and were

compiled below (Table 5-4).
Veins within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite are magnetite and K-feldspar dominated,
however, more sulphide and complexity of veins and diversity of vein types was observed for
158
Oldest Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Table 5-4: Veins within Monzodiorite porphyry suite at various elevations

#
Minerals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Py-Cp>Qtz
QtzPyCp
Qtz=Cp-MoPy
QtzBt-MoCpPy
Py-Cp
Cp-PyQtz
Qtz-Py>Cl>Bt>Cp
Qtz=Cp-Py>Bt
Qtz>Bt-Cp-Py
Bt-Cp-Py
Cl-Bt-AnhyMag
Qtz=Bt>Cp-Py
Mag-Cp-QtzBtCl
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Qtz>Py-CpMo
QtzCpPy
Qtz>=Py-MoCp
Qtz>Py-Cp
Qtz=PyCp
QtzCpPy
Qtz-Cl>Cp-Py
Qtz>Py-CpBt(Cl)-Cl
Qtz-PyBt(Cl)Cp
Qtz>Bt-Cp-PyMo
Qtz-Kfs-Bt>Cp-Py
Qtz-Bt>PyCp
Mag-Cl>PyCp
Mag-Cp-Qtz
Mag-Cp-Act
Mag-Cp
BtCpPy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Qtz>PyCp
Qtz-Py-Cl
QtzMo>Py-Cp
Qtz-PyCp
Cl-Py>Qtz
Cl-Bt>Py-Qtz
Qtz-Cp-Py-Bt-ClMag
Bt-Cl=Py-Cp
BtCpPy
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
Qtz-Ser selvage
straight
Kfs-Bt selvage
straight
None
straight
Kfs
straight
None
rarely wavy
Discontinuous Kfs
rarely wavy
Kfs
wavy
None
straight
None
straight
None
straight
Cl-Bt
wavy
Kfs-Bt
wavy; v. infrequent
None
wavy; crystalline Qtz; net texture and intergrown
Mag-Cp
>3000m and <3400m elevation
Qtz-Ser
straight; patchy massive Mag-Cp
Kfs
straight
v. thin Kfs
straight; sulphides concentrated on vn edge
None
straight
Discontinuous Kfs
wavy
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
wavy
None
straight
Kfs
straight; discontinuous
None
straight
Bt
straight
Kfs
wavy
None
wavy
Kfs
straight
None
wavy
None
wavy
None
straight; discontinuous; ghosted
<3000m elevation
Qtz-Ser
wavy
Kfs
straight
Discontinuous Kfs
straight; Mo on edge and in vein
thin Kfs
straight
thin Kfs
wavy
None
straight
Thin Kfs
wavy; grainy Qtz
Kfs
wavy; diffuse
None
straight
Notes: Qtz=Quartz, Py=Pyrite, Cl=Chlorite, Cp=Chalcopyrite, Mo=Molybdenite, Kfs=K-feldspar, Bt=biotite, Anhy=anhydrite,

Mag=magnetite, Act=actinolite, >=greater than, =much greater than, trace to rarely occurring, tr.=trace, v.tr.=very trace,
(mineral)=secondary after mineral to left
- Bt-Cl w/Kfs selvage dominated; lesser Qtz-Sulphides vns; Mo-bearing vns very dense and multiple types
- All veins cut by Late and Post Mineral Porphyries
159
B
MCN
MCN
EQS
EQS
LQS
EB
EQS/LQS
Monzodiorite
LB
EB
Intermineral
LQS
EB
QSMo
Mo
QSMo
EQS
S
EQS
Figure 5-6: Photos of veins in Post and Late Mineral Porphyries. A) MCN vein from Moznodiorite
Porphyry cross cutting eQS veins which cross cut EB veins within the Intermineral Porphyry
from approximately 50cm from the contact with Monzodiorite Porphyry, B) lQS vein cutting
biotite-bearing eQS vein which cuts MCN vein within the Monzodiorite Porphyry within the
Monzodiorite Porphyry on and approximately 3m from photo A), C) D-vein cutting lQS or
eQS veinEB vein, which cuts LB vein which cuts EB vein within the Monzodiorite Porphyry,
D) Contact between Intermineral Porphyry (lower) and Monzodiorite Porphyry showing
QSMo veins within the Intermineral Porphyry cut byt the Monzodiorite Porphyry and several
eQS and lQS veins cutting through both the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries, E)
lQS vein cutting S vein which cuts eQS vein which cuts EB vein within the Intermineral
Porphyry cut, and F) D-vein cutting QSMo vein which cuts two orientations of eQS veins
within the Intermineral Porphyry.
160
veins contained within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite compared to younger porphyry
intrusions. Volumetrically, magnetite dominated veins containing variable amounts of chlorite,
biotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite with lesser actinolite, quartz and anhydrite, make up most of the
veins within this rock type (Table 5-4). Typical of magnetite veins within both the Monzodiorite
and Earliest Porphyry suites, the magnetite and chalcopyrite commonly form as a net texture of
chalcopyrite within magnetite (Figure 5-6). In addition to the magnetite dominated veins,
quartz veins with K-feldspar within the veins and as selvages with variable amounts of
chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite and lesser biotite compose a large volume of the veins
within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite, though generally less than the magnetite-bearing veins.
Compared to the veins temporally associated with other porphyry suites (younger and older)
the veins temporally associated with the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite tend to have more of a
wavy characteristic rather than being straight walled.
Molybdenite bearing veins occur within quartz veins prior to the development of quartz
veins with quartz-sericite selvages but after the magnetite veins. These veins likely are the
same family of Mo-bearing veins through all depths within the Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions
(vein types 3, 10 and 4 at deep, moderate and shallow depths, respectively; Table 5-4). Unlike
veins observed within the younger porphyries, the Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions contain
largely magnetite and biotite bearing veins as the earliest suite of veins; most of which contain
no or very little quartz. Quartz-bearing magnetite veins likely are a more evolved version of the
magnetite dominated veins and are thus grouped together. Net textured magnetite and
chalcopyrite was only observed at the shallowest levels of the QIC, but probably is present at
depth, perhaps due to only a limited number of drill holes intersecting the Monzodiorite
Porphyry intrusions at depth. Biotite dominated veins occur prior to the magnetite dominated
veins but are not present at shallower levels within the deposit associated with the Monzodiorite
Porphyry suite.
Veins within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite have been grouped into seven different
major vein types (from oldest to youngest):
a) Biotite dominated veins containing variable amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite and
chlorite, which are dominantly straight walled, but occasionally wavy and occur
immediately prior to magnetite dominated veins (vein types 8 and 9 at <3000m, and
17 between 3000m and 3400m; Table 5-4).
b) Wavy (rarely straight walled) magnetite-bearing veins with variable amounts of
chalcopyrite, pyrite, chlorite and biotite and lesser anhydrite, quartz and actinolite,
161
chalcopyrite and magnetite occasionally form net textures, with rare K-feldspar
selvages at deeper levels and chlorite-biotite selvages at shallower levels (vein types
7 at <3000m, 13-16 between 3000m-3400m and 11-13 at levels >3400m; Table 54).
c) Wavy at deeper levels and straight walled at shallow levels, chlorite-biotite-quartz
dominated veins, with generally minor sulphide, containing lesser amounts of pyrite,
but in greater quantities than chalcopyrite (vein types 5-6 at <3000m, 11-12
between 3000m-3400m and 9-10 at levels >3400m; Table 5-4).
d) Wavy at depth with increasing straight walled nature higher in the system, quartz
dominated veins with lesser pyrite-chalcopyrite and still lesser biotite-chlorite and
rare molybdenite veins with K-feldspar (trace biotite) or no selvage, rare vein where
sulphide is greater than quartz (vein types 4 at <3000m, 4-10 between 3000m3400m and 5-8 at levels >3400m; Table 5-4).
e) Straight walled quartz-molybdenite dominated veins with lesser chalcopyrite-pyrite
and rare biotite, with K-feldspar selvages and sulphides concentrated on the vein
edges (vein types 3 at <3000m, 3 between 3000m-3400m and 3-4 at levels
>3400m; Table 5-4).
f) Straight walled quartz-pyrite dominated veins with rare chalcopyrite and K-feldspar
(rare biotite) selvage (vein types 2 at <3000m, 2 between 3000m-3400m and 2 at
levels >3400m; Table 5-4).
g) Straight walled (rarely wavy) quartz dominated veins with quartz-sericite selvages
containing lesser chalcopyrite-pyrite and rare molybdenite in both the selvages and
veins and rare magnetite in the veins (vein types 1 at <3000m, 1 between 3000m3400m and 1 at levels >3400m; Table 5-4).
The hydrothermal event temporally associated with the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite
contains a marked increase in the diversity and amount of veins present, compared with
younger hydrothermal events. Compared with the younger hydrothermal events this event does
not have a significant component of molybdentite bearing veins nor are quartz veins with
quartz-sericite selvages volumetrically important compared with other veins types. Biotite
dominated veins are more prominent early and deeper in the system, whereas magnetite
bearing veins dominate the early vein components higher up within the system. Aside from the
early magnetite and biotite bearing veins, quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite and molybdenite bearing
162
veins are the most important veins types volumetrically, contributing to the higher overall
copper and molybdenum concentrations associated with this intrusive suite. As with the
younger hydrothermal systems, wavy veins are more prominent deeper in the system and
straight walled veins more dominant higher up in the system. This event contains significant
chalcopyrite disseminations particularly at mafic mineral sites within the Monzodiorite Porphyry
intrusions. For the most part, the wall rock to the veins within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite
are K-feldspar and biotite altered with traces of anhydrite, particularly deeper in the system
with a younger chlorite overprint of mafic minerals and local sericite alteration of feldspar,
particularly where this rock types is adjacent to younger porphyry intrusions.
Veins in Intermineral Porphyry

Veins that are contained within the Intermineral Porphyry suite but cut by younger, in
particular, the Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions represent the fourth youngest hydrothermal
event within the Quellaveco Igneous Complex. These porphyries are cross cut by the Late Post
Mineral and Monzodiorite Porphyry suites but cross cut the Early Porphyry intrusions, bracketing
the veins to being cross cut by Monzodiorite Porphyries and having been emplaced immediately
after the emplacement of the Intermineral Porphyry suite. They form a dyke complex with the
Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions and volumetrically comprise the second most important
porphyry suite after the Early Porphyry suite. Individually the dykes range from 1m wide to
several 10s of meters wide and are oriented in a NNW direction. The Intermineral Porphyry
intrusions comprise the second most important unit volumetrically within the QIC and have
lower Mo:Cu ratios than younger hydrothermal events. Additionally, vein densities are
approximately the same as in the Monzodiorite Porphyries (one vein every 3-8cm) and contains
0.4%->0.6% Cu, making the hydrothermal event associated with the Intermineral Porphyries
the second most important time with respect to Cu and Mo endowment at Quellaveco (Figure
5-3).
Only drill core was used to determine the vein paragenesis within the Intermineral
Porphyry suite. All vein types that were recorded in later porphyries (i.e. Post Mineral through
Monzodiorite) are present within the Intermineral Porphyries and are recorded in Appendix 4:
Table A4-3. Vein types temporally associated with Intermineral Porphyries were recorded at
three different elevation levels; >3400m, from 3000-3400m and <3000m, to emphasize the
changing characteristics of vein types present at different depths of emplacement within the
deposit. Observations of vein types within the Intermineral Porphyries were recorded from six
separate locations (drill holes MQ07-06, MQ07-06, MQ07-07, MQ07-13, MQ83 and MQ07-10;
163
Oldest
Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Table 5-5: Veins within Intermineral porphyry suite at various elevations

#
Minerals
1
2
3
4
5
QtzCp-Py
QtzCp-Mo-Py
PyQtz>Cp
Qtz-Cp-Py
QtzCp-Py
6
7
8
Qtz-Py-Cp-Cl
Qtz-Py>CpBt(Cl)
Qtz>Bt(Cl)Cp-PyCl
*1
2
*3
4
*5
6
7
*8
9
*10
*11
QtzPy-Cp-Mo
Qtz-Cp-PyCl
Qtz-Cl-PyCp
Qtz-Py-Cp
Cl-PyCp
Qtz-Py>Bt(Cl)Cp
KfsCp-Py-Qtz
Bt=Qtz-Py-Cp
Py-Bt(Cl)>QtzCp
Bt(Cl)-Qtz-Py
Bt(Cl)PyCp
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Qtz=Py-Cp
QtzCp-MoPy
Qtz-Py-CpBt(Cl)
QtzCp-Py>Cl
QtzBt(Cl)Py
QtzCpCl
Qtz>Cl-PyCp
Qtz-Cp>Bt(Cl)PyCl
Qtz>BtCp
Qtz>Bt-CpPy
Bt=QtzCp
Bt>Qtz>Cp-Py
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
Qtz-SerBt
straight; coarse crystalline Qtz
Weak Kfs
straight
None
straight
Discontinuous Kfs
straight
None
wavy; coarse crystalline Qtz; v.tr. sulphide
disseminated in vein
None
wavy
None
straight
None
wavy; grainy diffuse Qtz; sulphide concentrated
within and immediately around vn
Kfs
wavy
None
straight
None
wavy
Bt
wavy
None
wavy
Kfs
wavy
Weak Bt
straight
Non
straight; diffuse
None
straight
None
wavy
None
wavy
<3000m elevation
Qtz-Ser
straight
Kfs
wavy; grainy Qtz
Weak Kfs
wavy
None
wavy
None
straight
Kfs
wavy
None
wavy
Discontinuous Kfs
straight
Discontinuous Kfs
wavy
None
straight
None
straight
None
wavy; grainy Qtz; discontinuous

Mag=magnetite, Act=actinolite, ==equal to, =greater than or equal to, >=greater than, =much greater than, =trace to rarely
occurring, tr.=trace, v.tr.=very trace, (mineral)=secondary after mineral to left
- *=Cut by Monzonite Porphyry; rest by relative timing/crosscutting relationships
611.15m-625.60m, 578.60m-593.4m, 713.00m-728.00m, 980.10m-998.70m, 393.15m-413.38m

and 273.50m-290.20m, respectively) and were compiled below (Table 5-5).
Veins within the Intermineral Porphyries are quartz-sulphide dominated, however, less
complexity of veins and diversity of vein types was observed for veins contained within the
Intermineral Porphyries compared to Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions. Volumetrically, quartz
dominated veins containing variable amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite with lesser amounts of
biotite and chlorite, make up most of the veins within this rock type (Table 5-5; Figure 5-6).
Quartz-sulphide-bearing veins with quartz-sericite selvages become more prominent at higher
elevations within the QIC.
164
As with the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite, veins within the Intermineral Porphyry
intrusions include molybdenite-bearing veins that occur before quartz veins with quartz-sericite
selvages but after the remainder of vein types recorded (vein types 2, 1 and 2 at shallow,
moderate and deep depths, respectively; Table 5-5). Unlike the later porphyry intrusions, the
suite of veins associated with the Intermineral Porphyry intrusions are quartz dominated, as
opposed to biotite-magnetite dominated or quartz-molybdenite dominated. Although, primarily
biotite-bearing veins were not observed at the upper parts of the Intermineral Porphyry suite,
the quartz-bearing biotite veins have been grouped with the biotite veins at lower elevations
because they likely represent a more evolved version at higher levels of the biotite dominated
veins.
Veins within the Intermineral Porphyry intrusions have been grouped into six different
major vein types (from oldest to youngest):
a) Wavy (rarely straight) biotite dominated veins containing variable amounts of pyrite,
chalcopyrite and quartz with chlorite rarely replacing biotite. These veins have no
selvages (vein types 11 and 12 at <3000m, 8-11 between 3000m-3400m and 7 and
8 at levels >3400m; Table 5-5).
b) Straight and diffuse K-feldspar dominated veins with lesser chalcopyrite, pyrite and
quartz. A weak biotite selvage associated with this type of vein was only observed at
moderate depths (vein type 7 between 3000m-3400m; Table 5-5).
c) Wavy at deeper levels, and straight walled at shallow levels, quartz dominated veins
with variable amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite and lesser biotite and rare chlorite.
The veins typically have weak to discontinuous K-feldspar selvages with rare biotite
(vein types 4-10 at <3000m, 3-6 between 3000m-3400m and 4-6 at levels >3400m;
Table 5-5).
d) Straight-walled sulphide (chalcopyrite and pyrite) dominated veins with lesser quartz
and rare biotite and chlorite with a weak to absent K-feldspar selvage (vein types 3
at <3000m, 2 between 3000m-3400m and 3 at levels >3400m; Table 5-5).
e) Straight walled (wavy deeper) quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite dominated veins with
lesser pyrite, with K-feldspar selvages and typically grainy quartz (vein types 2 at
<3000m, 1 between 3000m-3400m and 2 at levels >3400m; Table 5-5).
165
f) Straight walled, coarsely crystalline quartz veins with sub-equal amounts of pyrite
and chalcopyrite, and quartz-sericite selvages (vein types 1 at <3000m and 1 at
levels >3400m; Table 5-5).
Though the grades are not as high as observed within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite,
the Intermineral Porphyry suite is volumetrically much more important. Compared with the
younger hydrothermal events, this event does not have a significant component of molybdenite
bearing veins. However, unlike the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite veins with quartz-sericite
selvages are important, particularly at higher elevations. Biotite dominated veins are more
prominent early and deeper in the system. Magnetite-bearing veins were not observed within
the Intermineral Porphyry suite, aside from those veins more closely related to the Monzodiorite
Porphyry intrusions near their contacts. Unlike younger hydrothermal systems related to other
porphyry intrusions, the volumetrically most important vein types within the Intermineral
Porphyry suite are dominated by quartz, chalcopyrite and pyrite with weak to absent K-feldspar
selvages. Wavy veins are more prominent deeper in the system and straight walled veins more
dominant higher up in the system. This hydrothermal event contains significant chalcopyrite
disseminations particularly at mafic mineral sites. For the most part, the wall rock to the veins
within the Intermineral Porphyries are K-feldspar and biotite altered below 3000m lavation and
quartz sericite altered at higher elevations with patches of preserved potassic alteration.
Veins in Early Porphyry

The Early Porphyry suite represents the second oldest and volumetrically most important
hydrothermal event within the Quellaveco Igneous Complex. These porphyries are cross cut by
the Late, Post Mineral, Monzodiorite and Intermineral Porphyry intrusions but cross cut the
Earliest Porphyry intrusions, bracketing the veins to being cross cut by Intermineral Porphyry
suite and having been emplaced immediately after the Early Porphyry suite. They form dykes
and NW-SE elongated stocks and volumetrically compose over half of the QIC, by far the most
important intrusive phase. These intrusions range from small 1 to 2m wide dykes to large
stocks that may be up to 1000m by 500m (Figure 5-3). The Early Porphyry intrusions are,
volumetrically, the most important units within the QIC and have Mo:Cu ratios similar to those
within the Intermineral Porphyries. Additionally, vein densities are slightly higher than those
observed within the Monzodiorite and Intermineral Porphyry suites (one vein every 3-6cm) and
contains 0.4%->0.6% Cu, making the hydrothermal event associated with the Early Porphyry
suite the most important with respect to Cu and Mo endowment at Quellaveco (Figure 5-3). The
higher vein densities observed within this unit may reflect the fact that this unit occurs prior to
166
younger hydrothermal systems and serves as a host unit to the younger hydrothermal systems
as well. The approximate age of emplacement for these intrusions is 56.5Ma-55.9Ma, placing
the age of the hydrothermal event associated with the Early Porphyry suite to immediately after
this timeframe. This age range directly overlaps with both the Monzodiorite and Intermineral
Porphyry suites, suggesting that emplacement of intrusions, changes in igneous geochemistry
and emplacement of Cu-Mo bearing veins occurred in very short periods of time, perhaps as
little as 200k.a. (Chapter 2).
Only drill core was used to determine the vein paragenesis within the Intermineral
Porphyry intrusions. All vein types that were recorded in later porphyries (i.e. Post Mineral
through Intermineral) are present within the Early Porphyries and are recorded in Appendix 4:
Table A4-4. Vein types temporally associated with Early Porphyries were recorded at three
different elevation levels; >3400m, from 3000-3400m and <3000m, to emphasize the changing
characteristics of vein types present at different depths of emplacement within the deposit.
Observations of vein types within the Early Porphyries were recorded from six separate
locations (drill holes MQ07-07, MQ07-07, MQ07-07, MQ07-06, MQ07-02 and MQ07-02; 668.4m686.2m, 538.0m-553.2m, 418.2m-433.2m, 251.6m-262.9m, 104.9m-119.2m and 197.15m211.6m, respectively and were compiled below (Table 5-6).
Veins within the Intermineral Porphyry suite are quartz-sulphide dominated; however, as
observed within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite, veins containing biotite and magnetite are
also present within the Early Porphyry intrusions. Volumetrically, quartz dominated veins
containing variable amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite with lesser amounts of biotite and
chlorite, make up most of the veins within this rock type (Table 5-6; Figure 5-7). Quartzsulphide-bearing veins with quartz-sericite selvages become more prominent at higher
elevations within the QIC.
As with the Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyry suites, veins within the Early
Porphyry intrusions include molybdenite-bearing veins that predate quartz veins with quartzsericite selvages but after the remainder of vein types recorded (vein type 3 at shallow,
moderate and deep depths, respectively; Table 5-5). However, unlike within the Monzodiorite
and Intermineral Porphyry suites, veins associated with the Early Porphyry intrusions include a
quartz-sulphidechlorite vein type that was emplaced after quartz-sulphide bearing veins with
quartz-sericite selvages. Quartz dominated sulphide-bearing veins are the dominant vein types
associated with the Early Porphyries. Quartz veins with quartz-sericite selvages are recorded at
167
Oldest
Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Oldest
Youngest
Table 5-6: Veins within Early porphyry suite at various elevations

#
Minerals
1
2
3
*4
5
6
*7
*8
9
*10
11
Py-Qtz>Cp
Qtz>Cl>Cp-Py
Qtz>Mo-Py>Cl-Cp
Qtz-ClCp
Qtz-Kfs
Qtz>PyCp
Qtz>Kfs-Cp-Py
Cl-Py>QtzCp
Qtz-Py
Qtz=BtCpPy
Qtz>Bt-Cp-Py
12
13
14
Bt(Cl)>Py-QtzCp
Bt-Mag-Cl-Cp-Mo
Qtz>Bt>Py-Cp
*1
2
*3
4
*5
*6
*7
*8
9
10
11
12
13
*14
QtzPy
QtzCp-Py
QtzMoPyCpKfs
Py>CpQtz
Py-Cp>Qtz
PyQtz-Cp
Qtz>Cp-Py
QtzCp-Py
QtzCpPy
Qtz>Py-Cp
Qtz=Cp-Py
Cp-Py>Qtz-Cl
Qtz-Py>Cp-Cl
Qtz-ClCp-Py
15
16
17
18
*19
20
Cp-Cl>Qtz-Py
Kfs>Qtz-Bt>Py-Cp
Qtz>Bt-Py-Cp
Mag-Cp-Cl-MoPy
BtCl-Py-Cp
Bt=QtzCpPy
*1
*2
Cl-Py>Qtz
Qtz=Py-Cp
*3
4
*5
*6
7
*8
Qtz>=Cp-Py>MoCl
Cp-Py>Qtz
Qtz-Cl>Py-Cp
QtzPy-Cp
QtzBtCpPy
Qtz-Cl-Cp>Py-Bt
9
10
11
12
Cp-PyBt-Qtz-Cl
Qtz>Bt(Cl)-Cp-Py
Bt(Cl)=Qtz>CpPy
Bt-Cp>QtzPy
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
Inconsistent Qtz-Ser
Straight
Inconsistent Kfs
straight; Cl on vein edge
Weak Kfs
straight; cloudy Qtz
None
Wavy
None
Straight
Thin Kfs
wavy; center line; minor open space Qtz
Kfs
wavy; grainy Qtz
None
Straight
Qtz-Kfs
Straight
None
wavy
Kfs
straight; grainy Qtz; sulphide and Bt disseminated
in vein
None
wavy
None
wavy; diffuse; Mag-Cp net texture
None
straight; diffuse; grainy Qtz
None
straight; sulphide between interlocking Qtz grains
Qtz-Ser
straight; grainy Qtz
Weak Kfs
straight; Mo between coarse Qtz grains
None
straight
None
wavy
None
wavy
Weak Kfs
Discontinuous Kfs
wavy; grainy Qtz; sulphide disseminated in vn
Kfs
straight
Kfs
wavy; open space Qtz
Kfs-Bt
wavy; vn pinches and swells
None
straight
Kfs
wavy
Weak Kfs
straight; grainy Qtz; sulphide disseminated in vn;
diffuse; discontinuous
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight
None
None
wavy; Mag-Cp net texture
None
None
<3000m elevation
None
wavy; discontinuous Qtz
Qtz-Ser; overprinted wavy; open space Qtz
by Kfs
Qtz-Kfs
straight; sulphide in centerline and selvage
None
wavy; diffuse; grainy Qtz
Non
wavy; discontinuous
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight; centerline sulphides
None
straight; grainy Qtz; discontinuous; sulphide
disseminated in Qtz
Discontinuous Kfs
wavy
None
None
straight; diffuse
None
straight; diffuse; grainy Qtz; discontinuous

- *=Cut by Intermineral Porphyry; rest by relative timing/crosscutting relationships
168
EB
LB
MCN
LQS
EQS
EB
QSMo
Early Porphyry
D2
LQS
EQS2
EB
LQS
EQS1
S
EB
D1
Early Porphyry
EB/LB
EQS/lQS
MCN
EQS/lQS
EB
Granodiorite
Figure 5-7: Photos of veins in Early Porphyry Earliest Porphyry and Granodiorite units. A) lQS vein
cutting S and EB veins within the Early Porphyry all cut by the Monzodiorite Porphyry, B)
QSMo vein cutting lQS vein cutting LB vein cutting MCN vein cutting EB vein in the Early
Porphyry, all of which are cut by younger veins, C) D vein cutting eQS and S veins cutting an
EB vein within the Early Porphyry all of which are cut by younger eQS (EQS2) and D veins
(D2), D) LQS and S veins cutting EB veins in Earliest Porphyry, E) D vein cutting MCN vein in
Earliest Porphyry; note the mottled chalcopyrite within the magnetite, and F) eQS/lQS veins
cutting EB veins in Granodiorite being cut by the Early Porphyry, which contains through
going EB/LB and eQS/lQS veins.
169
all levels within the resource but are more frequent at moderate and shallow depths. Biotite
bearing veins were recorded at all levels within the Early Porphyry suite; however, they become
more dominant at deeper levels within the Early Porphyry intrusions. Net textured magnetitechalcopyrite veins are also present within the Early Porphyry intrusions, though only sparsely
distributed and occur immediately after the biotite dominated veins. Magnetite-bearing veins
were only recorded at moderate and shallow levels of the resource, however it is presumed that
these veins are present at all levels, but were not recoded at deep levels due to an apparent
observation bias caused by making observations at only two locations with the deep portions of
the resource.
Veins within the Early Porphyry suite are grouped into eight different major vein types
(from oldest to youngest):
a) Straight walled biotite dominated veins containing variable amounts of chalcopyrite
and quartz with lesser pyrite and chlorite usually overprinting biotite, no selvages,
often discontinuous and diffuse containing grainy quartz (vein types 11 and 12 at
<3000m, 19 and 20 between 3000m-3400m and 14 at levels >3400m; Table 5-6).
b) Wavy magnetite-chalcopyrite dominated veins with variable amounts of chlorite and
molybdenite and rare pyrite and biotite, no selvage, chalcopyrite and magnetite form
net texture (vein type 18 between 3000m-3400m and 13 at levels >3400m; Table 56).
c) Rarely wavy, diffuse, quartz-biotite-chalcopyrite dominated veins with lesser pyrite
and rare chlorite, K-feldspar, they typically have no selvages and contain grainy
quartz with disseminated sulphides (vein types 9 and 10 at <3000m, 15-17 between
3000m-3400m and 10-12 at levels >3400m; Table 5-6).
d) Wavy, quartz-chlorite-pyrite dominated veins with lesser biotite-chalcopyrite and rare
K-feldspar, with a K-feldspar (trace biotite and quartz) selvage and rare centreline
sulphide and open space quartz growth (vein types 5-8 at <3000m, 7-14 between
3000m-3400m and 4-9 at levels >3400m; Table 5-6).
e) Wavy, diffuse pyrite dominated veins with lesser chalcopyrite and quartz, typically
contain grainy quartz at deeper levels (vein type 4 at <3000m and 4-6 between
3000m-3400m; Table 5-6).
f) Straight walled coarsely crystalline quartz veins with lesser amounts of pyrite,
chalcopyrite and molybdenite, rare chlorite and K-feldspar, with a weak K-feldspar
170
selvage and higher molybdenite contents at shallower levels, sulphides in centreline

deeper and disseminated at shallow levels (vein type 3 at <3000m, 3 between
3000m-3400m, and 2 and 3 at levels >3400m; Table 5-6).
g) Wavy at deep levels and straight at shallow levels, coarsely crystalline quartz veins
with sub-equal amounts of pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite, with quartz-sericite
selvages and rare open space quartz growths (vein type 2 at <3000m, 2 between
3000m-3400m and 1 at levels >3400m; Table 5-6).
h) Straight walled (wavy at deep levels), coarsely crystalline quartz veins with subequal amounts of pyrite and lesser chlorite, with no selvage and occasionally
discontinuous quartz (vein types 1 at <3000m and 1 between 3000m-3400m; Table
5-6).
These veins are temporally associated with the Early Porphyry suite and composes the
most important volume of copper and molybdenum within the Quellaveco resource. Though the
grades are not as high as observed within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite it is volumetrically
much more important. Compared with the younger hydrothermal events this event does not
have a significant component of molybdenite bearing veins, though unlike the Monzodiorite
Porphyry suite veins with quartz-sericite selvages are important, particularly at higher
elevations. Biotite and magnetite dominated veins are more prominent early and deeper in the
system. As with the hydrothermal system associated with the Intermineral Porphyries
intrusions, the volumetrically most important vein types within the Early Porphyry intrusions are
dominated by quartz, chalcopyrite and pyrite with weak to absent K-feldspar selvages and
biotite dominated veins at deeper parts of the QIC. As with the younger hydrothermal systems,
wavy veins are more prominent deeper in the system, whereas straight walled veins are more
dominant higher up in the system. This hydrothermal event contains significant chalcopyrite
disseminations particularly at mafic mineral sites. For the most part, the wall rock to the veins
within the Early Porphyries are K-feldspar and biotite altered below 3000m elevation and quartz
sericite altered at higher elevations with patches of preserved potassic alteration.
Veins in Earliest Porphyry

The Earliest Porphyry suite composes the oldest porphyry intrusions present within the
Quellaveco Igneous Complex. They form large (up to 50m long drill ore intercepts) xenoliths
within the Early Porphyries that have only been observed at levels >3400m within the QIC and
do not outcrop. They typically contain >0.8% Cu, have low higher Mo:Cu ratios when compared
to younger intrusions (Figure 5-3) and volumetrically are the least important of the intrusions
171
that compose the QIC. Vein densities within the Late Mineral Porphyries are very high and in
zones where magnetite and chalcopyrite dominate appear to form replacements within the
Earliest Porphyry intrusions, with one vein occurring approximately every 3-6cm. In spite of the
high grades and vein densities observed within the Earliest Porphyries, the low overall volume
of this rock type within the QIC make the hydrothermal system associated with the Earliest
Porphyries to be of less importance then those associated with the Monzodiorite through Early
Porphyry events. All observations of veins were made at contacts with the Early Porphyry suite
and veins recorded below were all observed to have been crosscut by the Early Porphyry
intrusions (Table 5-7). Veins that were observed within the Earliest Porphyry, but interpreted to
be associated with younger hydrothermal systems were also observed (Appendix 4: Table A45). Observations of vein types within the Earliest Porphyries were only made for elevations
above3400m, from two locations (drill holes MQ05-05 and MQ07-05; 213.1m-230.9mand
244.0m-277.7m, respectively) and were compiled below (Table 5-7).
Oldest
Youngest
Table 5-7: Veins within Earliest porphyries above 3400m elevation

#
1
2
3
4
5
Selvage
Qtz-Ser
None
None
None
None
6
7
8
9
10
Minerals
Cp-Py>Qtz
Qtz>Kfs
Qtz>Cp>Py
Py
MagCp>PyBtKfsQtzSer
MoQtzCp
Qtz>Cp-Py
Qtz-KfsCpPy
Qtz-Bt
QtzCp-Py
11
Qtz-Bt>PyCp
None
None
Discontinuous Kfs
None
Discontinuous Kfs
None
Notes
wavy; discontinuous sulphide
wavy
wavy; discontinuous
wavy; discontinuous; occasional net texture MagCp
wavy; coarse Qtz (open space)
wavy; grainy Qtz
wavy
wavy; coarse (open space) Qtz; sulphide
disseminated in vein

- All veins cut by Early Porphyry
Veins within the Earliest Porphyry suite are magnetite-chalcopyrite-quartz dominated.

However, more sulphide and complexity of veins was observed for veins contained within the
younger porphyry units. Unlike the paragenetic sequence of the vein types in younger intrusive
suites, quartz and molybdenite bearing veins in the Earliest Porphyry suite are older than the
magnetite-chalcopyrite dominated veins. Volumetrically, magnetite-chalcopyrite and quartzbiotite dominated veins are the most important vein types (Table 5-7). Selvages to the veins
are restricted to rare K-feldspar selvages and late quartz-pyrite veins with quartz-sericite
selvages. The veins within the Earliest Porphyry suite are dominated by wavy walls rather than
straight walled veins.
172
Veins within the Earliest Porphyry suite have been grouped into seven different major
vein types (from oldest to youngest):
a) Straight walled and wavy quartz-biotite bearing veins with lesser amounts of pyrite
and chalcopyrite with coarse to grainy quartz (vein types 10 and 11, Table 5-7).
b) Wavy (diffuse), quartz dominated veins with disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite
and lesser K-feldspar and biotite with K-feldspar selvages and grainy quartz (vein
types 7-9; Table 5-7).
c) Wavy, molybdenite dominated veins with sub-equal amounts of quartz and rare
chalcopyrite with coarse open space growth quartz (vein types 6; Table 5-7).
d) Wavy, discontinuous, magnetite-chalcopyrite dominated veins with minor pyrite and
trace biotite, K-feldspar, quartz and sericite, with magnetite and chalcopyrite forming
a net texture (vein type 5; Table 5-7).
e) Wavy, discontinuous pyrite veins (vein type 4; Table 5-7).
f) Straight walled and wavy quartz dominated veins with lesser K-feldspar and
chalcopyrite and trace pyrite, with grainy quartz (vein types 2 and 3; Table 5-7).
g) Straight walled (rarely wavy), discontinuous chalcopyrite-pyrite veins with lesser
quartz and quartz-sericite selvages (vein type 1; Table 5-7).
The oldest hydrothermal event at Quellaveco was associated with a weak K-feldsparbiotite alteration with late quartz-sericite alteration of wall rocks. It is not readily apparent if the
late quartz sericite alteration is temporally associated with the Earliest Porphyry or with the
younger porphyry units which are dominated by quartz-sericite alteration at shallow levels
within the Quellaveco Sulphide disseminations are important in this unit, particularly at mafic
sites that have been partially replaced by sulphides. Magnetite-chalcopyrite veins dominate this
unit and may be so dense that the rock appears to be replaced rather than cut by magnetitechalcopyrite veins.
Veins in Granodiorite (Cut by Early Porphyries)

The Regional Granodiorite is considered to be a pre-mineral rock type, having been
emplaced prior to the majority of the Cu-Mo deposition. The unit is equigranular and
hornblende bearing ranging in grain size from approximately 1cm to 2mm in size. The unit
occurs as a pluton which intrudes the Toquepala Group volcanic rocks spanning an area of at
least three by ten kilometres, elongated in a northwest direction (Figure 5-2 and 5-3). In
173
general, the unit is barren with respect to Cu and Mo but near the contacts with younger
porphyry intrusions, the Cu grades and vein density increases to levels similar to the particular
porphyry that the granodiorite is in contact with. The granodiorite was emplaced at
approximately 60.4-59.1Ma (Chapter 2). There is some evidence that a hydrothermal system
predates the Early Porphyry intrusions, but post dates the granodiorite as seen by quartz veins
within the granodiorite being cross cut by an Early Porphyry unit (Figure 5-7). However, since
the Earliest Porphyry has not been observed in contact with the granodiorite, it is unclear
whether this hydrothermal event is temporally associated with the Earliest Porphyry or is
temporally associated with some other unrecognized timeframe. Since the granodiorite is the
oldest intrusive unit and is not generally a significant host of Cu-Mo veins within the QIC no
observations were recorded where veins crosscut the granodiorite contact with younger
porphyry units. Observations of vein types within the granodiorite that have been cross cut by
the Early Porphyries were made at 2 locations, both at <3400m elevation (drill holes MQ-0702
and MQ-0706; 104.90m-119.20m and 251.6m-262.9m, respectively) and were compiled below
(Table 5-8).
OldestYoungest
Table 5-8: Veins within Regional Granodiorite above 3400m elevation

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Minerals
Qtz-Cl>Py-Cp-Mo
Qtz-Cp-PyBt
Qtz>Bt-Py-Cp
Qtz-Cp-Py
Bt>Py-Cp
Qtz-Bt>Cp-Py>Kfs
Bt=QtzCp
Bt>QtzPyCp
Selvage
None
None
None
Qtz-BtKfs
Kfs
None
None
None
Notes
wavy; diffuse; grainy Qtz
wavy
wavy
straight
straight
straight; Kfs in centerline
straight
straight

- All veins cut by Early Porphyry; either associated with Earliest Porphyry or some other unknown event prior to the emplacement of
Early Porphyry units
Veins within the granodiorite are quartz dominated, however, a variety of earlier biotite
dominated veins also comprise a significant volume of veins present within the granodiorite.
Volumetrically, quartz dominated veins containing chalcopyrite and pyrite with rare biotite are
the most important vein types (Table 5-8). Vein types observed to have been cross cut by the
Early Porphyry intrusions are less complex than those observed within all younger porphyry
intrusions and are far less dense than veins observed in younger units.
Veins within the granodiorite have been grouped into three different major vein types
(from oldest to youngest):
174
a) Straight walled biotite bearing veins with variable amounts of quartz, pyrite and
chalcopyrite and lesser K-feldspar with rare K-feldspar selvages and also within
centrelines (vein types 5-8, Table 5-8).
b) Straight wall and wavy quartz dominated with variable amounts of chalcopyrite and
pyrite and rare biotite with rare selvages containing quartz, K-feldspar and biotite
(vein types 2-4; Table 5-8).
c) Wavy, diffuse quartz, chlorite dominated veins with lesser chalcopyrite, pyrite and
molybdenite with K-feldspar selvages with quartz occurring as a grainy texture (vein
type 1; Table 5-8).
Hydrothermal veins spatially associated with the granodiorite which predate the
emplacement of the Early Porphyries may represent the oldest hydrothermal pulse present at
Quellaveco or may be temporally associated with the Earliest Porphyries. For the most part the
granodiorite is unaltered, but closer to the hydrothermal centre at Quellaveco; the major wall
rock alteration consists of chlorite and epidote with lesser sericite, replacing mainly the mafic
igneous minerals within the granodiorite. The closer to the contact with the younger porphyries
the granodiorite takes on the dominant wall rock alteration assemblages observed within those
units, ranging from biotite and K-feldspar to sericite and quartz assemblages. These wall rock
characteristics are observed within the granodiorite at all levels within the pit/resource volume.
Quellaveco Vein Type Classification

Compiled observations of all veins from all of the rock units have been grouped into vein
types for each rock type. Subsequently, these vein types from each of the rock types have been
compared with the vein types from all other rock types and have been grouped into common
vein types for the entire Quellaveco hydrothermal system, regardless of timing. Twelve distinct
vein types have been recognized at Quellaveco, however, three of the vein types are extremely
rare and only occur very sparsely within one or two of the rock types. Though only nine major
vein types are described below, the remaining three vein types are put into perspective within
the text. Additionally, the vein paragenesis described herein should not be used as a template
for describing veins in other locations as general observations about the paragenesis of rock
types should be made before vein paragenesis observations. Additionally, the vein types and
their subsequent relative timing and importance do not necessarily correlate with observations
made by other workers in other locations (e.g. Gustafson and Hunt, 1975 [El Salvador, Chile];
Seedorff, 1988 [Henderson, USA]; Gustafson and Quiroga, 1995 [El Salvador, Chile]; Sillitoe,
2000; Seedorff and Einaudi, 2000a, b [Henderson, USA]; Redmond, et al., 2004 [Bingham,
175
USA]; Seedorff et al., 2005 [Henderson, USA]). Thus workers using this contribution should
caution against using the observations as a template, as is the case currently (e.g. Seedorff et
al., numerous with EB through D vein classification), but rather should only use the
observation process described herein for their individual work areas. Nine of the most major
vein types present within the entire Quellaveco hydrothermal system is described below and
their timing and relative densities and importance are summarized below (Table 5-9).
Early Biotite Veins (EB Veins)

Early biotite veins (EB-veins) are temporally associated with all but one rock type, the
Post Mineral Porphyry. They are typically present at all levels within the deposit at all time
periods. However, they are the volumetrically important veins only associated with the
Monzodiorite, Early and Earliest Porphyry suites (Table 5-9). Additionally, these veins are more
prevalent within deeper portions of the deposit, particularly where associated with the
Monzodiorite and Early Porphyry suites. The Earliest Porphyry intrusions have only been
observed at higher levels within the deposit, precluding any observations to be made on veins
types present within the Earliest Porphyries at depth.
There are many variations and permutations of this vein type but common to all within
the EB vein type is biotite as a major component with lesser disseminated pyrite and
chalcopyrite. They commonly contain varying degrees of quartz, which generally increases in
importance at higher elevations within the QIC. A minor component of chlorite and very rare Kfeldspar are also characteristic. EB veins are commonly straight walled but were rarely observed
to occur as wavy walled with low frequency waves. Although these veins are commonly through
going, they may also be diffuse and discontinuous. Quartz, where present is commonly grainy
and anhedral. EB veins almost never have selvages, but at least locally were observed to have a
thin K-feldspar selvage.
Molybdenite-Quartz Veins (MoQ Veins)

Molybdenite-Quartz veins (MoQ Veins) were only observed in association with the
Earliest Porphyries at high levels within the QIC (Table 5-9). This vein type is only present
within the Earliest Porphyries and may be a variation of the Magnetite-Chalcopyrite veins in an
area where magnetite and chalcopyrite was not present. However, this vein type consistently
cross cut EB veins and was cross cut by Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net Textured Veins.
Additionally, since the Earliest Porphyries do not represent a significant volume within the QIC,
they do not constitute a major vein type present within the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry system.
176
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Granodiorite*
Early Porphyry
x
Earliest Porphyry
Intermineral
Porphyry
x
x
x
x
x
x
Low T
Monzodiorite
Early Biotite (EB)

Molybdenite-Quartz (MoQ)
Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-texture (MCN)
Late Biotite (LB)
Early Quartz-Sulphide (eQS)
Sulphide (S)
Molybdenite-bearing Quartz (QSMo)
Late Quartz-Sulphide (lQS)
Quartz-Sulphide w/Quartz-Sericite Selvage (D)
High
Oldest Youngest
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
Late Mineral
Vein Type
Post Mineral
Table 5-9: Vein types and timing relative to porphyry intrusion types
Notes: Bold indicates the vein type constitutes a volumetrically significant vein type; light grey indicates the vein type occurs
primarily at shallow depths (>3400m elevation); dark grey indicates the vein type occurs primarily at moderate depths (between
3000m and 3400m elevation); and pink indicates the vein type primarily occurs at greater depths (<3000m elevation). Numbers
referred to in the first column correlate back to vein group columns in previous tables.
Molybdenite-Quartz Veins (MoQ Veins) consist dominantly of molybdenite and quartz

with minor chalcopyrite spatially associated with quartz. Molybdenite is more abundant than
quartz within these veins, whereas chalcopyrite is trace to rare and very fine grained. MoQ
veins do not have selvages associated with them and are dominantly straight walled, though in
rare cases were observed to have wavy walls on a low frequency and low amplitude. Quartz
within these veins is coarse grained and euhedral, commonly displaying open space textures
along which chalcopyrite has precipitated.
Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-Texture Veins (MCN Veins)

Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-Textured veins (MCN Veins) represent an important vein
type within the QIC in terms of Cu grade and are a distinctive vein type which occurs in varying
degrees of importance within the Monzodiorite, Early and Earliest Porphyry units (Table 5-9).
MCN veins occur at moderate (between 3000 and 3400m elevation) to higher (greater than
3400m elevation) levels within the QIC. The veins are early in the paragenesis and are
associated with the Earliest, Early and Monzodiorite Porphyry suites. Within the Earliest
Porphyry suite, MCN veins are the most volumetrically important vein type present, accounting
for the high grades of Cu (usually >1%) observed within this rock type. MCN veins of lesser
importance associated with the Early Porphyry suite. However, since the Early Porphyry
intrusions are the volumetrically most important porphyry intrusion types within the QIC these
177
vein types are of high importance in association with the Early Porphyry suite. Within the Early
Porphyry suite, MCN veins occur at moderate and higher (greater than 3400m elevation) levels
within the QIC. MCN veins associated with the Monzodiorite Porphyry intrusions occur at all
levels within the QIC, but are most dominant at moderate levels within the QIC. These veins
represent a major vein type associated with the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite and reflect the
generally higher grades of hypogene Cu observed in association with the Monzodiorite
Porphyries. A common observation with the MCN veins within all rock types is that they occur at
moderate to higher levels within the deposit, but are relatively early in the overall vein
paragenesis cross cutting only the EB and MoQ vein types.
MCN veins have a distinguishing feature consisting, at least in part, of massive to semimassive portions of magnetite within which chalcopyrite has precipitated as irregular blebs
connected to one and other by thin veinlets of chalcopyrite giving a net-texture appearance.
However, this texture is only present where MCN veins occur at their most dense. In most
cases observed, magnetite and chalcopyrite make up major components of these vein types,
but chalcopyrite in extremely rare cases is not present. Other major minerals commonly
observed within MCN veins include (in order of decreasing importance) chlorite, biotite and
pyrite with rare to trace molybdenite, quartz, anhydrite, actinolite, K-feldspar and sericite. In
general, there is a zonation from magnetite-chalcopyrite dominated to increasing chlorite
(biotite) to increasing quartz with higher degrees of fluid-wall rock interaction. This is
especially evident where the veins cut through into older porphyry types in which the wall rock
is quartz-sericite altered. Within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite these vein types are
dominantly within K-feldspar-biotite (anhydrite) altered wall rocks, whereas within the Earliest
and Intermineral Porphyry suites the wall rock is dominated by quartz-sericite. Where quartz
occurs, it is fine grained (<1mm), granular and anhedral. Molybdenite rarely occurs within
these vein types, but where present, it has a higher correlation to the magnetite dominated
portions of these veins. The composition of selvages also varies from no selvages or very thin
K-feldspar selvages associated with magnetite-chalcopyrite dominated MCN veins and gradually
become more dominated by increasing amounts of biotite and chlorite associated with higher
quartz concentrations, particularly at higher levels within the QIC. MCN veins in every instance
occur with wavy walls in varying frequencies and amplitudes. They rarely occur as massive to
semi-massive portions within the drill core that may represent more of a replacement texture
than an actual vein.
178
Late Biotite Veins (LB Veins)

Late Biotite Veins (LB veins) occur in temporal and spatial association with the Early and
Monzodiorite Porphyry suites as only minor components (Table 5-9). They are included as an
important vein type herein due to their consistent temporal relationship to MCN veins in two of
the three rock types where MCN veins are present. These veins consistently cross cut MCN
veins but are themselves crosscut by younger quartz dominated veins types (described below).
Where present, LB veins occur at all levels with in the QIC and are sulphide poor.
LB veins are not particularly dominated by any one or two minerals, but rather contain
biotite, are sulphide poor, and pre-date quartz-sulphide dominated veins within the system.
Generally these veins are dominated by some combination of biotite, chlorite or quartz.
However, significant quantities of K-feldspar may be present and in rare circumstances pyrite
and chalcopyrite are the most dominant minerals in this veins type, but most commonly occur
as insignificant portions of LB veins. As with the older vein types, quartz generally becomes a
more dominant constituent of this vein type at more distal and higher portions within the QIC
and also paragenetically younger than LB veins dominated by biotite and chlorite. Chlorite
occurs as both a primary component of the veins and also as secondary alteration of biotite
within the veins. Quartz occurs as fine grained (<1mm), granular amalgamations of anhedral
quartz grains. LB veins become more diffuse at deeper parts within the QIC. Selvages range
from absent to K-feldspar selvages. At deeper portions of the QIC, the K-feldspar selvages are
thin and more discontinuous where present. Additionally, biotite may be present within the
selvages, but was only observed in one location. LB veins range from straight walled to wavy
walled (with high frequencies and low amplitude) with wavy walled LB vein being more
dominant at deeper levels of the QIC.
Early Quartz-Sulphide Veins (eQS Veins)

Early Quartz-Sulphide veins (eQS veins) occur in temporal and spatial association with
all but the Earliest Porphyry suite (Table 5-9). eQS veins are dominant vein types within the
Monzodiorite, Intermineral and Early Porphyry suites and are of lesser importance in association
with other porphyry units. In association with the Monzodiorite and Early Porphyry suites, eQS
veins are most prevalent at moderate depths within the QIC. In contrast with the Intermineral
Porphyry suite, the eQS veins are most dominant at deep levels. For all other porphyry types,
observations were only made for depths greater than 3400m elevation (shallow in the QIC) and
no variations in the vein types in temporal and spatial relationship to these porphyries can be
made. Although at a minimum, the characteristics of the vein types at shallow levels within the
179
QIC can be made and compared to other porphyry units. These veins may contain high
amounts of chalcopyrite and are arguably the most important vein type controlling spatial and
temporal distributions of Cu within the QIC.
The eQS veins are dominated by some combination of quartz, chalcopyrite and pyrite, in
varying proportions. Quartz is always present. Other minerals common, but of lesser
importance include, chlorite and biotite. The relative abundance of chlorite to biotite is
dependent on depth within the QIC and timing, with chlorite increasing in importance relative to
biotite at shallower levels within the QIC. The chlorite is later in the paragenetic sequence than
biotite. Molybdenite and K-feldspar may also be present but only rarely. Chlorite occurs both as
a primary mineral and as secondary replacement of biotite. Quartz is generally coarse grained
(>5mm) and subhedral and in the most evolved eQS veins and uppermost parts of the QIC may
have quartz growing into open space. Most commonly sulphides are disseminated along quartz
grain boundaries but also form a centreline, common to this vein type. In rare locations where
the eQS veins are discontinuous or diffuse, fine grained, granular quartz dominates and
sulphide content is generally low. The eQS veins can be either straight walled or wavy, though
straight walled veins are slightly more common. Wavy eQS veins are more common later in the
paragenesis of the eQS veins and in moderate and deeper parts of the QIC. The most common
selvage type is K-feldspar, with rare biotite and quartz. At deeper portions within the QIC,
discontinuous or thin K-feldspar selvages are most common and become thicker and more
continuous higher up in the QIC. Occasionally no selvages are present.
Sulphide Veins (S Veins)

Sulphide dominated veins (S-veins) are temporally and spatially associated with the
Intermineral, Early and Earliest Porphyry suites (Table 5-9). The S veins are only dominant vein
types within the Early Porphyry intrusions and occur at their most dense at moderate levels
within the QIC. However, S veins were noted at all levels within the QIC. These vein types
contain high concentrations of chalcopyrite making their presence important to the Cu grade
and distribution within the QIC. Quartz may be present within this vein type, particularly at
greater depths. They are described herein as separate veins due to their consistent paragenetic
relationship to the eQS veins, occurring slightly after and cross cutting the eQS veins.
S veins are dominated by pyrite and chalcopyrite with lesser amounts of quartz and rare
biotite and chlorite. Chlorite and biotite were only present in the deeper portions of the QIC and
only temporally and spatially associated with the Intermineral Porphyry Suite. In all cases the
ratio of chalcopyrite to pyrite increases with depth with pyrite only veins occurring as the
180
dominant S vein at shallower levels within the QIC. The S veins have rare thin K-feldspar
selvages, but is most commonly absent. These veins are commonly straight walled, but may be
wavy, particularly within deeper parts of the QIC. Although the sulphides within the S veins
tend to be coarsely crystalline (>0.5mm), quartz may occur as fine grained and granular, where
the S veins have a diffuse nature in deeper parts of the QIC. These veins are spatially
associated with a wide range of wall rock alteration, depending on depth and host rock. At
shallower levels of the QIC S-veins are spatially associated with quartz-sericite alteration.
Whereas, at deeper levels they are associated with biotite and K-feldspar alteration. Within the
Intermineral and Early Porphyries the dominant wall rock alteration is quartz-sericite. This
quartz sericite alteration overprints older K-feldspar alteration in the Intermineral and Early
Porphyry suites.
Molybdenite-Bearing Quartz Veins (QSMo Veins)

Molybdenite-bearing quartz veins (QSMo-veins) are temporally and spatially associated
with all intrusion types, with the exception of the Earliest Porphyries (Table 5-9). QSMo-veins
are volumetrically dominant vein types within the Early, Monzodiorite, Late Mineral and Post
Mineral Porphyries, particularly at shallower depths within the QIC. In the case of the Early
Porphyry, QSMo-veins are most dominant at moderate depths within the QIC. These veins
occur in higher densities within the later porphyry units at Quellaveco, as opposed to some of
the earlier porphyry units. Presumably the earlier veins within the vein sequence are of higher
temperature and potentially lower acidity. These higher temperature veins are of higher
importance within older porphyry units at within the QIC. Though these veins contain other
sulphides, the presence of molybdenite in significant concentrations within the veins is what
distinguishes QSMo-veins from other vein types, in addition to their consistent cross-cutting
relationships with eQS-, S- and lQS-veins. QSMo-veins may also contain significant
concentrations of chalcopyrite, and thus overall contribute to the bulk Cu grade at Quellaveco.
QSMo-veins are dominated by quartz with sub-equal amounts of (in descending order of
volumetric importance) molybdenite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Chlorite also occurs within this
vein type, but is of lesser importance than the sulphides and very rarely biotite and K-feldspar
may also be present. Chlorite and biotite generally occur at the vein edge, whereas K-feldspar
was most often observed to occur as a centreline to the vein. Thin to discontinuous K-feldspar
selvages are present with QSMo-veins in almost every case where they were observed. In rare
circumstances, quartz was observed to be present within the vein selvage with K-feldspar.
QSMo-veins are almost exclusively straight walled, likely reflecting their late and higher level
181
temporal and spatial distributions within the QIC. In rare cases and only at deeper levels within
the QIC QSMo-veins were observed to have wavy walls. Quartz is generally coarse grained
(>5mm) with inward growing and terminating crystals that have interlocking texture with
molybdenite and other sulphides precipitating between interlocking quartz crystals. Rarely
quartz occurs as grainy and diffuse where quartz:sulphide ratios are low. Chalcopyrite and
pyrite were also observed to occur on the vein edges in rare circumstances. At shallower levels
and particularly within the Late and Post Mineral Porphyries these veins occur within quartzsericite altered rocks. Within the Early through to the Intermineral Porphyries these veins occur
within rocks that have been K-feldspar and biotite altered with later overprinting quartz-sericite
alteration. In the case of the Monzodiorite Porphyry, QSMo-veins occur exclusively within rocks
that have been K-feldspar and biotite alteration.
Late Quartz Sulphide Veins (lQS Veins)

Late quartz-sulphide veins (lQS-veins) are temporally and spatially associated with the
Earliest, Monzodiorite and Late Porphyries (Table 5-9). lQS-veins are not volumetrically
dominant vein types within any of these porphyries; however they do occur within three of the
rock porphyritic rock types and are particularly more dominant within quartz poor intrusions
(i.e. Earliest and Monzodiorite Porphyries). lQS-veins were mainly observed within the upper
portions of the QIC (>3400m elevation). These veins consistently cross cut QSMo-veins within
the Monzodiorite and Late Porphyries and S-veins within the Earliest Porphyry. lQS-veins
contain only low concentrations of chalcopyrite, which is often absent, and thus do not appear
to play a significant contribution to the introduction of copper or molybdenum within the QIC.
lQS-veins are dominated by quartz or pyrite, either of equal concentrations or
dominated by one or the other, with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, chlorite and K-feldspar.
Thin, continuous K-feldspar with rare biotite selvages are present with lQS-veins within and
associated with the time period immediately following the emplacement of the Monzodiorite
Porphyry, all other time periods within which lQS-veins were observed (Earliest and Late
Porphyries) no selvages were observed. lQS-veins are almost exclusively straight walled, likely
reflecting their late and higher level temporal and spatial distributions within the QIC. In rare
cases and only at deeper levels within the QIC, QSMo-veins were observed to have wavy walls.
Wavy walled lQS-veins were only observed within the Earliest Porphyries, which are typically
observed to contain K-feldspar and biotite alteration. The Earliest Porphyries are dominated by
earlier and presumably higher temperature veins, which may have been emplaced at deeper
crustal levels, compared to later porphyritic units. lQS-veins are often discontinuous. Quartz is
182
generally fine grained (<2mm) and anhedral forming a grainy texture within which pyrite forms
in sub-equal concentrations with chalcopyrite, chlorite and K-feldspar. Chalcopyrite was not
observed to be present in significant concentrations within lQS-veins and thus id not play a key
role in the temporal and spatial distribution of copper or molybdenite within the QIV. Little to
no variation in lQS-veins was observed temporally or at different levels within the QIC. These
veins are distinctive in that they crosscut QSMo-veins but do not have and are crosscut by
quartz-sulphide veins with quartz-sericite selvages. Within the Monzodiorite and Earliest
Porphyries these veins occur within K-feldspar and biotite altered rocks that have been
overprinted by varying degrees of quartz-sericite alteration. Within the Late Porphyries these
veins occur within chlorite-epidote altered rocks that have been heavily overprinted by quartzsericite alteration.
Quartz-Sulphide Veins with Quartz-Sericite Selvages (D Veins)

Quartz-sulphide veins with quartz-sericite selvages (D-veins) are temporally and spatially
associated with all porphyry intrusion types, with the exception of the Post Mineral Porphyries
(Table 5-9). D-veins, have been so named due to their close similarity to D-veins described by
other authors from other porphyry deposit globally (e.g. Gustavson and Hunt, 1975; Redmond
et al., 2004; Seedorff et al., 2008). D-veins are the most volumetrically dominant vein type
within the QIC, but are not the most dominant within the Earliest and Monzodiorite Porphyries.
Although these are the most dominant vein types within the QIC they tend to occur in higher
concentrations at higher elevations within the QIC. This is particularly noticeable within the
Earliest and Monzodiorite Porphyries, where D-veins are not particularly concentrated. These
veins occur in higher densities within porphyry units that are more intensely sericite-quartz
altered, presumably associated with lower temperature and more acid fluids with higher fluidwallrock interactions. The main distinguishing feature of these veins are their quartz-sericite
selvages and their timing, in that they cross-cut all veins types, aside from rarely noted coarsely
crystalline quartz-pyiritechlorite veins within the Early Porphyry. The D-veins high densities
and high chalcopyrite concentration make these veins important contributors of Cu within the
Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit.
D-veins are dominated by quartz with sub-equal amounts of pyrite and chalcopyrite. In
rare circumstances total sulphide within the D-veins is greater than quartz. Molybdenite was
observed in one D-vein from the entire Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit and patchy
magnetite was also rarely observed. Coarse crystalline quartz (>5mm) was most often observed
with sulphides precipitating between quartz grains. In deeper parts of the QIC, discontinuous
183
and grainy quartz are increasingly dominant within D-veins. Thick (often greater than 5mm)
selvages composed mainly of quartz-sericite are always present within D-veins from Quellaveco.
Both pyrite and chalcopyrite may also occur within the selvages with lesser amounts biotite. Kfeldspar overprinted quartz-sericite selvage assemblages in one circumstance. D-veins are
almost exclusively straight walled, likely reflecting their late and higher level temporal and
spatial distributions within the QIC. In rare cases and only at deeper levels within the QIC Dveins were observed to have wavy walls. At shallower levels and particularly within the Late,
Intermineral and Early Mineral Porphyries these veins occur within quartz-sericite or epidotechlorite altered rocks, though at deeper levels within the QIC D-veins commonly cross-cut
biotite-K-feldspar altered rocks. Within the Earliest and Monzodiorite porphyries these veins
occur within rocks that have been K-feldspar and biotite altered with later overprinting quartzsericite and/or epidote-chlorite alteration.
Discussion
Relative timing of the veins associated with the hydrothermal systems was established
by observing from the vein types and their respective relative timing to one and other that are
within each intrusion type working from youngest to oldest. Observations for progressively older
intrusion types were made where they are in contact with the next youngest intrusion type to
establish cross-cutting relationships of veins to intrusion types. These observations have led to
the identifying six distinct hydrothermal pulses present at Quellaveco. In general, younger
hydrothermal systems (i.e. those temporally associated with Post and Late Mineral Porphyries)
contain vein types that are similar to late stage veins associated with older porphyry intrusion
types (i.e. Monzodiorite through Earliest Porphyries). These younger systems likely formed
during the waning stages of intrusive and hydrothermal activity during the Paleocene in the
area at lower temperatures and at possibly higher acidity levels. Additionally, Mo to Cu ratios
within the younger hydrothermal systems tend to be significantly higher than in the older
systems. The hydrothermal pulses that appear to be the most significant contributors to the
overall contained Cu and Mo within the QIC are associated with the Early and Intermineral
porphyry intrusions, though where present high grade Cu (>0.8% Cu) may be present with the
hydrothermal systems temporally associated with the Earliest and Monzodiorite porphyry
intrusions. Despite these locally high grades of Cu associated with the Earliest and Monzodiorite
porphyry suites, their relatively low volumetric importance make them of lesser importance to
the overall Cu and Mo contained within the QIC. Each hydrothermal pulse also produces a
similar sequence of veins which repeats itself at least three times from the earliest higher
184
temperature magnetite and biotite dominated veins through to later molybdenite bearing quartz
veins and quartz veins with quartz-sericite selvages. This study also points out the potential
flaw in using wall rock alteration as a vector to higher grades or centres of the hydrothermal
systems as magnetite and biotite veins often cross cut quartz-sericite alteration associated with
older hydrothermal systems. Thus we propose that a better vector to earlier, higher
temperature and possibly higher Cu grades within complex (i.e. multiple intrusion/hydrothermal
systems) is to use the vein mineral assemblages as a guide to these parts of the systems. A
discussion of the wall rock alteration, vein/hydrothermal paragenetic model and sequencing and
their significance within the broader Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry are discussed below.
Hypogene Alteration Distribution

The hypogene alteration at Quellaveco is complex, the rocks have been exposed to
several generations of hydrothermal fluids and distinguishing the timing of the wall rock
alteration relative to the rock types and their related vein paragenesis discussed above is
exceptionally difficult to determine. Due to the complexity and nearly impossible distinction of
timing the preferred method for using vectors into higher temperature fluid source directions is
the veins and their mineralogy. That being said a map of the surface hypogene alteration has
been produced (Figure 5-4) and general comments and patterns can be deciphered from the
mineralogical distribution noted on surface. In the case of the Quellaveco hypogene alteration
map, particular attention was paid to the mafic sites (e.g. hornblende and biotite) and the felsic
mineral sites (e.g. feldspars). Each of the mafic and felsic mineral sites is then described
separately to determine the alteration mineralogy present within the rocks and the alteration
history.
All rock types have been affected to some degree by secondary supergene alteration
caused by acid leaching of the rocks produced as paleo-water tables dropped through sulphide
rich rocks within the Quellaveco Porphyry Cu-Mo resource. The secondary supergene alteration
is dominated by various white micas and clays (i.e. alunite, kaolinite, halloysite, jarosite and
hematite). In spite of the overprinting supergene events, seven main hypogene alteration
mineral assemblages were identified and have been broken down into: a) Biotite, K-Feldspar; b)
Chlorite over Biotite, K-Feldspar; c) Chlorite over Biotite, K-Feldspar with later overprinting
Quartz-Sericite; d) Biotite, K-Feldspar with later overprinting Quartz-Sericite; e) Epidote,
Chlorite; f) Epidote, Chlorite with overprinting Quartz-Sericite; and d) Quartz-Sericite (Figure 54). There are numerous permutations and combinations of mineral assemblages that were
noted in addition to the ones listed above, but for simplicity have been broken into the above
185
groups of mineral assemblages present. Felsic mineral sites were found to be altered to
potassic feldspars, quartz-sericite and minor epidote, whereas the mafic sites were commonly
altered to biotite, chlorite, epidote and in cases of extreme intense alteration quartz-sericite.
The majority of alteration assemblages dominated by K-feldspar and biotite are located
within and around early porphyry units and adjacent into the older regional granodiorite. This
style of alteration typically does not extend far into the Regional Granodiorite with a minimum
penetration of approximately 300m from the closest observed location of Early Porphyry. Minor
K-feldspar and biotite mineral assemblages are spatially associated with Intermineral and
Monzodiorite Porphyry dyke complexes. Chlorite overprinting K-feldspar and biotite mineral
assemblages are mainly restricted the periphery of the Early Porphyry units into the Regional
Granodiorite unit; quartz-sericite also commonly overprints the aforementioned mineral
assemblage into the Regional Granodiorite unit as well. Quartz and sericite dominated
hypogene alteration mineral assemblages are mainly restricted to the area around the
Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyry dyke complex and vertically higher in the system and
up the valley walls within and immediately adjacent to the Early Porphyry units. Epidote and
chlorite dominated mineral assemblages are, for the most part, restricted to the Regional
Granodiorite within the lateral extents of the Quellaveco Porphyry Cu-Mo resource and Late
Porphyry units that cross cut older porphyry units. Minor chlorite and epidote was noted
adjacent to the Intermineral and Monzodiorite dyke complex within the Early Porphyry.
Some general points can be inferred from the hypogene alteration distribution. Firstly,
K-feldspar and biotite mineral assemblages are in general temporally associated with older
porphyry phases (i.e. Early and Earliest Porphyries) and spatially deeper within the system.
Quartz-sericite dominated assemblages are temporally associated with younger porphyry units
(Intermineral and Monzodiorite Porphyries) and spatially higher up within the overall system.
Epidote and chlorite dominated mineral assemblages are spatially associated with the distal
parts of the Quellaveco resource and temporally associated with the very youngest porphyry
units. Although there is some degree of overlap, particularly with the Early through
Monzodiorite Porphyry units.
Paragenetic Model
Six hydrothermal events have been recorded at Quellaveco and are bracketed in age by
their relative timing to porphyry intrusion suites and then the vein mineral assemblages relative
to each other (Figure 5-8). Of these six hydrothermal events four are related temporally and
spatially to the introduction of economically significant copper and molybdenum to the
186
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Intermineral ~56.3Ma
Earliest
~58Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
4000m
3400m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
187
Figure 5-8: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations >3400m. Veins in color are
associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
~58Ma
3400m
3000m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
188
Figure 5-8 contd: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations between 3000m3400m. Veins in color are associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
~58Ma
3000m
2500m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
189
Figure 5-8 contd: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations below 3000m.
Veins in color are associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system. A summary of the paragenetic sequence is provided below
in Figure 5-9. All hydrothermal events are described in text as being associated with a specific
intrusion type, in all cases the hydrothermal system immediately post dates this intrusion type.
Minor evidence is present to suggest that the oldest hydrothermal system present is
associated with the time period immediately following the emplacement of the Regional
Granodiorite. This evidence comes from veins being present within the Regional Granodiorite
being cross cut by Early Porphyry intrusions (Figure 5-7f). However, since no contact between
the Earliest Porphyry intrusions and the Regional Granodiorite were observed at Quellaveco, the
possibility remains that these vein may be related to the time period immediately post-dating
the emplacement of the Earliest Porphyry intrusions. Since the timing of this possible first
hydrothermal event is only loosely constrained and does not appear to have contributed
significant sulphide to the QIC. It has been grouped with the hydrothermal event temporally
related to the Earliest Porphyry. The Earliest hydrothermal system is preserved in small
volumes, but is associated with very high grades of copper (>1%), mainly as chalcopyrite. EB
and MCN veins are the most important veins by volume associated with the Earliest
hydrothermal system (Figure 5-8). Since only limited observations of this hydrothermal system
were made at deeper part of the QIC only moderate to lower degrees of confidence in the
types of veins and their relative importance can be inferred. The MCN veins are the main
contributor of copper to the QIC during the Earliest hydrothermal pulse. The only occurrence of
the MoQ veins present in the QIC are associated with the Earliest hydrothermal pulse and are
the main contributor of molybdenum during this time period. These early veins are overprinted
and crosscut by (in order from oldest to youngest) S, lQS and D veins, all of which do not occur
in significant concentrations at any level within the QIC, although minor copper and
molybdenum are contained within these veins.
The Early hydrothermal pulse volumetrically is the most importance and most
widespread of the hydrothermal pulses present at Quellaveco. It is characterized as containing
moderate to high grades of copper (0.5% to 0.8%) and relatively high copper to molybdenum
ratios, although since the concentrations of copper are high, molybdenum does occur in higher
concentration than younger hydrothermal pulses with typically lower copper to molybdenum
ratios. The Early hydrothermal system duplicates the Earliest hydrothermal system, in terms of
both the sequence of veins being emplaced and the type of veins present, with some minor
differences (Figure 5-8,-9). The main differences are that no MoQ and lQS veins are present but
LB, eQS and QSMo veins are present. Additionally, vein densities and distribution of copper
190
D
lQS
>3400m
QSMo
S
eQS
LB
MCN
MoQ
EB
D
lQS
3000m-3400m
QSMo
S
eQS
LB
MCN
MoQ
EB
D
lQS
<3000m
QSMo
S
eQS
LB
MCN
MoQ
EB
Hydothermal
Event
Oldest
Earliest
Early
Intermineral
Monzodiorite
Late
Post
Youngest
191
Figure 5-9: Vein paragenesis of the Quellaveco hydrothermal systems. Relative vein densities/volumetric importance is displayed from increasing
to deceasing from thick solid lines to solid line to dashed lines to dotted lines.
within the vein types change with depth and there is less relative importance of MCN veins. The
sequencing of veins within the Early system from oldest to youngest is EB, MCN, LB, eQS, S,
QSMo and D veins. EB veins dominate at depth, and to a lesser extent MCN veins are also
present, at moderate depths eQS, S and QSMo veins dominate, whereas within the upper parts
of the system D veins dominate with lesser S and QSMo veins. EB and MCN veins are scarcely
present to non-existent at the upper portions of the system and D veins increase in volumetric
importance from deeper to shallower levels within the Early hydrothermal system. The majority
of copper is associated with the MCN and eQS veins at depth, eQS and S veins at moderate
levels and D veins within the upper portions of the system. The majority of molybdenum is
associated with the QSMo veins at all depths within the Early hydrothermal system with minor
molybdenum being introduced with the MCN and eQS and D veins.
The Intermineral hydrothermal system duplicates mainly the younger veins observed
within the Early hydrothermal system, but also has a similar sequencing of the vein types
(Figure 5-8, -9). The system is characterized by moderate copper grades (0.4% to 0.6%) and is
the second most important in terms of volume, following only the Early hydrothermal system.
This may indicate the during the emplacement of the Intermineral hydrothermal system at the
topographic levels observed that the upper parts of the Intermineral system overprint the lower
parts of the older hydrothermal systems present within the QIC. Differences with the Early
hydrothermal system are the lack of MCN and LB veins along with only minor indications at
depth of EB veins being present. From oldest to youngest the veins recorded within the
Intermineral hydrothermal system are EB, eQS, S, QSMo and D. eQS veins dominate
volumetrically at depth whereas D-veins dominate at the moderate and higher levels within the
QIC. Copper is mainly associated with eQS and D veins at depth with decreasing associate with
eQS veins higher up in the deposit and increasing association of copper to D veins at shallower
levels through the QIC. Minor copper is also associated with the emplacement of S and lQS
veins. Molybdenum is mainly associated with the QSMo veins, but minor amounts were also
introduced to the system with the eQS, lQS and D veins.
The Monzodiorite hydrothermal system is characterized by locally high grades of copper
(>0.7%), particularly where MCN veins are present, but is volumetrically less important than
the Intermineral hydrothermal system and slightly more important than the Earliest
hydrothermal system. In terms of the vein types present and the sequencing of the vein
emplacement, this hydrothermal system replicates the Early hydrothermal system, with minor
differences (Figure 5-8, -9). This may indicate that deeper and possibly hotter parts of the
Monzodiorite hydrothermal system are present relative to the Intermineral system over the
192
same topographic levels observed at Quellaveco. These differences include only the lack of S
veins and the relative unimportance of D veins at all depths within the QIC. The sequencing of
veins within the Monzodiorite hydrothermal system from oldest to youngest is EB, MCN, LB,
eQS, QSMo, lQS and D veins. EB veins dominate at depth, whereas MCN, eQS veins dominate
at moderate depths and QSMo veins at shallower depths, although MCN veins are present in
moderate concentrations at deeper and shallower parts of the Monzodiorite hydrothermal
system. D veins are only observed in significant concentrations at shallower levels within the
Monzodiorite hydrothermal system. The majority of the copper is associated with MCN and eQS
veins throughout, but particularly at deeper and moderate levels, within increasing importance
of lQS and QSMo veins with copper at higher levels within the system. Minor copper is also
introduced with the EB, lQS and D veins. Molybdenum is associated with QSMo veins
throughout all depths with minor associations with MCN, eQS and D veins.
The Late hydrothermal system overprints all older hydrothermal systems and generally
down grades the deposit when hosted entirely within the Late Porphyry units. This
hydrothermal system is widespread within and adjacent to Late Porphyry dykes and stocks and
is characterized by low grade copper (<0.2%) with low copper to molybdenum ratios. This
system is a duplicate of the Intermineral hydrothermal system, but is much less intense with
much less overall concentration of veins and wall rock alteration. This may indicate that the
upper parts and possibly cooler parts of the hydrothermal system are present over the same
topographic levels when compared to the seemingly deeper/hotter Monzodiorite hydrothermal
system. Other differences include the lack of S veins and the presence of lQS veins; additionally
D veins present within the Late hydrothermal system do not host high concentrations of
chalcopyrite, as observed within all older hydrothermal systems. From oldest to youngest the
vein sequencing within the Late hydrothermal system is EB, eQS, QSMo, lQS and D veins
(Figure 5-8, -9). EB veins are present at all depths but decrease from moderate concentrations
to rare higher up though the QIC. QSMo and D veins are the most volumetrically important
veins throughout all depth, but occur on much lower vein densities compared to hydrothermal
systems. The relatively little amount of copper introduced with this system is associated with
the QSMo and D veins, though these veins tend to be more pyrite rich than chalcopyrite rich
when compared to the same veins within older hydrothermal systems. The majority of the
molybdenum during this time period is associated with the QSMo veins at all depths throughout
the deposit.
The hydrothermal system associated with Post Mineral porphyries is also widespread
and generally down grades the Cu and Mo within Quellaveco deposit. This hydrothermal
193
characterized by low density veins and low grades of both copper and molybdenum, but
relatively low copper to molybdenum ratios. This system partially duplicates the Late
hydrothermal system and does not contain EB, lQS or D veins (Figure 5-8, -9). Veins within this
system also have significantly more open space associated with them. From the oldest to
youngest the veins present with the Post hydrothermal system are eQS and QSMo veins. QSMo
veins are more dominant than eQS veins at all depths within the hydrothermal system. The
Majority of copper and molybdenum are associated with low density QSMo veins.
Hydrothermal Fluid Pulses

Six hydrothermal pulses have been recorded at Quellaveco which have a timing that is
directly linked to the timing of porphyritic intrusion types, four of which introduced significant
copper and molybdenum to the Quellaveco porphyry system. The timing of each hydrothermal
system was constrained by cross cutting relationships between veins and contacts of porphyry
intrusions. Each hydrothermal system was emplaced immediately after the porphyry intrusion
types that were emplaced prior to the hydrothermal system and are named relative to the
porphyry intrusion type that immediately preceded the hydrothermal system. In order from
oldest to youngest these systems are: Earliest, Early, Intermineral, Monzodiorite, Late and Post.
The Earliest through Monzodiorite hydrothermal systems introduced significant quantities of
copper and molybdenum, and the Late and Post hydrothermal systems do not contain
economically significant quantities of copper or molybdenum.
Each hydrothermal system contains overlaps in the vein types present and a consistent,
although not exactly the same, sequencing to the veins and their mineral assemblages. The
repeatability of the vein mineral assemblages and their relative timing, in addition to their
relative volumetric importance, spatial relationship to wall rock alteration and depth of
occurrence allows for insights as to how the magmatic and hydrothermal system evolved over
time throughout the entire history of the Quellaveco porphyry deposit.
The Earliest hydrothermal system is dominated by vein types and mineral assemblages
that are typical of older (possibly hotter) vein types within the vein sequencing at all levels
within the QIC. This may suggest that, at the elevations observed, the deeper parts of this
hydrothermal system are exposed at relatively high levels within the QIC and that the higher
portions of the system containing the veins that are typically emplaced later in the vein
sequencing and higher up in the system has been eroded away. For example, EB veins are
dominant at this higher level within the Earliest Porphyry relative to the Early, Intermineral and
194
Monzodiorite systems, which may indicate that hotter fluids were present at higher levels within
the deposit earlier in the development of the QIC (Figure 5-8, -9).
The Early hydrothermal system displays a wide range of vein types that are present in
varying degrees of relative volumetric importance depending on depth (Figure 5-8, -9). Within
the deeper parts of the hydrothermal system veins that are typical of early in the vein
sequencing are more important and decrease in importance higher up in the system. At the
upper levels of the system veins that are typical of occurring later in the vein sequencing
dominate (Figure 5-8, -9). Thus, slightly higher, younger and possibly cooler and more acidic
portions of the Early hydrothermal system are exposed at the same topographic levels as the
Earliest hydrothermal system (Figure 5-8, -9).
The Intermineral hydrothermal system contains remnants of the veins that are typical of
deeper and older veins within the vein sequencing at all levels that were observed (Figure 5-8, 9). However, this hydrothermal system is dominated throughout all levels by veins that are
typical of later veins in the vein sequencing, which typically occur higher up in the hydrothermal
systems. During the time of emplacement of the Intermineral hydrothermal system, veins that
are more typical of higher and younger portions of the hydrothermal systems are exposed at
the same topographic levels a the Early hydrothermal system which contain a higher degree of
veins typical of older and deeper portions of the hydrothermal systems (Figure 5-8, -9).
The Monzodiorite hydrothermal system is more dominated by veins and mineral
assemblages that are typical of deeper and older and possibly hotter and more basic portions of
the hydrothermal systems throughout all levels that were observed (Figure 5-8, -9). Thus, at
the same topographic levels as the Intermineral hydrothermal system, deeper portions of the
Monzodiorite hydrothermal system have been emplaced. It is likely that the younger, higher
and more acidic (cooler) portion of the Monzodiorite hydrothermal system has been eroded
away. For example, within the Monzodiorite Porphyry suite MCN veins vein are dominantly
within K-feldspar-biotite (anhydrite) altered wall rocks, whereas within the Earliest and
Intermineral Porphyry suites the wall rock is dominated by quartz-sericite alteration. This may
reflect the collapse of the system and the wall rock being exposed to later, cooler and more
acid fluids (Figure 5-8, -9).
Both the Late and Post hydrothermal systems contain vein assemblages that are more
typical of the very youngest and highest portions of the hydrothermal systems. Thus these
systems have the upper portions of the hydrothermal systems exposed at the same topographic
levels as the older and potentially hotter hydrothermal systems.
195
The fluctuations that are observed in the relative timing and levels of exposure of the
hydrothermal systems has a close correlation to the geochemistry and mineralogy of the
porphyry intrusion types that immediately precede the emplacement of the hydrothermal
systems. From the Earliest through Intermineral porphyries the intrusions have increasing felsic
affinities and contain progressively more quartz, additionally the phenocryst content increases,
in general. This progression towards an increasing felsic affinity may be closely linked to the
relative levels of exposure observed for the hydrothermal systems. That is, through the Earliest
to Intermineral hydrothermal systems progressively higher and younger portions of the
hydrothermal systems are exposed at the same topographic level. The overall hydrothermal and
igneous systems appear to reset during the emplacement of the Monzodiorite porphyries and
its related hydrothermal system. From the igneous perspective the Monzodiorite is more mafic
than the Intermineral Porphyry and contains far less quartz and has much lower phenocryst
content. Similarly, the Monzodiorite hydrothermal system contains veins and mineral
assemblages more typical of deeper and older portions of the hydrothermal systems. The
systems again progress towards higher felsic content, great concentrations of phenocrysts and
high levels of exposure of the hydrothermal system from the Monzodiorite hydrothermal and
igneous system through the Post hydrothermal and igneous system.
Conclusions
The paragenesis of veins from the Quellaveco Porphyry Cu-Mo deposit demonstrates a
consistent sequencing of veins types and mineral assemblages that have been repeated six
times, four of which introduced significant amounts of copper and molybdenum. Each of these
six hydrothermal pulses that have produced this sequence of veins immediately post date each
porphyry intrusion phase from oldest to youngest: Earliest, Early, Intermineral, Monzodiorite,
Late and Post. The Earliest through Monzodiorite all introduced economically interesting
volumes of copper and molybdenum. Nine basic veins types have been described within the
repeatable vein sequencing, from oldest to youngest: Early Biotite, Molybdenite-Quartz,
Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-Texture, Late Biotite, Early Quartz Sulphide, Sulphide, Molybdenitebearing Quartz, Late Quartz Sulphide and Quartz Sulphide with Quartz Sericite Selvages. Not all
hydrothermal systems show exact repeatability, however the general progression and timing of
veins within each hydrothermal system are consistent. The lack of direct overlap with all
hydrothermal systems may be linked to the batholithic root to the porphyry system, with
distance from magmatic source, magmatic chemistry and fluid-wall rock interactions. These
observations demonstrate that veins that are more typical of being early in the life cycle of a
196
hydrothermal system related to a porphyry deposit maybe crosscut veins that are typical of
being later in the veins sequencing. This underscores the importance of first establishing the
igneous paragenesis prior to defining the vein paragenesis as these vein types may repeat and
crosscut each other several times over. Additionally, while the use of wall rock alteration can be
useful in determining the centres of porphyry systems a more meaningful method of
establishing the direction that fluids have flowed may be to use vein mineral assemblages as a
vector toward the centres of porphyry deposits, where grades may often be higher. For
example, in the case where monzodiorite dykes crosscut Intermineral porphyries, the wall rock
within the Intermineral porphyries are often quartz-sericite altered, but this alteration is
crosscut by biotite and magnetite bearing vein mineral assemblages at least immediately
adjacent to the Monzodiorite dykes. Thus, in this case, the wall rock alteration would suggest
that this level of exposure is high in the system the veins would suggest otherwise. Therefore
of the hydrothermal systems, igneous systems and individual vein types must all be considered.
197
Chapter 6: Punctuated Magmatism Associated with Porphyry CuMo Formation in the Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru
Introduction
Porphyry Cu-Mo deposits form during very narrow time frames in the life of a
convergent margin magmatic arc. They furthermore are not uniformly distributed along the
strike length of most convergent margin arcs. Instead they tend to form clusters of systems
distributed along an arc segment that formed over geologically narrow time frames during a
much longer and protracted arc magmatic history. Porphyry Cu deposits are genetically related
to the emplacement of porphyry intrusions that emanate from a larger batholith emplaced at
greater depth (Dilles, 1987; Dilles et al., 2000; Shinohara and Hedenquist, 1997). Explanations
for the dynamic environment conducive to formation of a porphyry Cu deposit include
subduction reversals, subduction of aseismic ridges or tears in the down going plate, changes in
tectonic environment, and the waning of magmatism at the end of an episode of arc
magmatism (Soloman, 1990; Tosdal and Richards, 2001; Richards 2003, 2009; Garwin, 2002;
Cooke et al., 2005; Sillitoe and Perell, 2005). Critical to arriving at a trigger for the formation
of a porphyry deposit is the timing of their formation with respect to other events happening
along the convergent plate margin. In this manuscript, we focus attention on one of the more
poorly understood but yet major porphyry Cu belts in the Andes, specifically the Paleocene to
Eocene belt of southern Peru (Fig. 1). Contained within this belt are the significant mines
(Singer et al., 2008) at Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa (3,571 Mt @ 0.40% Cu, 0.01% Mo), Cuajone
(2,626 Mt @ 0.47%Cu, 0.020% Mo) and Toquepala (3,530 Mt @ 0.47% Cu, 0.03% Mo) as well
as the Quellaveco prospect (1,598 Mt @0.57% Cu, 0.021% Mo) currently under feasibility by
AngloAmerican (Figure 6-1).
Previous work established that the porphyry deposits of southern Peru formed during
the Paleocene and early Eocene. The Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa porphyry systems hosted by
Proterozoic gneiss of the Arequipa massif and the pre-mineral 62-67 1 Ma Yarabamba
Superunit batholith are associated genetically with porphyry intrusions with 61 1 Ma U-Pb
ages (LeBel, 1985; Mukasa, 1986), and
40
Ar/39Ar hydrothermal sericite alteration age of
61.80.7 Ma and 62.01.1 Ma for Cerro Verde and 62.22.9 Ma for Santa Rosa (Quang et al.,
2003). Hydrothermal sericite alteration at Cuajone has been dated using
~52.81.0 Ma (Clark et al., 1990a). At Toquepala,
40
40
Ar/39Ar methods at
Ar/39Ar ages of igneous biotite and
198
80W
75W
70W
65W
0S
ECUADOR
COLUMBIA
Coastal Areas
Quito
Western Corillera
Iquitos
5S
Eastern Cordillera
o
R
ra
Ma
Subandean Zone
Eastern Lowlands
BRAZIL
n
Tre
Shield
Ro
Uca
ch
10S
yali
Lima
fic
ci
Pa
Cuzco
BOLIVIA
PERU
O
an
ce
15S
Arequipa
Tr
e
nc
Cuajone
Quellaveco
La Paz
Toquepala
Peru
Pacific Ocean
Potasi
20S
Area of figure 2
250
Santa
Cruz
Iquique
CHILE
500km
Antofagasta
ARGENTINA
199
hydrothermal sericite suggest the porphyry Cu system formed between 55.9 and 55.0 Ma
(Zweng and Clark, 1995), with a late pyrite-bearing hydrothermal stage as young as 52 Ma
(A.H. Clark, 2003, written communication). At Quellaveco, Estrada (1975) reported a K-Ar age
on sericite of 56.2 Ma (no uncertainty) whereas a slightly younger
40
Ar/39Ar age on sericite of
54.32.0 Ma has also been reported (A.H. Clark, 2003, written communication). Sillitoe and
Mortensen (2010) reported U-Pb ages on zircon from a suite of porphyry intrusions between
~54 and 59 Ma from Quellaveco that although fairly close are slightly older than K-Ar and
40
Ar/39Ar ages, suggesting that those ages reflect the overall cooling of the hydrothermal event
rather than the actual age of the porphyry formation, as is in many porphyry Cu deposits and
districts (e.g. Richards and Noble, 1998; Gustafson et al., 2001; Harris et al., 2008).
Nonetheless, the K-Ar and
40
Ar/39Ar ages are sufficiently close to the ages of the associated
porphyry intrusions associated with Cu-introduction to provide sufficient constraints (e.g. Perell
et al., 2003; 2008) to define a broad scale chronologic framework for porphyry Cu formation.
Regardless, the available chronologic data suggests at least an 8 to 10 m.y. period during which
porphyry Cu deposits were emplaced in the southern Peru belt, a duration similar to that found
elsewhere (Sillitoe and Perell, 2005; Barra et al., 2005; Glen et al., 2007).
We focus attention on the southern end of the southern Peru porphyry belt specifically
the three spatially associated porphyry Cu-Mo deposits at Cuajone, Quellaveco, and Toquepala.
We report zircon U-Pb ages at Cuajone and Toquepala (Table 6-1) for ten samples including
pre-mineral host batholiths and representative rocks from each major intrusive phase present in
the two porphyry Cu-Mo systems. Augmenting these new ages are U-Pb ages for 4 rocks from
the Quellaveco deposit (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010).
Table 6-1: Summary of geochronology results
Sample
Northing
Easting
Qu701
Qu700
Qu696
Qu695
Qu697
Qu699
8116626
8114974
8115023
8115385
8115509
8116376
316290
315535
318694
317984
318586
316778
Qu705
Qu704
Qu708
Qu706
8092833
8093013
8093861
8093469
327942
328529
328813
328291
Description
Cuajone
Equigranular Diorite
LP1 Porphyry
BLP Porphyry
Andesitic Intrusion
LP3 Porphyry
Toquepala
Equigranular Diorite
Dacite Porphyry
Dacite Agglomerate
Latite Porphyry
Interpreted
Age (Ma)
Method (Mineral)
65.10.8
64.20.9
55.60.6
56.20.7
55.90.5
53.50.5
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
61.40.8
56.80.6
56.20.6
54.30.6
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
SRHIMP-RG (zircon)
200
U-Pb Zircon SHRIMP-RG Techniques

Zircon Separation Procedure
Zircons from twenty-eight samples representing all the major porphyry intrusions and
mineralized centers were prepared for this study. These include eighteen samples from
Quellaveco, six samples from Cuajone and four samples from Toquepala. All samples were
collected as part of this study and all preparation was completed at the Pacific Centre for
Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences,
the University of British Columbia (UBC). Rock samples were prepared in a steel jaw crusher
and ceramic disk grinder to a powder. A Wilfley table was used on the <500 micron size
fraction to produce a heavy mineral concentrate. This concentrate was then put through heavy
liquids (methylene-iodide; MEI) with all minerals off greater than a specific gravity of 3.335
sinking. Both the floating and sinking seperates were retained. The heavy fraction was then
put through a Frantz isodynamic magnetic separator to isolate a non-magnetic fraction.
Individual zircons were hand-picked under a binocular microscope based on grain morphology,
quality, size and magnetic susceptibility. Lab procedures emphasize careful cleaning (with air,
water, soap, alcohol), between samples to minimize possibilities of cross-sample contamination.
Cathodolumisence
Zircons were mounted in a 2.5 cm diameter epoxy plug together with a zircon age
standard R33 (419 0.4 Ma; Black et al., 2004) and a rare earth element zircon standard MADgreen (Frank Mazdab, personal communication, 2007). The plugs were polished to expose grain
centers and photographed in reflected light and using a cathodoluminescence (CL) detection
system at the Stanford University with a JEOL JSM 5600 scanning electron microscope
operating at 15 keV accelerating potential. The CL images were used to screen the zircons; CLdark areas of high uranium content were generally selected for analysis due to the low
uranium content, however, both grain edges and centres were both measured. The most
uranium-rich zones contain >40 to <900 ppm U, but average ~150 ppm U. CL-images of the
zircon in each sample display a range of textures including oscillatory growth zones, sector
zoning, and rarely contain rounded cores. In the current study, zircon rims displaying regular
concentric (oscillatory) growth zones were sampled and interpreted to represent normal
magmatic crystallization from zircon-saturated melt (Vavra, 1994; Hoskin, 2000; Hoskin and
Schaltegger, 2003). Identifiable truncated or resorbed cores were typically avoided although
they were sometimes sampled in cases where the core represented the only dark portion of
the grain. Inherited zircons with ages >45 Ma represent <5 percent of all spots analyzed.
201
SHRIMP-RG U-PB Analysis Technique

Zircon U-Pb analyses were conducted on the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe co-operated by
U.S. Geological Survey and Stanford University in the SUMAC facility at Stanford University.
Secondary ions are generated from the target spot with an O2- primary ion beam varying from
4-6 nA. The primary ion beam typically produces a spot with a diameter of 20-40 microns and a
depth of 1-2 microns for an analysis time of 9-12 minutes. Smaller spot diameters (<20
microns) and smaller primary beam currents (< 2 nA) are used if U or Th concentrations are
very high or internal structures are very fine. The basic acquisition routine begins with a high
mass normalizing species (90Zr216O+ in zircon), followed by
0.050 mass units above
204
Pb+,
206
Pb+,
207
Starting in May 2009 measurements of
Pb+,
232
208
Pb+,
Th and
238
270
U+,
204
Pb+, a background measured at
232
Th16O+ and
238
U16O+ and
232
Th+.
UO2 were added to the geochronology
analytical procedure. Selected sets of trace elements are also included for each mineral and are
measured briefly (typically 1 sec/mass) either immediately following (prior to may 2009), or
immediately before and in mass order (after May 2009), the geochronology peaks. For zircon,
the routine procedure includes a set of 9 or 10 REE, Y and Hf. Starting in May 2009 with new
software capabilities masses as low as Li can be analyzed with the geochronology procedure.
However it is more practical because of the length of analsis to only go as low as
include
30
Si,
49
Ti, and
56
27
Al and
Fe with the elements listed above to provide data for calculating Ti in
zircon temperatures. Peak centering on both ubiquitous species and on guide peaks adjacent to
low-abundance or interference-prone species is used to eliminate any potential effects of
magnet drift or peak wandering. The number of scans through the mass sequence and
counting times on each peak are varied according to the sample age and the U and Th
concentrations to improve counting statistics and age precision. Measurements are made at
mass resolutions of M/M =~8500 (10% peak height), which eliminates all interfering
molecular species, particularly for the REE. The SHRIMP-RG was designed to provide higher
mass resolution than the standard forward geometry of the SHRIMP I and II (Clement and
Compston, 1994). This design also provides very clean backgrounds and combined with the
high mass resolution, the EDTA washing of the mount, and rastering the primary beam for 90120 seconds over the area to analyzed before data is collected, assures that any counts found
at mass of
204
Pb+ are actually from Pb in the zircon and not surface contamination. In practice
greater than 95% of the spots analyzed have no common Pb.

Concentration data for U, Th and all of the measured trace elements are standardized
against well-characterized, homogeneous zircon standards MAD-green (4196 ppm U) or CZ3
(550 ppm U) (Mazdab and Wooden, 2006). Age data for zircon are standardized against R33
202
(419 Ma, quartz diorite of Braintree complex, Vermont; Black et al.,, 2004) which is analyzed
repeatedly throughout the duration of the analytical session. Data reduction for geochronology
follows the methods described by Williams (1997), and Ireland and Williams (2003), and uses
the MS Excel add-in Squid and Isoplot programs of Ken Ludwig Data reduction for the trace
element concentrations are also done in MS Excel. Average count rates of each element of
interest are ratioed to the high mass normalizing species to account for any primary current
drift, and the derived ratios for the unknowns are compared to an average of those for the
standards to determine concentrations. Spot to spot precisions (as measured on the standards)
vary according to elemental ionization efficiency and concentration. For the MAD-green zircon,
precisions generally range from about 3% for Hf, 5% for the HREE, 10-15% for P, Sc, Y
and the MREE, and up to 40% for La (values at 2).
Tectonics and District Geology

margin of Gondwana caused the oceanward (west) retreat of the trench allowing for the
formation of significant intra-arc and back arc rifts. These rifts were filled by mafic, mantlederived magmatic rocks (Jones 1981, Atherton et al., 1983, 1985) and detritus from the rift
margins (Benavides 1956, Wilson 1983, 2000). The margins of the rift systems are marked by
formed west of the rift sequence during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, consisting mainly of
basaltic to andesitic rocks intercalated with volcaniclastic rocks and limestone. Three distinct
magmatic pulses are noted during this period and were emplaced progressively towards the
east: early Middle Jurassic (ca. 185Ma); late Middle Jurassic (160-165Ma); and Early Cretaceous
(95-110Ma) in Peru (Pitcher et al., 1995, Mukasa 1986) and Chile (Clark et al., 1976, Mpodozis
and Ramos 1989).
The Late Cretaceous marks a time of a major tectonic and magmatic shift throughout
the Andes coincident with the opening of the south Atlantic Ocean (Tosdal, 2003). Generally,
there is migration of arc development towards the northeast. In southern Peru the time is
marked by Late Cretaceous shortening, collapse of the back-arc rift and eastward thrusting of
marine volcanic and sedimentary sequences on top of continentally derived clastic rocks
(Vicente et al.,, 1989, Benavides-Cceres, 1999). Magmatism continued in central and southern
203
Peru during the latest Cretaceous (66Ma) and continued into the Paleogene (59Ma) (Clark et
al., 1990a) and is responsible for obscuring the earlier rift sequence and late Cretaceous fold
and thrust belt. This arc is preserved as thick dacitic to andesitic pyroclastic rocks and
intermediate flows (Bellido, 1979), with igneous roots composed of large, mantle and
Proterozoic aged lower crustal derived granodiorite batholiths (Barreiro and Clark, 1984; Boiley
et al.,,1990). This period of magmatism is correlative with the Toquepala Group rocks in the
area between Toquepala and Cuajone (Figure 2)
and granodiorite porphyry stocks. These stocks intruded earlier in Peru and progressively young
to the south in northern Chile, from 60-52.3Ma (Mukasa 1986, Clark et al., 1990a). A strong
During the Eocene and Oligocene flat slab subduction (Sandeman et al., 1995) in Peru
caused a sudden northeastward shift in magmatism (Noble et al., 1984). In southern Peru this
is recorded as Paleogene arc degradation, whereby sedimentation (Moquegua Formation)
began filling an intra-arc basin until approximately 18Ma, when volcanism continued (Tosdal et
al., 1981). The majority of volcanism erupted from 22-18Ma (Huaylillas Formation), as large
ignimbrites interbedded with the earlier Moquegua Formation (Tosdal et al., 1984). The
EarlyMiocene was also characterized by shortening, orogen-scale uplift and accentuation of the
oroclinal bend in the Andes (Isacks 1988).
204
345000mE
340000mE
335000mE
330000mE
325000mE
320000mE
315000mE
8115000 mN
N
Cuajone Mine
Quellaveco
Proposed Pit
8110000 mN
Qu
all
8105000 mN
ec
oF
au
lt
Mi
8100000 mN
av
ca
lac
Fa
ul
t
Legend
Stratified rocks
8095000 mN
Alluvium
Moquegua Fm.
In
ca
Barroso Gp.
pu
qu
io
Toquapala Mine
Fa
8090000 mN
ul
Intrusive rocks
Paleocene
Porphyries
Cretaceous
Batholiths
Chuntacala/
Huaylillas Fm.
Undifferentiated
Toquepala Gp.
205
Results
Samples for U-Pb geochronology were taken from all intrusive and selected host
volcanic rocks from the Cuajone and Toquepala Mines. The samples were taken in order to
compare the timing and igneous process to those that have been studied more thoroughly at
the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. Results indicate that the deposits at Cuajone and
Toquepala are hosted in latest Cretaceous volcanic rocks of the Toquepala Group. At both
Cuajone and Toquepala, pre-mineralization stocks and batholiths of diorite to granodiorite
composition are present. The earliest series of porphyry intrusions at Cuajone and Toquepala
begin at 56-57Ma and are followed by a series of less volumetrically important porphyry
intrusions from 55-56.5Ma and cannot be resolved from the oldest porphyry suites. At both
mines young porphyry dykes, which are only weakly mineralized have been dated between 5354Ma. This indicates that the igneous system associated with the porphyry Cu-Mo
mineralization lasted a minimum of 4m.y., though there is some indication from inherited
zircons from some samples that an early cryptic igneous event may have been present at both
mines as late as 58Ma.
Cuajone
The Cuajone Mine is located in Moquegua Department approximately 23km NNW of the
Toquepala Mine and 30km NE of Moquegua (Figure 6-2). As of 2006, a total of 619Mt at 0.88%
Cu, had been mined from Cuajone, with mineable reserves of 1145Mt at 0.61% Cu (SPCC,
2007). The deposit is hosted mainly within latest Cretaceous rhyolitic and andesitic flows and
air fall deposits of the Toquepala Group (Figures 6-2 and 6-33). Similar rocks in the Quellaveco
area were deposited at approximately 68-71Ma. The Toquepala Group was intruded by large
diorite and granodiorite batholiths which predate the hydrothermal system associated with CuMo mineralization. The bulk of Cu-Mo mineralization occurs immediately after the emplacement
of the first Latite Porphyry pulse (LP1). A second pulse of latite porphyry (BLP) is associated
with a lesser mineralizing event, while a third pulse of latite porphyry (LP3) destroys grade. An
intrusive andesite unit was also sampled and was thought to be a subvolcanic hypabysal
intrusion associated with the Toquepala Group, however data presented below indicates that
this unit was emplaced within error of the LP1 and BLP porphyry suites.
The porphyry intrusions are unconformably overlain by ignimbrites of the Huaylillas (1524Ma) and Chuntacala Formations (ca. 13 Ma) (Quang et al., 2005; Figure 6-2). The Chuntacala
Formation ignimbrites preserved the preserved the secondary sulphide horizon that developed
in the Miocene, prior to the deposition of the Huaylillas Formation (Quang et al., 2005).
206
8117000mN
Legend
Qu701
8116500mN 65.10.8Ma
Qu699
53.50.5Ma
Stratified Rocks
Alluvium/Talus
Undifferentiated Chuntacala Fm.
Undifferentiated Huaylillas Fm.
8116000mN
Undifferentiated Toquepala Gp.
Intrusive Rocks/Breccias
Latite Porphyry 3 (Post Mineral)
Hydrothermal Breccia
8115500mN
Qu697
55.90.5Ma
Qu695
56.20.7Ma
Qu700
64.20.9Ma
Latite Porphyry 2 (Intermineral)

Latite Porphyry 1 (Main Stage)
Diorite Intrusion (Pre-mineral)
8115000mN
Qu696
55.60.6Ma
8114500mN
320500mE
320000mE
319500mE
319000mE
318500mE
318000mE
317500mE
317000mE
316500mE
8114000mN
Figure 6-3: Simplified geology of Cuajone mine, modified after Southern Peru Copper Corporation.
Coordinates in Peruvian Coordinate System (PSAD56); zone 19S. Location of
geochronology samples plotted for all intrusive rocks; errors given 2 levels.
207
After the deposition of the Toquepala Group volcanic rocks, the next major geological
event was the emplacement of the Yarabamba Super Unit batholiths. These intrusions are
common from the Peruvian-Chilean border in the south to central Peru in the north. Batholiths
belonging to the Yarabamba Super Unit range from diorite to granodiorite in composition and
most commonly contain equigranular textures with anhedral quartz, if present, as an interstitial
species to euhedral feldspars, hornblende and biotite. The batholiths are elongated along a
NNW orientation and may attain dimensions of several 10s of kilometers by 1-2km. Between
Cuajone and Toquepala these intrusions were emplaced prior to Cu-Mo mineralization
associated with porphyry intrusions. At Cuajone, an equigranular granodiorite was sampled
approximately 2km NW of the center of the deposit (Figure 6-3). This sample yielded a zircon
U-Pb SHRIMP-RG age of 65.10.8Ma (Figure 6-4a-b and 5a, Table 6-2). This intrusive body is
outside of the main deposit and is not mineralized. The intrusion is an equigranular, mediumgrained (3mm), biotite and hornblende bearing granodiorite with quartz occurring as interstitial
anhedral crystals to euhedral feldspar crystals. Hypogene alteration in this unit is restricted to
chlorite and epidote alteration of mafic minerals. Supergene alteration of feldspars to fine white
micas is also common, but is not as well developed as in center of the deposit area.
Pre-Mineral Diorite
This unit also belongs to the Yarabamba Super Unit of intrusions. This sample was taken from
3km to the west of the center of the deposit (Figure 6-3). It is a coarse grained (~5-10mm)
equigranular intrusion of dioritic composition and contains 10-15% hornblende and biotite.
Quartz in not common within this unit, but when present occurs as fine anhedral masses,
interstitial to the feldspars. The variation in composition of these batholiths and within
batholiths has not been well constrained, but likely is due to multiple magmas injecting into
partially molten intrusive bodies that developed over a long period of time (as observed at
Quellaveco, where a similar granodiorite intrusion is much younger than those at both Cuajone
and Toquepala. This sample yielded a zircon U-Pb SHRIMP-RG age of 64.20.9Ma (Figure 6-4cd and 5b, Table 6-3). Although this sample is within error of the regional granodiorite, it
indicates that these batholiths may have been emplaced over long periods of time. As in the
granodiorite, hypogene alteration is restricted to chlorite and epidote alteration of mafic
minerals and supergene alteration of feldspars to fine white micas.
208
Age (Ma)
80
Error ellipses are 2
65.10.7Ma
MSWD 1.5
To common
Pb
0.064
75
0.060
70
Pb/206Pb
65
Qu701 Granodiorite Batholith

65.10.8Ma
MSWD 1.45
Probability 0.18
55
50
45
0.052
207
60
Pb loss
0.056
0.048
72
70
66
68
64
62
60
0.044
40
88
701-2
92
96
100
238
80
0.09
0.08
Pb/206Pb
65
55
207
60
Qu700 Diorite Intrusion
64.20.9Ma
MSWD 1.37
Probability 0.20
50
45
0.07
0.06
72
68
70
92
88
66
64
96
700-8
700-1
700-3
700-5
700-6
700-4
700-2
700-9
700-10
0.04
700-7
Inherited
zircon
0.05
40
100
238
0.09
60
40
104
58
108
112
Common Pb
0.07
0.06
Inherited
zircons
Pb-Loss
54
56
58
0.05
60
45
60
53.10.7Ma
MSWD 0.33
Prob. 0.80
55.70.6Ma
MSWD 0.99
Prob. 0.42
62
206
Pb/ Pb
Qu696 LP1 Porphyry

55.60.6Ma
MSWD 0.98
Probability 0.43
207
50
62
U/206Pb
0.08
55
108
63.90.8Ma
MSWD 0.80
75
70
104
206
U/ Pb
52
701-4
701-3
701-5
701-7
701-8
701-9
701-1
701-6
0.040
696-9
696-2
696-5
696-3
696-4
696-12
696-10
696-1
696-6
696-11
696-7
696-8
0.04
100
104
108
112
238
116
120
124
206
U/ Pb
Figure 6-4: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages from Cuajone. Ages based on weighted mean averages of
209
Age (Ma)
65
0.14
56.30.6Ma
MSWD 1.50
Probability 0.18
0.12
Pb/206Pb
60
Common Pb
207
0.08
Pb-loss
Inherited
Zircons
0.06
64
0.04
695-4
695-10
695-3
695-7
695-1
695-9
695-5
695-8
695-6
40
695-2
45
695-12
50
695-11
Qu695 BLP Porphyry

56.20.7Ma
MSWD 1.49
Probability 0.18
0.10
98
62
102
60
106
58
56
110
238
54
114
118
206
Pb/ Pb
56.40.5Ma
MSWD 0.36
Prob. 0.94
54
56
45
Pb-loss
0.05
58
Qu697 Intrusive Andesite

55.90.5Ma
MSWD 0.90
Probability 0.52
0.06
60
50
126
207
55
122
206
U/ Pb
0.07
60
52
52
55
0.04
55
0.10
To spot
699-7
Pb loss
699-7
699-2
699-5
699-3
699-1
52
56
60
0.06
95
699-4
699-11
699-8
699-10
699-6
699-9
53.50.4Ma
MSWD 0.76
Prob. 0.66
Common Pb
0.04
699-12
122
0.08
64
40
118
U/206Pb
207
Qu699 LP3 Porphyry

53.50.5Ma
MSWD 0.69
Probability 0.70
Pb/206Pb
0.12
50
114
238
60
45
110
697-2
697-12
697-9
697-8
697-6
697-7
697-10
697-1
697-11
697-4
697-3
697-5
106
105
115
238
125
48
40
135
206
U/ Pb
Figure 6-4 (contd): U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages from Cuajone. Ages based on weighted mean
averages of Pb207 corrected Pb206/U238 ages from spots on different zircons.
210
Figure 6-5: Photos of rocks from the Cuajone mine. A) Regional Granodiorite; B) Equigranular
diorite; C) Lp1; D) BLP; E) Intrusive andesite and; F) Lp3
211
Table 6-2: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from Cuajone mine
Sample
Spot
206
Pb
%
Qu701 (Regional
Granodiorite)
701-1
701-6
701-9
701-8
701-7
701-5
701-3
701-4
701-2
0.12
0.61
-0.36
-0.07
0.77
-0.08
0.27
0.10
0.33
0.52
1.13
-0.05
2.13
0.54
0.07
0.03
1.07
3.04
0.65
Qu695 (LP1)
695-6
695-8
695-5
695-9
695-1
695-7
695-3
695-11
695-12
695-2
695-10
695-4
Qu697 (BLP)
697-5
697-3
697-4
697-11
697-1
697-10
697-7
697-6
697-8
697-9
697-12
697-2
Qu699 (LP3)
699-12
699-9
699-6
699-10
699-8
699-11
699-4
699-1
699-3
699-5
699-2
699-7
1
206
Pb 2
U
270
223
71
462
114
204
327
185
112
1.10
1.05
0.78
1.23
0.98
1.02
1.00
1.04
0.96
2.1
1.9
0.8
3.3
1.1
1.8
3.0
1.6
1.1
0.00973
0.00998
0.00994
0.01002
0.01021
0.01017
0.01028
0.01035
0.01055
57
95
128
117
180
106
90
153
74
135
0.70
0.77
0.97
1.00
1.07
0.97
0.91
1.03
0.70
0.89
0.7
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.0
1.4
Qu696 (Intrusive Andesite)

696-8
696-7
696-11
696-6
696-1
696-10
696-12
696-4
696-3
696-2
696-5
696-9
Pb 2
(ppm)
253
219
94
387
120
207
337
185
121
84
127
135
121
173
113
102
153
109
156
Th
U
206
Th
(ppm)
Qu701 (Pre-mineral Diorite)

701-7
701-10
701-9
701-2
701-4
701-6
701-5
701-3
701-1
701-8
232
U
(ppm)
238
207
1
%
Pb
Pb
(Ma, 1)
1
%
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
1.3
1.4
2.2
1.1
1.9
1.4
1.2
1.5
1.8
0.0482
0.0522
0.0444
0.0467
0.0535
0.0467
0.0495
0.0481
0.0500
5.1
5.2
9.0
4.1
7.1
5.7
4.4
5.9
7.1
62.31
63.63
63.97
64.31
64.99
65.28
65.74
66.31
67.43
(0.84)
(0.92)
(1.42)
(0.70)
(1.26)
(0.94)
(0.80)
(1.01)
(1.23)
0.00974
0.00986
0.00983
0.01005
0.01002
0.01007
0.01007
0.01027
0.01050
0.01048
2.3
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.6
1.9
2.0
1.7
2.0
1.6
0.0513
0.0562
0.0469
0.0642
0.0515
0.0479
0.0476
0.0558
0.0714
0.0525
8.3
6.7
7.4
6.4
6.1
7.7
8.1
6.2
6.5
6.5
62.14
62.53
63.08
63.07
63.90
64.51
64.58
65.18
65.27
66.75
(1.46)
(1.21)
(1.17)
(1.23)
(1.05)
(1.29)
(1.33)
(1.14)
(1.35)
(1.13)
238
206
1.35
0.68
1.73
2.08
1.10
3.19
1.56
0.80
1.30
1.68
0.68
1.09
203
285
107
171
249
65
132
356
193
125
326
215
99
205
60
103
157
29
93
314
87
85
341
129
0.50
0.74
0.58
0.62
0.65
0.46
0.73
0.91
0.47
0.70
1.08
0.62
1.5
2.0
0.8
1.3
1.8
0.5
1.0
2.7
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
0.00832
0.00829
0.00846
0.00852
0.00864
0.00890
0.00878
0.00872
0.00893
0.00898
0.00902
0.00930
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.1
2.5
1.4
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.3
0.0578
0.0524
0.0608
0.0635
0.0558
0.0724
0.0595
0.0535
0.0575
0.0605
0.0525
0.0558
4.8
4.2
6.2
5.1
4.3
7.8
5.5
3.7
4.7
5.9
4.6
4.5
52.70
52.86
53.38
53.56
54.83
55.28
55.46
55.54
56.54
56.64
57.52
59.03
(0.65)
(0.61)
(0.89)
(0.74)
(0.60)
(1.45)
(0.81)
(0.52)
(0.69)
(0.88)
(0.61)
(0.80)
0.78
1.71
0.90
0.85
5.41
3.23
4.20
1.11
0.16
4.33
1.48
1.59
704
216
224
242
159
148
391
317
125
267
179
338
971
122
137
252
99
84
380
179
53
252
57
255
1.43
0.59
0.63
1.07
0.64
0.59
1.00
0.58
0.44
0.97
0.33
0.78
5.0
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.1
3.0
2.4
1.0
2.2
1.4
2.8
0.00823
0.00836
0.00843
0.00864
0.00914
0.00895
0.00906
0.00895
0.00890
0.00941
0.00920
0.00951
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.0
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.0533
0.0606
0.0542
0.0539
0.0900
0.0727
0.0804
0.0559
0.0484
0.0815
0.0589
0.0598
2.8
4.6
4.8
9.3
17.4
5.2
11.6
3.9
8.5
11.7
4.9
10.5
52.44
52.74
53.64
55.01
55.48
55.62
55.71
56.78
57.06
57.80
58.16
60.03
(0.42)
(0.65)
(0.65)
(0.69)
(1.40)
(0.82)
(0.88)
(0.56)
(0.89)
(0.94)
(0.75)
(0.75)
0.73
0.88
1.23
1.20
1.79
1.26
1.22
0.96
0.24
1.00
0.97
0.94
304
162
273
141
117
132
105
193
327
238
201
250
188
76
186
55
79
60
67
132
255
138
158
242
0.64
0.48
0.71
0.40
0.69
0.47
0.66
0.71
0.81
0.60
0.81
1.00
2.2
1.2
2.0
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.8
1.5
2.5
1.8
1.5
1.9
0.00849
0.00855
0.00869
0.00874
0.00883
0.00882
0.00888
0.00886
0.00882
0.00889
0.00890
0.00896
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.1
0.0529
0.0540
0.0569
0.0566
0.0613
0.0571
0.0568
0.0548
0.0490
0.0550
0.0548
0.0546
5.1
5.9
4.4
6.2
6.3
6.6
7.2
5.5
4.3
6.0
5.3
4.5
54.12
54.41
55.10
55.45
55.66
55.91
56.30
56.30
56.45
56.50
56.55
56.98
(0.60)
(0.81)
(0.62)
(0.88)
(0.94)
(0.94)
(1.04)
(0.76)
(0.58)
(0.72)
(0.76)
(0.64)
1.47
0.92
1.30
2.17
0.24
0.78
0.68
0.35
2.49
0.70
5.46
28.47
201
200
337
123
1792
350
386
594
78
137
29
6
164
100
111
95
950
120
92
161
36
58
12
2
0.84
0.52
0.34
0.79
0.55
0.35
0.25
0.28
0.47
0.44
0.44
0.36
1.4
1.4
2.4
0.9
12.8
2.5
2.8
4.3
0.6
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.00792
0.00825
0.00835
0.00843
0.00834
0.00840
0.00841
0.00843
0.00863
0.00852
0.00905
0.01307
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.7
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.8
2.1
1.9
3.4
6.4
0.0587
0.0544
0.0573
0.0643
0.0490
0.0532
0.0525
0.0499
0.0668
0.0526
0.0904
0.2728
6.9
5.4
4.5
6.4
2.0
4.3
5.7
3.3
7.7
7.2
11.0
12.8
50.13
52.45
52.90
52.97
53.41
53.53
53.61
53.94
54.00
54.33
54.91
59.98
(0.75)
(0.71)
(0.59)
(0.93)
(0.29)
(0.58)
(0.56)
(0.42)
(1.16)
(1.06)
(2.01)
(5.34)
Common lead; 2 Atomic ratios of radiogenic Pb;
3 206
Pb/238U age using
207
Pb to correct for common lead
212
Latite Porphyry 1 (LP1)

The earliest of the porphyritic intrusive suites described at the Cuajone mine is the Latite
Porphyry 1 (LP1). Intrusions of this type range from large (1000m x 800m) stocks to small
dykes and are mainly hosted within Toquepala Group volcanic rocks. The main stock is
elongated in a NW-SE direction (Figure 6-3). The majority of Cu-Mo mineralization occurs
immediately following the emplacement of this intrusive suite. The majority of Cu-Mo
mineralization at Cuajone is hosted within LP1, however Toquepala Group rocks are also well
mineralized adjacent to the contact with LP1 intrusions. In spite of the mine name for these
intrusions
(latite),
they
range
in
composition
from
quartz
monzonite
to
granodiorite/monzogranite. These units typically contain large, euhedral feldspar (25-35%) and
round, anhedral quartz (5-10%) phenocrysts, with slightly smaller and less abundant biotite ( 23%) phenocrysts set in a fine grained light grey matrix (Figure 6-5c). The phenocryst to matrix
ratio varies from 35:65 to 50:50. The sample of this intrusions type was collected in the SE
portion of the main stock and yielded an age of 55.60.9Ma (Figure 6-4e-f, Table 6-2). Where
the sample was collected it was intensely hypogene altered to early K-feldspar overprinted by
sericite and illite. Biotite phenocrysts (secondary biotite)have been altered to chlorite-pyrite.
Latite Porphyry 2 (BLP)

The second pulse of porphyry intrusions has been assigned the name Late Porphyry 2
(BLP) by mine site geologists. Like the LP1 suite of intrusions latite is not an accurate name for
these rocks as the may contain significant amounts of quartz. Typically they range in
composition from monzonite to quartz monzonite. BLP porphyries occur as rounded stocks,
slightly elongated in a NW-SE direction (Figure 6-3). These rocks contain lower grades of Cu
and Mo suggesting that they may have been exposed to less hydrothermal fluids than the older
LP1 porphyries and that several pulses of hydrothermal fluids have generated several
generations of Cu-Mo bearing veins. These rocks contain medium grained, euhedral feldspars
(20-30%) and fine round anhedral quartz (2-8%) phenocrysts in a fine dark gray matrix, with
trace amounts of fine grained biotite phenocrysts (Figure 6-5d). Typically, the phenocryst to
matrix ratio is lower in BLP porphyries than in the LP1 porphyries, ranging from 20:80 to 40:60.
The sample for geochronology was taken from the SE portion of the largest of the BLP
porphyries and yielded and age of 56.20.7Ma (Figure 6-4g-h, Table 6-2). The sample was
collected within hypogene alteration consisting of feldspar partially altered to sericite/illite and
biotite altered to chlorite.
213
Intrusive Andesite
The intrusive andesite unit was thought to be a sub-volcanic intrusion roughly
equivalent in age to the overlying Toquepala Group volcanic rocks. It is exposed on eastern side
of the main LP1 intrusion. It is elongated towards the NW along the eastern contact between
Toquepala Group rocks and the LP1 Porphyry (Figure 6-3). Intrusive contacts suggest that this
unit was present prior to the emplacement of the LP1 and BLP porphyry suites. The sample was
taken immediately west of the main LP1 stock in intensely hypogene altered intrusive
andesite. The sample yielded an age of 55.90.5Ma (Figure 6-4i-j, Table 6-2). This is no
evidence for Toquepala Group aged zircons nor is there significant Pb-loss, suggesting that this
is approximately the true age of emplacement of this unit. However, the error from this sample
does overlap with both the Lp1 and BLP porphyries; therefore it is permissible that it was
emplaced prior to the LP1 porphyry. However, it was emplaced much later than the Toquepala
Group volcanic rocks and likely is not a sub-volcanic intrusion of the Toquepala Group. As in the
Toquepala Group rocks, this unit may be significantly mineralized and altered adjacent to the
contacts with the LP1 porphyry. This unit has a micro-porphyritic texture with very fine,
anhedral feldspar (20-25%), coarse, anhedral, rounded quartz (1%) and fine, anhedral
hornblende (5%) phenocrysts in a fine grained dark grey-green matrix (Figure 6-5e).
Compositions of this unit range from diorite to monzodiorite. Alteration of this unit is typically
secite/illite alteration of primary feldspar ( secondary K-feldspar) and chlorite-pyrite alteration
of hornblende ( secondary biotite).
Latite Porphyry 3 (LP3)

The last igneous event during the Paleocene was the emplacement of postmineralization dykes and stocks of monzogranite to granodiorite composition, termed Latite
Porphyry 3 (LP3) intrusions by mine site geologists. This suite of intrusive rock is most Cu-Mo
mineralization and downgrades the deposit. LP3 porphyries are exposed at the NW section of
the pit and occur as rounded stocks and NW-SE oriented dykes (Figure 6-3). Compared to the
earlier porphyry units the LP3 porphyries contain more quartz and a lower phenocryst to matrix
ratio. Typically this unit contains rounded, anhedral quartz (10-15%), finer, euhedral feldspar
(12-18%) phenocrysts in a fine grained light grey matrix (Figure 6-5f). Mafic minerals are
absent in this unit. Phenocryst to matrix ratios vary from 20:80 to 30:70. The sample was taken
from outside the current mine in moderately supergene altered rock and yielded and age of
53.50.5Mm (Figure 6-4k-l; Table 6-2). Alteration of this unit is restricted to white mica
alteration of feldspars as a result of both hypogene and supergene processes.
214
Toquepala
The Cuajone Mine is located in Tacna Department approximately 35km ESE of the town
of Moquegua and approximately 23km SSE of the Cuajone Mine (Figure 6-2). As of 2006, a
total of 634Mt at 0.98% Cu, had been mined from Toquepala, with mineable reserves of
1032Mt at 0.67% Cu (SPCC, 2007). The deposit is hosted mainly within latest Cretaceous
rhyolitic and andesitic flows and air fall deposits of the Toquepala Group and to a lesser extent
within an Eocene dioritic batholith of the Yarabamba suite of intrusions (Figures 6-2 and 6).
Similar Toquepala Group rocks in the Quellaveco area were deposited at approximately 6871Ma. The Toquepala Group was intruded by large diorite and granodiorite batholiths which
predate the hydrothermal system associated with Cu-Mo mineralization. The bulk of Cu-Mo
mineralization occurs immediately after the emplacement of the Dacite Porphyry pulse. The
system then undergoes brecciation due to collapse, which is associated with an additional
hydrothermal pulse. A second period of brecciation occurs with the formation of a diatreme
breccia, this event effectively downgrades the deposit in the areas where this form of
brecciation occurred. The breccia is then intruded by a unit referred to as the Dacite
Agglomerate by mine geologists. The dacite agglomerate unit is series of dyke swarms of
porphyritic granitoid, this phase of intrusion is not associated with a hydrothermal pulse and
effectively destroys grade. The last intrusive event involves the emplacement of relatively thin
latite porphyry dykes, which are not associated with hydrothermal mineralization. No Miocene
or later volcanic rocks are present in the area of the Toquepala mine.
This unit is similar to other equigranular intrusions observed at Quellaveco and Cuajone
and is the first igneous intrusive event post-dating the deposition of Toquepala Group volcanic
rocks. The batholiths are elongated along a NNW orientation and may attain dimensions of
several 10s of kilometers by 1-2km. Between Cuajone and Toquepala these intrusions were
emplaced prior to Cu-Mo mineralization associated with porphyry intrusions. At Toquepala, an
equigranular diorite was sampled in the eastern part of the deposit (Figure 6-6). This sample
yielded a zircon U-Pb SHRIMP-RG age of 61.40.8Ma (Figure 6-7a-b, Table 6-3). The intrusion
is an equigranular, fine-grained (3mm), biotite and hornblende bearing diorite with rare quartz
occurring as interstitial anhedral crystals to euhedral feldspar crystals (Figure 6-8a). Hypogene
alteration in this unit is restricted to chlorite and epidote alteration of mafic minerals.
Supergene alteration of secondary feldspars to fine white micas is also common, but is not as
well developed as in center of the deposit area.
215
330000mE
329500mE
329000mE
328500mE
328000mE
327500mE
8094000mN
Qu708
56.20.6Ma
Qu706
54.30.6Ma
8093500mN
8093000mN
Qu705
61.40.8Ma
Qu704
56.80.6Ma
8092500mN
Legend
Stratified Rocks
Alluvium/Talus/Dumps
Undifferentiated Toquepala Gp.
8092000mN
Intrusive Rocks/Breccias
Latite Porphyry (Post Mineral)
Dacite Agglomerate (Intermineral)
Anhydrite Breccia (Ore Breccia)
Dacite Porphyry (Main Stage)
Diorite Breccia
Diorite Intrusion (Pre-mineral)
8091500mN
Figure 6-6: Simplified geology of Toquepala mine, modified after Southern Peru Copper Corporation
and Richard & Courtright, 1958. Coordinates in Peruvian Coordinate System (PSAD56); zone
19S. Location of geochronology samples plotted for all intrusive rocks; errors given 2 levels.
216
Dacite Porphyry
The earliest porphyry phase at Toquepala is the dacite porphyry and is spatially
associated with the majority of Cu-Mo mineralization (with the exception of ore breccias which
immediately post-date the emplacement of the dacite porphyry. This unit occurs as large stocks
and dyke which have been cut by numerous breccia bodies and later porphyry intrusions
(Figure 6-6). The dacite porphyry contains medium grained, euhedral feldspar (30-35%) and
rounded, anhedral quartz (5-15%) phenocrysts in a fine grained/aphanitic light grey matrix of
altered feldspar and quartz (Figure 6-8b). Rare very fine chlorite-pyrite altered biotite
phenocrysts are also present. This suite ranges in composition from granodiorite to
monzogranite. The sample was collected from the SE part of the main dacite porphyry body
close to the contact with anhydrite breccia and the regional diorite, within anhydrite-biotite-Kfeldspar altered rock. The sample yielded an age of 56.80.6Ma (Figure 6-7c-d, Table 6-3).
Dacite Agglomerate
The second porphyry intrusive suite has been assigned the name dacite agglomerate. Though it
has been mapped as one single unit, mainly restricted to the NE past of the mine, observations
of a brief viewing of drill core would suggest that it is more likely a series dykes swarms as
opposed to single large stocks (Figure 6-6). Units within these dyke swarms are crowded
slightly finer grained porphyries than the dacite porphyry and contain significantly more igneous
biotite. Dykes of this suite range from granodiorite to monzogranite and contain medium
grained, euhedral feldspar (30-35%), rounded, anhedral to subhedral, larger quartz (10-15%)
and fine, euhedral, chlorite altered biotite (2-5%) in a fine grained/aphanitic light grey matrix
(Figure 6-8c). Though this unit may be weakly mineralized it is believed to be emplaced after
the majority of Cu-Mo mineralization and largely downgrades the Cu-Mo mineralization. The
sample was collected at from the northern part of the mine within weakly white mica (
secondary feldspar) and chlorite altered rock. This sample yielded an age of 56.20.6Ma
(Figure 6-7e-f, Table 6-3).
Latite Porphyry
This unit is similar to the post-mineralization LP3 unit observed at Cuajone mine and
occurs after the bulk of Cu-Mo mineralization. The unit is fine grained porphyritic to micro
porphyritic occurring as small dykes, which intrude all other units with dominant NNE and NW
orientations (Figure 6-6). The unit varies from monzonite to quartz monzonite and contains very
fine grained phenocrysts of subhedral feldspar (50-60%), rounded anhedral-subhedral quartz
217
Age (Ma)
0.18
75
0.16
70
61.50.8Ma
MSWD 2.9
Prob. 0.01
0.14
Pb/206Pb
0.12
0.10
207
Qu705 Regional Diorite

61.40.8Ma
MSWD 2.96
Probability 0.01
54
0.06
58
45
0.08
74
50
62
55
Pb loss
Common
Pb
66
60
70
65
85
95
105
705-5
705-10
705-6
705-8
705-9
705-11
705-2
705-7
705-1
705-3
705-4
705-12
0.04
40
238
115
125
206
U/ Pb
0.4
56.80.8Ma
MSWD 1.7
Prob. 0.08
70
50
54
58
66
62
0.1
70
40
78
Qu704 Dacite Porphyry

56.80.6Ma
MSWD 1.66
Probability 0.08
0.2
74
50
207
60
206
Pb/ Pb
0.3
0.0
30
90
100
704-10
704-4
704-13
704-1
704-12
704-6
704-2
704-9
704-5
704-7
704-11
704-3
704-8
80
110
238
130
55.90.6Ma
MSWD 0.39
Prob. 0.86
0.12
60
120
U/206Pb
Qu708 Dacite Agglomerate

56.20.6Ma
MSWD 1.03
Probability 0.40
50
53.51.0Ma
MSWD 0.051
Prob. 0.95
0.08
207
55
206
Pb/ Pb
0.10
0.06
57.80.8Ma
MSWD 0.40
Prob. 0.67
66
62
58
50
54
0.04
708-9
708-8
95
708-5
708-10
708-1
708-3
708-12
708-6
708-2
708-11
708-4
708-7
45
105
115
238
125
U/206Pb
Figure 6-7: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages from Toquepala. Ages based on weighted mean averages of
218
Age (Ma)
0.09
54.30.6Ma
MSWD 1.2
Prob. 0.3
60
Qu706 Latite Porphyry

54.30.6Ma
MSWD 1.21
Probability 0.30
50
45
207
55
Pb/206Pb
0.08
0.07
58.50.7Ma
MSWD 1.08
Prob. 0.36
0.06
0.05
68
706-12
706-9
706-5
706-10
706-2
706-7
706-1
706-16
706-8
706-14
706-15
706-13
706-4
706-6
706-3
706-11
40
64
60
56
48
52
0.04
90
100
110
238
120
130
140
206
U/ Pb
Figure 6-7 (contd): U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon ages from Toquepala. Ages based on weighted mean
averages of Pb207 corrected Pb206/U238 ages from spots on different zircons.
219
Figure 6-8: Photos of rocks from the Toquepala Mine. A) Equigranular diorite; B) Dacite porphyry
C) Dacite agglomerate and; D) Latite porphyry
220
Table 6-3: U-Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon analytical data for samples from Toquepala mine
Sample
Spot
206
Pb
%
Qu705 (Regional
Granodiorite)
705-4
705-3
705-1
705-12
705-7
705-2
705-11
705-9
705-8
705-6
705-10
705-5
2.99
21.33
3.60
0.99
1.27
17.02
1.35
2.12
1.76
1.88
1.87
0.46
2.91
0.51
2.13
4.11
0.73
0.68
0.98
0.52
1.18
0.62
0.51
0.89
5.26
Qu706 (Latite Porphyry)

706-11
706-3
706-6
706-4
706-12
706-9
706-5
706-10
706-2
706-7
706-1
706-16
706-8
706-14
706-15
706-13
1
0.83
1.04
2.18
2.94
0.72
0.58
2.24
0.91
1.29
0.99
1.19
0.99
1.57
0.47
-0.21
0.11
206
Pb 2
U
362
81
454
244
327
212
1007
557
903
350
358
126
1.55
1.12
1.86
1.53
0.34
1.40
1.95
1.92
0.76
1.52
0.58
0.94
1.8
0.6
2.0
1.3
7.9
1.3
4.3
2.6
10.2
2.0
5.3
1.2
0.00881
0.00902
0.00900
0.00913
0.00923
0.00946
0.00946
0.01026
0.00966
0.00972
0.00971
0.01044
61
230
92
196
355
69
243
102
121
101
128
220
304
27
122
46
133
231
31
215
47
115
55
90
206
215
0.45
0.55
0.52
0.70
0.67
0.46
0.91
0.48
0.98
0.56
0.72
0.97
0.73
0.5
2.1
0.7
1.5
2.7
0.6
1.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.8
2.9
237
139
73
174
251
178
251
148
251
270
340
166
116
80
35
92
204
96
174
82
96
244
276
95
0.51
0.59
0.50
0.55
0.84
0.56
0.72
0.57
0.40
0.93
0.84
0.59
182
497
178
151
437
311
123
185
403
196
321
135
146
287
252
278
104
375
100
103
375
328
70
118
415
109
283
46
102
191
241
250
0.59
0.78
0.58
0.71
0.89
1.09
0.58
0.66
1.06
0.57
0.91
0.36
0.72
0.69
0.99
0.93
Qu708 (Dacite Agglomerate)

708-7
708-4
708-11
708-2
708-6
708-12
708-3
708-1
708-10
708-5
708-8
708-9
Pb 2
(ppm)
241
74
253
165
994
157
535
300
1234
238
634
139
2.61
4.69
0.51
0.63
0.40
2.09
0.64
6.83
0.44
0.86
0.49
6.90
Th
U
206
Th
(ppm)
Qu704 (Dacite Porphyry)

704-8
704-3
704-11
704-7
704-5
704-9
704-2
704-6
704-12
704-1
704-13
704-4
704-10
232
U
(ppm)
238
1
%
207
Pb
Pb
1
%
1.2
1.8
1.0
1.2
0.5
1.2
0.7
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.6
1.3
0.0678
0.0843
0.0512
0.0522
0.0503
0.0638
0.0523
0.1014
0.0508
0.0540
0.0511
0.1019
7.3
6.1
4.2
5.1
2.1
4.7
2.9
26.8
1.9
4.2
2.6
6.6
55.05
55.19
57.50
58.19
58.99
59.41
60.34
61.30
61.71
61.85
61.99
62.35
(0.75)
(1.07)
(0.58)
(0.74)
(0.31)
(0.76)
(0.43)
(2.34)
(0.28)
(0.67)
(0.39)
(0.98)
0.00877
0.01082
0.00890
0.00884
0.00890
0.01058
0.00895
0.00907
0.00911
0.00922
0.00938
0.00936
0.01105
2.4
1.4
1.7
1.2
0.9
3.5
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.0
0.0708
0.2161
0.0756
0.0550
0.0572
0.1819
0.0579
0.0640
0.0611
0.0620
0.0620
0.0508
0.0704
8.0
24.7
6.2
4.8
5.1
18.5
4.1
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2
4.5
3.6
54.63
54.63
55.06
56.19
56.43
56.34
56.69
56.94
57.46
58.07
59.09
59.81
68.82
(1.36)
(4.74)
(1.00)
(0.70)
(0.53)
(3.48)
(0.61)
(0.95)
(0.87)
(0.98)
(0.85)
(0.68)
(0.70)
1.7
1.0
0.5
1.3
1.9
1.4
1.9
1.1
1.9
2.1
2.7
1.4
0.00836
0.00851
0.00875
0.00866
0.00868
0.00884
0.00880
0.00886
0.00882
0.00899
0.00910
0.00961
1.2
1.8
2.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
0.0511
0.0639
0.0797
0.0529
0.0525
0.0549
0.0513
0.0565
0.0520
0.0512
0.0542
0.0888
5.2
6.1
11.9
6.2
5.0
5.9
4.9
6.4
5.0
4.7
5.0
6.0
53.37
53.46
53.87
55.20
55.36
56.15
56.16
56.20
56.27
57.39
57.86
58.40
(0.67)
(0.99)
(1.41)
(0.84)
(0.68)
(0.93)
(0.68)
(0.91)
(0.69)
(0.66)
(0.64)
(0.95)
1.2
3.5
1.3
1.1
3.2
2.3
0.9
1.4
3.1
1.5
2.5
1.1
1.2
2.3
2.1
2.4
0.00797
0.00816
0.00846
0.00865
0.00847
0.00855
0.00878
0.00873
0.00897
0.00910
0.00912
0.00919
0.00927
0.00932
0.00946
0.00991
2.8
0.9
1.4
1.5
0.9
1.1
1.7
1.4
0.9
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.0536
0.0553
0.0643
0.0704
0.0528
0.0517
0.0649
0.0543
0.0573
0.0550
0.0566
0.0550
0.0596
0.0509
0.0456
0.0481
9.9
3.9
6.3
5.5
4.4
4.4
6.8
5.7
9.6
5.7
5.4
6.0
5.8
4.3
4.7
4.6
50.74
51.83
53.11
53.88
53.96
54.54
55.07
55.52
56.82
57.84
57.85
58.40
58.53
59.53
60.85
63.52
(1.47)
(0.46)
(0.81)
(0.85)
(0.51)
(0.59)
(1.00)
(0.78)
(0.65)
(0.84)
(0.64)
(0.90)
(0.91)
(0.63)
(0.66)
(0.79)
206
Apparent Age
206
Pb/238U 3
(Ma, 1)
238

3 206
221
(2-8%) and chlorite-pyrite altered biotite in a fine grained light grey matrix (Figure 6-8d). The
matrix is composed of white mica altered feldspars and quartz. The sample was collected within
white mica and chlorite altered rock and yielded an age of 54.30.6Ma (Figure 6-7g-h; Table 63).
Discussion
Timing of Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation
U-Pb ages reported herein of intrusive rocks at the Toquepala and Cuajone Cu-Mo
porphyry deposits in southern Peru are remarkably similar in timing. This similarity is best
visualized through probability density plots (Figure 6-9) of all zircons from the various
intrusions, including the pre-mineral rocks. Combined with the published (Sillitoe and
Mortensen, 2010), the ages indicate protracted but episodic magmatism in the area of each
porphyry Cu deposit.
The U-Pb ages also suggest the potential for a very narrow time of
formation for two of porphyry Cu deposits (Figure 6-10).

The episodic intrusive history at Cuajone covers a time span of approximately 13 m.y.,
from the pre-mineral regional granodiorite batholiths to the late-mineral porphyritic stocks
(Figure 6-10). Three temporally distinct episodes are recognized from the data with the oldest
event being the pre-mineral batholiths at approximately 65 Ma, the second being the
mineralized LP1 and BLP porphyries occurring at approximately the same time around 56 Ma
and the late mineral intrusions occurring at approximately 53 Ma (Figure 6-10). The age of the
volumetrically most important mineralizing event at Cuajone is constrained to post-date
emplacement LP1 porphyry (55.60.6Ma) and before the emplacement of the BLP porphyry
(56.20.7 Ma). Although as noted, the calculated ages do not agree with the intrusive field
relations, their ages are essentially identical. Density distribution plot of the zircon U-Pb data
(Figure 6-9a) shows several measured zircons with ages between the pre-mineral batholiths
and the mineralized intrusions, suggesting that there may yet be an unrecognized magmatic
phase intermediate in age between the regional batholiths and the synmineral porphyry
intrusions in the Cuajone area. Rocks with these ages are known near Toquepala and
Quellaveco.
222
14
12
LP1 and BLP porphyries
LP3 Porphyries
Frequency
10
Early cryptic
magmatism
Cuajone
Pre-mineral
batholiths
Pb-loss
2
0
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Age
10
9
8
Frequency
B
Dacite Porphyry
& Dacite
Agglomerate
Early cryptic
magmatism
6
5
4
Latite
Porphyries
Toquepala
Pre-mineral
batholiths
3
2
Inherited
Toquepala
Group
Pb-loss
1
0
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Age
C
Mineralizing
intrusions
Frequency
20
15
Post-mineral
porphyries
Early cryptic
magmatism
10
Pre-mineral
batholiths
Inherited
Toquepala
Group
Pb-loss
0
40
45
50
All
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Age
Figure 6-9: Probability distribution plots for A) the Cuajone mine; B) the Toquepala mine and; C)
combined data from Toquepala and Cuajone.
223
52Ma
53Ma
Quellaveco
P
54Ma
55Ma
Toquepala
Cuajone
F
C
D
E
56Ma
L
K
57Ma
58Ma
G
E
59Ma
B
60Ma
61Ma
62Ma
A
63Ma
64Ma
65Ma
66Ma
71Ma
Quellaveco

K. Qu-050 Post Mineral Porphyry; 56.00.8Ma
L. Qu-394-Post Mineral Porphyry; 54.70.8Ma
Cuajone
Toquepala


Figure 6-10: Summary of ages from Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala, based on weighted mean
levels.
224
At Toquepala, intrusions were also emplaced within three temporally distinct magmatic
episodes. Magmatism occurred over a shorter time period from approximately 62 Ma to 54 Ma
(Figure 6-10). Pre-mineral batholiths in the vicinity of the Toquepala mine are younger than at
Cuajone with ages of 61.40.8 Ma (this study) and ~58.4 Ma (Zweng and Clark, 1995).
However, the timing of mineralized porphyry intrusions at Toquepala is remarkably similar to
Cuajone, albeit apparently slightly older in age. The main mineralizing event post-dates the
emplacement of the Dacite Porphyry (56.80.6Ma) and preceded emplacement of the Dacite
Agglomerate (56.20.6Ma). Late mineral intrusions at Toquepala (54.30.6 Ma) are similar in
age to the youngest magmatic event at Cuajone. Additionally, a density distribution plot of the
zircon U-Pb data (Figure 6-9b) demonstrates the presence of a ~58 Ma igneous event after the
emplacement of the regional batholith and before the emplacement of the Dacite Porphyry
(Figure 6-10).
Presumably these zircons are xenocrystic, and derived from wall rock to a
magma chamber at depth.

The timing of magmatic events at Quellaveco (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010) is similar to
that documented for Cuajone and Toquepala (Figure 6-10). A regional batholith has an age of
~59.4 Ma and the oldest and most mineralized porphyry intrusion an age of ~58.4 Ma. An
intra-mineral porphyry intrusion has a U-Pb age of 55.900.31 Ma whereas the late porphyry
has an age of 54.630.63 Ma. In contrast to Cuajone and Toquepala where the majority of the
Cu can be inferred to have been deposited around 56 Ma, Sillitoe and Mortensen (2010)
propose a much longer time with Cu being deposited in episodic events over about 3 to 4
million years. However, at each porphyry Cu deposit, the youngest porphyry suite contains
little Cu even though significantly altered to quartz-sericite-pyrite assemblages. These young
porphyry suites in each case are younger then the next oldest and Cu-bearing intrusive suite by
1 to 2 million years.
Timing of mineralization at the Cuajone and Toquepala mines is constrained pre- and
post-ore intrusive rocks to approximately 56 Ma and 56.5 Ma, respectively. Additionally, the
ages of the Cuajone and Toquepala syn-mineral porphyry intrusions fall within the range
observed at Quellaveco, and are very similar to what is interpreted as intra-mineral porphyry
intrusions at Quellaveco (Sillitoe and Mortensen, 2010). The ages reported from the syn-Cu
mineral intrusions at Toquepala and Cuajone centers also suggest that mineralization may have
been of short duration similar to those interpreted for Batu Hijau (Garwin, 2002), Bajo de la
Alumbrera (Harris et al., 2004; von Quadt et al., 2011); Elatsite (von Quadt et al., 2002) and
Bingham (von Quadt et al., 2011) although the thermal effects of the hydrothermal and
magmatic systems may be of longer duration (Harris et al., 2008; Campos et al., 2009). In
225
contrast to the possibility that Cu was introduced during a single event, Sillitoe and Mortensen
(2010) argue episodic Cu mineralization at Quellaveco over the entire magmatic cycle.
The hydrothermal systems at these 3 major porphyry Cu-Mo deposits clearly are part of
a protracted but distinctly episodic magmatism with arguably the bulk of the Cu in at least two
of the deposits being introduced at very similar times. Such a protracted but episodic magmatic
history is characteristic of many but not all porphyry Cu districts around the world (e.g. Cornejo
et al., 1997; Harris et al., 2004; Padilla-Garza et al., 2004; Deckart et al., 2005).
Magmatic Events Associated with Porphyry Cu Formation in Southern Peru

At Quellaveco, Toquepala, and Cuajone, the timing of magmatic events at the
three porphyry Cu centers is remarkably similar over a 30 km distance. Implicit in the
similarity of ages is the need for the construction of upper crustal plutonic complexes that
fed the three porphyry Cu systems (e.g. Dilles, 1987; Candela, 1991). The ~30 km
distance between the porphyry centers at Cuajone and Toquepala is too great to appeal to
a single large and convecting batholithic chamber as many studies has shown that the
upper crustal magma chambers generally are no larger than 10 by 15 km in horizontal
dimension. Even those batholiths are rarely composed of a single magma body but rather
are a composite series of short-lived upper crustal magma chambers coalescing to form a
larger body over 1 to 4 million years (e.g. Dilles and Wright, 1988; Coleman et al., 2004).
Instead, a series of spatially separate and essentially contemporaneous, oxidized plutonic
complexes must underlie the region.
The Paleocene-Eocene Metallogenic Belt

The Cuajone-Quellaveco-Toquepala cluster represents a large grouping of porphyry
Cu deposits that constitute the Paleocene to Eocene metallogenic belt in the central
Andes. Timing of porphyry Cu formation in the belt began in the Paleocene around 62-63
Ma, continuing until ~52 Ma (summarized by Sillitoe and Perell, 2005). The CuajoneQuellaveco-Toquepala deposit cluster is of intermediate age. Thus formation of porphyry
Cu deposit in this part of the Andean cordillera spanned approximately ~10 million years.
This time span is comparable to others in the Andes, with the great Chilean porphyry Cu
belts having formed in 8 to 10 million years (Sillitoe and Perell, 2005 and references
therein).
These relatively short time frames within the larger magmatic evolution at a
convergent plate margin emphasizes the uniqueness of those magmas that form porphyry
Cu deposits (Richards et al., 2012).
226
Conclusions
The ten new zircon U-Pb SHIRMP-RG ages of intrusive phases at the Cuajone and
Toquepala together with published ages from the nearby Quellaveco deposit constrain the
timing of magmatism associated with formation of these porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. As with
many porphyry Cu districts around the world, magmatic events are distinctly episodic, with the
mineralizing events being associated with distinct intrusive phases. At Cuajone and Toquepala,
these occurred at approximately the same time, with the ages constrained to 55.5-56.2 Ma at
Cuajone and 56.2-56.8Ma at Toquepala. Collectively, the magmatic history of these three giant
porphyry Cu deposits places critical constraints on the evolution of this part of the Andean
Cordillera.
227
Chapter 7: Conclusions and Recommendations for Future

Research
Introduction
Quellaveco offers a unique opportunity to study a giant porphyry Cu-Mo deposit that has
not been mined, is exposed at surface and has been supergene modified. Most porphyry
deposits that have been studied in the past have been mostly mined out or are not exposed at
surface, which limits the knowledge that can be gained from studying these deposit types (e.g.
Toquepala, Zweng and Clark, 2007; Cerro Verde, Quang, 2003; Oyu Tolgoi, Wainwright et al.,
2007; El Salvador, Lee, 2008). In the case of the mined deposits, assumptions and
extrapolations from what is currently exposed within the remaining deposit need to be made for
what has been removed from the deposit previously by mining activities. The result is that
critical observations will be missed and potentially critical analytical data not acquired, leading
to incomplete studies of the porphyry deposit. With deposits that are not exposed at surface,
only drill core can be used to make the observations that support the study. These observations
are highly dependent on limited spatial data due to being restricted to where the drill core
intersects the porphyry deposit.
This study focuses on the relative and absolute timing of igneous activity at the
Quellaveco porphyry Cu deposit in southern Peru. Mineral chemistry from zircons within each
igneous unit from Quellaveco, as well as whole rock geochemistry of those units, further
augments the study. These data are interpreted within the framework of the timing of related
hydrothermal systems and the resulting veins that formed from these individual hydrothermal
events. Finally, the timing of intrusive units from two surrounding porphyry deposits, Toquepala
and Cuajone, add to the regional perspective and the overall evolution of the igneous systems
in southern Peru that are associated with the formation of porphyry Cu-Mo deposits.
This chapter summarizes the conclusions of the chapters presented in this thesis, ties
together all of the conclusions into a comprehensive model for Quellaveco and finally presents
the questions that have been left outstanding and where future research may add to these
outstanding questions. These conclusions are presented on a chapter by chapter basis followed
by the overall summary of the thesis and a discussion of future research.
228
Impact of Work
The work presented in this thesis provides practical approach to the evaluation of
porphyry deposits. Particularly this thesis bring into question the vein nomenclature that has
been established where related to porphyry deposits. The vein paragenesis provided herein
may act as a predictive model for grade control and future exploration at Quellaveco. When
applied elsewhere, only very general aspects of this study should be accounted for. Rather,
when researchers are working on new porphyry deposit they should describe the vein
assemblages in that location relative to the timing of intrusive rocks using the methods
presented herein. Moreover, this study shows that multiple generations of intrusive rocks, at
least five, where immediately post dated by hydrothermal fluid flow with the same sequence of
veins present in each hydrothermal system. The emplacement of all five porphyry suites and
their related hydrothermal systems occurred in the same crustal volume over as much as 2.5
m.y. or as little as 0.2 m.y. This study demonstrates that giant porphyry systems form from
cooling, fractionating magmas, oxidized magmas with adakite geochemistry and have been
periodically rejuvenated and/or mixed with foreign magmas resulting in multiple generations of
intrusions and hydrothermal systems critical to forming giant porphyry copper deposits.
Furthermore, for this sequence of events to occur, the area must have been geodynamically
stagnant. That is erosion and uplift must have been approximately equal, allowing for repeated
igneous and hydrothermal systems over a protracted period of time to be to be emplaced into
the same volume of upper crust.
This study is the first to document vein mineral assemblages and their paragenesis over
multiple vein forming events, from a vertical extent approaching 1 km, in relation to each other
and the intrusive units of a porphyry copper deposit. This work will provide a basis for future
studies that further define the hydrothermal geochemistry as the porphyry copper systems
evolved at Quellaveco future work may link the impact of magma mixing events and associated
geochemical changes to the overall copper endowment of the system. Ultimately this work may
lead to explaining the overall sulphur budget of porphyry copper deposits globally.
Conclusions
The conclusions of the thesis are presented in order, and are intended to be brief
overviews on the findings and are supported by data presented in Chapters 2-6.
229
Regional Geology and Geochronology

The data and conclusions presented herein compliment those of previous workers (e.g.
Mukasa and Tilton, 1985; Mukasa, 1986; Le Bel, 1985; Martinez and Zuloaga, 2000a; Estrada,
1978; Quang, 2003; Clark et al., 1990; Clark, 2003; Zweng and Clark, 1995; Sillitoe and
Mortensen, 2010). Ten samples of intrusive igneous rocks where taken from outside of the
Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo deposit at the Toquepala and Cuajone mines (Figure 7-1). These
samples were analyzed for U-Pb geochronology by SHRIMP-RG and, together with published
ages from the nearby Quellaveco deposit, constrain the timing of magmatism associated with
formation of these porphyry Cu-Mo deposits. At Cuajone and Toquepala, these occurred at
approximately the same time, with the ages constrained to 55.5-56.2 Ma at Cuajone and 56.256.8 Ma at Toquepala. Ages from pre-mineral rocks to post mineral rocks range from
approximately 65-53.5 Ma at Cuajone and 61.5-54.0 Ma at Toquepala (Figure 7-2). Pre-mineral
intrusions at both Cuajone and Toquepala are slightly older than at Quellaveco and thus the
magmatic systems, including the pre-mineral intrusions, is slightly longer-lived at these
deposits. However, all three deposits formed over the approximate same time span, at
approximately the same time and the majority of copper would have been deposited coevally at
all three deposits. A requirement of this coincident timing is that development of significant
mid- and upper-crustal level magma chambers must have also formed at the same time in
order to supply the required sulphur and copper to the systems.
As at Quellaveco, the intrusive complexes at Toquepala and Cuajone contain multiple
porphyry intrusions that were emplaced over a 3-5m.y. time span. Rock types range from
quartz-poor, plagioclase-rich monzodiorite to progressively more quartz and K-feldspar rich
granodiorite compositions. As the rocks young, they generally progress to more felsic
compositions. However, in the case of Cuajone and Quellaveco, there is evidence that at least
once in the magmatic life cycle the system re-sets back towards more mafic end members
(Monzodiorite porphyry at Quellaveco and Intrusive Andesite at Cuajone). Additionally, each
intrusive phase is associated spatially and temporally with its own alteration phases and veins.
This suggests that multiple hydrothermal systems altered the rocks and deposited Cu-Mo
bearing veins in the same location in the crust over a 3-5m.y. period.
230
Lima
75
50
100km
75
125 150km
cay
PERU
Aban
ction
Defle
Cuzco
70
BRAZIL
65
600km
BOLIVIA
15
Na
ca
e
idg
La Paz
Arequipa
Pe
Cerro-Verde
ru
Cuajone
Quellaveco
Toquepala
-C
hil
e
Arica
n
Tre
ch
20
Rid
ge
Pacific
Ocean
Cerro Colorado
Pe
100km
rdi
da
20
15
Lake Titicaca
Spence
Legend
Copper Belts
Paleocene-e. Eocene
Antofagasta
CHILE
25
25
ARGENTINA
Interpreted Major Faults
Figure 7-1: Cu-Mo porphyry belts by age with selected Paleocene-Eocene ore deposits and advanced
Anglo American internal report and ProExplo oral presentation) and Richards (2001) based
on magnetic and topographic lineaments.
231
52Ma
53Ma
Quellaveco
P
54Ma
55Ma
Toquepala
Cuajone
F
C
D
E
56Ma
L
K
57Ma
58Ma
G
E
59Ma
B
60Ma
61Ma
62Ma
A
63Ma
64Ma
65Ma
66Ma
71Ma
Quellaveco

K. Qu-050 Post Mineral Porphyry; 56.00.8Ma
L. Qu-394-Post Mineral Porphyry; 54.70.8Ma
Cuajone
Toquepala


Figure 7-2: Summary of ages from Quellaveco, Cuajone and Toquepala, based on weighted mean
levels.
232
Geology and Geochronology of Quellaveco Igneous Rocks

The Paleocene-Eocene Quellaveco Intrusive Complex intruded into Toquepala Group
volcanic rocks and granodiorite batholith of the Yarabamba Super Suite. At Quellaveco, the host
Toquepala Group rocks are dominated by the Quellaveco Member. The Quellaveco Member is
dominantly composed of quartz phyric rhyolite flows and was deposited at approximately
71.10.5Ma (Chapter 2, Figure 7-2). A an equigranular hornblende bearing Yarabamba Super
Suite granodiorite batholith intruded into the Quellaveco Member and was emplaced at
approximately 60Ma (Chapter 2, Figure -2). Five phases of porphyritic intrusions were emplaced
into the Yarabamba Suite rocks over a period of approximately 4-5m.y. The porphyry intrusions
from oldest to youngest are: Earliest Porphyry, Early Porphyry, Intermineral Porphyry,
Monzodiorite Porphyry and the Late Porphyry. The porphyry intrusions were emplaced from
approximately 58Ma to 54Ma and there main distinguishing features are outlined in Table 7-1.
The Earliest Porphyry, while containing high grades of Cu are not volumetrically
important rock units within the Quellaveco Intrusive Complex and the Late Porphyry units
contain low grades of Cu and dilute the grade of the overall porphyry deposit. Since the
volumetrically most important rock units are the Early and Intermineral Porphyry units and
contain the bulk of copper at Quellaveco the time period in which the bulk of copper was
deposited at Quellaveco can be bracketed by the age of the Early Porphyry and the
Monzodiorite Porphyry, although the Monzodiorite Porphyry does contain significant copper as
well. Using these ages the bulk of the copper must have been emplaced between 57.5 Ma and
56.0 Ma over approximately 1.5 m.y. Remarkably these lengths of time for the porphyry system
at Quellaveco are not only similar to the porphyry development at Toquepala and Cuajone, but
also occurred at approximately the same time. This overlap in time for all three deposits
indicate that high amounts of hydrothermal fluid flow took place in the upper crust at
approximately the same time and must have been associated with deeper-seated mid-crustal
level magma chambers from which the porphyry intrusions evolved and hydrothermal fluids
were potentially sourced.
233
Table 7-1: Geological, textural and petrologic features of porphyritic rocks at Quellaveco
Age (Ma)
Rock Type2
Earliest
57.5-58.6
Early
55.9-56.6
Qtz Monzonite
Granodiorite
50-60
Intermineral 1
55.7-57.1
Granodiorite
Monzogranite
40-50
Intermineral 2
56.3-57.0
Qtz monzodiorite
Qtz monzonite
50-60
Monzodiorite
55.2-57.2
Monzodiorite
Qtz Monzonite
25-30
Late/Post
53.9-55.5
Granodiorite
60-65
Suite
Phenocryst
%
50-65
*Bold indicates distinguishing features of the rock units
Alteration3
Plag>>Kfs>Bt
Bt-MagKfs

Hbld; rare
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Plag; 40%, large, subanhedral

Hbld; rare
Plag; 20%, large, subeuhedral
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
Qtz-Ser over
Bt-Kfs
BtKfsMag
late QtzSer
Cl-Ep
Comments
Cp-Mag-Py-Mo;
-microphenocrystic
-sub-rounded stocks
234
Petrochemistry and Zircon Chemistry of Quellaveco Igneous Rocks

Porphyry intrusions at Quellaveco are characterized by depleted high field strength
elements with continental volcanic arc affinities (Chapter 4). Compositions range from diorite to
granodiorite and fall within the calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline series fields. The rocks in
general increase in adakitic signatures with time and display minor fluctuations in MREE to
HREE ratios, possibly indicating variable influences of hornblende through the development of
the igneous systems at Quellaveco. Moreover, all rocks show that hornblende played a role in
their fractionation indicating the rocks were hydrous and the lack of negative Eu anomalies
coupled with evident plagioclase phenocrysts indicate that the rocks were also relatively
oxidized. Thus, relatively oxidized and hydrous magmas with possible fluctuations in magmatic
sources through time and potential crustal thickening are coincident with the formation of the
Quellaveco porphyry Cu deposit.
Zircon is a robust mineral that survives hydrothermal alteration and weathering
processes. Using the mineral chemistry of zircon may yield important insights to the magmatic
development of intrusive rocks associated with the formation of porphyry copper deposits.
Zircon geochemistry from Quellaveco suggests that QIC intrusions are derived from
fractionating and cooling magmatic systems which were subject to periodic geochemical
disturbance. The high degree of spread in the data of Th/U, Yb/Gd, EuN/EuN*, CeN/CeN*, Hf and
Y indicate that mixed magmas came from distinctive reservoirs. Divergent trends on many plots
may be explained by mixing of magmas with different fractionation histories or source areas as
well as rejuvenation (Chapter 3). Flat or shallow trends in EuN/EuN* with the growth of the
zircons indicate plagioclase fractionation or possibly oxidation effects, specifically injections of
magma with increased oxidation.
The study of zircon geochemistry at Quellaveco indicates that magma chamber
processes, source heterogeneity, oxidation state and magma mixing are related to the
formation of the Cu-Mo porphyry system at Quellaveco. We propose a high energy magma
chamber capable of mixing magmas thoroughly to create discordant trends and changes in
temperature and Hf content with the growth of individual zircons (Figure 7-4). Mixing of
magmas, particularly mafic, may have contributed to a bulk increase in the S and Cu budgets of
the system. Intrusive rocks from pre- to post mineral intrusions, particularly all of the
porphyritic intrusions associated with the porphyry Cu-Mo system, show very little to no
inheritance from wall rocks, indicating that magma contamination via remelting of wall rock was
not a major component to the formation of the Quellaveco porphyry Cu-Mo system.
235
800
A Sample Qu-210 (Intermineral Porphyry)
Explanation
9.1
Grain Edge
750
Temperature (C)
Grain Center
Grain Middle
1.3
4.1
4.2
7.5
3.1
3.2
1.4
8.2
7.1
9.2
4.3
7.4
700
8.1
3.3
1.1
9.3
8.3
3.4
1.2
650
4.4
7.2
Temperature Error
(10C)
600
9000
7.3
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
Hf (ppm)
900
B Sample Qu-050 (Late Porphyry)

7.2
850
Temperature (C)
800
3.1
10.3
5.2
750
9.1
10.1
6.4
5.1
10.2
8.3
11.2 6.3
11.1
12.1 3.3
7.1
1.1
6.1
700
3.2
8.1
7.3
9.2
9.3
10.4
11.3
12.2
6.2
12.3
650
Temperature Error
(10C)
600
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
Hf (ppm)
Figure 7-3: Plots of minimum temperature of crystallization versus Hf content in zircon from a)
Intermineral Porphyry and b) Late Porphyry. Note: plots show grain traverses from grain
centers to edges for individual zircons. #.#, Denotes zircon number and spot number.
236
Vein and Hydrothermal History of Quellaveco

The timing of veins relative to each other and relative to intrusion types were recorded
at the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry deposit. Observations of the mineral assemblages within the
veins and the selvages were also recorded. From these observations a paragenesis of veins and
vein sequencing was developed and shows that vein types and mineral assemblages have been
repeated six times, four of which introduced significant amounts of copper and molybdenum.
These repeated sequences are associated with separate hydrothermal systems which are
bracketed in time by intrusions that crosscut the veins and correspond to time periods
immediately following the emplacement of the Earliest, Early, Intermineral, Monzodiorite and
Late Porphyry intrusions. Nine basic veins types have been described within the repeatable vein
sequencing, from oldest to youngest: Early Biotite, Molybdenite-Quartz, Magnetite-Chalcopyrite
Net-Texture, Late Biotite, Early Quartz Sulphide, Sulphide, Molybdenite-bearing Quartz, Late
Quartz Sulphide and Quartz Sulphide with Quartz Sericite Selvages. Not all hydrothermal
systems show exact repeatability; however the general progression and timing of veins within
each hydrothermal system are consistent (Chapter 5; Table 7-2; Figure 7-5). These
observations demonstrate that veins that are more typical of being early in the life cycle of a
hydrothermal system related to a porphyry deposit may crosscut veins that are typical of being
later in the vein sequencing. Therefore, prior to developing the paragenesis of veins and their
associated mineral assemblages it is critical to first establish the paragenesis and relative timing
of the porphyry intrusions associated with the formation of the porphyry copper deposit.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Granodiorite*
Early
x
Earliest
Intermineral
x
x
x
x
x
x
Low T
Monzodiorite
Early Biotite (EB)

Molybdenite-Quartz (MoQ)
Magnetite-Chalcopyrite Net-texture (MCN)
Late Biotite (LB)
Early Quartz-Sulphide (eQS)
Sulphide (S)
Molybdenite-bearing Quartz (QSMo)
Late Quartz-Sulphide (lQS)
Quartz-Sulphide w/Quartz-Sericite Selvage (D)
High
Oldest Youngest
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
Late Mineral
Vein Type
Post Mineral
Table 7-2: Vein types and timing relative to porphyry intrusion types
Notes: Bold indicates the vein type constitutes a volumetrically significant vein type; light grey indicates the vein type occurs
primarily at shallow depths (>3400m elevation); dark grey indicates the vein type occurs primarily at moderate depths (between
3000m and 3400m elevation); and pink indicates the vein type primarily occurs at greater depths (<3000m elevation). Numbers
referred to in the first column correlate back to vein group columns in previous tables.
237
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Earliest
~58Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
4000m
3400m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
238
Figure 7-4: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations >3400m. Veins in color are
associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
~58Ma
3400m
3000m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
239
Figure 7-4 contd: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations between 3000m3400m. Veins in color are associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Late~54.5Ma
Post
~54Ma
Monzodiorite
~56Ma
Early ~56.7Ma
~58Ma
3000m
2500m
Alteration
Cy
Qtz
Ser
Ep
Cl
Bt
Kfs
Vein Types
EB
MoQ
MCN
LB
EQS
QSMo
LQS
Strong
Moderate
Weak
240
Figure 7-4 contd: Model for intrusion, vein and alteration paragenesis for the Quellaveco Cu-Mo porphyry from elevations below 3000m.
Veins in color are associated with the rock type indicated above, those in grey are associated with younger porphyry intrusions.
Recommendations for Future Work

Although this study adds significantly to the knowledge of southern Peruvian porphyry
systems, there are a number of outstanding issues that may be resolved from additional work
that would both compliment and build off of the conclusions of this study. This additional work
is summarized below:
1.
A comprehensive and detailed study of fluid inclusions from all vein types from all
generations of hydrothermal systems would greatly expand upon the conclusions of
this thesis. This work should utilize the paragenesis of vein and vein mineral
assemblages described in this study and use the samples that were collected by A.
Simmons of all of the vein types for consistency with across the studies. This future
work
should include
more
in
depth
microscopic
description
of
veins,
microthermometry of fluid inclusions and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of the fluid inclusions. Linking the hydrothermal
evolution and geochemistry of the fluid inclusions may better support the idea of
multiple magmatic and hydrothermal systems that were emplaced in the same
volume of crust over an approximate time span of 2-5m.y.
2.
Currently the Toquepala Group volcanic rocks, which host the Quellaveco, Toquepala
and Cuajone porphyry copper systems, are not well defined. This lack of definition
includes general descriptions of the rocks, a lack of stratigraphic description, little
geochemical definition and no geochronology has been completed on these rocks.
Understanding the host rocks to the porphyry systems in southern Peru is a critical
step in understanding the geological setting that led to the formation of the
porphyry copper systems, yet they have never been studies in any great detail.
Minimal work by Bellido (1979) provides an estimated section through the Toquepala
Group with sparse and scatted geochemical data throughout. The suggested
approach would be to locate areas where the oldest and youngest parts of the
Toquepala Group are exposed on surface and traversing up section from oldest to
youngest. Special emphasis should be placed on areas where continuous sections
can be walked up through the section. Since the Toquepala Group rocks are tilted
and faulted and considering the current topography there is no current place where
a continuous section can be traversed. Thus multiple sections will have to be
traversed and compiled together. Descriptions of the volcanic facies should be made
continuously in conjunction with taking samples for geochemical analysis throughout
241
the stratigraphic section at changes in lithofacies. Geochronological samples should

be taken at major unconformities throughout the stratigraphic section.
3.
Further whole rock geochemical analyses are recommended to compliment those of this
study. Due to the highly altered nature of the rocks associated with the Quellaveco
porphyry system and the low amount of samples analyzed in this study for particular
rock types further sampling should be done particularly with the Monzodiorite and
Earliest porphyry units where they are least altered and mineralized. Expanded
geochemical work could include the utilization of molar element ratios to potentially
aid in the identification of components being mixed together in the deeper magmatic
systems. While the zircon geochemistry is a potentially good tool for process
identification it cannot pinpoint potential source magmas that have been mixed or
wall rock that has been incorporated into the parent magmatic system. If the
components could be identified it may lead to some insight on the overall sulphur
budgets of the porphyry system and how it is transported through to the
hydrothermal systems in the upper crust.
4.
Studies on the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the remaining southern

Peruvian porphyry systems at Cuajone, Toquepala and Cerro-Verde should be
conducted. These studies would provide direct comparisons to the Quellaveco
system described in this study and provide a better understanding of the evolution,
formation and geological setting for Paleocene-Eocene porphyry copper systems in
southern
Peru
and
northern
Chile.
As
of
the
date
of
this
study,
no
magmatic/hydrothermal studies have been conducted at other southern Peruvian

porphyry copper systems. Compilation of such studies could provide a basis for
further exploration within the belt and around currently known Paleocene-Eocene
porphyry systems in southern Peru.
5.
Globally, as further studies are completed on zircon mineral chemistry, a comparison of

and compilation of data should be completed to better establish potentially
distinctive mineral chemistry of economically productive hydrothermal systems
related to intrusions versus those that are not productive. In the future any
geochemical distinctions could be used as an exploration tool.
242
Bibliography
Akella, J., 1966. Calculation of material transport in some metasomatic processes, Neues
Jahrbuch fur Mineralogische Abhandlungen, v. 104, p. 316-329.
Anders, E. and Grevesse, N., 1989. Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar,
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 197-214.
Arribas, A., Jr., Hedenquist, J.W., Itaya, T., Okada, T., Concepcion, R.A., and Garcia, J.S., Jr.,
1995. Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits
over 300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines, Geology, v. 23, p. 337340.
Atherton, M., Pitcher, W. and Warden, V., 1983. The Mesozoic Marginal Basin of Central Peru,
Nature, v. 305, p. 303-305.
Atherton, M., Warden, V., and Sanderson, L.M., 1985. The Mesozoic marginal basin of central
Peru: a geochemical study of within plate-edge volcanism, in Pitcher, W.S. et al., eds.,
Magmatism at a plate edge: The Peruvian Andes: Glasgow, Blackie, John Wiley and Sons,
p. 47-58.
Ayush, O., 2006. Stratigraphy, geochemical characteristics and tectonic interpretation of Middle
to Late Paleozoic arc sequences from the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry Cu-Au deposit, unpublished
MSc thesis (in Mongolian), Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulan Bator,
Mongolia, 80 p.
Bachman, O., Charlier, B.L.A., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2007. Zircon crystallization and recycling in
the magma chamber of the rhyolitic Kos Plateau Tuff (Aegean Sea), Geology, v. 35, p. 73
76; doi: 10.1130/G23151A.1.
Bacon, C.R., Persing, J.M., Wooden, J.L., and Ireland, R.R., 2000. Late Pleistocene granodiorite
beneath Crater Lake Caldera, Oregon, dated by ion microprobe, Geology, Volume 28, p.
467-470.
Bacon, C.R., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2005. Late Pleistocene granodiorite source for recyled zircn
and phenocrysts in rhyodacite lava at Crater Lake, Oregon, Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, v. 233, p. 277293.
Badarch, G., Cunningham, W.D., and Windley, B.F, 2002. A new terrane subdivision for
Mongolia: implications for the Phanerozoic crustal growth of Central Asia, Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 87-110.
Ballard, J.R., Palin, J.M., Williams, I.S., Campbell, I.H., and Faunes, A., 2001. Two ages of
porphyry intrusion resolved for the super-giant Chuquicamata copper deposit of northern
Chile by ELA-ICP-MS and SHRIMP, Geology, v. 29, p. 383386.
Barra, F., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Ochoa-Landin, L, Chesley, J.T., and Zurcher, L., 2005.
Laramide porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization in northern Mexico: Re-Os geochronology in
molybdenite, Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 1605-1616.
Barrett, T.J., MacLean, W.H., Areback, H., 2005, The Palaeoproterozoic Kristineberg VMS
deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden. Part II: chemostratigraphy and alteration,
Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, p. 368395.
Barriero, B.A. and Clark A.H., 1984. Lead Isotopic evidence for Evolutionary Changes in MagmaCrust Interaction, Central Andes, southern Peru, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v.
69, p. 30-42.
Barth, A.P., and Wooden, J.L., 2006. Timing of magmatism following initial convergence at a
passive margin, southwestern U.S. Cordillera, and ages of lower crustal magma sources,
Journal of Geology, v. 114, p. 231-245.
243
Barth, A.P, Wooden, J.L., Howard, K.A., and Richards, J.L., 2008. Late Jurassic plutonism in the
southwest U.S. Cordillera, in Wright, J.E. and Shervais, J.W. eds., Arcs, Ophiolites and
Batholiths, Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 438, p. 379-396.
Beale, T. 2007. Quellaveco: Geologia y Estado del Proyecto, Oral Presentation Abstract,
ProExplo, Lima, June, 2000.
Becker, S.P., Fall, A., and Bodnar, R.J., 2008. Synthetic Fluid Inclusions. XVII.1 PVTX Properties
of High Salinity H2O-NaCl Solutions (>30 wt % NaCl): Application to Fluid Inclusions the
Homogenize by Halite Disappearance from Porphyry Copper and Other Hydrothermla Ore
Deposits, Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 539-554.
Beckinsale, R.D., Sanchez-Fernandez, A.W., Brook, M., Cobbing, E.J., Taylor, W.P., and Moore,
N.D., 1985. Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron and K-Ar age determinations for the Coastal
Batholith of Peru, in Pitcher, W.S., Atherton, M.P., Cobbing, E.J., and Beckinsale, R.D.,
eds., Magmatism at a plate edge: The Peruvian Andes, Glasgow, Blackie, John Wiley and
Sons, p. 177-202.
Bellido, E., 1979. Geologa del cuadrngulo de Moquegua (hoja: 35-u): Lima, Peru, Instituto
Geolgico Minero y Metalrgico, 78 p.
Benavides, V., 1956. Cretaceous System in Northern Peru, Bulletin of the American Museum of
Natural History, v. 108, p. 252-494.
Benavides-Cceres, V., 1999. Orogenic Evolution of the Peruvian Andes: The Andea Cycle, in
Skinner, B.J. ed. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes, Society of Economic
Geology Special Publications, no. 7, p. 61-107.
Bissig, T., Clark, A.H. and Lee, J.K.W., 2003. Petrogenetic and metallogenetic responses to
Miocene slab flattening: New constraints from the El Indio-Pascua Au-Ag-Cu belt,
Chile/Argentina, Mineralium Deposita, v. 38, p. 844-862.
Black, L.P., Kamo, S.L., Allen, C.M., Davis, D.W., Aleinikoff, J.N., Valley, J.W., Mundil, R.,
Campbell, I.H., Korsch, R.J., Williams, I.S., and Foudoulis, C., 2004. U microprobe
geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID
TIMS, ELAICPMS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards,
Chemical Geology, v.. 205, Issues 1-2, p. 115-140
Boekhout, Flora, Sempere, Thierry, Spiings, Richard, and Schaltegger, U., 2010. The Jurassic
early Cretaceous Ilo batholith of southern coastal Peru: geology, geochronology, and
geochemistry, Geophysical Research Abstracts, v. 12, EGU2010-10246.
Boiley, M., Ludden, J.N., and Brooks, C., 1990. Geochemical constraints on the magmatic
evolution of the pre- and post-Oligocene volcanic suites of southern Per: implications for
the tectonic evolution of the Central Volcanic Zone, Geological Society of America. Bulletin,
v. 102, p. 1565-1579.
Bouzari, F., and Clark, A.H., 2002. Anatomy, evolution and metallogenic significance of the
supergene orebody of the Cerro Colorado porphyry copper deposit, I Region, northern
Chile, Economic Geology, v. 97, p. 1701-1740.
Buchan, C., Pfnder, J., Krner, A., Brewer, T.S., Tomurtogoo, O., Tomurhuu, D., Cunningham,
D., and Windley, B.F., 2002. Timing of accretion and collisional deformation in the Central
Asian Orogenic Belt: implications of granite geochronology in the Bayankhongor Ophiolite
Zone, Chemical Geology, v. 192, p. 23-45.
Cahill, T., and Isacks, B.L., 1992. Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca Plate, Journal of
Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 17503-17529.
Campos, E., Wijbrans, J., and Andriessen, 2009. New thermochronologic constraints on the
evolution of the Zaldvar porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile, Mineralium Deposita, v.
44, p. 329-342.
244
Camus, F., 2003. Geologa de los sistemas porfricos en los Andes de Chile: Santiago, Servicio
Nacional de Geologa y Minera, 267 p.
Candela, P.A., 1991. Physics of aqueous phase evolution in plutonic environments, American
Minerlogist, v. 76, p. 1081-1091.
Candela, P.A., 1992. Controls on ore metal ratios in granite-related ore systems; and
experimental and computational approach, Special Paper, Geological Society of America,
v.272, p. 317-326.
Caniotti de los Ros, H., 1995, Geologa y analisis de datos cuantitativos del yacimento de
prfido de cobre Quellaveco, Sociedad Geolgca del Per, v. Jubilar Alberto Benavides, p.
33-46.
Carroll, M.R., and Rutherford, M.J., 1985. Sulphide and sulphate saturation in hydrous silicate
melts, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, Supplement, p. C601-C612.
Chambefort, I., Dilles, J.H., and Kent, J.R., 2008. Anhydrite-bearing andesite and dacite as a
source for sulfur in magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits, Geology, v. 36, no. 9, p.
719-722.
Chiaradia, M., Ulianov, A., Kouzmanov, K. and Beate, 2012. Why lage porphyry Cu deposits like
high Sr.Y magmas?, Nature, Scientific Report v. 2, aticle no. 685, 7 pages,
DOI:10.1038/srep00685.
Claiborne, L.L., Miller, C.F., Walker, B.A., Wooden, J.L., Mazdab, F.K. and Bea, F., 2006.
Tracking magmatic processes through Zr/Hf ratios in rocks and Hf and Ti zoning in
zircons: An example from the Spirit Mountain batholith, Nevada, Mineralogical Magazine,
v. 70, no. 5, p. 517-543.
Clark, A.H., 2003. The Paleocene-middle Eocene porphyry copper-molybdenum province of
southern Peru: hypogene and supergene ore-genesis and metallogenesis: Field
Guidebook, ProExplo, Lima, April, 2003, 115 p.
Clark, A.H. and Farrar, E., Caelles, J.C., Haynes, S.J., Lortie, R.B., McBride, S.L., Quirt, G.S.,
Robertson, R.C.R., Zentilli, M., 1976. Longitudinal variations in the Metallogenetic
Evolution of the Central Andes, Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 14, p. 2358.
Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Kontak, D.J., Landgridge, R.J., Arenas, M.J., France, L.J., McBride, S.L.,
Woodman, P.L., Wasteneys, H.A., Sandeman, H.A. and Archibald, D.A., 1990a. Geologic
and geochronologic constraints on the metallogenesis of the Andes of southeastern Peru,
Economic Geology, v. 85, p. 1521-1583.
Clark, A.H., Tosdal, R.M., Farrar, E. and Plazolles V.A., 1990b. Geomorphic environment and
age of supergene enrichment of the Cuajone, Quellaveco, and Toquepala porphyry Cu
deposits, southeastern Peru, Economic Geology, v. 85, p. 1604-1628.
Cline, J.S. and Bodnar, R.J.,1991. Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated
by a typical calc-alkaline melt?, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 8113-8126.
Coira, B., Davidson, J., Mpodozis, C. and Ramos, V., 1982. Tectonic and Magmatic Evolution of
the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile, Earth Science Reviews, v. 18, p. 302-332.
Coleman, D.S., Gray, W., and Glazner, A.F., 2004. Rethinking the emplacement and evolution of
zoned plutons: Geochronologic evidence for incremental assembly of the Tuolumne
intrusive suite, California, Geology, v. 32, p. 433436, doi: 10.1130/G20220.1.
Compson, W., 1999. Geologic age by instrumental analysis; the 29th Hallimond Lecture,
Mineralogical Magazine, v. 28, p. 297-311.
245
Concha, D., and Valle, J., 1999. Prospeccion, Exploracion y Desarrollo del Yacimiento Cuajone,
in Boletin Primer Volumen de Monografas de Yacimientos Peruanos: Pro Explo 1999, v. 2,
p. 117-143.
Cooke, D.R., Hollings, P., and Walshe, J.L., 2005. Giant porphyry deposits: Characteristics,
distribution, and tectonic controls, Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 801-818.
Cornejo, P., Tosdal, R.M., Mpodozis, C., Tomlinson, A.J., Rivera, O., and Fanning, C.M., 1997. El
Salvador, Chile porphyry copper deposit revisited: Geologic and geochronologic
framework, International Geology Review, v. 39, p. 22-54.
Cumming, G.L., and Richards, J.R., 1975. Ore lead isotope ratios in a continuously changing
Earth; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 63, p. 155-171.
Davidson, J. and Mpodozis, C., 1991. Regional geologic setting of epithermal gold deposits,
Chile, Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 1174-1186.
Davis, D.W., Williams, I.S., and Krogh, T.E., 2003. Historical Development of Zircon
Geochronology, In Zircon, Hanchar and Hoskin, eds., Reviews in Mineralogy and
Geochemistry, v. 53, p. 145-181.
Deckart, K., Clark, A.H., Aguilar, C., Vargas, R., Bertens, A., Mortensen, J.K., and Fanning, R.,
2005. Magmatic and hydrothermal chronology of the giant Ro Blanco porphyry copper
deposit, central Chile: Implications of an integrated U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar database:
Defant, M. J., and Drummond, M.S., 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting
of young subducted lithosphere, Nature, v. 347, p. 662-665.
Defant, M.J., and Drummond, M.S., 1993, Mount St. Helens: potential example of the partial
melting of the subducted lithosphere in a volcanic arc, Geology, v. 21, p. 547-550.
Defant, M.J., and Kepezhinskas, P. 2001. Evidence suggsts slab melting in arc magmas, EOS, v.
82, no. 3, p. 65-69.
DeLong, S. E. Hodges, F. N. and Arculus, R. J., 1975. Ultramafic and mafic inclusions, Kanaga
Island, Alaska, and the occurrence of alkaline rocks in island arcs, Journal of Geology,
v.83, no.6, p.721-736.
DePangher, M., 1988. Quantitative Assessment of Composition-Volume Changes during
Metasomatism: New Techniques for Identifying Protoliths and Conserved Elements.
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 50 pages.
DeWolf, C.P., and Mezger, K., 1994. Lead-isotope analyses of leached feldsparsconstraints on
the early crustal history of the Grenville-orogen, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58,
p. 55375550.
Di Muro, A., Pallister, J., Villemant, B., Newhall, C., Semet, M., Martinez, M., and Mariet, C.,
2008. Pre-1991 sulfur transfer between mafic injections and deacite magma in the Mt.
Pinatubo reservoir, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 175, no. 4, p.
517-540.
Dilles, J.H., 1987. Petrology of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada: Evidence for evolution of
porphyry copper ore fluids, Economic Geology, v.82, p.1750-1789.
Dilles, J.H., 2000. Cupolas and convection in crystallizing granitoids as a means of extracting
aqueous fluids to produce porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits [abs.], Geological Society of
America Abstracts with Programs, v.32, no. 7, p. A51.
Dilles, J. H., and Wright, J. E., 1988. Chronology of early Mesozoic arc magmatism in the
Yerington district of western Nevada, and its regional implications, Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 644-652.
246
Dilles, J.H., and Proffett, J.M., 1995. Metallogenesis of the Yerington batholith, Nevada, In
Pierce, F.W., and Bolm, J.G., eds., Porphyry Copper Deposits of the American Cordillera,
Arizona Geological Society, Digest 20, p. 306315.
Dilles, J. H., Einaudi, M. T., Proffett, J. M., and Barton, M. D., 2000. Overview of the Yerington
porphyry copper district: Magmatic to non-magmatic sources of hydrothermal fluids, their
flow paths, alteration affects on rocks, and Cu-Mo-Fe-Au ores; In Dilles, J. H., Barton, M.
D., Johnson, D. A., Proffett, J. M., and Einaudi, M. T., eds., Contrasting Styles of Intrusion
Associated Hydrothermal Systems, Society of Economic Geologists Guide Book Series, v.
32, p. 55-66.
Dostal., J., Dupuy, C., Carron, J.P., Le Guen de Kerneizon, M., and Maury, R.C., 1983. Partition
coefficients of trace elements: application to volcanic rocks of St. Vincent, West Indies,
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, p. 525-533.
Einaudi, M.T., 1997. Mapping altered and mineralized rocks; an introduction to the Anaconda
Method, Stanford University, 18 pages.
Ericksen, G.E., 1976. Metallogenic provinces of the southeastern Pacific region, American
Association of Petroleoum Geologists, Memoir 25, p. 527-538.
Estrada. F., 1975. Geologia del Quellaveco, Geological Society of Peru, Bulletins, v. 46, p. 6586.
Estrada, F., 1978, Edades K-Ar de los principales eventos geolgicos de Cerro Verde, Boletn del
Instituto Cientfico y Tecnolgico Minero, Lima, Per, p. 1-15.
Field, C. W., Zhang, L., Dilles, J. H., Rye, R. O., and Reed, M. H., 2005. Sulfur and oxygen
isotopic record in sulfate and sulfide minerals of early, deep, pre-Main Stage porphyry Cu
Mo and late Main Stage base-metal mineral deposits, Butte district, Montana, Chemical
Geology, v. 215, p. 6193.
Floyd, P.A., and Winchester, J.A., 1975. Magma type and tectonic setting discrimination using
immobile elements, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v.27, no.2, p.211-218.
Garwin, S., 2002. The geologic setting of intrusion-related hydrothermal systems near the Batu
Hijau porphyry copper-gold deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia, Society of Economic Geologists
Special Publication 9, p. 333366.
Gill, J.B., 1976. Composition and age of Lau Basin and ridge volcanic rocks: implications for
evolution of an interarc basin and remnant arc, Geological Society of America, Bulletin 87,
p.13841395.
Glen, R.A., Crawford, A.J., and Cooke, D.R., 2007. Tectonic setting of porphyry Cu-Au
mineralisation in the Ordovician-Early Silurian Macquarie Arc, eastern Lachlan Orogen,
New South Wales, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 54, p. 465-479.
Goossens, P. 1972. Metallogeny in Ecuadorian Andes, Economic Geology, v. 67, p. 458-468.
Guerrero, T., and Candiotti, H., 1979. Ocurrencia de monzonita porfiritica y zonamiento
alteracion-mineralizacion en el stock de granodiorite-Quellaveco, Geological Society of
Peru, Bulletins, v. 63, p. 69-79.
Gnther, D., Audtat, A., Frischknecht, R., and Heinrich, C.A., 1998. Quantitative analysis of
major, minor and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation inductively coupled
mass spectrometry, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 13, p.43-54.
Gustafson, L.B. and Hunt, J.P., 1975. The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile,
Economic Geology, v. 70, p.857-912.
Gustafson, L.B. and Quiroga, J.G., 1995. Patterns of mineralization and alteration below the
porphyry copper orebody at El Salvador, Chile, Economic Geology, v. 90; no. 1, p. 2-16.
247
Gustafson, L.B., Orquera, W., McWilliams, M., Castro, M., Olivares, O., Rojas, G., Mauenda, J.,
and Mendez, M., 2001. Multiple centers of mineralization in the Indio Muerto District, El
Salvador, Chile, Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 325-350.
Gutscher, M.-A., Maury, R., Eissen, J.-P., and Bourdon, E., 2000. Can slab melting be caused by
flat subduction?, Geology, v. 28, p. 535-538.
Hanes, J.A., 1991. K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology: methods and applications; In Short
course handbook on applications of radiogenic isotope systems to problems in geology, L.
Heaman and J.N. Ludden eds., Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course
Handbook, Vol. 19, pp. 27-57.
Harris, A.C., Allen, C.M., Bryan, S.E., Campbell, I.H., Holcombe, R.J., and Palin, J.M., 2004.
ELA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology of regional volcanism hosting the Bajo de la
Alumbrera Cu-Au deposit: Implications for porphyry-related mineralzation, Mineralium
Deposita, v. 39, p. 46-67.
Harris, A.C., White, N.C., Cooke, D.R., Allen, C., and Campbell, I.H., 2007. Fluid saturation in
the Habo South porphyry Cu-Au (Mo) system, Southern China: application of petrology
and mineral exploration. In C.J. Andrew et al.,. eds., Digging Deeper, Preceedings of the
9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 2007, v. 1, p. 411-414.
Harris, A.C., Dunlap, W.J., Reiners, P.W., Allen, C.M., Cooke, D.R., White, N.C., Campbell, I.H.,
and Golding, S.D., 2008. Multimillion year thermal history of a porphyry copper deposit:
Application of U-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He chronometers, Bajo de la Alumbrera
copper-gold deposit, Argentina, Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, p. 295314.
Hattori, K.H., and Keith, J.D., 2001. Contribution of mafic melt to porphyry copper
mineralization: evidence from Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, and Bingham Canyon, Utah,
USA, Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 8, p. 799-806.
Heinrich, C.A., Pettke, T., Halter, W.E., Aigner-Torres, M., Audtat, A., Gnther, D., Hattendorf,
B., Bleiner, D., Guillong, M., and Horn,I., 2003. Quantitative multi-element element
analysis of minerals, fluid and melt inclusions by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma
mass-spectrometry, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 3473-3497.
Helo C., Hegner, E., Kroner, A., Badarch, G., Tomurtogoo, O., Windley, B.F., and Dulski, P.,
2006. Geochemical signature of Paleozoic accretionary complexes of the Central Asian
Orogenic Belt in South Mongolia: Consraints on arc environments and crustal growth,
Chemical Geology, v. 227, p. 236-257.
Hoskin, P.W.O., 2000. Patterns of chaos: Fractal statistics and the oscillatory chemistry of
zircon, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Atca, v. 64, p. 1905-1923.
Hoskin, P.W.O., and Schaltegger, U., 2003. The composition of zircon and igneous and
metamorphic petrogenesis, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 53, p. 27-62.
Housh, T., and S. A. Bowring, 1991. Lead isotopic heterogeneities within alkali feldspars:
Implications for the determination of initial lead isotopic compositions, Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 23092316.
Ireland, T.R., and Williams, I.S., 2003. Consideration in zircon geochronology by SIMS, In
Zircon, Reviews in Mineralogy and
Hanchar, J.M., and Hoskin, P.W.O., eds.:
Geochemistry, v. 53, p. 215-241.
Isacks B. L., 1988. Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline,
Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 3211-3231.
Jacay, J., Semper, T., Husson, L., and Pino, A., 2002. Structural characteristics of the
Incapuquio Fault System, southern Peru [ex abs.], 5th International Symposium on
Andean Geodynamics, p. 319-321.
248
Jaillard, E., Hrail, G., Monfret, T., Daz-Martnez, E., Baby, P., Lavenu, A., and Dumont, J.F.,
2000. Tectonic evolution of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and northernmost Chile, In
Cordani, U.G., Milani, E.J., Thomaz Filho, A., and Campos, D.A., eds., Tectonic Evolution
of South America; 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August
617, 2000, Proceedings, p. 481559.
Jones, B., Kamenetsky, V., Davidson, P., and Allen, C., 2007. Antapaccay porphyry Cu-Au
deposit: A product of Andean tectonism and evolving magmatism, late Eocene-early
Oligocene Abancay batholith, Altiplano, southern Peru [abs.], Arizona Geological Society,
Ores and Orogenesis: A Symposium Honoring the Career of William R. Dickinson, Tucson,
Arizona, 2007, Program with abstracts, p. 132133.
Jones, P.R., III, 1981. Crustal structures of the Peru continental margin and adjacent Nazca
Plate 9S latitude, Geological Society of America Memoirs, no. 86, p. 423-443.
Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., Ramos, V.A. and Munizaga, F., 1991. Magma source variations for midlate Tertiary magmatic rocks associated with a shallowing subduction zone and a
thickening crust in the central Andes (28-33S), In Harmon, R.S. and Rapela, C. eds.,
Andean magmatism and its tectonic setting, Geological Society of America Special Paper,
no. 265, p. 113-137.
Kay S.M., Coira B., and Viramonte J., 1994. Young Mafic Back Arc Volcanic-Rocks as Indicators
of Continental Lithospheric Delamination beneath the Argentine Puna Plateau, Central
Andes, Journal of Geophysical Research. Solid Earth, v. 99, p. 2432324339,
Kay, S.M., and Abruzzi, J.M., 1996. Magmatic evidence for Neogene lithospheric evolution of the
Central Andean flat slab between 30 and 32S, Tectonophysics, v. 259, p. 15-28.
Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C. and Coira, C., 1999. Neogene magmatism, tectonism and mineral
deposits of the central Andes (22-33S latitude), In Skinner, B.J. ed., Geology and ore
deposits of the central Andes, Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, no. 7, p.
27-59.
Kay, S.M., and Mpodozis, C., 2002. Magmatism as probe to the shallowing of the Nazca Plate
beneath the modern Chilean flat slab, Journal of South American Earth Science, v. 15, p.
39-57.
Kihien, A., 1975. Alteracin y sus relacin con la mineralizacin en el prfido de cobre de Cerro
Verde, Boletin de la Sociedad Geolgca del Per, v. 46, p. 103-126.
Kihien, A., 1995. Geologa, gnesis de la mineralizacin-alteracin y evolucin de los fludos
hidrotermales en el porfido de cobre de Quellaveco. Geological Society of Per. V. Jubilar
Alberto Benavides, p. 159-178.
Klemm, L.M., Pettke, T., and Heinrich, C.A., 2007. Hydrothermal Evolution of the El Teniente
Deposit, Chile: Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposition from Low-Salinity Magmatic Fluids, Economic
Geology, v. 102, p. 1021-1045.
Korotev, R.L., 1996a. A self-consistent compilation of elemental concentration data for 93
geochemical reference samples, Geostandards Newsletter, v. 20, p. 217245.
Korotev, R.L., 1996b. On the relationship between the Apollo 16 ancient regolith breccias and
feldspathic fragmental breccias, and the composition of the prebasin crust in the Central
Highlands of the Moon, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 31, p. 403412.
Krogh, T.E., 1982. Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon ages by the creation of more concordant
systems using an air abrasion technique, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, p. 637649.
Kuno, H., 1966. Lateral variation of basalt magma types across continental margins and island
arcs, Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 29, p.195222.
249
Lacy, W.C., 1958. Porphyry copper deposit, Cuajone, Peru, American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgy, and Petroleum Engineers Transactions, v. 11, p. 104-107.
Lacy, W.C., 1991. Discovery and development of the Toquepala and Cuajone deposits, Peru, In
Hollister, V.F., ed., Porphyry copper, molybdenum, and gold deposits, volcanogenic
deposits (massive sulfides), and deposits in layered rock, Society for Mining, Metallurgy,
and Exploration, v. 3, p.53-61.
Lamb, M.A. and Badarch, G., 2001. Paleozoic sedimentary basins and volcanic arc systems of
southern Mongolia: New geochemical and petrographic constraints: in Paleozoic and
Mesozoic tectonic evolution of central Asia: From continental assembly to intracontinental
deformation, Geological Society of America, Memoir 194, p. 117-149.
Le Bas, M. J., Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., and Zanettin, B., 1986. Chemical classification of
volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram, Journal of Petrology, v. 27, no. 3, p.
745-750.
Le Bel, L.M., 1985. Mineralization in the Arequipa segment: the porphyry Cu deposit of Cerro
Verde/Santa Rosa, In Pitcher, W.S., Atherton, M.P., Cobbing, E.J., and Beckinsale, R.D.,
eds., Magmatism at a plate edge: the Peruvian Andes, Glasgow and London, Blackie, John
Wiley and Sons Ltd., p. 250-260.
Lee, R., 2008. Genesis of the El Salvador Porphyry Copper deposit, Chile and Distribution of
epithermal alteration at Lassen Peak, California, Ph.D. Thesis, Orogen State University,
288 pages.
Lewis, P.D., 2005. Thrust-controlled formation of the giant Hugo Dummett Cu-Au porphyry
deposit, Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.
37, No. 7, p. 97.
Lowell, J.D., and Guilbert, J.M., 1970. Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in
porphyry copper ore deposits, Economic Geology, v. 65, p. 373-408.
Ludwig, K.R., 1980. Calculation of uncertainties of U-Pb isotopic data, Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, v. 46, p. 212-220.
Ludwig, K.R., 1999. ISOPLOT: A plotting ad regression program for radiogenic-isotope data,
U.S. Geological Survey Open File, v. 91-445, page 41.
Ludwig, K.R., 2001. SQUID 1.00: A users manual, Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special
Publication 2, 17 pages
Ludwig, K.R., 2003. Isoplot 3.00: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel, Berkeley
Geochronology Centre, Special Publication Number 4.
Ludwig, K.R., 2008. Users manual for Isoplot 3.6: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel,
Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication 4, 77 p.
MacLean, W.H., 1990. Mass change calculations in altered rock series, Mineralium Deposita, v.
25, p. 44-49.
MacLean, W.H., and Kranidiotis, 1987. Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in
hydrothermal alteration: Phelps Dodge massive sulphide deposit, Matagami, Quebec,
Magyar, M.J., 2007. Molybdenum, In U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Mineral Commodity
Summaries 2007, Kempthorne and Myers, eds., U.S. Geological Survey, January 12, 2007,
p. 110-111.
Maksaev, V., Munizaga, F., McWilliams, M., Fanning, M., Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., and Zentilli, M.,
2004. New chronology for El Teniente, Chilean Andes, from U-Pb, 40Ar/39Ar, Re-Os, and
fission track dating: Implications for the evolution of a supergiant porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,
Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 1554.
250
Malvicini, L., 1975. La continuacin del cinturn occidental de estao y wolframio de Amrica
del Sur en Argentina, Proceedings V Congreso Latinoamericano de Geologa (Buenos
Aires), v. 2, p. 384-404.
Malvicini, L., and Llambas, E., 1982. El magmatismo Mioceno y las manifestaciones metalferas
asociadas en Argentina, Proceedings V Congreso Latinoamericano de Geologa (Buenos
Aires), v. 3, p. 547-566.
Mamani, M., Wrner, G., and Sempere, T., 2010. Geochemical variations in igneous rocks of the
Central Andean orocline (13S to 18S): Tracing crustal thickening and magma generation
through time and space, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 122, no. 1-2, p. 162182.
Manrique, C.J., and Plazolles, V.A., 1975. Geologia de Cuajone., Geological Society of Peru,
Bol. 46, Tercer Congreso Peruano de Geologia, Parte II, p. 137-150.
Marsh, T.M., Einaudi, M.T., and McWilliams, M., 1997. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of Cu-Au and
Au-Ag mineralization in the Potrerillos district, Chile, Economic Geology, v. 92, p. 784806.
Martinez, W. and Zuloaga, A., 2000a. Actualizacion del Cuadrangulo de Moquequa (1/50,000),
INGEMMET, Serie A.
Martinez, W. and Zuloaga, A., 2000b. Mapa Geologico de Moquequa, INGEMMET, Serie A.
Martinez, W., and Cervantes, J., 2003a. Mapa de Rocas Igneas Del Sur De Peru Geocronometria
y Geoquimica entre los Paralelos 16 y 18 30 Latitud Sur. Nuevos Datos e Interpretaciones
Preliminares, Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico Lima-Peru, p. 94.
Martnez, W., and Cervantes, J., 2003b. Rocas gneas en el sur del Per: Nuevos datos
geocronomtricos, geoqumicos y estructurales entre los paralelos 16 y 1830S: Lima,
Peru, INGEMMET, Boletnes, serie D, v. 26, 140 p.
Masterman, G.J., Cooke, D.R., Berry, R.F., Clark, A.H., Archibald, D.A., Mathur, R., Walshe, J.L.,
and Durn, M., 2004. 40Ar/39Ar and Re-Os geochronology of porphyry copper-molybdenum
deposits and related copper- silver veins in the Collahuasi district, northern Chile,
Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 673690.
Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., and Munizaga, F., 2001. Insights into Andean metallogenesis from the
perspective of Re-Os analyses of sulfides: III South American Symposium on Isotope
Geology, Sociedad Geolgica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Extended Abstracts Volume, p.
500503. (CD-ROM)
Mattos, M., and Valle, J., 1999. Prospeccion, exploracion y desarrollo del yacimiento Toquepala,
in Boletin Primer Volumen de Monografas de Yacimientos Peruanos, Pro Explo 1999, v. 2,
p. 101-116.
Maughan, D.T., Keith, J.D., Cristiansen, E.H., Pilsipher, T, Hattory, K., and Evans, N.J., 2002.
Contribution from mafic alkaline magmas to the Bingham porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit,
Utah, USA, Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 14-37.
Mazdab, F.K. and Wooden, J.L., 2006. Trace element analyses in zircon in ion microprobe
(SHRIMP-RG): technique and applications, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement,
v. 70 (18), p. 405.
Memeti, V., Paterson, S., Matzel, J., Mundil, R., and Okaya, D., 2010. Magmatic lobes as
snapshots of magma chamber growth and evolution in large, composite batholiths: An
example from the Tuolumne intrusion, Sierra Nevada, California, Geological Society of
America Bulletin, v. 122, p. 1912-1931.
Mtrich, N., Bertagnini, A., and Di Muro, A., 2010. Conditions of magma storage, degassing, an
ascent at Stromboli: New insights into the Volcano Plumbing System with Inferences on
the Eruptive Dynamics, Journal of Petrology, v. 51, no. 3, p. 603-626.
251
Miller, J.S., Matzel, J.E.P., Miller, C.F., Burgess, S.D., and Miller, R.B., 2007. Zircon growth and
recycling during the assembly of large, composite are plutons, Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research, v. 167, p. 282-299.
Miyashiro, A., 1974. Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins, American
Journal of Science, v. 274, p. 321 355.
Mpodozis, C. and Ramos, V., 1989. The Andes of Chile and Argentina, In Erickson, G.E., Caas
Pinotchet, M.T. and Reynemund, J.A., eds., Geology of the Andes and its relations to
hydrocarbon and mineral resources, Circum-Pacific council for Energy and Mineral
Resources Earth Science Series, v. 11, p. 59-90.
Mueller, D., Franz, L., Herzig, P. M., and Hunt, S., 2001. Potassic igneous rocks from the vicinity
of epithermal gold mineralization, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea, Lithos, v. 57, no. 2-3,
p. 163-186.
Mukasa, S.B., 1986a. Zircon U-Pb ages of super-units in the Coastal Batholith, Peru, Geological
Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 241-254.
Mukasa, S.B., 1986b. Common Pb isotopic compositions of the Lima, Arequipa, and Topqepala
segments of the coastal batholith, Peru implications for magmagenesis, Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, p. 771782.
Mukasa, S.B., and Tilton, G.R., 1985. Zircon U-Pb ages of super-units in the Coastal Batholith,
Peru, In Pitcher, W.S., Atherton, M.P., Cobbing, E.J., and Beckinsale, R.D., eds.,
Magmatism at a plate edge: the Peruvian Andes, Glasgow and London, Blackie and Sons
Ltd., p. 203-207.
Mungall, E.J., 2002. Roasting the mantle: Slab melting and the genesis of major Au and Au-rich
Cu deposits, Geology, v. 30, p. 915-918.
Muntean, J. L., and Einaudi, M. T., 2001. Porphyry-epithermal transition: Maricunga belt,
northern Chile, Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 743772.
Nash, T.J., 1976. Fluid-inclusion petrology-data from porphyry copper deposits and applications
to exploration, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 907-D, v. 907, p. 1-16.
Nebel, O., Mnker C., Nebel-Jacobsen Y.J., Kleine, T., Mezger K., and Mortimer N., 2007. HfNd-Pb isotope evidence from Permian arc rocks for the long-term presence of the Indian
Pacific mantle boundary in the SW Pacific, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 254, p.
377392.
Nicholls, J., 1988. The Statistics of Pearce element diagrams and the Chayes closure problem,
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.99, no. 1, p.11-24.
Nicholls, J., and Gordon, T.M., 1994. Procedures for the calculation of axial ratios on Pearce
Element Ratio diagrams, Canadian Mineralogist, v. 32, p. 696-977.
Noble, D.C., McKee, E.H., Eyzaguirre, V.R., and Marocco, R., 1984. Age and regional tectonic
and metallogenic implications of igneous activity and mineralization in the AndahuaylasYauri belt of Southern Peru, Economic Geology, v. 79, p. 172-176.
Olson, D.W., 2007. Copper, In, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Mineral Commodity Summaries
2007, Kempthorne and Myers eds., U.S. Geological Survey, January 12, 2007, p. 53-54.
Oyarzn, J. 1985. La mtallogenie andine: cadre gologique, petrologique et gochemique, et
essai dinterpretation. Sc.D. Thesis, Universit de Paris-Sud., 864 p.
Oyarzn, J. 1990. El desarrollo geolgico y metalognico de la cadena andina, In Yacimientos
Minerales, Lunar and Oyarzun eds., Editorial R. Areces, Madrid, 695-807.
Oyarzn, J. and Frutos, J. 1980. Metallogenesis and porphyry deposits of the Andes
(Southeastern Pacific region). XXVI International Geological Congress (Paris), In: Memoire
du B.R.G.M., v. 106, p. 50-62.
252
Oyarzn, R., Mrquez, A., Lillo, J., Lpez, I., and Rivera, S., 2001. Giant versus small porphyry
copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calcalkaline
magmatism, Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, p. 794798.
Oyarzn, R., Marquez, A., Lillo, J., Lopez, I., and Rivera, S., 2002. Reply to discussion on Giant
versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus
normal calcalkaline magmatism by Oyarzun, R., Mrquez, A., Lillo, J., Lpez, I., Rivera,
S. (Mineralium Deposita 36: 794798, 2001), Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 795799.
Padilla- Garza,R.A., Titley, S.R., and Eastoe, C.J., 2004. Hypogene evolution of the Escondida
porphyry copper deposit, Chile, In Sillitoe, R.H., Perell, J. And Vidal, C.E., eds., Andean
metallogeny: new discoveries, concepts, and updates, Society of Economic Geologists
Special Publication 11, p. 141165.
Parrish, R., Roddick, J.C., Loveridge, W.D., and Sullivan, R.W., 1987. Uranium-lead analytical
techniques at the geochronology laboratory; Geological Survey of Canada, In Radiogenic
Age and Isotopic Studies, Report 1, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 87-2, Pages 3-7.
Pearce, J A., 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active
continental margins, In C.J Hawkesworth and M.J. Norry, eds., Continental basalts and
mantle xenoliths, Shiva, Orpington (London), and Birkhauser Boston, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, p. 230-249..
Pearce, J. A., 1996. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In: Wyman, D. A. ed.
Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide
Exploration, Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12, p. 79-113.
Pearce, J.A., and Cann, J.R., 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using
trace element analyses, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 19, p. 290-300.
Pearce, J. A., Harris, N. B. W., and Tindle, A. G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams
for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks, Journal of Petrology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 956983.
Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W., 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc
magmas, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 23, p. 251285.
Pearce, T.H., 1968. A contribution to the theory of variation diagrams, Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 19, p. 142-157.
Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from
the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 58,
no. 1, p. 63-81.
Perell, J., Carlotto, V., Zrate, A., Ramos, P., Posso, H., Neyra, C., Caballero, A., Fuster, N.,
and Muhr, R., 2003. Porphyry-Style Alteration and Mineralization of the Middle Eocene to
Early Oligocene Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, Cuzco Region, Peru, Economic Geology, v. 98, p.
1575-1605.
Perell, J., Razique, A., Schloderer, J., and Asad, R., 2008. The Chagai Porphyry Copper Belt
Baluchistan Province, Pakistan, Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 1583-1612.
Perell, J., Sillitoe, R.H., Brockway, H., Posso, H., and Mpodozis, C., 2009. Contiguous porphyry
Cu-Mo and Cu-Au mineralization at Los Pelambres, central Chile, Congreso Geolgico
Chileno, 12th, Santiago, 2009, Actas, Pendrive, 4 p.
Petersen, U., 1970. Metallogenetic provinces in South America, Geologie Rundschau, v. 59, no.
3, p. 834-897.
Petersen, U., 1977. Introduction to An issue devoted to mineral deposits in the South American
Cordillera, Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 887-892.
253
Petersen, U., and Vidal, C., 1996. Magmatic and tectonic controls on the nature and distribution
of copper deposits in Per, In Andean copper deposits: new discoveries, mineralization
styles and metallogeny, Camus, F., Sillitoe, R.H. and Petersen, R., eds., Society of
Economic Geologists special publication 5, p1-18.
Petford, N., and Atherton, M.P., 1995. Crustal segmentation and isotopic significance of the
Abancay Deflection: Northern Central Andes (9-20 S), Revista Geolgica de Chile
(Santiago), v. 22, no. 2, p. 235-243.
Pettke, T., Halter, W.E., Webster, J.D., Aigner-Torres, M., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004. Accurate
quantification of melt inclusion chemistry by LA-ICPMS: A comparison with EMP and SIMS
and advantages and possible limitations of these methods, Lithos, v. 78, p. 333-361.
Pitcher, W.S., Atherton, M.P., Cobbing, E.J., and Beckinsale, R.D., 1985. Magmatism at the
Plate Edge, The Peruvian Andes, Blackie, John Wiley and Sons, Glasgow, p. 328.
Pollard, P.J., and Taylor, R.G., 2002. Paragenesis of the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit, Irian Jaya,
Indonesia; results from logging section 13, Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 1, p. 117-136.
Pollard, P.J., Taylor, R.G., and Peters, L., 2005. Ages of intrusion, alteration, and mineralization
at the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit, Papua, Indonesia, Economic Geology, v. 100, p. 1005
1020.
Quang, C.X., 2003. An Expanded Geochronological and Framework for Hypogene and
Supergene mineralization in the Southern Peru Porphyry Copper Belt, Unpublished Ph.D.
Thesis, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, 198 pages.
Quang, C.X., Clark, A.H., Lee, J.K.W., and Guilln, J.B., 2003. 40Ar-39Ar Ages of Hypogene and
Supergene Mineralization in the Cerro Verde-Santa Rosa Porphyry Cu-Mo Cluster,
Arequipa, Peru, Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 1683-1696.
Quang, C.X., Clark, A.H., Lee, J.K.W. and Hawkes, N., 2005. Response of Supergene Processes
to Episodic Cenozoic Uplift, Pediment Erosion, and Ignimbrite Eruption in the Porphyry
Copper Province of Southern Per, Economic Geology, v. 100, no. 1, p. 87-114.
Rabbia, O., Hernndez, L.B., King, R.W., and Lpez-Escobar, L., 2002. Discussion on Giant
versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in northern Chile: adakitic versus
normal calcalkaline magmatism by Oyarzun et al.,. (Mineralium Deposita 36: 794798,
2001), Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 791794.
Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R., and Heinrich, C.A., 2004. Copper
deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: New insights from Bingham
porphyry ore deposit, Utah, Geology, v. 32, p. 217-220.
Redmond, P.B., and Einaudi, M.T., 2010. The Bingham Canyon Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Deposit. I.
Sequence of Intrusions, Vein Formation, and Sulfide Distribution, Economic Geology, v.
105, p. 43-68.
Renne, P.R., Swisher, C.C., III, Deino, A.L., Karner, D.B., Owens, T., and DePaolo, D.J., 1998.
Intercalibration of standards, absolute ages and uncertainties in 40Ar/39Ar dating, Chemical
Geology, v. 145, no. 1-2, p. 117-152.
Richard, K., and Courtright, H.W., 1958. Geology of Toquepala, Peru, Minerals Engineering, v.
10, p. 262-266.
Richards, J.P., 2000. Lineaments revisited, Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, v. 42, p.
1, 1420.
Richards, J.P., 2001. Discussion of Is there a close spatial relationship between faults and
plutons? by S.R. Paterson and K.L. Schmidt, Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 20252027.
254
Richards, J.P., 2002. Discussion on Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic
age in northern Chile: adakitic versus normal calcalkaline magmatism by Oyarzun et al.,.
(Mineralium Deposita 36: 794798, 2001), Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 788790.
Richards, J.P., 2003. Tectono-Magmatic Precursors for Porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) Deposit Formation,
Richards, J.P., 2009. Post subduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: Products of
remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere, Geology, v. 37, p. 247-250
Richards, J.P., and Noble, S.R., 1998. Application of radiogenic isotope systems to the timing
and origin of hydrothermal systems, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 10, p. 195-233.
Richards, J.P., Boyce, A.J., and Pringle, M.S., 2001. Geological evolution of the Escondida area,
northern Chile: A model for spatial and temporal localization of porphyry Cu
mineralization, Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 271-305.
Richards, J.P., and Kerrich, R., 2007. Adakite-like rocks: Their diverse origins and questionable
role in metallogenesis, Special Paper, Economic Geology, v. 102, no. 4, p. 537-576.
Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A., and Flher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y magmas reflect
arc maturity, high magmatic wter contents, and porphyry Cu Mo Au potential:
Examples from the Tethyan arcs of central and Eastern Iran and western Pakistan,
Economic Geology, v. 107, p.295-332.
Ringwood, A.E., 1977. Petrogenesis in island arc systems, In Talwani, M., and Pitman, W.C.,
eds., Island arcs, deep sea trenches, and back arc basins, American Geophysical Union,
Maurice Ewing Series I, p. 311-324.
Roddick, J.C., 1987. Generalized numerical error analysis with application to geochronology and
thermodynamics, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2129-2135.
Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid Inclusions, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 pages.
Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation,
Longman, UK. 352 pages.
Roperch, P., Semper T., Macedo, O., Arriagada, C., Fornari, M., Tapa, C., Garcia, M., and Laj,
C., 2006. Counterclockwise rotation of Late Eocene-Oligocene forearc deposits in southern
Peru and its significance for oroclinal bending in the Central Andes, Tectonics, v. 25
TC3010, doi: 10.1029/2005TC001882.
Routhier, P., 1980. Ou sont les metaux por lavenir?-Les provinces metalliques, Essai de
metallogenie globale, Memoire du BRGM N, v. 105 (Orleans), 410 p.
Rowland, M.G., and Clark, A.H., 2001. Temporal overlap of supergene alteration and highsulphidation mineralization in the Spence porphyry copper deposits, II Region, Chile,
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v.33, p. A-358.
Russell, J.K. and Stanley, C.R., 1990. Theory and application of Pearce Element Ratios to
geochemical data analysis, Geological Association of Canada Short Course notes, No. 8,
315 pages.
Sandeman, H.A., Clark, A.H., and Farrar, E., 1995. An intergrated tectono-magmatic model for
the evolution of the southern Peruvian Andes (13-20S) since 55Ma, International Geology
Review, v. 37, p. 1039-1073.
Satchwell, P.C., 1983. Geologa de la mina Cuajone, Boletin de la Sociedad Geolgca del Per,
v. 72, p. 127-146.
Seedorff, E., 1988. Cyclic development of hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to multiple
intrusions at the Henderson porphyry molybdenum deposit, Colorado, In Taylor, R. P., and
Strong, D. F., eds., Recent advances in the geology of granite-related mineral deposits,
Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Volume 39, p. 367-393.
255
Seedorff, E., and Einaudi, M. T., 2004a. Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: I.
Sequence and abundance of hydrothermal mineral assemblages, flow paths of evolving
fluids, and evolutionary style, Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 3-37.
Seedorff, E., and Einaudi, M. T., 2004b. Henderson porphyry molybdenum system, Colorado: II.
Decoupling of introduction and deposition of metals during geochemical evolution of
hydrothermal fluids, Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 39-72.
Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett, J.M., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A., Barton, M.D.,
and Johnson, D.A., 2005. Porphyry-related deposits: characteristics and origin of
hypogene features, Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 251298.
Seedorff, E., Barton, M.D., Stavast, W.J.A., and Maher, D.J., 2008. Root Zones of Porphyry
Systems: Extending the Porphyry Model to Depth, Economic Geology, v. 103, p. 939-956.
Shervais, J.W., 1982. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas, Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, v. 59, no. 1, p. 101-118.
Shinohara, H., and Hedenquist, J.W., 1997. Constraints on magma degassing beneath the Far
Southeast porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Philippines, Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1741-1752.
Sillitoe, R. H., 1972. Relation of metal provinces in western America to subduction of oceanic
lithosphere, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 83, p. 813-818.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1973. The tops and bottoms of porphyry copper deposits, Economic Geology, v.
68, p. 799-815.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1976. Metallic mineralization affiliated to sub-aereal volcanism: a review.
Procedings Annual Meeting of the Geological Society, London-Institution of Mining and
Metallurgy, p. 99-116.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1977. Permo-Carboniferous, Upper Cretaceous and Miocene porphyry copper type
mineralizations in the Argentinean Andes, Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 99-103.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1988. Epochs of intrusions related Cu mineralization in the Andes, Journal of
South American Earth Sciences, v. 1, p. 89-108.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1992. Gold and copper metallogeny of the central Andes-past, present and future
exploration objectives, Economic Geology, v. 87, p. 2205-2216.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1996. Geological Modelling of the Quellaveco Porphyry Copper Deposit, Southern
Peru, Internal Report Prepared for Mineral Quellaveco S.A. and Anglo American pcl,
September 1996, 16 pages.
Sillitoe, R.H., 1997. Characteristics and controls of the largest porphyry copper-gold and
epithermal gold deposits in the circum-Pacific region, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences,
v. 44, p. 373-388.
Sillitoe, R. H., 2000. Gold-rich porphyry deposits? Descriptive and genetic models and their role
in exploration and discovery, In Hagemann, S. G. and Brown, P. E. eds., Gold in 2000,
Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 315-315.
Sillitoe, R.H., and Perell, J., 2005. Andean copper province: Tectonomagmatic settings, deposit
types, metallogeny, exploration, and Discovery, Economic Geology, 100th anniversary
volume, p. 845890.
Sillitoe, R.H., and Mortensen, J.K., 2010. Longevity of porphyry copper formation at Quellaveco,
Peru, Economic Geology, v. 105, p. 1157-1162.
Simmons, A.T., Tosdal, R.M., Wooden, J.L., Mattos, R., Concha, O., McCracken, S., and Beale,
T., 2013. Punctuated magmatism associated with porphyry Cu-Mo formation in the
Paleocene to Eocene of Southern Peru, Economic Geology, v. 108, no. 4, p. 625-639.
256
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C, 2008. Porphyry copper deposits of the World:
Database and grade and tonnage models, U.S. Geological Survey, Open File Report 2008115, excel database.
Solomon, M., 1990, Subduction, arc reversal, and the origin of porphyry copper-gold deposits in
island arcs, Geology, v. 18, p. 630-633.
Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a
two stage model, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
Stanley, C.R., 1996. Graphical investigation of lithogeochemical variations using molar element
ratio diagrams: theoretical foundation. Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU) Annual
Technical Report Year 1, Lithogeochemical Exploration Research Project, University of
British Columbia, Canada.
Stanley, C.R., and Russell, J.K., 1989. Petrologic Hypothesis Testing with Pearce Element Ratio
Diagrams: Derivation of Diagram Axes, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 103,
p. 78-89.
Stanley, C.R., and Madeisky, H.E., 1994. Lithogeochemical exploration for hydrothermal ore
deposits using Pearce Element Ratio Analysis, In Alteration and alteration processes
associated with ore-forming systems, Lentz, D.R. ed., Geological Association of Canada,
Short Course Notes, v. 11, p. 193-211.
Stanley, C.R., and Madeisky, H.E., 1996. Lithogeochemical exploration for metasomatic zones
associated with hydrothermal mineral deposits using Pearce Element Ratio Analysis, Short
course notes on Pearce Element Ratio Analysis, Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University
of British Columbia, Canada.
Streck, M.J., and Dilles, J.H., 1998. Sulfur content of oxidized arc magmas as recorded in
apatite from a porphyry copper batholith, Geology, v. 26, no. 6, p. 523-526.
Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:
implications for mantel composition and processes, In Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J.
eds., Magmatism in Ocean Basins, Geological Society of London, Special Publication 42, p.
313-342.
Tatsumi, Y., Hamilton, D.L., and Nesbitt, R.W., 1986. Chemical characteristics of fluid phase
released from a subducted lithosphere and the origin of arc magmas: Evidence from high
pressure experiments and natural rocks, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,
v. 29, p. 293-309.
Tera, F., and Wasserburg, G. J., 1972. U-Th-Pb systematics in three Apollo 14 basalts and the
problem of initial Pb in lunar rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 14, p. 281-304.
Thieblemont, D., Stein, G., and Lescuyer, J.-L., 1997. Gisements epithermaux et porphyriques:
La connexion adakite, Academie de Sciences Paris, Comptes Rendus, Sciences de la Terre
et des Planetes, v. 325, no. 2, p. 103109.
Thirlwall, M.F., 2000. Inter-laboratory and other errors in Pb isotope analyses investigated using
a 207Pb204Pb double spike, Chemical Geology, v. 163, p. 299322.
Toropoca, C., 1979. Petrographia, alteraciones y mineralizacion del yacimiento de QuellavecoMoquegua, Geological Society of Peru, Bulletins, v. 63, p. 117-134.
Tosdal, R.M., 2003. Overview of the Geologic Setting and Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits of southern
Peru, 3rd International Congress of Prospectors and Explorers, Lima, Peru.
Tosdal, R.M., Clark, A.H., and Farrar, E., 1981. K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic volcanic
rocks of the Cordillera Occidental, southernmost Peru, Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research, v. 10, p. 157-173.
257
Tosdal, R.M., Clark, A.H., and Farrar, E., 1984, Cenozoic polyphase landscape and tectonic
evolution of the Cordilleran Occidental, southernmost Peru, Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 95, p. 1318-1332.
Tosdal, R.M., and Richards, J.P., 2001. Magmatic and structural controls on the development of
porphyry CuMoAu deposits, Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 14, p. 157-181.
Turneaure, F.S., 1960. A comparative study of major ore deposits of central Bolivia, Economic
Geology, v. 55, p. 217-254 and p. 574-606.
U.S. Geological Survey, 2012. Mineral Commodities Summaries 2012, U.S. Geological Survey,
198p.
Valencia, V.A., Ruiz, J., Barra, F., Gehrels, G., Ducea, M., Titley, S.R., and Ochoa-Landin, L.,
2005. U-Pb zircon and Re-Os molybdenite geochronology from La Caridad porphyry
copper deposit: Insights for the duration of magmatism and mineralization in the Nacozari
District, Sonora, Mexico, Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, p. 175191.
Vavra, G., 1994. Systematics of internal zircon morphology in major Variscan granitoid types,
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 117, no. 4, p. 331-344.
Vicente, J.-C., 1989. Early Late Cretaceous overthrusting in the western Cordillera of southern
Peru, In Erickson, G.E., Caas Pinotchet, M.T. and Reynemund, J.A., eds., Geology of the
Andes and its relations to hydrocarbon and mineral resources, Circum-Pacific council for
Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science Series, v. 11, p. 81-117.
von Quadt, A., Peytcheva, I., Kamenov, B., Fanger, L., Heinrich, C.A., and Frank, M., 2002. The
Elatsite porphyry copper deposit in the Panagyurishte ore district, Srednagorie zone,
Bulgaria: U-Pb zircon geochronology and isotope-geochemical investigations of
magmatism and ore genesis, London Geological Society Special Publication 204, p. 119
135.
von Quadt, A., Erni, M., Martinek, K., Moll, M., Peytcheva, I., and Heinrich, C.A., 2011. Zircon
crystallization and the lifetimes of ore-forming magmatic hydrothermal systems, Geology,
v. 39, p. 731-734.
Wainwright, A.J., Tosdal, R.M., Wooden, J.L. and Mazdab, F.K., 2007. Cooling, fractionation and
mixing of magmas in the super-giant Oyu Tolgoi Cu-Au porphyries; SHRIMP-RG trace
element geochemistry of zircons, C.J. Andrew et al.,. eds., Digging Deeper, Preceedings of
the 9th Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 2007, v. 1, p. 407-410.
Walker, J.D., and Geissman, 2009. Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America, doi:
10.1130/2009.CTS0O4R2C.
Watson, E.B., 1996. Dissolution, growth and survival of zircons during crustal fusion: Kinetic
principles, geological models and implications for isotopic inheritance, Geological Society
of America Special Paper, v. 315, p. 4356.
Watson E.B., and Harrison T.M., 2005. Zircon thermometer reveals minimum melting conditions
on earliest Earth, Science, v. 308, p. 841-844.
Weis, D., Kieffer, B., Maerschalk, C., Pretorius, W., and Barling J., 2005. High-precision Pb-SrNd-Hf isotopic characterization of USGS BHVO-1 and BHVO-2 reference materials,
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 6, Q02002, doi:10.1029/2004GC000852.
Weis, D., Kieffer, B., Maerschlak, C., Barling, J., de Jong, J., Williams, G.A., Hanano, D.,
Pretorius, W., Mattielli, N., Scoates, J.S., Goolaerts, A., Friedman, R.M., and Mahoney,
J.B., 2006. High-precision isotopic characterization of USGS reference materials by TIMS
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Geosystems,
7,
Q08006,
and
MC-ICP-MS,
doi:10.1029/2006GC001283.
Wetherill, G.W., 1956. Discordant uranium-lead ages, Transactions, American Geophysical
Union, v. 37, p. 320-326.
258
Williams, I.S., 1996. U-Th-Pb geochronology by ion microprobe, Reviews in Economic Geology,
v. 7, p. 1-36.
Williams, I.S., 1998. U-Th-Pb geochronology by ion microprobe, In McKibben, M.A., Shanks,
W.C., III and Ridley, W.I. eds., Applications of micro analytical techniques to
understanding mineralizing processes, Reviews in Economic Geology: Socorro, NM, United
States, Society of Economic Geologists, v. 7, p. 1-35.
Wilson, J.J., 1983. Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Andes of Peru, Bulletin of the
American Association of Petroleum Geology, v. 47, p. 1-34.
Wilson, J.J., 2000. Structural development of the northern Andes of Peru, X Congress of
Peruvian Geology, Lima, 2000.
Winchester, J. A., and Floyd, P. A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series
and their differentiation products using immobile elements, Chemical Geology, v. 20, p.
325-343.
Winter, J.D., 2001. An introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology: Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 697p.
Wood, D.A., 1980. The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic
classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of
the British Tertiary volcanic province, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 50, no. 1, p.
11-30.
Wooden, J.L., Mazdab, F.K., Barth, A.P., Miller C.F. and Lowery L.E. 2006. Temperature (Ti) and
compositional characteristics of zircon: Early observations using High Mass Resolution on
the USGS Stanford SHRIMP-RG, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, v. 70, no.
18, page 707.
Wooden, J.L., Mazdab, F.K., and Barth, A.P., 2007. Using the temperature and compositional
characteristics of zircon and sphene to better understand the petrogenesis of Mesozoic
magmatism in the Transverse Ranges, California, Poster abstract (246) from the from the
ores and Orogenesis conference, Arizona Geological Society, Tucson, Arizona, September,
2007
Yaez, G.A., Ranero, C.R., von Huene, R., and Diaz, J., 2001. Magnetic anomaly interpretation
across the southern central Andes (32-34S): the role of the Juan Fernandez Ridge in the
Late Tertiary evolution of the margin, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 1206, p. 63256345.
Zartman, R. E., and Doe, B. R., 1981. Plumbotectonics; the model, Tectonophysics, v. 75, no.
1-2, p. 135-162.
Zimmermann, J.-L., and Kihien, A., 1983. Dtermination par la mthode K/Ar de lge des
intrusions et des minralisations associes dans le porphyre cuprifre de Quellaveco (sud
ouest du Prou), Mineralium Deposita, v. 18, p. 207-213.
Zimmerman, A., Stein, H.J., Hannah, J.L., Koelj, D., Bogdanov, K., and Berza, T., 2008.
Tectonic configuration of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednagorie belt, Balkans-South
Carpathians, constrained by high precision Re- Os molybdenite ages, Mineralium Deposita,
v. 43, p. 121.
Zweng, P.L., and Clark, A.H., 1995. Hypogene evolution of the Toquepala porphyry coppermolybdenum deposit, Moquegua, southern Peru, In Pierce, F.W., and Bolm, J.G., eds.,
Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera, Tucson, Arizona Geological Society,
Digest 20, p. 566-612.
259
Appendix 1: Geochronologic Results of Intrusive and

Extrusive Rocks and Hydrothermal Alteration
U-Pb Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe Reverse
Geometry (SHRIMP) Zircon Geochronology
Twenty-eight samples of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks age were analyzed using
the Stanford-U.S. Geological Survey Sensitive High-mass Resolution Ion MicroProbe-Reverse
Geometry (SHRIMP-RG) by a combination of Adam Simmons, Richard Tosdal, and Daniel
MacNeil. Of the 28 samples, eighteen are from Quellaveco, 6 from Cuajone and 4 from
Toquepala. In addition to these samples, thirteen samples from the Late Cretaceous volcanic
Toquepala Group were analyzed for U-Pb geochronology, but were not presented in Chapters 17. The Toquepala Group samples are summarized below. The SHRIMP-RG was chosen to for UPb analysis primarily due to its high spatial resolution point data in exchange for lowered
analytical precision offered by other techniques which lack high spatial resolution (e.g. IDTIMS). Coordinates of samples listed below are given in Peruvian Coordinate System (UTM),
PSAD56, Zone 19S.
Methodology
The samples were prepared at the University of British Columbia using the methods
outlined for U-Pb TIMS analysis. The populations of zircons obtained from these samples were
dated using the SHRIMP-RG at Stanford University, California. The SHRIMP-RG has a reverse
geometry design and has improved mass resolution compared to conventional SHRIMP designs
(Williams, 1998; Bacon et al.,, 2000). Bacon et al., (2000) summarize the operational conditions
for the SHRIMP-RG. Reviews on the ion microprobe technique and data interpretation are
provided in Ireland and Williams (2003). Compositions for initial common Pb compositions were
based on the measured
204
Pb and the model of Cumming and Richards (1975). Zircon and Pb
isotope data were reduced using the SQUID program (Ludwig, 2001) and ISOPLOT (Ludwig,
1999). Spot U-Pb analyses are provided in Table 2-1 and are plotted on concordia and weighted
mean diagrams in figures 2-4 and 2-5. All errors are given at the 1 level. For detailed
descriptions of the methodology see Chapters 1 and 2.
Rocks from Quellaveco

Sample Qu-709 (8108748 mN, 326123 mE): Zircons in this sample range form long prismatic to
short stubby crystals and are often broken, with occasional dark inherited cores. The zircons
260
commonly contain inclusions of other minerals and are sector and oscillatory zoned. Zircons
either extremely light or dark in CL were avoided, as were zircons with irregular zoning. No
correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges,
respectively. Spots 709-15, 709-18 and 709-20 are interpreted to have undergone post
crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the statistical analysis. Spots 709-4 and 709-6
have been interpreted to either have an inherited components or in the very least antecrystic.
Spot 709-5 is interpreted to be inherited, presumably part of the Achaean Arequipa Massif and
yielded a spot age of 2709 Ma. Ignoring these spots yields a weighted mean average of 71.1
0.5 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5a) from 14 of 20 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 75 - 400 m in
the long dimension and 40 - 150 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-283 (8109355 mN, 326617 mE): Zircons in this sample form short stubby crystals
and are often broken. The zircons commonly contain inclusions of other minerals and are sector
and oscillatory zoned. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal
centers and edges, respectively. Spot 283-4 has been interpreted to either have an inherited
component or in the very least antecrystic. Ignoring this spots yields a weighted mean average
of 59.7 0.7 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5b) from 13 of 14 zircons. Zircon sizes ranged from 100 300 m in the long dimension and 60 - 200 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-008 (8108526 mN, 328420 mE): Zircons in this sample form stubby crystals where
the long axis is not much longer than the short axis (aspect ratio of less than 2:1) and are often
broken. The zircons commonly contain inclusions of other minerals and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. Two zircons contained dark, presumably inherited cores with dissolution rims
and oscillatory zoning cut by later zircon growth. These cores were avoided in the analysis. No
respectively. Spot 008-2 has been interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss
and is not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring this spot yields a weighted mean
average of 60.0 0.9 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5c) from 12 of 13 zircons. Zircon sizes ranged
from 100 - 300 m in the long dimension and 60 - 200 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-335 (8109349 mN, 326843 mE): Zircons in this sample form prismatic, euhedral
crystals occasionally elongated in the long axis and are rarely broken. The zircons commonly
contain inclusions of other minerals, however less than and larger than those in the
granodiorite, and are sector and oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the
zircons are on average darker in CL than those of the granodiorite. No correlation was noted
between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 335-4, 335-8
261
and 335-14 have been interpreted to undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are not
considered in the statistical analysis. Spot 335-1 is interpreted to either have an inherited
component or in the very least antecrystic, whereas spot 335-10 is interpreted to be inherited
from Toquepala Group volcanic rocks, which yielded a spot age of 79.8 Ma, these are not
considered for the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yields a weighted mean average of
57.8 0.8 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5d) from 9 of 14 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 70 - 500
m in the long dimension and 40 - 150 m in the short dimension.
crystals are rarely stubby and broken. The zircons commonly contain inclusions of other
minerals, however less than and larger than those in the granodiorite, and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident, though thin younger zircon growth on the
outer layers of the zircons were occasionally observed and avoided. The zircons are on average
darker in CL than those of the granodiorite. No correlation was noted between older and
younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 396-1 and 396-2 were not
included in the statistical analyses due to high U contents. Spot 396-6 is interpreted to either
have an inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, this spot is not considered for the
statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yields a weighted mean average of 58.2 0.8 Ma
(Table 2-3; Figure 2-5e) from 9 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 90 - 300 m in the long
dimension and 40 - 150 m in the short dimension.
crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and oscillatory
zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average lighter in CL than those of
the Earliest Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal
centers and edges, respectively. Spots 395-1, 395-5 and 395-7 have been interpreted to
undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring
these spots yields a weighted mean average of 56.1 0.5 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5f) from 10
of 13 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 60 - 400 m in the long dimension and 30 - 175 m in the
short dimension.
zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average lighter in CL than those of
the Earliest Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal
centers and edges, respectively. Spot 138-7 has been interpreted to undergone post
262
crystallization Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring this spot yields a
weighted mean average of 57.5 1.0 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5g) from 9 of 10 spots. Zircon
sizes ranged from 60 - 300 m in the long dimension and 40 - 150 m in the short dimension.
zoned. On average they zircons are darker in CL than other Early Porphyry zircons from other
samples. No inherited cores are evident. No correlation was noted between older and younger
ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. All spots yield a weighted mean average of 56.5
1.7 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5h) from 10 of 10 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 50 - 300 m in
the long dimension and 25 - 125 m in the short dimension.
zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average darker in CL than those of
the Early Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal
centers and edges, respectively. Spots 242-4, 242-6, 242-7 and 242-11 have been interpreted
to either have an inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, these spots are not
considered for the statistical analysis. Spot 242-9 is interpreted to have undergone post
crystallization Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield
a weighted mean average of 56.4 0.6 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5i) from 10 of 15 spots. A
second, older population is formed from spots 242-4, 242-6, 242-7 and 242-11 of
approximately 59 Ma and may be inherited from either the granodiorite or Earliest Porphyry.
Zircon sizes ranged from 100 - 400 m in the long dimension and 50 - 200 m in the short
dimension.
component or in the very least antecrystic, this spot is not considered for the statistical analysis.
Spots 327-9 and 327-12 are interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are
not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of
56.4 0.7 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5j) from 9 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 50 - 500
263
Spots 327-9 and 327-12 are interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are
not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of
56.4 0.7 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5j) from 9 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 50 - 500
centers and edges, respectively. Spots 210-2, 210-13, 210-14, 210-15 and 210-16 are
interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the
statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 57.2 0.9 Ma
(Table 2-3; Figure 2-5k) from 11 of 16 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 100 - 400 m in the long
crystals and are rarely stubby and broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average the same tone
in CL as those of the Intermineral Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and
younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 448-1, 448-2, 448-3, 448-7 and
448-8 are interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in
the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 56.8 1.4 Ma
(Table 2-3; Figure 2-5l) from 11 of 16 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 75 - 350 m in the long
crystals and are rarely stubby and broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average the same tone
in CL as those of the Intermineral Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and
younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spot 461-12 has been interpreted to
264
either have an inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, this spot is not considered
for the statistical analysis. Spots 461-2 and 461-13 are interpreted to have undergone post
crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots
yield a weighted mean average of 57.2 0.7 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5m) from 10 of 13 spots.
dimension.
crystals and are rarely broken. In general, zircon yield was low in this sample, recovering only
17 zircons from >10kg of sample material. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average darker in CL
than those of the Monzodiorite Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and younger
ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spot 362-11 has been interpreted to either
have an inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, this spot is not considered for the
statistical analysis. Spots 362-1 and 362-12 are interpreted to have undergone post
crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the statistical analysis. Additionally, spot 362-12
contained high U. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 55.1 0.6 Ma (Table
2-3; Figure 2-5n) from 12 of 15 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 125 - 250 m in the long
crystals and are rarely broken. In general, zircon yield was low in this sample, recovering only
31 zircons from >10kg of sample material. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average darker in CL
than those of the Monzodiorite Porphyry. No correlation was noted between older and younger
ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 168-1 and 168-7 have been interpreted
to have an inherited from the Toquepala Group volcanic rocks yielding spot ages of 67.9 Ma
and 74.6 Ma, respectively. Spots 168-6 and 168-11 are interpreted to have undergone post
yield a weighted mean average of 57.4 0.9 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5o) from 10 of 14 spots.
dimension.
Sample Qu-393 (8108630 mN, 327462 mE): Zircons in this sample range form prismatic,
euhedral, large crystals to small and stubby crystals and are rarely broken. In general, zircon
yield was low in this sample, recovering only 30 zircons from >10kg of sample material. The
265
zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and oscillatory zoned. One zircon contained an
inherited zircon that was overgrown in the interior to another zircon; this zircon was avoided for
analysis. The zircons are on average lighter toned in CL than those of the dacite dykes. No
respectively. Spots 393-5 Spot 393-9 have been interpreted to either have an inherited
Spot 393-13 is interpreted to either have an inherited from either the Toquepala Group volcanic
rocks or granodiorite, yielding a spot age of approximately 64 Ma. Spot 393-1 is interpreted to
have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis.
Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 53.7 0.9 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5p)
from 11 of 15 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 50 - 500 m in the long dimension and 25 - 150
m in the short dimension.
zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the zircons are on average lighter toned in CL than
those of the dacite dykes. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal
centers and edges, respectively. Spots 050-3 and 050-6 are interpreted to either have an
inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, this spot is not considered for the
statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 56.0 0.8 Ma
(Table 2-3; Figure 2-5q) from 7 of 9 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 60 - 300 m in the long
Sample Qu-394 (8108049 mN, 327933 mE): Zircons in this sample range form prismatic,
euhedral, large crystals to small and stubby crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are
inclusion poor and are sector and oscillatory zoned. No inherited cores are evident and the
zircons are on average lighter toned in CL than those of the dacite dykes. No correlation was
noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 394-6
and 394-10 are interpreted to either have an inherited component or in the very least
antecrystic, this spot is not considered for the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a
weighted mean average of 54.7 0.8 Ma (Table 2-3; Figure 2-5r) from 10 of 12 spots. Zircon
sizes ranged from 30 - 225 m in the long dimension and 20 - 125 m in the short dimension.
Rocks from Cuajone

Sample Qu-701 (8116626 mN, 316290 mE): Zircons in this sample are short stubby crystals
with lesser more prismatic, euhedral crystals and are often broken. The zircons commonly
266
contain inclusions of other minerals and are sector and oscillatory zoned. Zircons either
extremely light or dark in CL were avoided. No correlation was noted between older and
younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 701-1 has been interpreted to
have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis.
Ignoring this spot yields a weighted mean average of 65.1 0.8 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4a-b)
from 8 of 9 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 125 - 600 m in the long dimension and 75 - 250
m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-700 (8114974 mN, 315535 mE): Zircons in this sample form two morphological
populations; large, stubby crystals and smaller, prismatic, euhedral crystals, both are often
broken. The zircons commonly contain inclusions of other minerals and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light or dark in CL were avoided. No correlation was
noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. All spots
from this sample were used for the statistical analysis, which yields a weighted mean average
of 64.2 0.9 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4c-d) from 10 of 10 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 75 600 m in the long dimension and 50 - 250 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-696 (8115023 mN, 318694 mE): Zircons in this sample form small and stubby
crystals with lesser long, euhedral, prismatic crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are
inclusion poor and are sector and oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light or dark in CL
were avoided. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and
edges, respectively. Spots 696-5 and 696-9 have been interpreted to either have an inherited
component or in the very least antecrystic, these spot is not considered for the statistical
analysis. Spots 696-6, 696-7, 696-8 and 696-11 are interpreted to have undergone post
yield a weighted mean average of 55.6 0.6 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4e-f) from 6 of 12 spots.
Spots 696-6, 696-7, 696-8 and 696-11 form a chord with a lower intercept on the inverse
isochron of 53.1 0.7 Ma. Zircon sizes ranged from 75 - 200 m in the long dimension and 40
- 125 m in the short dimension.
crystals with lesser long, euhedral, prismatic crystals and are rarely broken. Zircon yield from
this sample was poor with only 26 zircons recovered from a >10kg sample. The zircons are
inclusion poor and are sector and oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light or dark in CL
were avoided. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and
267
component or in the very least antecrystic, these spot is not considered for the statistical
analysis. Spots 695-5 695-6 and 695-8 are interpreted to have undergone post crystallization
Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted
mean average of 55.9 0.5 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4g-h) from 7 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes
ranged from 50 - 175 m in the long dimension and 25 - 125 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-697 (8115509 mN, 318586 mE): Zircons in this sample form small euhedral,
prismatic crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light or dark in CL were avoided. No correlation was
noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. Spots 697-2
has been interpreted to either have an inherited component or in the very least antecrystic, this
spot is not considered for the statistical analysis. Spot 697-5 is interpreted to have undergone
post crystallization Pb-loss and is not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots
yield a weighted mean average of 55.9 0.5 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4i-j) from 10 of 12 spots.
dimension.
Sample Qu-699 (8116376 mN, 316778 mE): Zircons in this sample form large, long, euhedral,
prismatic crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are sector and
oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light in CL were avoided. In general these zironcs are
much darker in CL than zircons from other samples at Cuajone and rarely contained light cores.
No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges,
respectively. Spots 699-2 and 699-7 were rejected from the statistical analysis because they are
discordant. Spots 699-12 is interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and is not
considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of
53.5 0.5 Ma (Table 6-2; Figure 6-4k-l) from 9 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 100 - 500
Rocks from Toquepala

crystals that are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion poor and are oscillatory zoned with
rare sector zoning. Zircons are extremely dark in CL with very little contrast. No correlation was
noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and edges, respectively. In general,
zircon recovery was poor in this sample recovering 29 zircons from >10kg of sample. Two
populations are apparent, however, the preferred age is the older population as it fits with more
regional data from other locations and forms the strongest chord with a lower intercept in the
268
inverse isochron plot. Spots 705-1, 705-3, 705-4, 705-7 and 705-12 are interpreted to have
undergone post crystallization Pb-loss and are not considered in the statistical analysis. Ignoring
these spots yield a weighted mean average of 61.4 0.8 Ma (Table 6-3; Figure 6-7a-b) from 7
of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 25 - 150 m in the long dimension and 25 - 100 m in the
short dimension.
Sample Qu-704 (8093013 mN, 328529 mE): Zircons in this sample range from small and stubby
crystals to long, euhedral, prismatic crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion
poor and are sector and oscillatory zoned. Zircons either extremely light or dark in CL were
avoided. No correlation was noted between older and younger ages to crystal centers and
edges, respectively. Spots 704-4 and 704-10 were rejected from the statistical analysis because
they are discordant. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of 56.8 0.6 Ma
(Table 6-3; Figure 6-7c-d) from 11 of 13 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 75 - 300 m in the
long dimension and 25 - 125 m in the short dimension.
Sample Qu-708 (8093861 mN, 328813 mE): Zircons in this sample form large, long, euhedral,
prismatic crystals with lesser stubby crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion
component or in the very least antecrystic, these spots are not considered for the statistical
analysis. These spots form a lower intercept on the inverse isochron plot of 57.8 0.7 Ma.
Spots 708-4, 708-7 and 708-11 are interpreted to have undergone post crystallization Pb-loss
and are not considered in the statistical analysis. These spots form a lower intercept on the
inverse isochron plot of 53.5 1.0 Ma. Ignoring these spots yield a weighted mean average of
56.2 0.6 Ma (Table 6-3; Figure 6-7e-f) from 7 of 12 spots. Zircon sizes ranged from 100 - 300
Sample Qu-706 (8093469 mN, 328291 mE): Zircons in this sample range from large, long,
euhedral, prismatic crystals to stubby crystals and are rarely broken. The zircons are inclusion
edges, respectively. Spots 706-1, 706-2, 706-7, 706-8, 706-13, 706-14, 706-15 and 706-16
have been interpreted to either have an inherited component; these spots are not considered
for the statistical analysis. These spots form a lower intercept on the inverse isochron plot of
58.5 0.7 Ma. This is not the preferred age of emplacement for this rock as this age is more
269
similar to the regional premineral batholith in the area of Toquepala and this unit is known to
cross cut it. It also cross cuts all other intrusive units on at Toquepala and therefore must be
younger than them. Spots 706-3 and 706-11 are interpreted to have undergone post
yield a weighted mean average of 54.3 0.6 Ma (Table 6-3; Figure 6-7g-h) from 6 of 16 spots.
dimension.
40
Ar/39Ar Geochronology
A total of six altered samples were analyzed by the
40
Ar/39Ar method from rocks that
were subjected to Paleocene-Eocene hydrothermal alteration and later supergene altered

minerals. Four of six samples did not produce interpretable ages due to either extreme Ar-loss
or complications related to particular minerals (e.g. recoil in some sericite samples).
Additionally, there may have been samples where there minerals picked contained mixtures of
hypogene sericite and supergene alunite, as discussed below. All samples were analyzed by
Thomas Ullrich at the University of British Columbia between January 1, 2008 nd January 3,
2008.
Each sample was crushed by rubber mallet, while the sample was in a plastic sample
bag. Mineral separates were hand-picked, wrapped in aluminium foil and stacked in an
irradiation capsule with similar-aged samples and neutron flux monitors (Fish Canyon Tuff
sanidine, 28.02 Ma (Renne et al., 1998)).
The samples were irradiated at the McMaster Nuclear Reactor in Hamilton, Ontario, for
56 MWH, with a neutron flux of approximately 3x1016 neutrons/cm2. Analyses produced errors
of <0.5% in the J value.
The samples were analyzed at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. The samples were step-heated at
incrementally higher powers in the defocused beam of a 10W CO2 laser (New Wave Research
MIR10) until fused. The gas evolved from each step was analyzed by a VG5400 mass
spectrometer equipped with an ion-counting electron multiplier. All measurements were
corrected for total system blank, mass spectrometer sensitivity, mass discrimination, radioactive
decay during and subsequent to irradiation, as well as interfering Ar from atmospheric
contamination and the irradiation of Ca, Cl and K (Isotope production ratios:
(40Ar/39Ar)
K=0.0302, (37Ar/39Ar) Ca=1416.4306, (36Ar/39Ar) Ca=0.3952, Ca/K=1.83(37ArCa/39ArK)). The

plateau and correlation ages were calculated using ISOPLOT version 3.09 (Ludwig, 2003).
270
Errors quoted are at the 2-sigma (95% confidence) level are propagated from all sources,
except mass spectrometer sensitivity and age of the flux monitor.
The best statistically-justified plateau and plateau age were picked based on the following
criteria:
1. Three or more contiguous steps comprising more than 50% of the
39
Ar;
2. Probability of fit of the weighted mean age greater than 5%;

3. Slope of the error-weighted line through the plateau ages equals zero at 5% confidence;
4. Ages of the two outermost steps on a plateau are not significantly different from the
weighted-mean plateau age (at 1.8, six or more steps only);
5. Outermost two steps on either side of a plateau must not have nonzero slopes with the
same sign (at 1.8, nine or more steps only)
Results of this data are presented above in Table A1-1 and Figure A1-1 below. There are
a number of reasons to explain steps that are deviated from the plateau, including: mineral
inclusions, dirty sample (i.e. contains multiple minerals), fluid inclusions, degrees of alteration,
Ar-loss/addition at crystal grain boundaries,
40
Ar/39Ar Samples Not Used in Thesis
Sample Qu-337 (8108467 mN, 327934 mE): The sample submitted contained fine grained
sericitealunite. The fine grained minerals were extracted from the rock by knife and tweezers.
No isochron developed from analysis, may be a result of heterogeneity of the sample.
Sample Qu-414 (8108049 mN, 327933 mE): The sample submitted contained fine grained
No isochron or plateau developed from analysis may be a result of heterogeneity of the sample.
Low temperature steps may reflect young alunite and high temperature steps may reflect
Sample Qu-374 (8108030 mN, 327216 mE):
The sample submitted contained fine grained
sericite. The fine grained minerals were extracted from the rock by knife and tweezers. No
plateau was formed however the isochron indicates an age of approximately 75Ma. This likely
reflects hydrothermal sericite formed during alteration of the rock. Sample contained high
atmospheric Ar and low K.
Sample Qu-412 (8108261 mN, 327381 mE): The sample submitted contained coarse grained
alunite. The mineral was extracted from the rock by knife and tweezers. A good plateau and
271
isochron correlate with each other indicating an age of approximately 10.66Ma. This likely
reflects the age of supergene oxidation when paleo-water tables passed through the sulphide
bearing porphyry system.
Sample Qu-413 (8108049 mN, 327933 mE):
The sample submitted contained fine grained
No plateau was formed however the isochron indicates an age of approximately 63Ma. This
likely reflects hydrothermal sericite formed during alteration of the rock. Sample contained
excess Ar.
Sample Qu-415 (DDH MQ-70, 203.2 m deep): The sample submitted contained fine grained
sericite. The mineral was extracted from the rock by knife and tweezers. A good plateau and
isochron correlate with each other indicating an age of approximately 55.8Ma. This likely
reflects the age of hypogene alteration during the waning stages of one of the hydrothermal
systems.
272
120
A
100
Age (Ma)
80
60
40
20
Age (Ma)
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
39
Cumulative Ar Percent
Figure A1-1: Ar-Ar plateaus and inverse isochrons for sample a) Qu-337 plateau of muscuvite+alunite;
and b) Qu-414 plateau of alunite. Plateau steps are filled grey, rejected steps are open.
Box heights are 2.
273
100
C
Plateau age = 64.38.7 Ma
(2, including J-error of 0.5%)
MSWD = 1.9, prob. = 0/055
39
includes 99.99% of the Ar
Age (Ma)
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative 39Ar Percent
0.0038
0.0034
Initial
Age = 7512 Ma
40 36
Ar/ Ar =290.54.8
= 1.7
0.0030
36
40
Ar/ Ar
MSWD
0.0026
0.0022
0.00
0.01
0.02
39
0.03
40
Ar/ Ar
Figure A1-1 contd: Ar-Ar plateaus and inverse isochrons for sample a) Qu-374 plateau of alunite; and
b) Qu-374 inverse isochron of alunite. Plateau steps are filled grey, rejected steps are
open. Box heights and data error ellipses are 2.
274
28
E
24

(2, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 1.5, probability=0.22
39
Includes 98.8% of the Ar
Age (Ma)
20
16
12
8
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
39
0.004
F
Age = 10.670.36 Ma
Initial 40Ar/ 36Ar =293.57.2
0.003
0.002
36
40
Ar/ Ar
MSWD = 2.0
0.001
0.000
0.0
0.2
0.4
39
0.6
40
Ar/ Ar
Figure A1-1 contd: Ar-Ar plateaus and inverse isochrons for sample e) Qu-412 plateau of alunite; and
f) Qu-412 inverse isochron of alunite. Plateau steps are filled grey, rejected steps are
275
100
Age (Ma)
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
39
0.0010
H
0.0008
Age = 62.91.0 Ma
Initial 40Ar/ 36Ar =36626
MSWD = 1.6
36
40
Ar/ Ar
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.08
0.09
0.10
39
0.11
0.12
40
Ar/ Ar
Figure A1-1 contd: Ar-Ar plateaus and inverse isochrons for sample g) Qu-413 plateau of alunite;
and h) Qu-413 inverse isochron of alunite. Plateau steps are filled grey, rejected steps are
276
100
Age (Ma)
80
60
40
(2, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 1.5, probability=0.18
39
Includes 94.2% of the Ar
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
39
0.0014
0.0012
Age = 55.650.50 Ma
Initial 40 Ar/36 Ar =30714
MSWD = 1.2
36
40
Ar/ Ar
0.0010
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0.0000
0.07
0.09
0.11
39
0.13
0.15
40
Ar/ Ar
Figure A1-1 contd: Ar-Ar plateaus and inverse isochrons for sample i) Qu-415 plateau of alunite;
and j) Qu-415 inverse isochron of alunite. Plateau steps are filled grey, rejected steps are
277
Table A1-1: 40Ar/39Ar data from samples not used in the thesis
Isotope Ratios
Laser
Power(%)
40
Ar/39Ar
38
Ar/39Ar
37
Ar/39Ar
Sample=Qu-337
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.4
3.6
Total.Av
426.7020.020
125.3240.013
36
Ar/39Ar
Ca/K
Cl/K
%40Ar
atm
f39Ar
98.88
95.49
71.33
29.53
15.61
17
19.95
51.77
0.38
7.01
16.63
31.64
21.63
10.46
10.33
1.92
4.62010.644
5.5943.063
8.5500.474
7.9840.139
7.3250.107
7.0310.179
6.7630.222
6.1060.709
100
7.493 0.122
9.89
22.85
26.28
8.31
7.85
20.77
3.39
0.66
-1.1472.019
0.2050.883
0.3840.572
3.5281.393
5.4561.074
4.8560.172
7.9420.337
6.4521.111
100
2.0760.183
13.4
31.78
2.76
11.97
7.84
9.08
9.48
7.4
6.28
5.63516.569
12.5098.479
6.12510.104
-6.01912.841
0.1676.386
6.1483.510
6.4713.859
8.7421.945
8.9611.732
100
6.577 2.035
0.61
13.54
53.32
31.28
0.9
0.09
0.13
0.12
0.7991.138
1.2980.153
1.3240.016
1.3030.017
1.9840.178
4.0161.359
2.6892.770
3.6332.961
100
1.3240.013
40
Ar*/39ArK
Age
Mineral=Sericite+Alunite
30.1400.0068
11.4770.0084
8.8590.0109
8.79290.0180
8.77200.0231
14.2430.0135
0.37810.0413
0.13290.0244
0.03890.0399
0.01900.0397
0.01660.0389
0.01780.0559
0.02230.1209
0.03710.1207
.04670.2940
.01280.0859
.00870.0842
.00470.1030
.00430.1023
.03020.0515
.14870.0389
.01870.2397
1.42470.0316
0.40400.0239
0.07270.0218
0.01170.0339
0.00510.0414
0.00590.0615
0.00690.0636
0.02740.0866
0.148
0.103
0.074
0.04
0.035
0.268
1.364
0.117
0.022
0.01
0.003
0.001
0
0.001
0.002
0.004
22.70.0030
0.03160.0086
.11560.0033
0.05170.0072
0.212
0.005
37.0884.5
44.8024.2
68.043.70
63.611.09
58.440.84
56.131.41
54.031.75
48.845.60
J=0.0044950.000008
Volume 39ArK =170.38
Integrated Date =59.771.92
Sample=Qu-414
Mineral=Alunite
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.3
3.6
75.19120.02
38.79120.01
27.30670.01
53.40940.02
32.93110.02
8.78970.015
11.16820.01
21.18960.01
0.54630.0251
0.31470.0233
0.31370.0155
0.41130.0314
0.14480.0578
0.03150.0408
0.01710.1633
0.02060.4785
.01120.0396
.01070.0686
.01150.0462
.01170.0772
.00430.2383
.00190.2751
.01120.2919
.18140.1230
0.25770.0263
0.13020.0255
0.09080.0222
0.16830.0272
0.09260.0407
0.01320.0366
0.01080.0914
0.05000.0729
0.09
0.094
0.102
0.091
0.022
0.011
0.061
1.469
0.111
0.064
0.065
0.084
0.026
0.003
0
-
Total/Avg
32.4850.003
0.26100.0052
.04390.0045
0.10280.0058
0.08
0.044
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.2
3.6
1012.50.008
486.720.009
461.850.025
495.360.016
266.810.026
158.210.016
111.750.018
88.7130.027
43.0690.016
3.44160.0204
1.15020.0259
6.70670.0286
7.94820.0245
3.88510.0256
1.93620.0244
1.14460.0397
0.89100.0409
0.42280.0375
.07140.1223
.03930.1834
.40330.0909
.38860.0496
.30670.0560
.15300.0999
.10170.0840
.10850.1340
.06590.2320
3.40000.0182
1.60100.0195
1.54560.0324
1.69520.0228
0.90290.0300
0.51540.0233
0.35730.0387
0.27230.0338
0.11780.0509
0.633
0.352
3.628
3.553
2.798
1.389
0.919
0.979
0.585
0.643
0.192
1.483
1.758
0.855
0.421
0.245
0.19
0.089
Total/Avg
415.760.002
2.64610.0055
.69000.0039
1.38480.0051
1.263
0.653
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
48.9550.010
9.66740.004
2.01760.006
1.78870.007
8.18420.009
44.8030.014
105.590.020
130.200.014
0.08990.0336
0.05690.0124
0.04170.0108
0.03560.0153
0.03470.0559
0.06180.2431
0.09380.1064
0.10090.1450
.01200.1642
.01100.0225
.01150.0236
.01150.0156
.01750.0623
.02220.1939
.01720.2460
.01190.6267
0.16250.0248
0.02820.0185
0.00230.0185
0.00160.0267
0.02090.0286
0.13770.0356
0.34730.0318
0.42710.0242
0.092
0.1
0.105
0.105
0.148
0.09
0.078
0.024
0.01
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.005
0.003
0.002
Total/Avg
3.62750.001
0.04220.0037
.05700.0022
0.00770.0054
0.104
0.006
J =0.0044910.000008
Sample=Qu-374
J =0.0045030.000008
Volume 39ArK =15.26
Sample=Qu-412
101.5
99.39
98.47
93.27
83.06
43.11
20.21
57.3
-9.3216.45
1.667.15
3.114.63
28.3611.1
43.678.49
38.921.37
63.232.64
51.548.75
Mineral=Alunite
99.44
97.42
98.65
101.2
99.93
96.04
94.08
89.82
77.53
45.21131
98.8765.2
49.0879.8
-49.57107
1.3551.84
49.2727.7
51.8230.4
69.6615.2
71.3713.5
Mineral=Alunite
98.29
86.22
32.6
24.99
74.37
90.27
97.36
97.13
6.489.22
10.521.24
10.740.13
10.560.14
16.061.44
32.3610.8
21.7322.2
29.3023.6
= 0.0045070.000008
Volume 39ArK = 1709.5
Integrated Date = 10.730.21
Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4306, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952,
Ca/K=1.83(37ArCa/39ArK).
*=Radiogenic 40Ar
278
Table A1-1: Continued

Isotope Ratios
Laser
Power(%)
40
Ar/39Ar
38
Ar/39Ar
37
Ar/39Ar
Sample=Qu-413
36
Ar/39Ar
Ca/K
Cl/K
%40Ar
atm
f39Ar
40
Ar*/39ArK
Age
Mineral= Alunite
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.7
4
53.0140.020
34.9940.021
20.6890.016
16.3470.012
12.9450.018
11.2410.013
10.0570.008
9.83430.013
8.72250.009
10.6910.029
.43410.0499
.34520.0416
.29240.0264
.15450.0194
.05620.0230
.03030.0194
.02240.0636
.01960.0922
.01310.0846
.01240.3200
0.02300.1217
0.02720.0531
0.03440.0731
0.01870.0603
0.00270.0706
0.00120.3840
0.00080.2860
0.00080.6190
0.00080.2704
0.00211.7923
0.18060.0303
0.11380.0358
0.05590.0232
0.02890.0222
0.01320.0244
0.00880.0421
0.00620.0425
0.00550.0530
0.00230.0704
0.00890.2033
0.203
0.243
0.307
0.167
0.024
0.01
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.011
0.089
0.071
0.062
0.031
0.009
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
-
Total.Avg.
15.3010.003
.10660.0065
0.04560.0041
0.02680.0064
0.083
0.027
100.6
96.14
79.62
51.9
29.78
22.24
16.79
14.27
5.41
10.3
2.36
7.07
8.65
15.48
23.62
14.78
11.32
7.08
8.59
1.06
-0.3501.639
1.3121.176
4.1480.398
7.7810.223
9.0070.218
8.6270.164
8.2260.109
8.2200.145
8.0550.095
8.3580.608
100
7.3430.061
0.73
5.06
11.47
18.84
27.78
17.18
9.56
4.13
2.36
2.9
5.8783.181
5.7190.713
7.0230.251
7.1050.136
6.9720.050
7.0700.162
7.0400.092
7.1700.274
7.3670.399
7.0740.209
100
6.9750.035
-2.8413.28
10.589.46
33.243.16
61.851.74
71.421.69
68.451.28
65.330.85
65.291.13
64.000.74
66.364.74
J =0.0044830.000010
Sample=Qu-415
Mineral=Sericite
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.7
4.1
134.810.028
36.5950.012
11.2050.021
8.07520.013
7.50120.006
7.88470.021
8.08790.005
9.05840.008
11.1840.019
11.3440.015
.24920.0896
.05710.0575
.02120.0971
.01560.0612
.01460.0898
.01730.0605
.02060.0822
.02470.1123
.04050.0949
.03990.0520
0.09300.1135
0.11800.0296
0.15600.0259
0.11140.0383
0.08550.0231
0.11470.0400
0.13280.0497
0.19300.0439
0.27890.0493
0.33270.0314
0.43770.0372
0.10460.0231
0.01440.0412
0.00340.0846
0.00180.0404
0.00290.0517
0.00380.0727
0.00700.1291
0.01390.0895
0.01540.0360
0.826
1.066
1.411
1.008
0.774
1.038
1.202
1.747
2.526
2.984
0.035
0.005
0.001
0
0
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.005
Total/Avg
10.5970.002
.02190.0137
0.62180.0027
0.01230.0073
1.138
0.006
J =0.0044870.000008
95.53
84.1
35.95
10.31
5.6
8.44
10.04
15.67
28.06
33.05
46.9625.0
45.715.63
55.971.97
56.621.07
55.570.39
56.341.27
56.110.72
57.122.15
58.673.13
56.371.64
Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4306, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952,
Ca/K=1.83(37ArCa/39ArK).
*=Radiogenic 40Ar
279
Appendix 2: Sample Description and Locations

The following table is a compilation of the samples collected over two field seasons in
the Quellaveco area from 2007-2008.
Abbreviations used in table
Purpose
ts=Thin section
Ar=Ar-Ar geochronology
U/Pb=U-Pb Geochronology
Geochem=Whole rock geochemistry
Pima=Terraspec short wave infrared analysis
sem=Scanning electron microscope
flinc=fluid inclusion sample
Zircon chem=zircon mineral chemistry
Vein chemistry=fluid inclusion sample/thick section
280
Table A2-1: Rock sample locations and descriptions

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu-001
Qu-002
Qu-003
Qu-004
Qu-005
Qu-006
Qu-007
Qu-008
Qu-009
Qu-010
Qu-011
Qu-012
Qu-013
Qu-014
Qu-015
Qu-016
Qu-017
Qu-018
Qu-019
Qu-020
Qu-021
Qu-022
Qu-023
Qu-024
Qu-025
Qu-026
Qu-027
Qu-028
Qu-029
Qu-030
Qu-031
Qu-032
Qu-032a
Qu-033
Qu-034
Qu-035
Qu-036
Qu-037
Qu-038
Qu-039
Qu-040
Qu-041
Qu-042
Qu-043
Qu-044
Qu-045
Qu-046
Qu-047
Qu-048
Qu-049
Qu-050
Qu-051
Qu-052
Qu-053
Qu-054
Qu-055
Qu-056
Qu057
Qu058
Qu059
327575
326829
328249
328160
328592
328544
328415
328420
328466
328388
328197
328188
328033
328033
328033
328059
328038
327872
327824
327800
327800
327800
327800
328413
328573
328593
328572
328513
328283
328135
328105
328393
327949
327897
327927
327923
327912
327912
327912
328156
328252
328258
328424
328495
328532
328590
328316
328281
327967
327904
327846
327858
328218
328161
328483
328478
328181
328618
328491
8109062
8109097
8108677
8108694
8108532
8108543
8108530
8108526
8108553
8108557
8108570
8108568
8108539
8108539
8108539
8108522
8108465
8108497
8108531
8108617
8108617
8108617
8108617
8108513
8108412
8108413
8108451
8108506
8108497
8108529
8108526
8108530
8108363
8108346
8108463
8108287
8108286
8108286
8108286
8108359
8108414
8108415
8108445
8108439
8108399
8108331
8108378
8108385
8108274
8108155
8108055
8108051
8108405
8108257
8108327
8108329
8108202
8108566
8108627
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
Intermediate Porphyry
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Dacite Dyke
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?Late Monzonite?
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Dacite Dyke
Early Monzonite
Dacite Dyke
?Early Monzonite?
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Xenolith of Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Dacite Dyke
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Hauylillas Formation
Early Monzonite
Late Monzonite
Early Monzonite
Dacite Dyke
Early Monzonite
Granodiorite
?Dacite dyke?
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?EarlyMonzonite?
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
ts, U/Pb, geochem, Ar, pima, sem

ts, pima, sem
flinc, ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
flinc, ts, sem, pima
U/Pb, ts, sem, zircon chem, etc
Vein chemistry, ts, flinc, etc
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
Ar-Ar, ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
Ar-Ar, ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
ts, sem, pima
U/Pb,ts,sem,zirconchem,etc
ts,sem,pima

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu060
Qu061
Qu062
Qu063
Qu064
Qu065
Qu066
Qu067
Qu068
Qu069
Qu070
Qu071
Qu072
Qu073
Qu074
Qu075
Qu076
Qu077
Qu078
Qu079
Qu080
Qu081
Qu082
Qu083
Qu084
Qu085
Qu086
Qu087
Qu088
Qu089
Qu090
Qu091
Qu092
Qu093
Qu094
Qu095
Qu096
Qu097
Qu098
Qu099
Qu100
Qu101
Qu102
Qu103
Qu104
Qu105
Qu106
Qu107
Qu108
Qu109
Qu110
Qu111
Qu112
Qu113
Qu114
Qu115
Qu116
327945
327838
327754
327754
327621
328323
328317
328441
328553
328216
328234
328137
328367
328393
328736
327784
327915
327859
328228
327902
327812
327956
327956
328211
327952
327959
328336
328308
328408
327776
327788
327686
327667
327643
327631
327401
327466
327456
327466
327484
327478
327550
327377
327553
327572
327564
327641
327641
327582
327461
327698
327540
327370
327398
327502
327331
327253
8108813
8108822
8108778
8108778
8108851
8108365
8108364
8108403
8108347
8108172
8108043
8108103
8108246
8108275
8108153
8108013
8107988
8107992
8107917
8107901
8107838
8107800
8107800
8107756
8107605
8107597
8107791
8107864
8107978
8107915
8107841
8107992
8108071
8108102
8108112
8108143
8108005
8108209
8108049
8108251
8108151
8108197
8108326
8108116
8107968
8107979
8107899
8107899
8108043
8108292
8108136
8108275
8108175
8108037
8107846
8108405
8108457
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
DaciteDyke
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
QuellavecoConglomerate
EarlyMonzonite
HauylillasFormation
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
QuellavecoRhyolite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
?Granodiorite?
EarlyMonzonite
?EarlyMonzonite?
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?Granodiorite?
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?EarlyMonzonite?
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?Dacitedyke?
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Veinchemistry,ts,flinc,etc
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
DetritalZircon
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
282

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu117
Qu118
Qu119
Qu120
Qu121
Qu122
Qu123
Qu124
Qu125
Qu126
Qu127
Qu128
Qu129
Qu130
Qu131
Qu132
Qu133
Qu134
Qu135
Qu136
Qu137
Qu138
Qu139
Qu140
Qu141
Qu142
Qu143
Qu144
Qu145
Qu146
Qu147
Qu148
Qu149
Qu150
Qu151
Qu152
Qu153
Qu154
Qu155
Qu156
Qu157
Qu158
Qu159
Qu160
Qu161
Qu162
Qu163
Qu164
Qu165
Qu166
Qu167
Qu168
Qu169
Qu170
Qu171
Qu172
Qu173
327270
327310
327336
327305
327291
327295
327428
327542
327418
327275
327127
327053
326920
326646
327456
327547
327656
327758
327729
327721
327601
327760
327804
327515
327686
327694
327772
327813
327808
327409
327332
327338
327221
327211
327136
327050
326920
326866
326912
326796
327352
327398
327349
327239
327205
327264
327273
327492
327559
327693
327731
327808
327803
327611
327606
327654
327708
8108364
8108254
8108063
8108127
8108202
8108191
8108368
8108813
8108839
8108806
8108812
8108784
8108796
8108798
8108342
8108337
8108272
8108173
8108100
8108334
8108358
8108264
8108153
8108400
8108389
8108392
8108372
8108312
8108320
8108448
8108782
8108783
8108761
8108759
8108737
8108724
8108683
8108673
8108740
8108762
8108583
8108504
8108515
8108513
8108558
8108583
8108582
8108478
8108479
8108475
8108440
8108375
8108369
8108444
8108444
8108495
8108555
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
?Granodiorite?
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
DaciteDyke
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
DaciteDyke
Granodiorite
IntrusionBreccia
EarlyMonzonite
IntrusionBreccia
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
DaciteDyke
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
DaciteDyke
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
283

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu174
Qu175
Qu176
Qu177
Qu178
Qu179
Qu180
Qu181
Qu182
Qu183
Qu184
Qu185
Qu186
Qu187
Qu188
Qu189
Qu190
Qu191
Qu192
Qu193
Qu194
Qu195
Qu196
Qu197
Qu198
Qu199
Qu200
Qu201
Qu202
Qu203
Qu204
Qu205
Qu206
Qu207
Qu208
Qu209
Qu210
Qu211
Qu212
Qu213
Qu214
Qu215
Qu216
Qu217
Qu218
Qu219
Qu220
Qu221
Qu222
Qu223
Qu224
Qu225
Qu226
Qu227
Qu228
Qu229
Qu230
327628
327567
327508
327457
327494
327447
327401
327305
327188
327077
327607
327625
327752
327740
327736
327769
327507
327440
327417
327288
327218
327186
327416
327408
327343
327272
327095
327002
328160
328139
327952
327986
327820
327683
327818
327646
327537
327439
327219
326680
326735
326664
326778
326839
327161
327159
327166
327113
326987
326917
326823
326704
326578
327256
327337
327400
327489
8108535
8108524
8108530
8108570
8108573
8108633
8108666
8108659
8108654
8108653
8108548
8108590
8108652
8108587
8108649
8108584
8108709
8108732
8108751
8108730
8108725
8108705
8109015
8108972
8109005
8109006
8108989
8108992
8109023
8109052
8109107
8109177
8109069
8109055
8109215
8109050
8109063
8109044
8108927
8109212
8109158
8109155
8109134
8109075
8109237
8109237
8109158
8108905
8108916
8108944
8108969
8109041
8109076
8109129
8109103
8109170
8109131
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
Granodiorite
LateMonzonite
LateMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
LateMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
LateMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
IntermediatePorphyry
?EarlyMonzonite?
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
?GranoorE.Monzo?
Granodiorite
LateMonzonite
LateMonzonite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
HauylillasFormation
LateMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
DetritalZircon
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
284

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu231
Qu232
Qu233
Qu234
Qu235
Qu236
Qu237
Qu238
Qu239
Qu240
Qu241
Qu242
Qu243
Qu244
Qu245
Qu246
Qu247
Qu248
Qu249
Qu250
Qu251
Qu252
Qu253
Qu254
Qu255
Qu256
Qu257
Qu258
Qu259
Qu260
Qu261
Qu262
Qu263
Qu264
Qu265
Qu266
Qu267
Qu268
Qu269
Qu270
Qu271
Qu272
Qu273
Qu274
Qu275
Qu276
Qu337
Qu371
Qu372
Qu373
Qu374
Qu375
Qu376
Qu377
Qu378
Qu379
Qu380
327687
327738
327770
327480
327317
327187
327360
327338
327342
327346
327368
327371
327516
327706
327365
327325
327312
326980
327000
327122
326557
326754
326509
326347
326872
327029
327231
327333
326762
326963
326859
327166
327375
327639
327302
327164
326967
326616
326494
326746
326577
327373
327509
327752
327813
327681
327934
327151
327191
327559
327216
324466
323877
322067
317770
317775
329115
8109130
8109126
8109132
8109322
8109485
8109540
8109307
8109195
8109198
8109198
8109232
8109238
8109218
8109258
8109196
8109160
8109060
8108979
8108976
8108961
8109737
8109874
8109018
8109826
8109843
8109850
8109853
8109720
8109744
8109716
8109722
8109710
8109617
8109631
8109633
8109620
8109627
8109598
8109508
8109610
8109492
8109507
8109443
8109480
8109455
8109385
8108467
8106762
8106818
8106715
8108030
8107434
8107115
8106703
8104472
8104470
8096512
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
EarlyMonzonite
LateMonzonite
Granodiorite
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
?HauylillasFormation?
EarlyMonzonite
DaciteDyke
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
Granodiorite
EarlyMonzonite
EarlyMonzonite
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
?HauylillasFormation?
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
HauylillasFormation
Granodiorite
UpperSerieAlta
Plagmegacrysticdyke
Basalticdyke
Granodiorite
SerieAltaXtallTuff
?Huaylillas?
RegionalGranite
DioriteIntrusion
?YaritoFm?
RegionalGranite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
DetritalZircon
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
Geochem,ts,sem,pima
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
285

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu381
Qu382
Qu383
Qu384
Qu405
Qu406
Qu407
Qu408
Qu409
Qu410
Qu411
Qu412
Qu553
Qu554
Qu555
Qu556
Qu557
Qu558
Qu559
Qu560
Qu561
Qu562
Qu563
Qu564
Qu565
Qu572
Qu573
Qu574
Qu575
Qu576
Qu577
Qu578
Qu579
Qu623
Qu624
Qu625
Qu626
Qu627
Qu628
Qu629
Qu630
Qu631
Qu632
Qu633
Qu634
Qu635
Qu636
Qu637
Qu638
Qu639
Qu640
Qu641
Qu642
Qu643
Qu644
Qu645
Qu646
329115
331642
334942
336307
314539
316798
317888
317888
323406
324891
334655
327381
327483
327209
327142
326939
326637
326637
326495
326368
326260
326157
326055
325892
326888
329113
328029
328039
328069
328030
328077
328272
328282
328513
328607
328715
328921
329420
329505
329635
329795
330222
330204
330177
332195
332653
333227
333528
335122
340540
319146
320705
322450
321937
321868
321777
324934
8096512
8097920
8099830
8101541
8111729
8112247
8111852
8111852
8110371
8111074
8104460
8108361
8107740
8108022
8108263
8108775
8108779
8108779
8108755
8108712
8108688
8108697
8108694
8108653
8108383
8108449
8107475
8107320
8107230
8107121
8107024
8106875
8106844
8096812
8096709
8096760
8096561
8096570
8096685
8096912
8097002
8096996
8096902
8096812
8098046
8098223
8098400
8098823
8099852
8099432
8097605
8097026
8095697
8095399
8095317
8095196
8111138
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
ApliteDyke
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
?SerieAlta?
GranitetoMonzogranite
SerieAlta
Basalticdyke
Andesiteflow
SerieAlta
TinajonesRhyolite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
ApliteDyke
Granodiorite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
QuellavecoRhyolite
SerieAlta
SerieToquepala
SerieToquepala
SerieToquepala
SerieToquepala
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
?Barrosso?
YaritoFormation
YaritoFormation
YaritoFormation
YaritoFormation
YaritoFormation
YaritoFormation
TinajonesRhyolite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Select
Grab
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Grab
Grab
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Select
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
ts,pima,sem
ArAr
ArAr,ts,sem,pima
ArAr
ArAr
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
Chem;ts
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
LightStableIsotopes
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
286

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu647
Qu648
Qu649
Qu650
Qu651
Qu652
Qu653
Qu654
Qu655
Qu656
Qu657
Qu658
Qu659
Qu660
Qu661
Qu662
Qu663
Qu664
Qu665
Qu666
Qu667
Qu668
Qu669
Qu670
Qu671
Qu672
Qu673
Qu674
Qu675
Qu676
Qu677
Qu678
Qu679
Qu680
Qu681
Qu682
Qu683
Qu684
Qu685
Qu686
Qu687
Qu688
Qu689
Qu690
Qu691
Qu692
Qu693
Qu694
Qu695
Qu696
Qu697
Qu698
Qu699
Qu700
Qu701
Qu702
Qu703
324004
324766
324570
324375
324129
292705
292583
292351
292347
292276
292109
292094
292104
292134
292172
292636
292577
292497
292436
299519
299530
301758
302114
302413
302772
302642
303059
303858
304212
304417
304577
304834
305344
305274
305614
305928
306256
306503
306351
306356
307397
303323
314332
314332
319173
318666
318265
300374
317984
318694
318586
318298
316778
315535
316290
328805
328712
8111220
8111219
8111310
8111333
8111253
8103582
8103790
8103876
8103916
8103957
8104384
8104439
8104511
8104588
8104665
8104808
8104897
8104937
8105013
8107809
8108049
8113868
8113836
8113976
8113766
8114006
8113713
8113920
8114218
8114422
8114757
8114247
8114324
8114810
8114810
8115302
8115493
8115702
8115270
8115260
8115981
8108621
8111560
8111560
8086874
8086251
8085711
8132937
8115385
8115023
8115509
8115987
8116376
8114974
8116626
8092819
8092817
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
TinajonesRhyolite
TinajonesRhyolite
TinajonesRhyolite
TinajonesRhyolite
TinajonesRhyolite
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
ToquepalaFormation
InogoyaFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
SerieAlta
SerieAlta
ParalaqueFormation
SerieAlta
HauylillasFormation
Granodiorite
ParalaqueFormation
ParalaqueFormation
QuellavecoRhyolite
BLPPorphyry
LP1
IntrusiveAndesite
Basalticandesite
LP3
DioriteIntrusion
Granodiorite
AngularBreccia
AngularBreccia
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
ts,pima,sem
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
TS,slab
Moly;ReOs
287

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu704
Qu705
Qu706
Qu707
Qu708
Qu709
Qu710
Qu711
Qu712
Qu713
Qu714
Qu715
Qu716
Qu277
Qu278
Qu279
Qu280
Qu281
Qu282
Qu283
Qu284
Qu285
Qu286
Qu287
Qu288
Qu289
Qu290
Qu291
Qu292
Qu293
Qu294
Qu295
Qu296
Qu297
Qu298
Qu299
Qu300
Qu301
Qu302
Qu303
Qu304
Qu305
Qu306
Qu307
Qu308
Qu309
Qu310
Qu311
Qu312
Qu313
Qu314
Qu315
Qu316
Qu317
Qu318
Qu319
Qu320
328529
327942
328291
328285
328813
326123
326107
326094
326066
326104
326215
326171
326160
326861
327030
326763
327257
326804
326720
326617
326746
327177
327055
326851
326851
327290
327193
327617
327668
327065
327022
326952
327989
328062
327957
328004
328245
328310
328005
327942
327943
328079
327399
327463
327463
327463
327463
327463
327463
327463
327601
327601
327601
327601
327601
*327601
*327601
8093013
8092833
8093469
8093471
8093861
8108748
8108592
8108521
8108382
8108114
8107990
8107782
8107775
8109521
8109478
8109478
8109448
8109416
8109347
8109355
8109283
8109381
8109363
8109338
8109275
8109287
8109070
8108734
8108683
8109093
8109206
8109126
8108773
8108641
8108614
8108383
8108245
8108232
8108239
8108209
8107937
8108112
8108266
8108010
8108010
8108010
8108010
8108010
8108010
8108010
8108224
8108224
8108224
8108224
8108224
*8108224
*8108224
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
DacitePorphyry
DioriteIntrusion(Regional)
LatitePorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
DaciteAglomerate
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
QuellavecoPorphyry
SerieAlta;Basalt
HauylillasFm
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
E.Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
HauylillasFm
HauylillasFm
HauylillasFm
QuellavecoCong
HauylillasFm
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
HauylillasFm
HauylillasFm
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
Granodiorite
E.Monzonite
HauylillasFm
HauylillasFm
HauylillasFm
E.Monzonite
L.Monzonite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Grab
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Chem;ts
Pet
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet
Pet;Alteration
U/Pb
Pet;Alteration
Pet
Pet
Pet
Pet
Pet
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet
Pet
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet
Pet
Pet
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
Pet;Alteration
DVnChem
ArAr
DVnChem
BVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
BandDVnChem
DVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
288

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu321
Qu322
Qu323
Qu324
Qu325
Qu326
Qu327
Qu328
Qu329
Qu330
Qu331
Qu332
Qu333
Qu334
Qu335
Qu336
Qu338
Qu339
Qu340
Qu341
Qu342
Qu343
Qu344
Qu345
Qu346
Qu347
Qu348
Qu349
Qu350
Qu351
Qu352
Qu353
Qu354
Qu355
Qu356
Qu357
Qu358
Qu359
Qu360
Qu361
Qu362
Qu363
Qu364
Qu365
Qu366
Qu367
Qu368
Qu369
Qu370
Qu385
Qu386
Qu387
Qu388
Qu389
Qu390
Qu391
Qu392
*327601
*327601
*327601
*327601
*327601
*327601
*327601
327510
327510
327510
327510
327510
327510
327510
326843
327933
326737
326737
326737
327592
327592
327592
327592
327592
327592
327592
327592
327310
327310
327310
327310
327443
327443
327443
327443
327608
327608
327608
327608
328062
328062
328062
328062
328062
328013
328013
328013
328013
327451
328460
328460
327289
326861
326861
326861
326193
327842
*8108224
*8108224
*8108224
*8108224
*8108224
*8108224
*8108224
8108106
8108106
8108106
8108106
8108106
8108106
8108106
8109349
8108312
8109741
8109741
8109741
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108898
8108232
8108232
8108232
8108232
8109151
8109151
8109151
8109151
8109336
8109336
8109336
8109336
8108641
8108641
8108641
8108641
8108641
8108531
8108531
8108531
8108531
8108732
8108223
8108223
8108030
8108684
8108684
8108684
8109070
8109078
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
MonzodioritePorphyry
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
EarliestPorphyry
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
PorphyryDyke
Granodiorite
LateMineralPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
PorphyryDyke
EarlyPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
Granodiorite
PorphyryDyke
PorphyryDyke
Granodiorite
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
HydrothermalBreccia
EarlyPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
PorphyryDyke
EarlyPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
Granodiorite
LateMineralPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
?EarlyMonzo?
PostMineralPorphyry
PorphyryDyke
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
PorphyryDyke
Granodiorite
PorphyryDyke
PostMineralPorphyry
?PostMineralPorphyry
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
BVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
ArAr;BVnChem
DVnChem
VnChem
U/Pb
DVnChem
BVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
DVnChem
DVnChem
BVnChem
U/Pb
BandDVnChem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
ReOs;Moly
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
ReOs;Moly
ReOs;Moly
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
ReOs;Moly
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
TS
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
289

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu393
Qu394
Qu395
Qu396
Qu397
Qu398
Qu399
Qu400
Qu401
Qu402
Qu403
Qu404
Qu413
Qu414
Qu415
Qu416
Qu417
Qu418
Qu419
Qu420
Qu421
Qu422
Qu423
Qu424
Qu425
Qu426
Qu427
Qu428
Qu429
Qu430
Qu431
Qu432
Qu433
Qu434
Qu435
Qu436
Qu437
Qu438
Qu439
Qu440
Qu441
Qu442
Qu443
Qu444
Qu445
Qu446
Qu447
Qu448
Qu449
Qu450
Qu451
Qu452
Qu453
Qu454
Qu455
Qu456
Qu457
327462
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
8108630
8108049
8108049
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108049
8108049
MQ-70
MQ-70
MQ-76
MQ-76
MQ-144
MQ-144
203.2m
203.6m
333.0m
340.6m
230.2m
228.0m
327969
327969
327969
327969
327969
327969
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327270
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8109282
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
PostMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
LateMineralPorphyry
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Geochem
Geochem
Geochem
U/Pb
TS
TS
TS
TS
TS
Probe/ts
TS
TS
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
290

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu458
Qu459
Qu460
Qu461
Qu462
Qu463
Qu464
Qu465
Qu466
Qu467
Qu468
Qu469
Qu470
Qu471
Qu472
Qu473
Qu474
Qu475
Qu476
Qu477
Qu478
Qu479
Qu480
Qu481
Qu482
Qu483
Qu484
Qu485
Qu486
Qu487
Qu488
Qu489
Qu490
Qu491
Qu492
Qu493
Qu494
Qu495
Qu496
Qu497
Qu498
Qu499
Qu500
Qu501
Qu502
Qu503
Qu504
Qu505
Qu506
Qu507
Qu508
Qu509
Qu510
Qu511
Qu512
Qu513
Qu514
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327538
327538
327538
327538
327538
327538
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327443
327443
327443
327443
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
327686
328117
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8109294
8109294
8109294
8109294
8109294
8109294
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8109151
8109151
8109151
8109151
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108131
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
IntermineralPorphyry
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.PorphyryandRegGrano
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
VeinChem
VeinChem
Geochem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
ReOs;Moly
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
291

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu515
Qu516
Qu517
Qu518
Qu519
Qu520
Qu521
Qu522
Qu523
Qu524
Qu525
Qu526
Qu527
Qu528
Qu529
Qu530
Qu531
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
328117
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327686
327686
327686
327686
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108131
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108700
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108841
Qu532
Qu533
Qu534
Qu535
Qu536
Qu537
Qu538
Qu539
Qu540
Qu541
Qu542
Qu543
Qu544
Qu545
Qu546
Qu547
Qu548
Qu549
Qu550
Qu551
Qu552
Qu566
Qu567
Qu568
Qu569
Qu570
Qu571
Qu580
Qu581
Qu582
Qu583
Qu584
Qu585
Qu586
Qu587
Qu588
Qu589
Qu590
Qu591
327686
327686
327686
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327827
327204
327204
327204
327204
327204
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327933
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
8108841
8108841
8108841
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8108417
8109015
8109015
8109015
8109015
8109015
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8108312
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Porphyryand
Monzodiorite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
E.Monzonite
IgneousBreccia
PebbleBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarliestPorphyry
EarlyPorphyry
HydrothermalBreccia
IgneousBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
U/Pborchem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
VeinChem
ThinSection
ThinSection
ArAr;TS
ThinSection
ArAr;TS
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
292

Sample
Location
Easting
Northing
Qu592
Qu593
Qu594
Qu595
Qu596
Qu597
Qu598
Qu599
Qu600
Qu601
Qu602
Qu603
Qu604
Qu605
Qu606
Qu607
Qu608
Qu609
Qu610
Qu611
Qu612
Qu613
Qu614
Qu615
Qu616
Qu617
Qu618
Qu619
Qu620
Qu621
Qu622
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327270
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
327113
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109282
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
8109607
RockType
SampleType
Purpose
?LateMineralPorphyry?
EarlyPorphyry
CrackleBreccia
IgneousBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
CrackleBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
Granodiorite
2IntermineralPorphyry
Granodiorite
Granodiorite
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
IgneousBreccia
HydrothermalBreccia
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
Drill Core
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
FLINCS
ts
ts
ReOs;Moly
ReOs;Moly
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
ts
293
Appendix 3: Geochemistry Analytical Methods

Collection, Crushing and Analytical Methods
One hundred and eighty eight samples were selected for major, trace and rare-earth
element geochemistry. The following is a breakdown of the sample distribution with respect to
rock type: 15 regional granodiorite, one Earliest Porphyry, 15 Early Porphyry, six Intermineral
Porphyry, four Monzodiorite Porphyry, 20 Late Porphyry, 12 Post Mineral Porphyry, 16
Chuntacalla Formation volcanic rocks, one Barrosso Group volcanic rocks, one Hauylillas
Formation volcanic rock, 21 Paralaque Formation volcanic rocks, 15 Huaracanne Formation
volcanic rocks, one Inogoyo Formation volcanic rock, eight Quellaveco Member volcanic rocks,
29 Alta Member volcanic rocks, seven Yarito Formation volcanic rocks, two Tinajones Formation
volcanic rocks, three gabbroic intrusive dykes and 11 rocks from Toquepala and Cuajone.
Samples are a combination of rocks from outcrop and drill core. Results of these data are
presented in Table 4-2 above. Analyses from rocks not directly in the vicinity of the Quellaveco
were not used in the thesis, including many older and younger volcanic rocks and rocks from
Toquepala and Cuajone.
Samples were prepared for processing by cutting away weathered edges and veins with
a diamond embedded saw and were sent to Acme Labs in Vancouver, Canada. The samples
were then crushed and pulverized to approximately 150 mesh in tungsten-carbide. Tantalum
contamination during tungsten-carbide crushing is problematic and therefore all samples
processed by this method likely have excess Ta. Thus all Ta values are viewed suspect and
were not used in geochemical analysis. In addition, because of the tungsten-carbide grinding
media, tungsten and cobalt may have been carried over to the samples. Typical ranges of
contamination for granite range between 30 and 300 ppm for tungsten and between 10 and 30
ppm for cobalt. The pulverized sample was then dried over night at 105C.
All samples were analyzed for major, trace and rare earth-element abundances. Major
elements were measured using the G4A Acme Labs method described as follows: A classical
whole-rock analysis for 11 major oxides and several minor elements by ICP emission
spectrometry following a lithium borate fusion and dilute acid digestion of a 0.2g sample pulp.
Package includes loss on ignition (LOI) by sintering at 1000C and Leco analysis for total carbon
and sulphur. Trace and rare-earth elements by Acme Labs analysis G4B as follows: incorporates
two separate ICP-MS analyses to optimize determination of a 45-element suite of trace
elements. Rare earths and refractory elements report from a lithium borate decomposition
294
(same as that used in Group 4A) to give total abundances. Precious metals, base metals and
their associated pathfinder elements are generated from an aqua regia digestion. Some
additional elements by method G1F as follows: ICP Mass Spectrometry analysis of 30g sample
after Aqua Regia digestion. Pt, Pd and Au by method 3BMS as follows: lead-collection fireassay fusion for total sample decomposition, digestion of the Ag dore bead and ICP-MS
analysis. Detection limits for major, trace and rare-earth elements are listed in Table A3-1.
Duplicates and Standards

Duplicates of samples were completed once every 30 samples while known reference
materials were supplied by Acme Labs as part of their internal QA/QC. Standards and duplicate
analysis passed the QA/QC standards of Acme labs. Examples of duplicate analysis are shown in
Figure A3-1, below.
295
Table A3-1: Detection limits for major, trace and rare-earth elements at Acme Labs.
Element
Mo
Cu
Pb
Zn
Ni #
Co
Mn
As
Cd
Sb
Bi
Cr
B#
Tl
Se
Te
Ge
In
Be
Li #
Ba
Ni
Sc
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Rb
Sn
Sr
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Y
La
Method
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
4A
4A
4A
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
Lower Limit
(ppm)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.5
1
0.02
0.1
0.02
0.1
0.02
0.1
0.1
5
10
1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
5
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
Upper Limit
(ppm)
2000
10000
10000
10000
10000
2000
10000
10000
2000
2000
2000
10000
2000
1000
100
1000
100
1000
1000
2000
50000
1000000
10000
10000
10000
10000
50000
10000
10000
50000
50000
10000
10000
10000
10000
50000
50000
50000
Element
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Element
Ag
Au
Hg
Re
Pd
Pt
Au
Pt
Pd
Element
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
Cr2O3
LOI
TOT/C
TOT/S
SUM
Method
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
4B
Method
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
1F
3BMS
3BMS
3BMS
Method
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
4A
Lower Limit
(ppm)
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
Upper Limit
(ppm)
50000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
Lower Limit
(ppb)
2
0.2
5
1
10
2
1
0.1
0.5
Upper Limit
(ppb)
100000
100000
100000
1000
100000
100000
10000
1000
1000
Lower Limit
(%)
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.002
0.1
0.01
0.01
-
Upper Limit
(%)
100
100
100
50
60
50
50
100
50
50
100
100
100
100
-
296
Figure A3-1: Duplicate analyses (selected elements)
Zr (ppm)
500
450
400
Duplicate
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Value
TiO2 (%)
0.8
0.7
Duplicate
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Value
297
Appendix 4: Veins Recorded to Cut Intrusive Contacts

Below are other vein types and mineral assemblages that were recorded to have crosscut the contacts between the two control (in terms of timing) units being observed, and thus
are from younger hydrothermal systems that have overprinted the hydrothermal system
associated with a specific porphyry intrusion. Figure 5-10 describes those veins that crosscut
the Late and Post Mineral Porphyry contact while observing the veins within the Late
Porphyries. These veins are associated with a younger hydrothermal pulse, most likely the Post
Mineral Porphyries.
Old Young
Table A4-1: Veins within Late and Post mineral porphyries (above 3400m)
#
1
2
Minerals
Drusy Qtz
QtzPy-MoCp
Selvage
None
None
3
4
Qtz-Py-v tr Cp
Qtz-Py-CpKfsCl
None
Discontinuous Kfs
Notes
Straight
straight; Py in voids; Mo concentrated on vein
edges
Straight
Straight

Figure 5-11 describes those veins that crosscut the Monzodiorite and Late Porphyry
contact while observing the veins within the Monzodiorite Porphyries. These veins are
associated with younger hydrothermal pulse/s.
Table A4-2: Veins within Monzodiorite and younger porphyries (various elevations)
#
Minerals
1
2
3
4
5
6
Drusy Qtz
PyQtz
PyQtzCp
Qtz>Py-Mo-ClCp
Py-QtzCp
Qtz>PyCl
1
2
3
4
Drusy Qtz
Qtz=Mo>Cp-Py
QtzPy-Cp
Qtz>Cp-Kfs
1
2
3
4
5
6
Drusy Qtz
QtzMoPyCp
PyQtz
Qtz-Cl-Py
Qtz-MoPy
QtzCp-Py
7
8
QtzPy-Bt
Qtz>Cl-PyCp
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
None
straight
None
straight
Qtz-Ser
wavy
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight
None
straight
None
straight
None
several Qtz growth stages
Kfs
wavy
<3000m elevation
None
straight
Kfs
straight
Qtz-Ser
straight
None
straight
Kfs
straight; sulphide concentrated on vn edge
Kfs
wavy; sulphide concentrated on vn edge; several
Qtz generations
Kfs
straight; Bt on vn edge; several Qtz generations
Kfs
wavy

298
Figure 5-12 describes those veins that crosscut the Intermineral and Monzodiorite
Porphyry contact while observing the veins within the Intermineral Porphyries. These veins are
associated with younger hydrothermal pulse/s.
Table A4-3: Veins within Intermineral and younger porphyries (various elevations)
#
Minerals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cp-Py>Qtz
Qtz-ClPy
Qtz>Cp-PyMo
Qtz>PyCp
Qtz>=Cp-Py>Mo
Qtz-PyCp
Qtz-Py
QtzCpPy
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Qtz-Py
Qtz>Py-Cl
Qtz-KfsCp
Cp-Py-Qtz
Bt=QtzPy-Cp
Bt-Cp-PyQtzKfs
Mag-Cp>Qtz-Py
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Drusy Qtz
Qtz-Py-Cp>MoCl
Qtz>Py-CpCl
Qtz>Py-CpCl
Qtz-Cl=Cp-Mo-Py
Qtz>Cp-PyCl
Qtz-Bt-Cp-Py
1
2
Drusy Qtz
QtzPy-CpMo
3
4
5
Qtz>Py-CpCl
QtzBtCpPy
Qtz>Mo-CpPy
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Qtz>ClPy
Cp>QtzPy
Qtz-Py-Cp
Qtz=Py-Cp-Cl
Qtz-Cp>Cl
Qtz-Cp-Mo>Cl
Qtz-Cp>Bt(Cl)
Bt=QtzCpPy
Bt-CpPyQtz
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
Qtz-Ser
straight; coarse crystalline Qtz; tr Az coating Qtz
None
wavy
None
straight; sulphide disseminated in Qtz
Qtz-Ser
straight; several generations Qtz
None
wavy
None
straight
None
straight; coarse Qtz coated with Mal
None
wavy; coarse crystalline Qtz; very tr sulphide
disseminated in Qtz
None
straight; coarse crystalline Qtz; discontinuous
None
straight
None
wavy
Qtz-Ser
Qtz-Bt
wavy
None
Wavy
None
wavy
None
straight
None
wavy
None
wavy; several generations Qtz
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
straight
Kfs
wavy
None
straight
<3000m elevation
None
straight
None
straight; Mo concentrated at vein edge; coarse
crystalline Qtz
None
wavy; several generations Qtz
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight; Mo on edge and within vein; coarse
crystalline Qtz
None
straight
None
wavy; discontinuous
None
straight
None
wavy; discontinuous
None
wavy
None
wavy
None
straight
None
wavy; diffuse
None
straight

299
Figure 5-13 describes those veins that crosscut the Early and Intermineral Porphyry
contact while observing the veins within the Early Porphyries. These veins are associated with
younger hydrothermal pulse/s.
Table A4-4: Veins within Early and younger porphyries (various elevations)
#
Minerals
1
2
Qtz
Qtz-Py-ClCp
3
4
QtzPyCp
Qtz>Kfs>Cp-Py-Mo
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
QtzCpMo
Qtz=Py-CpCl
Qtz>Py-Cp-Mo
Qtz-Cp-PyCl
Bt>QtzCpPy
Qtz>Cp-Py-Mo
Qtz-Bt>Cp-Py
Qtz>Cp-Mo
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Qtz-Cp>Py
Cl-Bt-Cp>Qtz
Qtz>Bt-Cp-Py-Cl
Qtz>=Py-Cp
Qtz-Kfs>Mo-Cp-Py
Py-QtzCp
Qtz-Cl>Cp-Py
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Qtz=Mo-Cp-Py
QtzBt-Cp-Py
Qtz>Mo-Py-Cp
Qtz>Py-Cp
Qtz>=Mo-Py-Cp
Py-Cp=Qtz
Qtz>Cp-Py>Cl
Qtz-Py>Cl-Cp
Qtz>Bt-Cp-ClPy
Qtz>BtCpPy
1
2
3
4
5
6
Qtz-Cp-Py-MoCl
Qtz>=Mo>CpPy
Qtz-Cp-Py
Py-Cp
Qtz=Cp-Py>Cl
Qtz-Cl>Cp-PyMo
7
8
9
10
11
12
Qtz>=Cp-Mo>Py
QtzCp-Py
Qtz>Mo-Cp
Qtz-Cl>Cp-PyBt
Qtz>BtCpPy
Mag-CpPy
Selvage
Notes
>3400m elevation
None
straight; drusy Qtz
Kfs
straight; interlocking Qtz; last stage of Qtz inward
growing in open space
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight; Mo on vn edge; Kfs center line; minor Cl
in selvage
Kfs
straight
Qtz-Ser
straight
Kfs
straight; sulphide on vn edge
None
wavy
Kfs
wavy
Discontinuous Kfs
wavy
Kfs
wavy
weak Qtz-Ser over wavy; coarse Qtz; sulphide on edge and within
Kfs
vein
Kfs
wavy; coarse Qtz; sulphide on vein edge
None
wavy
Kfs
straight
Qtz-Ser
wavy; coarse open space Qtz
Kfs
straight; Mo in vn and selvage
None
wavy; minor open space Qtz
None
wavy; grainy Qtz; Cl and sulphide form foliation in
vein
None
wavy
Kfs
straight; coarse Qtz; sulphide on vn edge
Kfs
Kfs>Cl
wavy
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
straight
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
straight
None
wavy; diffuse
Kfs
<3000m elevation
None
wavy; open space Qtz
Kfs
straight; Mo on edgein vn
None
wavy
None
straight
Qtz-Ser
wavy; Cp in vn and disseminated in selvage
Kfs
wavy; several Qtz generations; sulphide and Cl at
vein edge
Kfs
wavy
Kfs
straight
Kfs
straight; grainy Qtz; sulphide disseminated in vein
None
straight
Kfs
straight
None
straight; Mag-Cp net texture

300
Figure 5-14 describes those veins that crosscut the Earliest and Early Porphyry contact
while observing the veins within the Earliest Porphyries. These veins are associated with
younger hydrothermal pulse/s.
Table A4-5: Veins within Earliest and younger porphyries (above 3400m)
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Minerals
Qtz>CpBt
Qtz-Cp>Py
Cp-Py>Qtz
QtzPy
Qtz>Cp-PyMo
Qtz-BtPy-Cp
Bt-Qtz>PyCp
Qtz-Bt=Cp
Selvage
Qtz-Ser
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
None
Bt
None
Notes
straight
wavy; thin
straight
straight; weak centerline
wavy; coarse, open space Qtz
wavy
wavy; grainy Qtz

301
Appendix 5: Zircon Geochemistry Data

Below are the normalize data used in chapter 3, for the zircon geochemistry. All in ppm
unless as age or ratio.
Table A5-1: Zircon mineral chemistry data U-Pb routine
Spot
QU393-11
QU393-3
QU393-1
QU393-14
QU393-12
QU393-6
QU393-8
QU393-15
QU393-5
QU393-2
QU393-10
QU393-4
QU393-9
QU393-7
QU393-13
QU395-7
QU395-5
QU395-1
QU395-9
QU395-6
QU395-13
QU395-2
QU395-8
QU395-12
QU395-3
QU395-10
QU395-11
QU395-4
QU-283-3
QU283-11
QU283-12
QU-283-1
QU283-14
QU-283-5
QU283-10
QU283-6
QU-283-2
QU283-9
QU283-13
QU-283-4
QU283-8
QU283-7
QU242-1
QU242-9
QU242-8
QU242-2
QU242-12
QU242-5
QU242-15
QU242-13
QU242-14
QU242-3
QU242-6
QU242-4
QU242-7
QU242-10
QU242-11
QU335-8
QU335-6
QU335-7
QU335-4
QU335-2
QU335-3
QU335-5
QU335-1
QU335-9
QU335-10
6/38 age 8/32 age Th

U
La
Ce
Nd145
Nd146
Nd(tot)
47.28691 49.06997 270.74821 285.00216 0.06635 44.71092 1.08623
0.92190 2.00813
48.10031 53.82087
53.40657 140.44740 0.01295 21.13011 0.58516
0.36915 0.95430
49.23251 56.80708
79.68988 181.23267 0.01353 26.54761 0.49181
0.28499 0.77680
49.69270 59.44266 101.02092 238.70302 0.10737 28.36855 0.73108
0.51106 1.24214
51.81785 59.07952
51.27813 125.05130 0.01537 15.11992 0.61183
0.41101 1.02285
52.87315 55.68635 155.95233 228.76493 0.01373 25.95211 0.54930
0.31456 0.86386
54.03683 59.61353 107.48812 191.78258 0.01411 31.70197 0.82843
0.50582 1.33425
54.62750 60.04807 107.18939 170.47062 0.03621 29.87658 1.65849
1.27962 2.93811
56.09659 63.18371
70.49202 135.98737 0.10399 18.76383 0.88978
0.90561 1.79539
56.97344 58.57464 182.72998 280.56548 0.02087 33.02085 0.61124
0.39692 1.00816
56.97414 63.10225
92.88281 178.29107 0.01719 27.66439 1.08534
0.78841 1.87375
58.72820 61.60608
40.40985
61.70270 0.02521 14.38866 1.33735
1.21252 2.54988
60.53971 61.08062 193.45318 345.97217 0.02067 38.23942 1.36915
0.84216 2.21131
62.03125 68.10439
77.06684
87.35822 0.03036 13.22246 1.93842
1.68496 3.62338
65.81500 65.34186 187.75034 228.30138 0.02899 10.99699 1.31079
1.41179 2.72259
37.97868 52.01484
66.21849 175.06199 0.15933
9.77999 0.33848
0.23899 0.57746
49.18188 83.89578
19.84096
57.16345 0.01164
8.09181 0.52609
0.31996 0.84605
49.72599 67.92334
34.90089 117.83215 0.01168 10.19935 0.34644
0.05980 0.40624
52.16836 65.31833
63.19106 160.11677 3.74024 31.04969 2.71246
2.17780 4.89026
52.75846 62.50661 106.97490 147.77072 0.03532 18.88941 1.40255
1.30226 2.70481
53.23456 58.61621 173.35535 270.12114 0.03793 49.88729 2.40701
2.16287 4.56988
53.32334 71.99000
56.59520
98.13418 0.03509 16.09317 1.86310
1.58717 3.45027
53.83609 57.38602 323.84929 399.52470 7.16081 70.95926 3.84804
4.77319 8.62123
54.78255 65.14776 116.84149 216.82851 0.01910 33.87667 0.61373
0.47716 1.09089
56.52061 56.30447 304.73527 516.15990 0.02291 55.05877 0.81247
0.71034 1.52281
58.35580 59.82194
83.87812 175.41618 0.01407 31.70460 0.72485
0.50853 1.23338
58.63744 55.52984 223.10651 290.47732 0.02551 36.04759 0.67808
0.67138 1.34946
60.80721 87.97715
28.94993
40.73324 0.02409 12.71952 1.02051
0.89185 1.91237
52.36268 61.27867
53.41854 100.67723 0.01635 13.30250 0.63223
0.43771 1.06994
55.07235 58.40541 218.33557 288.43989 0.02175 34.31407 1.36009
1.34274 2.70282
55.87380 59.83114 101.37821 129.71934 0.03902 17.57416 1.44498
1.49470 2.93968
55.89130 61.17026 113.43941 129.86109 0.03979 15.52049 2.78302
2.47476 5.25778
56.98669 65.98749
82.69178 120.84901 0.02666 16.23179 0.94046
0.97584 1.91630
57.57398 68.56339
48.38341
87.38037 0.01428 13.64093 0.80044
0.61445 1.41489
57.82354 62.39642
62.38397 100.79063 0.01470 13.14508 1.05686
0.94858 2.00544
59.46074 65.06463 175.04207 183.32632 0.02799 24.78541 3.15358
3.01189 6.16547
60.46735 71.70243
51.91440
92.39749 0.01071 14.43107 0.64311
0.51537 1.15848
60.60766 73.05813
50.32037
94.78396 0.01284 13.99757 0.44412
0.28415 0.72827
60.71470 68.90323
79.00482 114.10632 0.01064 13.74292 0.84811
0.82304 1.67115
61.86154 62.58472 770.80828 486.97102 0.25750 116.3811 14.69239 16.94436 31.63675
0
62.28067 83.34298
33.82859
73.71547 0.01572 12.24307 0.36822
0.17318 0.54140
66.15496 64.92946 204.39619 197.37508 0.05512 24.49413 2.47080
2.99758 5.46838
50.20312 65.92644
39.15689
88.37386 0.01124 22.35485 0.68928
0.62027 1.30955
50.75880 54.18225 198.90712 232.03603 0.02060 43.20280 0.79994
0.76683 1.56677
51.29163 62.98740
51.20116 127.20685 0.03132 17.17608 0.47105
0.32910 0.80015
52.26825 71.54468
43.09978
95.63198 0.05887 12.68002 0.31873
0.23254 0.55127
54.97619 60.96880 102.80183 208.58682 0.02378 23.08746 0.67355
0.58711 1.26066
55.10873 56.25465 249.61884 305.41008 0.01140 36.04326 0.56210
0.47882 1.04091
55.24655 57.17570 143.49942 194.11374 0.76304 27.09719 1.14517
1.19668 2.34184
55.56901 64.50303
46.35275 103.18354 0.01603 20.94058 0.72603
0.45385 1.17989
55.70329 61.77971 162.05223 251.70865 0.05604 39.01474 0.71279
0.56404 1.27683
55.84450 59.73913 237.86091 288.99962 0.04048 34.01830 0.69209
0.58824 1.28033
56.84833 59.33505 101.80386 176.97937 1.86182 23.38170 1.42980
1.30336 2.73316
56.98805 58.24391 102.04188 182.94943 0.21440 26.39980 0.82205
0.71598 1.53803
57.67667 66.39083
88.76108 186.22780 0.15390 22.57442 0.98160
0.73627 1.71786
58.83209 65.19707 133.32583 196.02508 0.02131 29.27855 1.03702
0.86966 1.90668
59.13479 61.81238 228.22773 252.18350 0.08168 36.24386 3.56664
3.36235 6.92899
52.07171 57.54598
95.59404 192.92935 0.00886 18.38592 0.40983
0.25607 0.66589
53.92877 73.96413
40.03265
87.53711 0.01047 12.36389 0.38634
0.30961 0.69595
55.24698 57.82959 114.04430 129.14794 0.03353 17.58703 2.24468
2.46686 4.71154
55.28496 66.27802
59.64922 106.01669 0.24383 16.34151 0.70695
0.53666 1.24361
55.40584 65.42852
62.90015 158.18938 0.01201 21.93441 0.43055
0.29582 0.72637
55.66897 60.23026
47.89499 147.92389 0.01004 10.37175 0.31412
0.13263 0.44676
58.97406 65.89495 136.52597 155.18002 0.02927 20.57832 2.12275
2.28655 4.40930
66.06130 100.76131
68.06399 113.67026 0.27714 15.63276 0.65076
0.70105 1.35182
59.38451 71.50280
23.96268
48.32321 0.01271
8.77171 0.30971
0.20127 0.51097
101.1893 83.45390 223.46451 1005.38775 8.15660 31.14097 6.73494
6.04690 12.78184
Sm
3.15364
1.46861
1.19276
2.14887
1.48619
1.32080
1.73330
3.49932
2.31501
1.53855
2.41082
3.28581
3.34166
3.39878
3.67016
0.53395
0.98829
0.25919
3.09828
3.06171
6.19962
3.59499
6.82951
1.75898
3.39964
2.13716
2.59409
2.39028
1.28262
3.74385
3.78728
4.81138
2.57484
1.79182
2.35271
6.50170
1.55699
0.95222
1.88516
30.2938
6
0.63510
6.99854
1.87647
2.82971
1.28576
0.76618
1.97761
1.65385
2.62194
1.50754
2.04300
1.89998
2.16393
2.32471
2.04855
2.72121
7.92773
0.87542
1.07503
5.02789
1.64234
1.08069
0.51454
5.21331
1.75394
0.61815
4.78104
302
Spot
QU335-11
QU335-12
QU335-13
QU335-14
QU362-1
QU362-2
QU362-3
QU362-4
QU362-5
QU362-6
QU362-7
QU362-8
QU362-9
QU362-10
QU362-11
QU362-12
QU362-13
QU362-14
6/38 age 8/32 age Th

U
La
Ce
Nd145
Nd146
Nd(tot)
3
57.12945 59.75221 149.44221 246.60635 0.00856 24.83350 0.51289
0.37787 0.89076
57.69738 62.74285
57.59889
87.26399 0.01477 11.97970 0.81911
1.04946 1.86857
55.70508 65.50152
33.73028
76.36473 0.01074
9.64395 0.36034
0.17711 0.53746
53.58693 56.55844 217.14188 240.63828 0.08551 43.82274 7.81558
4.45744 12.27302
51.93162 60.63675
55.45603 126.31651 0.03435 23.10008 0.54715
0.39977 0.94692
53.17069 64.36021 143.65579 242.54174 0.01638 42.35506 0.86355
0.74180 1.60536
56.99034 76.50440
51.38076 128.07991 0.05115 13.54592 0.48481
0.38706 0.87187
58.40370 61.87477 101.83521 191.41690 0.01533 32.52455 0.95790
0.85273 1.81063
55.82431 71.95704 114.49993 181.65207 7.42023 36.82880 5.73885
5.76270 11.50156
59.76535 65.94781 100.99766 224.13752 0.01924 44.30355 0.66614
0.64060 1.30674
52.81676 64.86840 180.48062 257.95274 0.05570 45.63110 2.69684
2.71338 5.41022
52.06724 56.58659 179.95378 251.64012 0.01999 34.55221 0.75057
0.56935 1.31992
54.82924 60.15051 145.88801 239.97681 0.02204 38.77531 0.66618
0.52258 1.18875
56.96697 61.49573 223.08028 379.01642 0.01741 55.59119 0.70908
0.62396 1.33304
58.80614 62.68035 197.01057 194.09395 0.01982 31.10792 0.84958
0.98870 1.83828
52.27083 58.95422
74.40948 114.52099 0.04351 17.48115 0.71347
0.62008 1.33355
58.95448 61.18260 247.62015 321.02966 0.01215 38.62411 0.67742
0.54825 1.22567
52.83035 55.49815 330.27820 302.46057 0.06853 57.69302 3.46123
3.57566 7.03689
QU362-15
QU327-1
QU327-2
QU327-3
QU327-4
55.64791 108.37058
56.02862 75.15082
61.97728 86.87779
55.53816 69.05007
54.03286 74.58961
23.93759
49.80181
59.89720
69.30622
82.49551
87.73273
131.51280
150.84117
151.97769
160.54779
QU327-5
QU327-6
QU327-7
QU327-8
QU327-9
QU327-10
QU327-11
QU327-12
QU008-1
QU008-2
QU008-3
QU008-4
QU008-5
QU008-6
QU008-7
QU008-8
QU008-9
55.52526 60.81115
53.65636 66.11462
55.10388 82.09580
59.35779 57.94668
54.72780 61.75468
58.17155 105.99937
57.69830 73.64751
51.65861 73.73765
63.94415 91.49096
59.61239 83.07144
62.02332 86.44584
67.31291 171.57841
65.58101 129.22701
60.64170 93.56101
58.87096 72.17186
58.03962 72.59310
59.46271 73.56870
140.41882
117.95817
48.87004
556.91271
70.38975
79.73511
59.00922
75.08313
27.30474
64.89304
41.99750
12.43704
20.35192
38.68919
85.16054
68.90120
133.28333
195.78118
200.17534
97.38253
664.88553
146.42822
142.75946
124.64479
140.81947
47.86311
92.23505
64.22420
30.56114
40.08992
64.42307
119.45759
100.25428
126.44280
QU008-10
QU008-11
QU008-12
58.35675
56.94524
60.41485
68.41328
71.68300
59.48281
QU008-13
QU396-1
QU396-2
QU396-3
63.66970
62.28997
55.86657
61.87869
79.34415
88.87300
81.03945
64.95249
QU396-4
QU396-5
QU396-6
QU396-7
QU396-8
QU396-9
QU396-10
QU396-11
QU396-12
QU084-1
QU084-2
QU084-3
QU084-4
QU084-5
QU084-6
60.76002 87.21306
59.42026 70.32646
60.11992 74.84527
62.35185 97.26803
45.98000 67.39062
59.62487 66.58587
56.78431 64.67551
58.03456 79.09845
56.70150 66.40396
70.56706 73.75406
79.10142 96.29221
77.98287 81.08028
70.57621 75.65432
72.44550 71.18493
64.79531 69.176220
9
75.60319 81.605446
4
6
55.88532 59.557366
30
8
58.79652 68.198313
65
0
59.12934 65.098056
96
5
63.23797 65.796913
QU084-7
QU380-1
QU380-2
QU380-3
QU380-4
0.02117
0.02283
0.02007
0.01863
16.9446
4
0.02612
0.04263
0.02108
0.01732
0.05710
0.88494
0.02593
0.01800
0.01398
3.26538
3.09700
0.02028
0.03038
0.77936
0.09005
0.98846
0.12790
8.70601
17.10704
23.33861
19.45094
45.39093
0.32774
0.50026
0.49920
0.63791
5.81985
0.10895 0.43669
0.38587 0.88613
0.29948 0.79867
0.49430 1.13221
6.84921 12.66906
30.23259
34.72395
14.59304
68.78270
22.69582
22.45630
16.91727
22.54864
12.79687
23.66054
18.90058
7.32823
9.47494
18.17643
24.04913
24.02136
46.16771
1.83222
0.59477
0.99993
1.04956
0.58901
0.96015
1.10591
1.49552
0.48116
2.24909
2.00988
0.26331
0.42794
0.94529
0.89490
0.99667
4.56722
2.37831
0.62087
0.75372
0.90518
0.52048
0.68724
0.94334
1.40300
0.35077
1.92520
1.39724
0.13129
0.21116
0.76104
0.75242
1.25916
4.76303
4.21053
1.21565
1.75365
1.95474
1.10949
1.64739
2.04925
2.89852
0.83193
4.17429
3.40712
0.39460
0.63910
1.70633
1.64732
2.25583
9.33025
124.30919
56.83563
473.53843
159.40781 0.08045 30.93611

75.97715 0.08564 21.06239
305.88094 0.04764 76.35344
0.86522
0.65800
4.63226
0.75969
0.60933
4.55611
1.62491
1.26733
9.18836
71.54669
40.47426
35.72451
553.80197
116.53242
72.56008
85.27138
448.10806
1.30347
0.46472
1.49947
5.64229
1.39241 2.69587
0.38807 0.85279
1.45140 2.95087
8.33164 13.97394
1.61718
0.01926
0.02892
0.25710
42.53455
72.09890 0.01760
96.13510 141.66927 0.60514
83.69092 153.01368 0.00674
66.06866 118.71480 0.18884
55.33853 102.42715 0.09320
121.74649 204.36055 0.03038
125.40869 173.10603 0.04622
136.68405 148.67036 4.20073
114.63847 136.35116 0.03527
166.24978 636.73282 0.08009
78.66978 205.74925 0.44179
300.85024 817.67743 0.02131
349.19752 574.59530 0.01264
434.13670 1009.90654 0.02705
262.184867 1114.74574 0.05402
8
177.087247 196.296887 0.02134
6
85.6027427 97.4947341 0.0159
6
85.3676278 93.9093374 0.01093
4
68.711889 79.6228028 0.01192
6
127.178783 131.322486 0.01752
24.61497
10.59328
12.60282
71.42001
12.31665 0.46058
0.44638 0.90696
24.98066 1.40813
1.23681 2.64494
19.28227 0.60050
0.55057 1.15107
17.04896 1.03806
0.77400 1.81206
12.42152 0.66735
0.52863 1.19598
31.93561 2.02566
1.73535 3.76101
23.75680 1.44301
1.34676 2.78977
27.08660 2.42585
2.61626 5.04211
18.06191 1.49529
1.27401 2.76930
12.23139 0.39305
0.38815 0.78120
7.79812 2.01625
2.03739 4.05364
15.77567 0.74471
0.51018 1.25489
25.35982 0.80566
0.65244 1.45810
20.60555 0.39240
0.35639 0.74879
10.79249 0.821971 0.593012 1.41498
3
9
21.53398 0.653302
0.73296 1.38626
1
12.73821
2.18528
5
14.45226
1.266122
5
11.37135
1.535568
6
15.32893
2.185237
Sm
1.32773
2.58893
0.61800
9.11155
1.44475
2.91026
0.99063
2.83556
5.85761
2.54454
6.19914
2.01572
2.13953
2.93411
3.02042
1.79638
2.00396
10.7374
4
0.47385
1.35833
1.20360
1.61610
3.82714
5.25319
2.28045
2.03760
3.41126
1.70482
1.80045
2.57906
3.58668
1.17296
2.61746
1.80236
0.39266
0.68935
1.76381
2.24497
2.80672
10.7263
1
2.60682
2.00028
15.5174
5
2.75397
1.03458
2.91154
18.1456
7
1.35959
3.15613
1.98326
2.18138
1.42268
5.95491
3.46878
3.72683
2.94916
1.70129
5.52012
2.35835
2.52553
1.70293
3.07227
2
2.17138
4
4.10899
8
3.67480
1
2.97056
2
4.18553
303
Spot
QU380-5
QU380-6
QU380-7
QU380-8
QU380-9
QU380-10
QU380-11
QU380-12
QU380-13
QU380-14
QU380-15
QU380-16
QU381-1
QU381-2
QU381-3
QU381-4
QU381-5
QU381-6
QU381-7
QU381-8
QU381-9
QU381-10
QU381-11
QU381-12
QU381-13
QU381-14
QU384-4
QU384-11
QU384-1
QU384-12
QU384-5
QU384-7
QU384-6
QU384-14
QU384-10
QU384-9
QU384-3
QU384-8
QU384-2
6/38 age
27
57.40638
81
56.27586
61
57.00549
25
52.51030
52
55.96964
37
60.01929
87
59.33400
34
55.67280
92
52.80739
01
59.07155
14
60.14972
82
61.25699
80
59.87839
35
60.21154
20
60.13325
58
61.27301
64
59.40322
89
61.61845
23
62.77710
86
61.71708
82
59.79640
50
62.42773
45
59.04584
87
59.74459
49
58.06321
51
57.95973
96
58.82117
7
60.69625
9
63.84827
5
64.26960
4
66.40920
3
67.41637
8
67.83325
4
68.03939
4
68.25674
6
68.77664
7
70.75050
6
71.62364
8/32 age
3
60.574260
5
56.656971
6
59.398636
7
54.708065
9
63.055429
7
61.369047
8
59.105039
0
68.451452
6
53.737395
0
67.666454
4
62.870020
8
64.328060
4
59.144637
6
60.091861
4
70.548925
8
57.914259
5
60.887728
2
61.418384
9
66.922864
6
63.257090
0
61.489542
0
67.414999
7
59.604323
2
62.414338
0
60.517888
3
55.456982
2
60.707169
1
63.429745
5
79.529978
4
63.876779
5
67.389043
9
71.564704
8
68.244755
7
71.266782
1
67.645979
7
65.890936
6
75.380962
8
76.059542
4
72.74043 70.738158
9
1
Th
41.2771037
78.5762923
40.7912169
54.8507441
107.282416
102.608694
199.503901
41.258614
105.763463
29.9561925
79.457581
99.4417985
67.4827152
60.8699174
19.6199191
99.5880051
103.907023
63.7335661
61.3478687
61.5385665
115.307241
113.737885
85.9212746
129.892662
94.9710912
74.7556222
215.50982
199.900694
243.181935
2461.6809
145.711316
U
4
59.0964954
7
86.2199921
4
62.3022954
4
72.2158745
7
108.722487
La
Ce
0.00671 10.47906
0.01053 13.08651
3
0.00402 9.939703
3
0.00824 10.78025
3
0.01281 14.04412
6
102.870508 0.0174 14.09406
3
193.697112 0.0423 16.76874
7
8
69.7594222 0.00692 11.73732
9
3
122.777663 0.01688 14.16665
1
2
53.5324125 0.00206 8.550559
6
5
82.8394381 0.01125 12.65492
1
2
110.317968 0.0179 14.38169
1
8
96.1648790 0.00753 14.18584
7
82.2438087 0.01119 10.93887
3
2
37.0917000 0.00459
6.18823
1
157.749789 0.04216 13.35668
5
5
108.339624 0.00728 14.77445
8
6
139.606397 0.00763 11.68449
5
5
94.2464169 0.00603 14.02889
5
2
85.8790447 0.00577 11.93769
1
132.654407 0.03673 14.56455
7
121.065367 0.01687 16.57629
3
9
91.2460801 0.01719 13.80848
1
7
139.580063 0.02692 13.35998
9
1
163.092898 0.00877 16.39386
7
3
82.6608667 0.00407 12.10664
4
9
279.133964 0.03606 18.96782
8
1
341.249403 1.12724 18.42977
6
8
300.881522 266.082 385.0395
6
3
2039.35652 0.1471 116.0881
5
291.503477 0.00716 19.63405
219.565609 368.989242 0.00576 19.90278

3
348.245803 565.200725 0.20046 37.99283
6
98.0405224 189.393662 2.64745 22.49150
3
5
418.676274 576.134023 23.8065 50.19393
3
5
270.519324 428.646711 2.68076 31.58283
1
4
301.294317 420.323629 5.61104 28.62429
4
2
35.9442416 75.0180397 0.00172 5.969910
7
594.656762 653.425696 0.02939 31.99639
1
8
Nd145
Nd146
Nd(tot)
Sm
9
0.489066 1.37471
1.578599 3.82665
9
0.455656 1.24461
6
1.164551 2.65109
1
2.271714 4.69238
6
2.028289 4.65148
3.299657 6.45020
5
0.226415 0.70254
4
1.663522
3.5599
0.34076 0.91265
8
1.353504 3.61046
6
2.044268 3.79285
5
0.523053 1.54645
2
0.763858 1.94851
1
0.221611 0.61948
7
2.073082 3.64685
4
1.399165 3.68059
5
0.961222 2.11110
8
0.350171 0.96336
6
0.51306 1.45125
2.940324 5.15122
2
2.255438 4.80046
2
1.033489 2.80428
9
2.502806 4.68660
5
1.007007 2.50108
2
1.053848 2.88412
2.366482 4.62985
6
0.687277 0.90503
5
95.36366 18.2348
7
2.243212 6.16958
0.293775 0.89784
6
0.260014 0.80908
4
0.704149 1.56954
4
1.316243 0.82917
7
7.913784 2.40340
1
1.340837 1.32975
3
2.094687 1.48514
2
0.095335 0.29911
9
0.671847 1.87662
4
304
Spot
QU384-13
QU409-9
QU409-11
QU409-1
QU409-4
QU409-2
QU409-3
QU409-5
QU409-8
QU409-6
QU409-7
QU409-10
QU383-1
QU383-2
QU383-3
QU383-4
QU383-5
QU383-6
QU383-7
QU383-8
QU168-1
QU168-2
QU168-3
QU168-4
QU168-5
QU168-6
QU168-7
QU168-8
QU168-9
QU168-10
QU168-11
QU168-12
QU168-13
QU168-14
QU210-1
QU210-2
QU210-3
QU210-4
QU210-5
QU210-6
6/38 age
640.9402
5
63.94374
9
64.95378
6
65.06417
7
66.74918
7
68.35149
5
69.27423
1
69.64009
1
69.74008
2
70.86871
5
73.00123
3
84.16565
7
79.33896
7
73.93912
5
0.371001
6
66.82032
9
68.69165
4
90.28736
9
69.91237
1
74.48714
8
63.41603
4
56.52238
5
60.56120
1
55.98671
1
56.65262
9
51.58717
8/32 age
679.88681
9
68.721042
7
69.216813
8
67.567433
7
65.111228
8
69.732505
2
65.865072
2
71.958917
1
70.658925
1
70.758606
4
71.536010
3
177.84602
5
77.100862
3
74.500448
3
1.0538509
7
68.309265
3
69.662009
4
77.827348
Th
U
10.8162892 60.1816512
6
208.692236 369.985671
5
169.948355 381.570983
7
260.492554 377.020234
6
157.321261 254.092904
3
274.585386 577.745626
8
240.565551 553.638977
6
398.043836 603.849613
6
1775.99044 911.661438
5
516.623622 579.340044
87.960787
2
62.225822
3
62.537991
6
58.717607
3
54.720712
45.6767731
74.90365
8
56.05037
1
51.98552
9
51.34101
4
45.26079
9
59.40999
9
54.90460
4
46.91993
4
42.94036
9
48.29530
4
54.12496
1
55.65844
2
53.68766
5
56.69746
71.968881
6
60.438830
9
52.336529
1
55.727816
322.990314
49.061663
4
59.331134
5
59.361041
4
49.904666
6
48.468546
5
52.319909
4
56.075218
294.227199
583.770318
351.777388
372.424528
175.500861
186.162793
190.667827
1604.45342
657.90386
69.612576 816.21562
3
72.402429 1657.70075
2
68.454264 243.493788
134.951096
135.450063
63.0997536
81.5454567
38.4822003
275.182127
178.141045
105.738904
188.93043
139.323241
168.527261
67.4062146
104.079584
62.691297 41.0888265
4
58.268413 234.580959
4
59.972934 34.4755653
La
Ce
Nd145
0.01023 1.035057
1
1.52335 26.24427
2
0.12834 23.24048
0.036 23.79449
0.01581 24.12170
1
0.00692 34.11947
3
0.01185 31.93942
8
0.24606 39.18527
8
0.90406 198.4051
7
0.97433 38.93011
6
666.421254 0.05156 55.20108
2
448.354064 7.06099 56.44876
5
820.014579 0.05165 19.32479
4
1
304.805171 0.00924 24.33358
6
5
283.237766 0.00824 40.05948
6
8
766.387266 0.01666 5.980941
7
4
1142.96562 0.01601 66.49640
4
2
707.790581 0.01556 45.19287
8
9
2477.44238 0.07929 56.25148
8
9
3840.87024 0.04718 20.42090
2
3
285.785431 0.05183 13.97722
7
3
98.5021973 0.11224 14.23395
2
173.968103 0.02375 27.11467
7
259.997195 0.01076 47.65149
6
3
170.539733 0.00651 34.96131
2
150.899432 0.10785 23.42412
8
6
530.522990 0.20664 45.41254
6
1
150.601007 0.00673 8.563459
4
4
293.562946 0.00566 37.65157
9
7
244.798558 0.01514 37.71418
2
5
233.653373 3.64296 45.76588
4
214.288392 0.03797 30.70289
8
5
230.880760 0.18343 31.18126
5
185.412804 0.02027 28.69853
2
2
271.319737 0.00439 55.52187
9
8
121.708635 0.21341 21.67301
5
5
214.369050 0.0096 41.84220
6
1
113.235176 0.01027 12.79356
9
1
286.762651 0.00603 37.18769
3
121.826538 0.00612 9.562462
Nd146
Nd(tot) Sm
0.355507 0.94425
6
1.257067 1.88492
9
0.409241 1.12074
3
1.773029 4.21242
8
0.554106 1.55449
9
0.559603 1.88772
7
0.532473 1.39172
6
1.761338
4.0388
37.91053 53.8619
3
1.918344 3.54065
1
3.691894 7.57713
3
3.213817 2.81842
4
0.747318 2.04265
8
0.872553 2.21127
5
0.610556 1.67480
2
0.229059 1.59125
1
1.366718 7.75297
9
1.23566 5.15739
1
1.335796 8.80416
9
1.288222 9.00574
8
2.9139 5.23698
8
0.420352 1.02963
9
1.274511 3.45628
9
0.591162 2.21797
7
0.456638 1.47053
1
0.604205 1.74146
2
0.93051 2.48023
6
0.068081 0.21071
0.691225 2.02130
7
1.105468 2.88448
2
3.50989 6.13758
8
1.002775 2.51261
5
1.835058 5.17544
1
0.809424 2.17297
4
0.892743 3.57624
6
0.558116 1.26564
6
0.460977 1.70772
9
0.153587 0.50758
6
0.528876 1.61888
2
0.073116 0.33372
305
Spot
QU210-15
6/38 age
4
52.16220
5
54.08981
8
56.34720
7
56.88659
3
49.17355
5
52.26573
6
53.39118
1
46.22689
5
49.58471
QU210-16
52.84512
QU394-1
48.19917
5
54.94569
3
61.95196
1
56.86249
9
49.22011
8
53.84524
9
53.05862
QU210-7
QU210-8
QU210-9
QU210-10
QU210-11
QU210-12
QU210-13
QU210-14
QU394-2
QU394-3
QU394-4
QU394-5
QU394-6
QU394-7
QU394-8
QU394-9
QU394-10
QU394-11
QU394-12
QU382-1
QU382-3
QU382-2
QU382-4
QU382-5
QU382-6
QU382-7
QU382-8
QU382-9
QU382-10
QU382-11
QU382-12
QU382-13
QU411-1
QU411-2
QU411-3
QU411-4
51.66135
3
56.12861
6
51.27323
9
49.98272
6
55.65358
6
68.72836
2
69.36999
9
67.98036
2
69.15354
2
70.09066
4
72.99613
2
68.96478
7
66.29977
7
69.46363
1
75.76074
9
67.67249
8
70.09173
7
73.79658
8/32 age Th
U
4
3
53.031825
113.5772 237.408999
2
56.410989 80.1655523 136.179757
2
3
55.334270 87.6534154 158.591600
9
1
57.570407 213.188069 307.193609
6
52.560239 299.721497 357.559127
9
57.762943 219.335035 310.973820
9
5
52.586428 162.56507 259.11496
9
58.257690 73.4470382 130.452979
3
9
53.104354 48.1658946 116.892759
8
55.532200 712.401948 630.035848
8
5
50.394744 110.158458 180.025568
9
8
57.610604 149.32722 256.969439
5
9
61.653608 507.214215 677.889479
4
5
59.291819 202.005832 264.332778
8
9
58.378925 440.255096 387.453311
4
3
57.885534 297.412613 438.706435
3
4
55.123483 328.881502 339.426204
8
1
58.403512 127.947834 178.859625
3
9
58.716803 116.008931 208.984176
6
1
57.382193 121.059065 222.935928
5
4
51.288594 190.691823 201.496948
60.650632
2
77.050591
6
75.866734
9
71.347297
73.771479
8
67.152603
2
74.931572
71.724805
5
67.802212
2
71.624998
2
78.125591
3
68.917766
1
73.631862
1
79.947708
3
71.37647 64.207366
1
9
71.95350 73.782749
1
75.51104 95.802501
7
3
76.11493 78.843998
5
La
0.0049
0.47038
0.00742
0.0105
0.59637
0.00788
Ce
4
47.58035
3
17.54413
1
21.20063
8
44.95875
2
45.94698
4
48.40493
0.18426 42.60477
0.02274 19.49161
3
0.00758 14.29430
1
0.03768 124.2348
7
0.00909 24.59626
7
0.70773 53.24726
4
0.00421 44.03599
6
0.00499 39.00461
1
0.76731 52.31706
5
2.9828 47.32402
8
0.00474 40.15982
2
0.13177 26.38905
7
0.03665 31.66208
8
0.01164 35.26495
1
0.09159 40.70348
35.6062193 95.9605083 0.00623 13.99363

3
4
85.7561563 159.104203 0.01442 8.875324
1
1152.46212 801.911563 0.0195 34.95513
1
8
167.155502 199.780316 0.0446 11.82438
7
158.425549 288.391980 0.00687 16.31207
3
3
4675.67339 3451.12085 18.771 143.7097
6
4
241.604805 322.704319 0.01477 27.29756
5
6
120.436597 226.804812 0.01775 12.30972
1
3
405.206297 655.925828 0.05572 33.80191
8
8
346.808193 291.391004 0.09154 20.24898
6
8
384.544268 446.830211 0.04133 52.58744
3
3
854.088571 651.903300 0.14923 38.31600
5
5
1108.51324 1007.57686 0.02455 70.45726
2
2
315.717092 619.436696 0.26779 47.25000
2
8
200.114345 229.381616 0.01589 17.87360
2
5
689.758065 519.562309 0.08644 50.38401
1
2
2575.30304 1925.04718 1.58706 60.70003
9
6
131.395068 233.885777 0.01013 14.35146
7
6
Nd145
Nd146
Nd(tot)
Sm
1
0.542185 1.90882
6
0.566577 0.96631
8
0.566796 1.37002
8
0.982274 3.15729
1
1.124972 2.50882
7
0.69853 2.29883
9
1.024742 2.41377
3
1.397498 2.68860
8
0.441552 1.11794
4
4.634055 18.6126
1
0.467759 1.41145
3
1.076697 2.65629
4
0.647208 2.09311
4
0.621404 1.96399
3
3.108796 5.92088
1
1.970188 2.36243
4
0.607967 1.73353
1
1.720753 3.65226
1
0.906152 2.37577
8
0.805282 2.49965
5.558694 10.4829
2
0.27753 1.02415
2
0.646025 1.47879
3
1.499331 4.12969
1
2.450685 5.11661
6
0.530451 1.51254
17.86414 15.2267
8
0.726163 2.14584
5
0.42146 1.31300
5
0.587384 1.63103
4
3.597099 6.96523
1
2.364579 5.61830
2
6.650672 13.7227
3
1.693485 4.35055
0.632277 1.71975
5
0.40124 1.07424
9
4.45194
7.6933
4.225812 4.40881
7
0.601386
1.3813
306
Spot
QU411-5
QU411-6
QU411-7
QU411-8
QU411-9
QU411-10
QU411-11
QU411-12
QU411-13
QU411-14
QU411-15
QU411-16
QU411-17
QU371-1
QU371-2
QU371-3
QU371-4
QU371-5
QU371-6
QU371-7
QU371-8
QU371-9
QU371-10\
QU371-11
QU371-12
QU371-13
QU371-14
QU410-1
QU410-2
QU410-3
QU410-4
QU410-5
QU410-6
QU410-7
QU410-8
QU410-9
QU410-10
QU410-11
QU410-12
QU410-13
6/38 age
1834.657
9
76.25876
7
65.50583
9
72.82386
7
71.67002
8/32 age
1676.3424
3
76.879415
3
68.563001
4
75.678602
3
77.226798
74.96946 76.399363
4
74.03499 83.632666
4
4
72.22474 74.294991
2
4
75.40018 77.148852
6
4
77.67988 78.529275
1
6
64.29015 69.973441
4
9
69.03851 69.593090
5
6
73.52540 77.465222
9
3
71.5882 73.840715
3
72.25973 71.796721
6
6
76.61262 76.236589
4
8
79.38148 80.469906
2
70.18404 75.498221
9
5
71.47491 71.988520
1
6
71.92282 78.448557
5
8
68.16194 72.740809
8
4
73.49929 76.502386
3
4
63.80924 69.018252
6
5
73.63129 76.627839
8
2
73.10207 77.839116
6
9
69.24025 68.255504
2
4
68.71409 70.129849
5
4
1.002334 9.6667791
6
1
79.05000 82.156848
9
4
78.72987 79.798024
5
2
72.25208 79.035161
7
79.09774 78.784061
5
999.3657 1065.7018
9
67.77769 75.271381
5
9
75.15487 84.777188
2
7
65.52634
71.0663
7
262.4598 358.42675
3
9
67.36860 74.658539
2
1
72.54773 87.917973
1
1
73.17817 75.240706
Th
U
La
Ce
Nd145
94.2602706 219.012348 0.99361 27.71113
4
307.612078 427.482686 0.03658 31.52725
9
4
424.932434 532.836024 0.00922 25.36226
9
3
510.592984 590.527628 5.63023 58.30959
8
754.850731 931.690953 0.34512 40.55752
8
5
177.552832 348.666509 0.00544 20.45419
1
4
73.7676006 100.413583 0.01379 11.03585
5
9
202.085362 325.113181 0.00934 26.49260
9
1
93.2623964 110.659416 0.04401 7.596908
7
2
507.986308 878.693101 0.00253 59.23205
3
3
310.892944 315.813087 0.04044 5.459229
6
64.4598996 102.786596 0.00953 4.201089
4
7
445.86145 596.344862 13.2485 77.06094
3
4
304.927108 582.005567 0.01225 37.36265
5
2
118.488222 236.692871 0.00739 10.21418
2
5
1202.65585 898.995829 0.15142 77.34396
9
2
496.253321 838.846933 0.03514 46.58773
5
256.75624 485.366880 14.7786 40.49513
4
593.925623 834.318694 0.03383 51.80184
4
2
535.477735 829.183905 0.0718 36.55536
7
7
483.459552 564.688214 0.01337 43.16101
3
1
194.651827 422.616461 0.37601 26.71927
1
291.406734 493.077750 0.00882 36.13554
3
4
348.206124 677.000297 0.01499 39.66870
1
3
187.942545 389.177372 0.00612 14.72925
1
3
257.23739 437.314139 0.01409 30.08738
4
3
436.728864 663.338338 2.80634 45.14718
6
8
72.2875327 119.434717 0.07417 23.23080
6
7
1717.35321 2563.58177 0.01199 49.29620
5
5
1706.68369 1229.16467 0.26534 106.7707
3
2107.38217 1780.55863 5.0654 91.29393
8
9
1118.28965 1718.81955 0.01517 30.98420
5
9
12.0797999 19.1427866 0.11743 18.88388
2
6
123.171601 163.564974 0.03414 16.76554
7
4
52.73771 109.714871 0.00579 19.46663
2
5
1413.21466 966.479149 0.03202 63.72966
6
3
1386.9543 522.861465 109.67 290.7659
4
199.249923 651.681196 0.00542 11.03561
4
2
31.2675137 57.8810107 0.01494 4.356907
5
9
765.553443 1286.63688 0.00587 30.50687
Nd146
Nd(tot) Sm
1.05316 2.01476
3
0.523822 1.28869
2
0.425563 1.16799
4
2.748443 2.34106
3
4.31013 8.74178
4
0.327045 0.88547
1
0.738356 1.62233
2
0.527406 1.53904
5
3.028914 5.65957
2
0.610799 1.97289
8
0.525203 1.01409
1
0.525575 0.78105
2
5.284024 3.26119
8
0.574124 1.89231
4
0.304593 0.73269
8
8.216177 14.5674
0.762245 2.29622
5
6.128699 2.23373
8
2.087324 5.13226
5
0.605527 1.77458
9
1.141343 2.92199
9
0.484358 1.23699
8
0.447807 1.43826
1
0.640983 1.83595
2
0.655928 1.55557
8
0.805813 2.18151
3
2.226869 3.50511
9
0.340894 0.82161
2
1.657803 5.47181
6
11.63768 23.4931
2
10.41522 15.2081
5
0.868165 5.57230
7
7.079652 10.9927
4
0.455215 1.21411
1
0.291665 0.87987
3
1.271391 6.86673
6
41.83969 37.2172
9
0.357934 1.55419
1.216203 2.73661
9
0.557379 1.85037
307
Spot
QU410-14
QU410-15
QU405-1
QU405-2
QU405-3
QU405-4
QU405-5
QU405-6
QU405-7
QU405-8
QU405-9
QU405-10
QU405-11
QU405-12
QU405-13
QU405-14
QU405-15
QU405-16
QU-448-1
QU-448-2c
QU-4483NEEDLE
QU488-4c
QU488-5r
QU488-6c
QU448-7c
QU448-8c
QU448-9r
QU488-10c
QU488-11c
QU488-12r
QU488-13r
QU448-14r
QU448-15c
QU44816outC
QU652-1
QU652-2c
QU652-3r
QU652-4c
QU652-5R
6/38 age
7
70.06219
4
75.42492
1
68.88639
6
3492.509
2
70.82849
66.19850
3
67.10378
2
71.26721
69.57956
1
68.58770
5
75.23148
1
78.09440
1
72.94478
70.54747
7
86.35778
4
68.15585
8
71.91654
6
70.41222
2
51.05964
3
58.35288
7
56.98003
42.54192
6
52.77777
8
55.98661
1
50.60519
6
54.15931
6
63.85289
2
52.74971
7
56.50838
62.90618
6
49.98081
7
54.51054
3
63.42224
5
57.88079
3
78.78615
7
93.21366
6
83.58567
3
83.60001
6
94.36166
8/32 age
3
70.998863
1
77.092802
9
67.911209
6
3050.7888
2
87.580706
8
68.273356
2
74.467823
2
76.139164
9
68.542331
72.470378
4
75.292814
6
80.892925
3
72.769143
2
69.684084
5
84.745052
6
68.999373
69.832018
5
70.421099
3
54.379568
4
58.466532
4
56.488787
7
48.246049
8
61.818463
6
69.788841
3
75.216925
9
60.040756
2
67.793635
2
52.121169
5
56.019024
57.202811
2
53.138887
64.099953
63.895911
2
58.660484
8
77.196046
90.714605
6
82.624261
3
92.973208
8
94.281728
4
Th
La
Ce
Nd145
9
2
644.804361 946.504992 1.2437 82.39669
2
6
220.673715 415.820583 0.02854 20.91157
1
2917.42411 2954.00117 0.07709 117.8005
6
2
58.9727958 142.933751 0.04854 9.105102
5
9
65.1427095 116.139666 0.08062 5.091011
3
50.4805574 84.3847078 0.01437 14.64201
5
9
165.255537 239.059270 0.08763 20.85514
6
3
106.063981 187.275006 2.3195 24.99473
7
5
1473.84668 1033.64523 11.3293 142.2197
3
275.420126 459.395903
0.007 13.94846
1
3196.76474 3481.29646 0.13445 206.9721
9
8
233.29694 360.007457 0.04825 22.38815
4
4
4668.72219 4009.29685 0.19486 169.5034
5
8
129.973537 189.487570 0.10683 16.63099
7
3
1403.21828 737.517871 0.16285 88.51243
5
7
155.565215 175.636259 2.00084 25.09881
4
3
480.647431 469.381604 0.08705 35.75488
7
4
1520.14515 1702.55475 0.27058 56.66908
6
3
62.7040943 149.106503 0.00613 28.08046
7
1
98.1369530 106.156528 0.06716 46.46094
8
7
114.180149 179.001475 0.01425 27.08635
9
2
5
228.706624 214.140143 0.02258 42.36215
4
9
6
81.1835275 138.242487 0.00361 33.01385
7
6
27.2366181 50.4716297 0.01615 8.148826
1
35.8097993 61.6141278 14.3283 31.46543
5
93.5969397 105.311765 0.04219 23.65507
9
168.357405 241.291368 0.00662 44.16653
7
9
2
160.793625 137.169123 0.10571 25.65976
7
0
6
90.4736344 152.225057 0.00301 22.38848
3
7
57.7593534 108.581874 0.04412 21.18735
2
9
198.339976 278.799225 0.00942 65.71725
7
3
3
46.4985920 125.479580 0.00104 17.86420
2
1
98.3929220 117.761079 0.01899 19.67440
5
9
138.178775 218.103810 0.00504 42.07762
6
5
4
134.681487 198.714373 0.00738 12.78759
0
9
7
862.048782 702.543849 0.01901 46.89363
5
1
5
295.637402 325.329703 0.0094 17.16250
7
4
5
123.695784 205.472122 0.03371 17.87829
8
2
922.950123 786.190081 0.01428 32.69025
6
0
4
Nd146
Nd(tot)
Sm
4
1.613558 3.00097
3
0.433466 1.19072
4.411386 9.28817
3
0.800261 1.97533
9
0.451371 1.11841
5
0.974585 2.20887
7
2.370602 4.54564
4
1.859403 2.16237
10.36146 13.8013
1
0.733354 1.95212
5
6.745973 13.5834
2
1.038636 2.66430
3
8.839603 17.8324
5
2.227413 4.57554
5
3.637326 8.03268
3.17614 4.90194
3
7.005697 13.3750
2
16.3845 34.7993
1
0.365659 1.04260
7
7.126481 15.2354
5
1.242578 2.90831
4
2.515102 4.88441
4
0.4143 1.36277
4
0.663824 1.51568
4
6.608021 2.45425
4
3.502059 5.52108
0.767035 2.39566
9
2.238216 4.22878
4
0.244363 0.75286
4
0.36161 1.05545
6
0.745923 2.29377
7
0.185783 0.55402
3
1.16906 2.78773
1
0.871973 2.31807
5
2.043614 4.45150
6
2.123045 5.54386
0.886246 2.38107
7
0.421725 1.17790
9
1.740093 4.78995
4
308
Spot
QU652-6C
QU652-7C
QU652-8C
QU652-9C
QU652-10C
QU652-11R
QU652-12C
QU652-13R
QU652-14R
QU652-15R
QU652-16C
QU652-17C
QU652-18R
QU652-19C
QU652-20C
QU652-21C
6/38 age
78.67907
7
97.16635
4
96.29264
4
81.25720
2
92.93333
2
80.79080
4
85.81885
7
89.69892
1
81.62886
5
81.41054
9
65.93548
9
97.64360
6
85.48667
5
91.72695
5
79.18692
QU461-4C
97.98225
8
49.36443
1
57.35401
7
44.40382
8
57.58918
5
55.18103
3
52.77636
QU461-6R
59.1539
QU461-8R
59.20447
3
56.97262
1
61.26323
3
57.74612
1
62.12584
9
46.09954
3
68.44783
3
56.21335
3
65.83245
3
69.39880
2
63.41757
8
67.96270
5
71.19400
8
57.61107
3
60.17128
8
70.17634
2
70.89724
QU461-1R
QU461-2C
QU461-3C
QU461-4R
QU461-5C
QU461-9C
QU461-10r
QU461-11r
QU461-12r
QU461-13r
QU666-1r
QU666-2r
QU666-3c
QU666-4r
QU666-5c
QU666-6c
QU666-7Cc
QU666-8c
QU666-9c
QU666-10c
QU666-11C
8/32 age
78.920691
9
92.221217
6
104.13354
3
82.633962
8
89.008873
8
84.222295
4
86.468056
7
92.127693
2
86.326292
5
83.163477
75.574549
5
95.948245
5
87.718161
92.415510
6
78.964512
8
94.758760
8
50.456037
1
55.636200
6
50.694289
3
60.693743
6
53.870546
5
57.857929
5
67.016159
1
59.513069
Th
178.429927
2
504.208961
0
1846.80327
12
130.151083
3
84.5784287
227.842732
1
144.928945
9
208.314766
3
140.738624
7
136.624561
4
1975.25371
80
557.742137
2
61.2428862
882.926216
3
350.585276
8
279.733936
2
168.750992
8
79.3670281
58.2188319
156.480109
8
93.8469868
118.277512
6
48.8507110
133.409062
6
55.545201 77.4450690
4
66.835543 46.1606842
4
58.046448 47.8013275
6
65.204492 448.283115
1
9
57.421564 89.0735868
4
72.053391 146.932529
4
6
67.173516 210.522765
9
3
66.664269 96.4362447
6
72.299068 279.107615
8
9
70.431801 167.688979
1
2
69.217422 258.001607
5
1
67.563351 138.497416
6
4
65.463833 65.1961746
2
64.328004 315.161299
6
8
69.662567 118.219276
2
3
72.313382 335.372693
U
249.421478
7
1086.82233
65
1271.00242
44
169.654224
2
103.143995
1
303.702683
0
243.340936
1
331.656278
4
204.743575
5
350.054698
8
2832.31898
23
1076.03907
51
92.2418429
La
Ce
Nd145
0.02039 18.61693
9
0.0093 26.79471
5
2.97695 85.08746
8
0.0292 12.27222
3
0.02333 9.082624
5
0.00976 17.30754
1
0.67076 23.19243
4
0.00201 25.76995
2
0.01212 15.80097
3
0.00362 16.46927
0.03127 68.65942
5
0.01567 48.57350
6
0.00993 11.93819
3
1365.13947 12.7904 72.58908
30
456.924922 0.33313 36.80209
1
8
456.791697 0.03016 27.96110
8
3
224.399004 0.01032 21.23006
5
9
143.535356 0.00582 20.20785
4
7
89.0940217 0.07273 14.22537
3
244.114474 0.00463 34.40955
8
6
120.211105 0.00837 17.81793
3
8
203.314614
0.011 29.83148
2
6
120.740217 0.00519 17.82288
0
1
189.038966 0.00438 22.46152
9
1
100.113471 0.01274 16.36337
9
122.533142 0.00375 12.87222
9
5
107.036573 0.01001 21.56063
3
5
362.906363 0.00541 51.93043
9
1
131.573315 0.0078 15.16649
3
5
259.970595 0.16755 23.67319
8
357.379629 1.21222 57.84528
6
5
164.736753 0.00597 13.42460
6
7
383.966741 0.0073 31.86272
1
376.822785 0.00579 27.19738
9
1
244.953047 0.05839 29.77731
7
5
336.143666 0.00557 22.70471
8
1
83.5013294 0.0224 7.632562
1
365.341725 0.02624 34.41870
6
2
134.961416 0.02573 12.15456
6
5
450.769270 0.0057 30.17911
Nd146
Nd(tot) Sm
2.780939 6.01394
2
0.841596 3.42888
1
11.66818 23.1231
5
3.231753 6.83259
6
2.779775 4.87059
1
0.761199 1.67381
1
0.87285 1.77182
6
0.689263 1.67518
2
2.15849 5.28152
1
0.445728 1.26309
4
1.835823 4.82530
3
1.171601 3.74211
8
0.862797 2.11136
2
8.953207 7.32227
9
1.36678 3.61934
7
1.310142 3.44439
4
0.372752 0.94089
9
0.297375 0.74777
3
0.503113 1.32708
5
0.40037 1.03780
1
0.594299 1.66599
9
0.509398 1.72770
7
0.157907 0.59821
3
0.295841 0.87891
1
1.240014 2.47529
5
0.137218 0.39414
2
0.418539 1.13904
6
0.838229 2.41431
2
0.360663 0.94762
2
0.532641 1.41102
4
2.344883 2.52764
6
0.778254 2.03870
1
0.838329 2.32074
7
0.764702 2.23685
1
4.569133 8.38486
6
0.721459 2.05847
2.379898 4.14092
9
2.869935 6.62722
8
2.729856 4.73893
0.734529 2.20892
309
Spot
6/38 age 8/32 age

4
QU507-1c
50.67135 58.632156
2
3
QU507-2r
59.50223 66.124460
6
QU507-3c
60.24461 65.958896
2
QU507-4C
52.48704 65.126887
4
4
QU507-5c
55.34189 56.511324
5
3
QU507-6c
50.61394 51.793355
8
QU507-7c
53.41809 53.562299
5
QU507-8r
53.16413 56.692343
1
2
QU507-9r
51.11600 53.711566
9
8
QU507-10r 57.44759 58.577315
6
1
QU668-1
71.89462 69.022961
7
2
QU668-2
68.60712 68.003032
3
7
QU668-3
69.12144 72.448383
9
QU668-4
62.75730 66.236008
8
9
QU668-5
67.60371 71.099997
4
4
QU668-6
70.16976 74.662449
6
8
QU668-7
67.73324 72.578805
9
5
QU668-7
69.75587 69.923024
8
QU668-8
72.52008 75.326495
3
6
QU668-9
64.29836 67.233512
8
6
QU668-11
74.63919 73.864707
9
8
QU668-12
65.62384 67.491511
5
9
QU668-13
69.08946 70.170354
6
3
QU668-14
68.17944 75.813358
5
4
QU687-2
58.33756 60.321468
7
7
QU687-5
67.41575 69.679161
6
1
QU687-3
69.12808 76.602937
2
3
QU687-18
69.68225 71.047451
7
1
QU687-9
70.90100 72.719772
3
9
QU687-11
70.90830 70.157007
9
2
QU687-16
71.32771 74.430836
6
5
QU687-15
72.45981 72.231858
5
QU687-8
73.13867 88.214161
3
5
QU687-1
73.23756 69.907005
8
4
QU687-10
73.27620 74.549491
9
2
QU687-13
73.62586 80.735213
3
4
QU687-12
74.76601 77.212629
4
6
QU687-14
75.91934 77.750526
6
2
QU687-19
144.7470 147.52793
8
4
Th
6
104.312939
5
209.502532
1
117.981534
8
61.5139581
2
134.477704
0
237.895064
6
155.639100
7
110.368694
4
213.222237
1
185.696666
9
139.660789
2
100.149659
9
275.798143
0
101.696830
5
998.869936
6
159.503735
4
149.657525
3
201.400267
9
306.277506
8
215.003969
3
164.695988
4
138.196663
9
617.899596
2
396.773203
6
783.172378
9
1050.58451
5
1092.92015
198.667130
8
127.458202
4
63.6099577
54.7915343
141.664320
8
44.5838427
633.856847
186.692569
187.010106
243.95233
430.936529
239.880327
193.721655
117.35537
334.477896
383.99107
837.762788
700.598569
472.901963
78.5492279 35.2735268
6
541.988847 469.363012
1
478.762669 347.468199
6
733.567621 753.225554
7
148.63128 178.889390
2
260.768809 180.430009
3
342.809629 560.562443
3
260.245991 368.966950
9
595.922351 1034.61399
La
0.09722
0.27334
0.04617
0.02704
0.01652
0.02171
0.03831
0.00469
0.00546
0.00765
2.54462
0.0161
0.01132
0.02285
0.02343
0.02831
0.23363
Ce
8
26.50641
5
43.41569
6
25.23218
7
18.15934
3
40.78194
4
32.23437
8
22.03221
6
21.54411
2
20.60917
2
13.84228
8
34.75680
8
32.69091
3
30.39732
1
47.16807
7
75.05665
1
47.99086
5
32.22476
0.01698 31.01241
9
0.00955 29.15198
9
0.05261 22.06431
4
0.0078 30.85117
6
0.00888 47.71024
5
0.00821 33.89640
7
0.02532 44.20862
7
0.32179 28.34056
6
0.06327 66.87981
5
0.65356 28.31885
0.00905 24.51409
9
0.0546 31.63154
4
0.15822 25.82883
4
0.20057 26.46743
4
0.49043 31.65442
3
72.9259229 119.058846 0.00697 14.28877
4
3
180.017185 283.241251 0.14321 17.09308
6
532.624749 847.426898 0.01449 48.18789
4
98.586006 172.728730 0.00485 15.52769
3
5
146.534646 226.213729 0.15884 19.58364
8
8
356.46488 744.384322 0.01593 31.07195
9
480.207068 347.479990 0.06061 23.45470
7
5
Nd145
Nd146
Nd(tot)
Sm
7
1.590292 3.37876
8
1.03085 2.60120
5
2.479378 4.87741
1
0.338506 1.05954
8
1.401946 3.22657
1.003229 2.33565
1
0.410971 1.16994
3
0.570637 1.56579
9
0.239656 0.76108
2
0.273733 0.79686
8
1.514073 2.03863
1
1.22627 3.17905
1.236245 3.11431
6
1.618852 4.18433
2.021138 5.67341
8
1.730969 4.37648
1
1.282309 3.22642
3
1.223828 3.19417
8
0.423706 1.52067
3
2.601149 5.75880
1
0.664711 1.95704
1
0.859728 2.73998
0.498419 1.94715
8
1.297495 2.69129
1.692296 3.98415
6
1.879401 5.13939
0.787509 2.05583
6
0.34537 1.00784
5
3.43027 6.08313
1
0.482883 1.37821
6
1.748034 3.50490
3
0.713775 1.85138
9
0.204516 0.73086
5
0.505062 1.13915
5
0.555233 1.93988
6
0.191187 0.81661
6
0.356722 1.00462
5
0.41579 1.61347
3.124248 6.24712
2
310
Spot
QU687-6
QU687-7
QU687-17
QU687-4
QU709-15
QU709-20
QU709-8
QU709-7
QU709-10
QU709-3
QU709-19
QU709-1
QU709-18
QU709-14
QU709-13
QU709-6
QU709-11
QU709-17
QU709-16
QU709-12
QU709-2
QU709-4
QU709-9
QU709-5
6/38 age
557.6554
9
827.3060
6
1083.622
4
2191.243
54.56168
9
63.91555
4
64.19050
5
65.68307
3
66.49381
1
68.34143
9
68.50417
5
68.76624
9
68.85512
69.05767
6
69.86799
2
70.26253
1
70.40578
7
70.97249
7
71.16826
4
73.31504
7
74.32669
1
76.79436
1
78.70555
7
2839.536
3
8/32 age Th
U
528.54632 84.5161827 96.9956297
3
2
789.185 228.649765 229.198420
1
1042.7405 34.8111065 49.0042889
1
2
2028.5806 478.663102 257.836729
6
2
64.404062 93.4879215 161.687665
4
66.313707 821.582544 854.469281
8
2
67.708513 179.561831 264.578462
3
4
75.494016 131.772066 126.338790
5
1
66.056592 436.033168 353.156239
5
5
69.191303 337.332263 371.781353
7
6
69.312440 2302.12012 1110.94725
4
5
71.166407 313.498421 196.249790
4
4
68.292000 2829.17757 1745.8368
7
71.287274 294.148121 368.257339
8
1
71.013163 516.519823 533.235282
2
3
73.248357 524.990389 494.840005
7
7
73.944128 343.59773 391.448154
6
74.268284 61.3671875 80.3707508
4
8
73.572872 284.198147 387.699996
5
4
72.741931 564.912749 306.098020
1
2
73.063983 306.758888 198.989791
7
5
73.268679 1452.71832 1041.60292
3
74.743524 1044.74615 569.202228
4
5
3126.0539 97.3830868 365.492464
8
2
La
Ce
Nd145
0.01055 27.06206
6
0.0095 89.50975
2
0.01671 16.26006
8
0.07721 45.58677
7
0.05396 21.11101
5
0.09702 67.27768
4
0.16552 21.08885
7
0.67985 36.68029
4
0.07603
26.5918
0.01175 32.73170
9
0.27951 224.4924
Nd(tot) Sm
0.784876 2.30117
1
1.192374 2.91195
5
1.30536 2.98145
1
0.667725 1.45399
3
0.212362 0.80490
4
0.772348 2.27216
7
0.39776 0.80777
3
0.998876 2.31283
9
3.753499 7.26526
3
0.70352 2.09866
5
9.822805 19.6191
0.07358 44.18341
4.419058 9.33907
0.70756 107.3388
1
0.05902 23.95089
4
0.01684 34.25981
8
0.00777 29.33002
9
0.07076 34.89899
8.247182 16.6182
1
2.490349 4.65343
0.01987 6.600224
4
0.19944 43.44622
8
0.05934 29.36681
0.04807 52.30823
4
0.18191 101.4222
3
0.13983 111.7417
7
0.00763 10.72289
2
Nd146
1.055377 3.02652
1
0.365487 1.13818
5
1.838637 4.52844
6
1.180743 2.61812
2
0.469987 1.34025
7
2.58751 4.61213
9
3.222999 7.24740
2
7.397248 14.3236
5
6.255069 13.0091
4
0.287533 0.99875
8
311
Table A5-1 (contd): Zircon mineral chemistry data U-Pb routine

Spot
QU393-11
QU393-3
QU393-1
QU393-14
QU393-12
QU393-6
QU393-8
QU393-15
QU393-5
QU393-2
QU393-10
QU393-4
QU393-9
QU393-7
QU393-13
QU395-7
QU395-5
QU395-1
QU395-9
QU395-6
QU395-13
QU395-2
QU395-8
QU395-12
QU395-3
QU395-10
QU395-11
QU395-4
QU-283-3
QU283-11
QU283-12
QU-283-1
QU283-14
QU-283-5
QU283-10
QU283-6
QU-283-2
QU283-9
QU283-13
QU-283-4
QU283-8
QU283-7
QU242-1
QU242-9
QU242-8
QU242-2
QU242-12
QU242-5
QU242-15
QU242-13
QU242-14
QU242-3
QU242-6
QU242-4
QU242-7
QU242-10
QU242-11
QU335-8
QU335-6
QU335-7
QU335-4
QU335-2
QU335-3
QU335-5
QU335-1
QU335-9
QU335-10
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
1.13039 24.89821 94.27078 176.28855 347.13062 11616.16503 135.71659 0.3873684
0.60262 12.50412 58.61022 127.86058 284.39580 12154.52663 258.62726 0.4270193
0.48543 10.41624 45.47224 93.36518 211.15060 12334.47942 343.9653 0.4181982
0.74747 18.80920 90.47774 191.30436 407.66876 12849.63966 76.051287 0.3570184
0.56152 12.06361 49.60961 107.30448 253.01069 10934.86759 159.30133 0.4026934
0.53081 11.55300 47.31138 94.87133 204.72074 12565.87280 322.23353 0.4126271
0.67236 13.69638 53.48268 102.44709 222.80030 12587.73210 329.91223 0.4190295
1.33285 24.70165 97.20803 186.81059 381.37372 10795.81588 121.72776 0.4353235
0.83090 15.79975 63.34958 137.32765 316.14147 10660.94308 42.46369 0.4171899
0.59930 12.93032 55.99010 107.80950 227.00228 12239.85052 286.99956 0.408012
0.98727 17.99550 82.95770 174.02445 382.41003 10461.33496 217.66762 0.4551526
1.93343 23.08926 81.42389 141.44697 274.68700 7981.43227 75.993292 0.6740455
1.52890 28.41433 118.87199 241.44652 518.50104 11793.39608 260.27719 0.476447
1.36521 20.60542 64.78817 106.77599 201.37060 9792.10422 55.2769 0.4953728
0.75873 25.26002 104.03042 191.46497 346.82119 9872.69810 50.293682 0.2392851
0.21803 3.40684 15.39145 37.74730 102.83947 7598.02477 25.963266 0.4908869
0.49418 7.41432 30.03681 68.22999 166.41651 9945.69464 111.51411 0.5543565
0.12754 2.30340 11.91468 32.90661 99.15152 13863.44442 245.3541 0.5012356
0.74954 15.77480 70.80460 153.27777 342.04828 11320.31679 4.8134573 0.3255669
1.17741 20.03956 64.49554 116.69781 247.80650 12777.15931 77.8008 0.4564458
2.13570 44.80474 167.55689 310.28917 616.54310 11523.01268 165.46132 0.3891179
1.45361 23.09548 76.26843 137.32503 277.68035 10063.02201 62.326914 0.4844196
1.70363 34.87158 121.23979 222.30959 458.98356 11476.14139 5.4924974 0.3352197
0.66671 14.41616 62.41256 122.87203 261.22783 11922.43169 293.8016 0.4020415
1.22896 31.74730 143.91771 278.75101 559.89181 13111.33052 370.40487 0.3592148
0.79527 18.70201 84.95514 175.87229 381.13606 12576.04653 329.99973 0.3819797
1.15350 21.76635 89.79335 175.28729 364.32948 12308.26411 229.99277 0.4661409
0.74740 16.70396 54.82757 89.82177 167.86786 9780.11822 76.693887 0.3591748
0.43850 9.37226 37.46819 78.26229 161.47858 10113.64280 131.66605 0.3840459
1.08563 26.68541 102.15544 198.06604 373.39115 9256.16714 193.29814 0.3298148
1.13200 25.73388 83.04594 141.79945 256.28407 10093.20913 64.68575 0.3481911
1.64647 28.63711 89.30021 146.97825 278.58672 9459.05076 47.668845 0.4259329
0.69234 17.85360 61.68088 117.23886 234.43730 10712.83574 88.794937 0.3100751
0.61394 13.06139 51.75041 97.91436 198.56381 9645.88186 131.96322 0.3853611
0.65276 15.81643 54.30044 95.31411 187.54704 12008.74041 107.93889 0.3249371
1.59511 40.77677 139.67642 235.06332 398.16042 10769.69783 90.145008 0.2974788
0.53812 11.55209 43.23362 81.72465 160.98446 10553.78794 179.33873 0.3852906
0.29492 7.44081 30.64093 60.62219 131.73989 11265.17949 188.00931 0.3364407
0.61910 12.17873 46.47973 91.54073 197.87012 11388.70200 146.77429 0.3923472
15.34810 172.90638 449.04413 625.97916 1048.74873 8969.42476 54.203419 0.6439585
0.22588 5.19167 22.67032 45.55180 95.98827 11221.12898 169.50475 0.3777405
2.04014 45.64747 152.76822 240.15915 418.51243 10059.62829 56.79203 0.346604
0.85071 13.93196 59.77911 127.92071 282.87496 10891.06586 252.99401 0.5052325
304.12 0.386232
1.03065 23.20349 97.33809 196.29611 404.12718 10820.45685
0.50075 10.84855 46.22045 102.11464 237.63673 11338.72163 121.22382 0.4071389
0.29510 5.93664 29.17338 73.25133 190.88354 11418.08882 65.971116 0.4201663
0.77797 15.49330 65.12113 137.37863 315.61263 11480.10187 161.42058 0.4267818
0.63924 13.12060 55.71081 113.49690 252.58243 11838.21735 440.3248 0.4166982
0.88291 16.56673 65.81633 132.20422 282.61694 9806.55035 14.799247 0.4067927
0.78251 11.72836 45.42921 85.86490 177.38814 12642.17006 207.49309 0.5650992
0.73514 16.59737 73.52344 161.48341 362.23029 11778.42042 156.12029 0.3833557
0.74564 14.57596 59.22769 121.88875 272.22552 11806.82372 166.74679 0.430253
0.59257 11.90210 50.79042 108.24105 246.83982 11336.48087 6.8480616 0.35456
0.78691 17.88110 88.06294 196.11224 451.31541 10842.99829 39.885839 0.3706203
0.81699 14.58622 63.25249 135.77533 322.55179 12390.97825 42.148981 0.4538436
1.10123 20.54750 84.86195 173.15924 377.77782 11115.28766 193.21986 0.4472004
3.65663 51.96290 163.81106 271.38363 524.89751 10053.79021 62.223082 0.5470731
0.35482 6.90939 29.83901 64.33543 156.71575 12751.82971 327.30603 0.4380906
0.39319 8.55097 36.37532 78.08121 185.54644 10799.54495 184.9082 0.3937958
1.28093 30.64064 100.11629 166.23676 289.53664 10133.58465 60.607466 0.3133775
0.44874 12.26415 51.50354 102.60018 206.24035 11594.81329 24.946548 0.3036169
0.46670 8.81716 40.48462 94.12272 240.49375 13183.23720 303.87376 0.4591047
0.24650 4.32614 21.74796 61.05154 191.50431 14047.58453 211.54596 0.5016879
1.53748 33.60243 110.39440 185.58539 331.45967 10773.15957 79.629269 0.3527382
0.54140 11.84234 47.49920 94.64058 195.65674 9476.30344 20.044291 0.360726
0.17907 4.62428 19.67135 38.78967 80.11395 10165.96368 133.04988 0.3216213
0.55911 18.14717 82.84189 184.12132 426.95322 12402.85038 2.0424584 0.1822716
Lu
312
Spot
QU335-11
QU335-12
QU335-13
QU335-14
QU362-1
QU362-2
QU362-3
QU362-4
QU362-5
QU362-6
QU362-7
QU362-8
QU362-9
QU362-10
QU362-11
QU362-12
QU362-13
QU362-14
QU362-15
QU327-1
QU327-2
QU327-3
QU327-4
QU327-5
QU327-6
QU327-7
QU327-8
QU327-9
QU327-10
QU327-11
QU327-12
QU008-1
QU008-2
QU008-3
QU008-4
QU008-5
QU008-6
QU008-7
QU008-8
QU008-9
QU008-10
QU008-11
QU008-12
QU008-13
QU396-1
QU396-2
QU396-3
QU396-4
QU396-5
QU396-6
QU396-7
QU396-8
QU396-9
QU396-10
QU396-11
QU396-12
QU084-1
QU084-2
QU084-3
QU084-4
QU084-5
QU084-6
QU084-7
QU380-1
QU380-2
QU380-3
QU380-4
QU380-5
QU380-6
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
0.64158 10.62392 45.37347 93.43271 212.72109 12865.78872 397.40808 0.518725
0.83203 17.35761 59.08068 105.87666 203.99939 9942.71520 94.815177 0.3768942
0.19499 4.92778 21.51253 46.72023 111.65359 11754.22680 170.79798 0.3392928
4.40477 55.60799 170.21489 278.77047 536.92117 10332.34621 66.425571 0.5942162
0.54697 11.72403 50.86490 108.17370 239.37994 11029.52931 143.66697 0.4035657
1.16749 24.60617 105.18094 215.47474 456.43886 11179.84228 351.23794 0.4189404
0.37252 6.76498 29.25426 69.60856 205.03147 14202.09397 65.314204 0.4369607
1.28961 22.07213 99.95015 203.58055 431.47887 10495.21631 269.13465 0.4949976
1.56719 25.20920 84.52886 158.16491 334.16603 11498.75532 2.6144022 0.391623
0.98142 21.64780 103.10722 219.28359 469.83223 12291.34308 346.615 0.4015405
2.42502 39.99754 143.31157 260.79601 535.45750 11658.95111 108.60873 0.4676478
0.82042 16.18995 62.22980 119.06397 252.65492 11872.13897 274.01681 0.4360964
0.73707 18.47964 79.39389 167.30263 364.90056 12559.98550 296.54021 0.3559509
1.11163 27.16001 129.47166 265.34545 561.41186 12272.27136 468.98529 0.3781322
0.98444 22.53520 85.99944 168.40587 354.81452 11130.73632 206.44533 0.3623366
0.69802 13.05164 52.94635 109.46887 238.23019 9687.14234 80.239325 0.4377465
0.77666 16.35450 68.99949 133.69121 277.88685 12252.41386 432.40963 0.4119569
4.83434 79.42638 249.83685 398.84781 715.85992 9681.27915 109.07908 0.5026788
0.23068 4.21840 20.92952 52.32384 141.20005 13573.14688 115.3424 0.4954479
0.55966 10.87883 50.34320 108.24232 254.00594 11580.73309 141.35801 0.4420939
0.50126 10.29983 50.10739 111.96309 261.49747 12436.83587 228.68034 0.4323087
0.63605 12.47378 53.99985 117.76845 276.07577 11628.29737 169.46387 0.4301716
0.79553 12.21187 45.52622 92.27124 200.94997 11255.26232 1.754173 0.3533565
1.80486 33.32665 103.72585 182.09514 369.30326 11384.71610 124.58077 0.4142127
0.84169 18.65611 76.26378 156.93273 336.96214 11870.39134 161.50429 0.3918458
0.89134 14.30100 52.28058 100.46799 216.21330 10437.79931 101.74208 0.5014036
1.39555 28.26804 110.61502 195.73173 385.28012 12746.70538 514.32238 0.4315461
0.68336 13.17074 58.30491 122.41407 279.05631 12301.57982 92.129591 0.4379139
0.63531 12.43975 50.94911 102.10123 215.72134 11284.61785 13.36697 0.4076367
1.04633 18.20324 76.51668 156.58683 357.58038 9993.42720 95.340777 0.4637138
1.48730 24.47938 82.58544 151.84987 315.59498 11633.06227 141.97694 0.4819892
0.37023 9.15590 38.09752 75.25019 163.03851 10578.30293 151.39645 0.3430559
0.57744 13.02789 60.71217 131.39186 289.94352 10288.09073 4.1839046 0.300272
0.36917 8.73814 36.28716 75.17165 162.47909 10766.77129 3.8526694 0.2824798
0.13295 2.89868 15.87940 36.06368 92.09781 12190.51363 93.888431 0.3784192
0.21502 5.31672 23.59381 50.98882 116.81030 10762.37119 79.119913 0.3410567
0.40574 11.46215 48.84554 99.67556 214.92542 10673.09968 11.382044 0.2740118
0.70970 16.55305 75.30179 159.41823 347.96667 10490.55267 63.722498 0.353524
0.84048 17.88747 75.71101 155.38877 307.63062 9667.11685 10.854311 0.3601976
3.48741 68.71089 189.50203 267.92795 442.42462 9044.75343 52.335967 0.3900778
0.84400 20.61291 95.90299 199.61548 416.80707 10337.25751 88.083621 0.3496257
0.61830 15.47035 66.67702 140.08045 298.46243 9887.52662 61.910186 0.3375126
10.01591 122.24330 337.28139 485.24861 859.80529 9421.41829 169.69858 0.6983191
0.76793 16.53283 76.82429 164.62054 364.86047 10700.73989 7.7465742 0.3455832
0.44906 7.21079 25.13642 51.68384 117.15988 9932.68941 97.864527 0.4992531
1.67480 17.60280 55.46943 100.26981 208.38800 9445.42228 57.201394 0.7103903
7.76626 114.31043 347.87690 543.80822 976.13358 9499.73898 42.187327 0.5178075
0.49438 10.12864 37.76927 68.55630 137.38444 10325.44497 115.34185 0.4045439
0.96769 21.52149 90.53422 186.30537 397.32781 10761.31241 15.749644 0.3565392
0.68980 16.06775 71.97046 157.98707 364.14091 11006.45998 319.35866 0.3710602
0.77184 15.63216 70.11516 146.83479 329.18700 10762.71213 27.314211 0.401361
0.57925 9.96274 37.26999 75.32161 162.66202 9335.95446 36.185419 0.4672036
3.47452 47.08805 168.43253 293.19841 559.35316 8904.39938 132.14975 0.6300696
1.25464 23.76356 89.94325 175.01479 363.58043 10311.11817 80.874666 0.4196257
0.93996 18.98718 72.22280 144.69061 306.41000 10281.72807 3.6558032 0.3393106
1.26520 19.15370 69.34288 126.11690 258.82674 10678.68927 75.009289 0.5111753
0.12537 15.20401 104.21023 259.15514 607.48126 12001.75008 43.695105 0.0748521
0.88515 38.78614 158.37949 300.52617 575.63911 8528.63620 5.1344462 0.1836926
0.17489 21.64417 127.66143 294.29079 650.72779 11931.07828 124.34903 0.074333
0.70965 21.21047 113.14799 276.60197 642.67453 9070.90611 260.90905 0.2944293
0.12953 15.89005 99.02222 229.09592 506.52691 13931.72585 156.16805 0.075613
0.05799 29.850332 208.76452 469.3434 1068.4991 14002.2344 43.525985 0.0183868
0.76859 15.95352 68.659532 150.9892 327.66005 8763.49074 150.29601 0.3965364
1.16919 28.352169 90.377508 146.2725 252.12181 10286.523 67.154824 0.3311959
1.06105 28.440219 92.670223 150.395 255.04598 10640.379 117.36425 0.3173315
0.83627 20.503319 71.297074 123.3034 219.23437 9823.71995 81.721349 0.3276249
1.01372 29.161493 102.36387 174.5335 305.33375 10628.5213 75.754919 0.2805429
0.39902 12.603969 48.793051 92.70316 181.25298 10343.1705 161.74846 0.2930834
1.04819 26.634763 85.3902 139.9378 245.26101 10546.1353 101.23229 0.3174432
Lu
313
Spot
QU380-7
QU380-8
QU380-9
QU380-10
QU380-11
QU380-12
QU380-13
QU380-14
QU380-15
QU380-16
QU381-1
QU381-2
QU381-3
QU381-4
QU381-5
QU381-6
QU381-7
QU381-8
QU381-9
QU381-10
QU381-11
QU381-12
QU381-13
QU381-14
QU384-4
QU384-11
QU384-1
QU384-12
QU384-5
QU384-7
QU384-6
QU384-14
QU384-10
QU384-9
QU384-3
QU384-8
QU384-2
QU384-13
QU409-9
QU409-11
QU409-1
QU409-4
QU409-2
QU409-3
QU409-5
QU409-8
QU409-6
QU409-7
QU409-10
QU383-1
QU383-2
QU383-3
QU383-4
QU383-5
QU383-6
QU383-7
QU383-8
QU168-1
QU168-2
QU168-3
QU168-4
QU168-5
QU168-6
QU168-7
QU168-8
QU168-9
QU168-10
QU168-11
QU168-12
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
0.34109 10.661871 44.747351 84.37191 167.3703 10268.6572 221.13393 0.2862858
0.81202 18.627764 63.780005 110.3095 202.68643 10441.2356 108.63483 0.3532923
1.26698 32.33734 105.93672 170.8461 287.19992 9924.8088 84.403388 0.3144711
1.22162 31.992415 106.32432 169.1898 288.81341 9978.95432 71.730698 0.3061808
1.78247 50.65348 173.92779 280.1396 467.78225 9570.29126 40.13651 0.3015028
11062.31 229.30952 0.2279042
0.16212 6.7334282 29.567206 59.4092 122.93912
0.86446 25.870581 91.869665 160.6411 287.2524 9817.45555 78.606661 0.275412
0.29598 8.5005183 36.728661 72.13649 144.65798 10812.0543 327.39187 0.3249019
1.00338 27.670958 93.738341 152.6393 258.87097 10298.6771 98.555643 0.3069253
1.05714 27.732267 97.692793 170.6507 304.08491 10358.4432 71.638071 0.3151495
0.41673 12.356991 48.657794 89.9275 170.64947 10135.8563 221.97219 0.2894751
0.55562 14.175224 53.643016 97.62536 181.59273 9611.52836 115.79854 0.321032
0.19958 5.5890352 24.349194 47.58354 96.187767 10419.3874 179.24968 0.3257009
1.08481 26.023996 94.859011 184.041 356.18472 10054.6278 41.870501 0.3381373
0.88224 29.480869 104.49258 169.9434 298.67799 10235.1934 170.24125 0.2571831
0.55584 16.900276 66.255921 138.3402 296.8676 9164.93803 147.85764 0.2825726
0.26266 9.8566367 42.266681 83.2344 164.38994 11189.6078 291.00316 0.2588352
0.39559 12.307212 48.683922 90.04582 170.69165 10027.0953 224.45338 0.2842391
1.34104 33.000522 109.55687 189.2454 335.72757 9574.55793 44.547059 0.3123299
1.16417 32.780543 111.29631 187.0055 320.53305 11290.4076 93.034783 0.2818073
0.66624 22.971198 81.396158 137.8855 244.93656 10332.0852 99.268119 0.2520668
1.22126 34.064368 117.15662 192.2571 329.62697 10062.0031 53.038577 0.293505
0.76983 20.533331 83.294103 166.9028 321.61176 9071.79967 186.18178 0.3262014
0.74188 22.850053 80.725685 135.7131 236.54183 10154.049 225.79777 0.2775029
2.01186 29.368261 104.43233 198.9184 417.09022 8407.37936 63.141449 0.5239159
0.31684 6.9917946 37.226614 90.15409 226.37771 9216.65428 9.3354935 0.3824754
2.50746 33.194627 66.387573 132.7464 303.06258 9297.4715 0.9863674 0.3094818
2.28198 52.993469 219.34376 469.2351 1062.2126 7981.18326 154.08821 0.3832302
0.27509 9.1187821 50.892282 130.2472 334.74882 10948.1093 385.01379 0.2919418
0.32151 7.4605309 39.600393 96.47413 245.65729 12854.5464 470.09112 0.3973684
0.53834 15.252094 82.619671 218.9087 560.5811 10690.1315 60.367478 0.3341132
0.167 7.3305022 40.022722 99.53649 239.33424 11638.0606 5.1922995 0.20569
0.52963 12.680536 59.163909 140.6945 347.05222 11306.1268 1.4736634 0.2913262
0.41459 11.478067 56.751909 137.7898 342.29022 11088.6732 7.1860853 0.3222432
0.44714 10.438726 51.624998 123.8716 306.33221 10689.9822 3.4303442 0.3448446
0.16068 2.6520219 15.585839 39.33709 104.32226 9413.6306 441.18999 0.547817
0.5925 16.601405 79.377074 178.2076 412.55377 9835.78307 185.71187 0.3223386
0.12873 9.3978378 42.828722 82.10952 157.11171 9833.73253 15.01623 0.1312179
0.4593 16.143594 82.141948 185.9227 423.9668 10974.6023 8.8930898 0.2528317
0.20045 12.579817 68.058251 164.3696 379.46508 11777.5998 59.568908 0.1621045
1.44581 33.147292 141.77469 288.4034 607.18458 9572.31447 87.309785 0.3715412
0.74912 15.834813 83.041821 200.0636 454.29353 9049.62128 225.68607 0.4584991
0.3546 19.32084 105.93026 252.6387 574.71858 11746.8438 551.9515 0.1782979
0.42966 16.976736 94.803193 245.2155 598.24094 10908.3254 367.1103 0.2684129
1.19054 34.560596 164.52959 363.9868 789.1633 10133.0732 40.008261 0.3059941
22.3578 307.26774 943.50657 1489.879 2657.4634 7425.75444 30.584784 0.5277351
1.24088 28.116508 128.95685 276.5289 595.89691 10304.7764 15.435131 0.3776538
2.78132 58.531906 242.36302 489.2227 1017.0163 9742.61003 124.83654 0.40104
0.66352 21.50652 100.14639 221.7437 486.14345 11137.6028 5.0320139 0.2587911
0.34112 23.972236 133.05451 304.1611 675.26797 10135.2042 74.338029 0.1480273
0.45741 20.169033 95.669318 212.0236 461.58023
9705.983 280.1033 0.2079812
0.77819 13.823714 60.150691 126.9563 286.79497 10813.8813 560.60253 0.4911103
0.02567 28.64201 262.05946 606.2693 1276.3411 16124.7463 72.549507 0.0115485
0.53186 102.8676 556.28352 1048.691 1802.2469 11034.8215 456.63098 0.0571883
0.85413 66.69102 381.12233 761.547 1415.8215 10241.1519 327.12372 0.1398499
0.07747 138.68827 1065.9087 2249.51 4525.6322 16169.2384 133.99602 0.0067323
0.08553 132.71652 975.60419 1950.99 3849.7424 13975.9403 69.591706 0.0075129
1.14242 34.172669 122.82909 224.8081 383.73396 9985.86207 34.082042 0.2593171
0.51489 9.0785939 35.717785 73.77525 171.59123 10208.8509 39.539267 0.5113904
1.69616 28.428319 109.32222 202.2696 404.5872 9595.91818 146.55658 0.5196039
0.96428 25.338749 114.25023 232.6528
476.521 11669.295 564.19292 0.3905867
0.69114 14.318459 70.946966 161.3691 361.30984 12590.9079 630.44654 0.4573679
0.84723 15.46701 71.775332 149.9449 332.25706 10706.1038 59.208037 0.4957117
1.07289 24.896289 129.05273 307.3696 676.26275 9302.35281 64.437093 0.4145972
0.13978 1.9537747 10.756713 33.69116 118.10458 14133.3311 284.78432 0.6615287
1.00974 18.610137 71.18331 126.9127 256.37685 11528.5531 649.4022 0.4999268
1.36183 26.344022 106.72988 201.3508 409.48493 10669.7029 288.54259 0.4743872
2.50703 44.654227 136.79488 235.079 440.67927 8028.31949 6.1585629 0.4598495
1.45996 25.154236 114.80556 234.2672 501.9123 9959.98584 131.46261 0.5576444
Lu
314
Spot
QU168-13
QU168-14
QU210-1
QU210-2
QU210-3
QU210-4
QU210-5
QU210-6
QU210-7
QU210-8
QU210-9
QU210-10
QU210-11
QU210-12
QU210-13
QU210-14
QU210-15
QU210-16
QU394-1
QU394-2
QU394-3
QU394-4
QU394-5
QU394-6
QU394-7
QU394-8
QU394-9
QU394-10
QU394-11
QU394-12
QU382-1
QU382-3
QU382-2
QU382-4
QU382-5
QU382-6
QU382-7
QU382-8
QU382-9
QU382-10
QU382-11
QU382-12
QU382-13
QU411-1
QU411-2
QU411-3
QU411-4
QU411-5
QU411-6
QU411-7
QU411-8
QU411-9
QU411-10
QU411-11
QU411-12
QU411-13
QU411-14
QU411-15
QU411-16
QU411-17
QU371-1
QU371-2
QU371-3
QU371-4
QU371-5
QU371-6
QU371-7
QU371-8
QU371-9
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
3.46553 49.125601 169.4447 310.0645 621.81837 8045.84084 38.198123 0.659976
1.07122 18.934697 73.243756 143.9405 300.72595 9850.50653 200.56088 0.5071189
1.5115 36.42002 131.61095 231.586 415.38782 12254.5693 1041.9742 0.4021703
0.61948 11.731567 52.253705 115.8537 266.95385 8853.5174 35.689188 0.488182
0.69941 18.013227 87.011246 190.1953 415.80407 11766.7335 580.50079 0.3829222
0.30805 4.9974279 24.754562 59.45506 172.70387 12648.0224 244.87234 0.587317
0.67691 14.680402 59.513265 118.3863 251.06828 11499.3365 671.69514 0.4216389
0.19887 3.0917468 14.330372 35.89999 115.38497 13526.2954 330.99158 0.5945042
0.84549 18.949368 95.773304 210.122 466.67386 11374.5792 979.56865 0.4268857
0.47885 8.3635171 31.823621 64.69457 144.74171 10535.2805 16.972785 0.5114798
0.66601 12.690384 59.196959 131.1681 290.62683 10230.7247 325.93531 0.4850241
1.79409 34.178725 136.84891 254.8919 490.37738 10148.1704 456.67763 0.5244389
1.23936 22.060286 78.860539 147.4679 305.9881 10718.5364 30.190555 0.5058749
1.07817 24.395607 98.285645 185.8646 369.29759 11892.3281 666.83679 0.4371832
1.07678 22.283184 100.6788 216.6691 482.33028 11090.0293 63.188157 0.445835
1.21649 19.556885 66.657193 121.9355 249.8297 10330.4079 105.16445 0.5094243
0.63863 11.23886 46.844354 100.8877 236.34117 11071.1237 235.45025 0.5471003
10.6056 160.40528 441.0095 587.8663 898.40926 10770.3151 320.99767 0.5893998
0.60413 12.291665 48.510831 99.78071 211.49199 11793.9749 352.11942 0.4404288
1.21286 28.072622 122.71447 241.3563 495.56662 11204.6702 31.673115 0.4264989
0.95309 22.044584 96.438473 216.3598 539.96785 12779.9021 945.04509 0.4260615
0.90799 18.787907 73.690179 138.7396 288.20864 11677.0931 757.68134 0.4538981
2.01486 50.967879 173.21045 295.4341 553.70481 10834.5062 20.707933 0.3522009
0.96862 22.653103 93.67945 167.0716 321.09131 11320.9424 8.8206688 0.4020639
0.819 16.813558 65.283184 122.3767 251.34003 11487.7563 813.63791 0.4606515
1.66997 27.961045 102.6343 188.5855 392.94345 9250.83222 41.175808 0.5018085
1.18242 20.720234 85.171406 174.5887 379.42392 11200.9622 143.56806 0.5117508
1.06234 22.968867 92.038818 182.7697 384.67604 12341.1964 357.33909 0.4257338
5.08363 66.117911 184.76238 282.6775 520.87418 9173.20866 54.75359 0.5863534
0.41106 9.4086103 41.646328 89.66141 208.69643 10367.8182 306.89337 0.4021151
0.31712 13.138862 53.66996 104.273 209.83972 9117.58353 83.923077 0.2184597
1.95976 34.714222 134.51835 264.9327 571.76607 7562.56007 204.13061 0.4970226
1.21806 36.481519 126.53786 213.9092 373.68288 9171.16112 33.762639 0.2707246
0.70451 16.209368 88.844483 211.4218 497.35091 9125.22138 269.85946 0.4320518
2.80225 89.577915 314.91486 536.4997 959.15842 9456.44834 3.7685338 0.2304029
0.93454 20.931029 107.68025 249.1017 559.52143 8965.30225 244.25213 0.423438
0.21733 12.025416 51.751259 106.0903 209.23409 10437.4567 116.83578 0.1660854
0.32402 16.048913 84.186939 199.0992 452.88401 11496.2162 133.96186 0.1923084
3.96785 54.521421 199.60929 370.2658 735.75978 8285.18911 31.50272 0.6182871
1.5827 48.508469 216.35261 430.1772 803.44247 9286.51934 159.88323 0.2911212
6.94855 97.573475 367.01067 694.7342 1422.7053 8003.57691 35.064375 0.5766256
2.15963 50.356701 267.95856 571.9023 1128.6421 9208.47777 338.83574 0.4430616
0.44602 18.20756 106.41985 260.9083 602.20876 11248.9977 64.156014 0.2420354
0.49383 9.3056422 44.931355 106.4944 257.79163 10446.5177 185.62751 0.4742877
4.46151 52.610946 190.62582 370.3035 794.79617 7070.1282 75.850764 0.6734012
0.72225 30.383154 123.00771 260.5619 560.6023 11209.6625 13.360662 0.1894948
0.79101 11.675685 53.98081 129.3619 303.15219 8536.83893 175.84094 0.5981133
0.9543 15.219018 63.23503 131.2027 282.29646 10318.6862 13.243909 0.5233179
0.39367 12.879436 69.112133 160.8649 366.66134 11260.8122 171.8299 0.2934225
0.39194 10.691077 55.132779 134.5059 321.42156 9542.81677 371.28314 0.3368056
0.62921 20.706017 101.69829 223.0554 476.75432 11122.2739 6.3684257 0.2744262
1.57191 63.231004 242.45848 443.9286 800.65636 9713.61026 24.524639 0.2030244
0.32187 9.3059144 53.992938 147.9003 392.33307 11158.4398 464.7979 0.3404841
0.60137 14.381727 62.547728 130.5459 262.0806 9303.20727 102.8144 0.3780546
0.27951 14.980051 70.031598 150.6751 314.27569 13225.3392 357.97843 0.1767677
321.752 7886.15185 20.395786 0.562841
2.74444 38.736984 121.3103 191.908
0.30318 21.434425 112.39853 260.3792 564.34877 12208.8221 1819.8743 0.1415712
0.86598 6.7127062 27.087148 58.3417 145.51383 6669.52106 27.805701 1.007879
0.5164 5.3814012 21.176941 47.44721 125.16043 7348.21517 56.077865 0.7648593
0.82151 26.456766 133.6925 320.2286 711.23072 10705.8405 3.8259648 0.2685617
0.61672 19.491419 112.45892 292.534 696.20603 10932.5337 409.57287 0.3083596
0.57291 7.1980279 41.286162 110.6098 293.25247 8591.01388 193.76646 0.7575314
5.50807 103.36525 388.01294 721.3157 1439.087 10093.359 65.32627 0.4310296
0.52175 24.423136 138.36716 325.5483 731.62118 11367.8565 230.15346 0.2115631
0.28278 13.001784 64.976764 156.5682 357.71644 12305.1786 1.7790803 0.1593397
0.86424 47.475856 211.38271 434.6569 879.81517 11498.9392 187.63117 0.1681241
0.31517 17.968442 96.974053 219.1143 481.6666 11529.8037 121.10305 0.1694838
1.49575 31.758058 155.84745 341.4723 719.26029 8853.07691 354.90189 0.4714966
0.16935 12.653822 73.261113 175.8095 406.62871 12189.5445 31.621188 0.129976
Lu
315
Spot
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
Lu
QU371-10\
0.2896 13.840043 72.574831 165.1465 362.54632 9931.84115 535.56315 0.1971034
QU371-11
0.34693 19.32975 102.46614 232.387 509.78358 12047.8404 366.40513 0.1768433
QU371-12
0.68563 14.606464 76.994006 182.9643 446.42243 9779.64314 245.42531 0.4367738
QU371-13
0.50354 22.354113 106.36529 238.8567 525.61448 12060.493 268.37637 0.2189588
QU371-14
0.6797 30.249118 142.28482 307.6754 655.92793 11706.9215 8.4135155 0.200444
QU410-1
0.49178 8.7945144 41.842669 89.71853 188.90138 11414.174 91.212631 0.5555411
QU410-2
0.22002 60.18294 277.01948 515.6831 894.8263 11532.2084 384.87072 0.036817
QU410-3
8.28668 165.13473 596.55136 1046.735 1979.4279 8656.0957 55.245876 0.4039957
QU410-4
2.49969 106.31063 393.619 711.3252 1332.1096 8573.38787 6.862486 0.1887754
QU410-5
0.23637 83.845639 578.88006 1176.849 2177.4699 13077.0006 256.66528 0.0332063
QU410-6
4.71109 63.755609 175.54043 234.1705 346.14608 8260.71024 19.856792 0.540375
QU410-7
0.55711 10.657653 48.11737 105.3616 222.90388 7957.4672 100.26176 0.4702891
QU410-8
0.68392 9.9043571 53.736167 122.7916 262.21432 8043.32552 440.86159 0.7035109
QU410-9
0.57865 92.001215 497.29977 947.4803 1613.6961 9969.44371 282.49789 0.0699089
QU410-10
22.6367 147.46595 299.05927 297.823 435.70265 5751.4074 1.7699459 0.9278545
QU410-11
0.09333 19.081587 100.49716 217.9287 429.83403 11077.302 243.92091 0.0520416
QU410-12
0.7182 18.470583 62.925345 109.1205 199.54937 6945.51912 32.574192 0.3067512
QU410-13
0.25356 19.816539 104.52023 231.9002 501.36611 11271.0042 551.70176 0.1271535
QU410-14
1.01388 32.542754 176.00983 415.8278
907.401 11197.808 29.410904 0.3115398
QU410-15
0.34164 12.46033 62.769919 142.6893 318.94914 10048.2628 143.26942 0.2693277
QU405-1
0.07831 75.516506 316.19184 552.4471 964.28625 11298.3038 191.99596 0.0089785
QU405-2
0.39787 17.460851 70.018585 123.5562 211.41437 9075.49315 35.686887 0.2057164
QU405-3
0.2369 10.700176 42.383982 82.97273 163.51667 9138.32662 17.218281 0.2079451
QU405-4
1.08126 19.389595 85.801016 191.4028 424.23467 9587.97804 120.96437 0.5017027
QU405-5
1.86626 37.085822 168.09106 353.0883 728.85157 8930.7921 38.385802 0.4364728
QU405-6
0.70925 16.996738 83.076104 197.5079 445.56674 10010.153 5.6165059 0.3552517
QU405-7
3.8426 98.307548 379.62344 727.2191 1412.5285 8620.97527 6.2616485 0.31678
QU405-8
0.23689 17.25462 75.638166 146.8035 282.43409 11806.9369 204.56464 0.1239459
QU405-9
0.09099 105.48145 423.52049 720.1016 1266.5949 10780.5598 202.08176 0.0072992
QU405-10
0.61749 22.352811 104.3845 227.5102 492.8085 9743.34132 80.756393 0.2429748
QU405-11
0.09857 136.55463 522.57859 867.4885 1489.2726 11195.9629 118.09144 0.0060655
QU405-12
1.82499 35.875548 150.93846 306.2164 620.07494 8882.06111 27.385744 0.4325405
QU405-13
2.43421 63.216638 255.76426 485.9331 926.88622 8561.88243 93.446929 0.3280184
QU405-14
1.87439 37.219558 147.81303 292.739 590.98347 8883.98468 5.2065582 0.4213818
QU405-15
1.61339 89.6788 312.16671 507.0722 836.71605 7948.27346 46.06164 0.1414602
QU405-16
1.59508 237.04872 724.05275 920.4817 1214.2359 8313.7306 25.82311 0.0533291
QU-448-1
0.53832 11.900651 55.492291 125.9383 298.68601 13635.8289 567.94622 0.4640679 683.623578 64.1085685
QU-448-2c
9.93526 97.071055 235.87792 323.7355 531.39492 9053.5183 70.747149 0.7844995 1991.96751 99.9534578
QU-448-3NEEDLE 1.19569 20.998115 76.416364 141.8326 301.87777 13625.3556 207.515 0.4646173 794.340324 61.5355709
QU488-4c
1.92462 36.737733 106.42118 183.9595 380.89368 10557.9135 188.77402 0.4362841 1115.79137 79.6016849
QU488-5r
0.59153 13.490037 60.64366 126.8075 277.00724 12231.8892 911.82186 0.4189342 739.373542 57.4471798
QU488-6c
0.91916 10.835667 36.448772 70.7888 162.18343 8855.21818 70.799902 0.6887268 411.49096 35.4789332
QU448-7c
0.90444 13.073101 45.154232 89.30755 198.5261 9512.13505 1.3762119 0.4848608 516.428194 43.7363269
QU448-8c
2.44057 37.190662 110.93435 173.0975 324.48763 9659.65986 62.228904 0.5171877 1076.24479 63.4181808
QU448-9r
1.10516 25.016801 115.22233 213.1532 430.29289 12488.4194 662.56751 0.4334939 1244.05123 83.9702571
QU488-10c
1.7689 29.722452 86.31542 143.8499 283.64008 11050.7918 42.483337 0.4791152 923.288576 57.906761
QU488-11c
0.3882 7.5802792 31.15255 66.47108 161.17544 14765.5926 831.13767 0.4934417 388.912015 34.9227993
QU488-12r
0.49031 9.8392488 40.804366 88.57456 201.10084 12965.9634 115.32341 0.4620179 502.395818 42.9864457
QU488-13r
1.11798 25.968736 108.83464 221.008 461.18611 12150.9586 786.84322 0.4398628 1341.96681 93.5151294
QU448-14r
0.33152 6.2028104 26.931966 60.7587 149.70482 15643.9106 1479.2398 0.5430551 345.225397 33.1835734
QU448-15c
1.09511 19.923115 69.666359 124.8467 262.05071 11246.5467 127.03748 0.4462103 749.508172 54.2399214
QU448-16outC
1.12488 23.18724 99.392705 206.4125 439.26154 11359.6687 725.13026 0.4659118 1183.31966 90.9354563
QU652-1
1.28718 33.251465 128.85882 241.7568 463.42528 10842.5463 128.76826 0.321267 1393.6462 90.7087842
QU652-2c
1.87715 59.658902 245.65506 462.1125 832.12324 11224.5329 248.04319 0.3134305 2627.62366 155.180866
QU652-3r
0.71257 21.113974 89.753122 177.8189 348.74669 10772.9351 194.22509 0.3051709 1007.94962 67.7582177
QU652-4c
0.27749 11.315399 54.092378 114.1439 236.2694 11887.8384 110.6246 0.2308027 640.074998 45.1684936
QU652-5R
1.2618 47.313298 193.11547 349.0858 609.46056 10453.9147 223.61329 0.2545177 1995.70879 111.201391
QU652-6C
1.62807 50.925609 200.70447 362.2565 612.41808 9539.49571 85.873046 0.2824948 2083.02813 113.723781
QU652-7C
0.41599 42.844439 229.11405 492.9243 974.23564 13321.2875 310.63148 0.104219 2674.25703 183.090895
QU652-8C
5.20318 178.49876 611.56673 988.3927 1595.0573 9753.01491 8.7771801 0.2459313 5970.87765 279.448162
QU652-9C
2.35624 52.980022 174.15112 300.6207 525.02339 9241.17463 42.386035 0.3760603 1809.02167 96.9297046
QU652-10C
1.68975 37.674567 139.57992 238.2938 407.14337 9733.78414 38.304541 0.3787858 1356.00283 74.3259936
QU652-11R
0.55066 17.121623 75.915129 158.8759 322.26244 11335.9007 200.97662 0.3123528 923.815504 63.3723387
QU652-12C
0.35021 16.189251 70.215645 149.384 296.32341 11896.2287 15.334171 0.1985577 832.640151 57.5516265
QU652-13R
0.2852 15.89493 73.835205 156.8973 314.74364 12310.5906 887.95406 0.1678323 863.709926 61.2616415
QU652-14R
1.42969 45.759483 167.81487 289.2289 496.14274 11441.9898 112.19741 0.2792598 1680.89962 90.6259911
QU652-15R
0.26347 16.242245 84.676079 198.6103 428.58587 13211.7279 442.46731 0.1766373 1069.97488 85.6912047
QU652-16C
0.25523 56.115129 225.08473 456.0415 877.39423 12534.4442 273.50755 0.0470992 2972.82321 172.416663
QU652-17C
0.47839 40.526838 208.45187 423.2244 793.95958 13120.8265 356.19367 0.1179616 2248.62116 146.890576
316
Spot
QU652-18R
QU652-19C
QU652-20C
QU652-21C
QU461-1R
QU461-2C
QU461-3C
QU461-4R
QU461-5C
QU461-4C
QU461-6R
QU461-8R
QU461-9C
QU461-10r
QU461-11r
QU461-12r
QU461-13r
QU666-1r
QU666-2r
QU666-3c
QU666-4r
QU666-5c
QU666-6c
QU666-7Cc
QU666-8c
QU666-9c
QU666-10c
QU666-11C
QU507-1c
QU507-2r
QU507-3c
QU507-4C
QU507-5c
QU507-6c
QU507-7c
QU507-8r
QU507-9r
QU507-10r
QU668-1
QU668-2
QU668-3
QU668-4
QU668-5
QU668-6
QU668-7
QU668-7
QU668-8
QU668-9
QU668-11
QU668-12
QU668-13
QU668-14
QU687-2
QU687-5
QU687-3
QU687-18
QU687-9
QU687-11
QU687-16
QU687-15
QU687-8
QU687-1
QU687-10
QU687-13
QU687-12
QU687-14
QU687-19
QU687-6
QU687-7
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
Lu
0.47616 17.697522 68.005587 125.7116 227.76219 9967.88505 131.39982 0.2365388 732.587876 42.0319024
0.53182 63.207997 277.52609 556.7502 1039.2362 12183.6537 3.0947653 0.0750656 3265.81116 193.53008
1.18523 38.416248 171.58046 350.6393 658.56836 10451.9905 33.41174 0.3052222 1956.8815 126.615066
0.75373 31.234146 146.82992 302.7003 597.10576 12178.7901 127.68544 0.2206622 1639.24354
113.7
0.49093 9.1991678 34.616892 74.92371 178.4671 12946.5761 301.29485 0.5067057 460.552362 41.2778303
0.32507 6.9125973 29.907847 62.98075 147.40803 13363.3397 452.85182 0.4341612 350.293627 31.5110803
0.64283 10.698282 38.82603 77.39751 171.03488 9031.03554 49.703532 0.5180541 466.044483 37.497277
0.51167 10.470201 49.831318 127.0423 345.15224 13372.9134 813.32519 0.4713432 709.544501 81.902984
0.80296 13.906523 55.416425 115.3387 262.02662
10298.59 248.81422 0.5065622 635.39667 57.0357199
0.79348 18.439537 75.758274 166.2816 378.05316 11480.6542 365.67758 0.4268867 964.164291 80.6329356
0.35031 7.0036476 33.028665 79.30012 205.01363 12762.9362 532.45435 0.5196986 440.4002 46.8341975
0.45217 8.2264398 33.515382 67.67632 154.98356 12626.6021 609.92625 0.5106378 397.402939 33.5612685
1.1122 16.659186 55.404728 100.8389 217.48756 11730.4567 135.1815 0.5259302 592.75919 45.2533705
0.20902 4.2252859 19.24276 45.88781 119.57916 14072.4248 500.75556 0.4918267 252.975937 26.7104172
0.51792 11.403809 47.316969 103.302 236.69125 12605.0822 300.49158 0.4363672 579.863336 49.4747694
1.19192 21.48239 78.934327 139.7059 280.42958 12493.4004 865.77978 0.5025683 832.82985 55.1942901
0.4192 7.3215096 27.015015
52.274 114.17326 11137.7949 262.40803 0.4832648 306.287558 23.766188
0.30059 14.462505 74.414837 170.758 372.11939 11140.0227 46.524181 0.202058 910.541786 74.7608144
0.49011 18.77535 79.420095 175.1818 369.55423 10008.3571 18.542916 0.2160387 1034.35322 73.3830944
0.58279 18.174485 79.081557 164.3863 346.04089 9978.3666 214.80686 0.2907286 898.849719 69.0707921
0.35101 21.363276 102.39194 209.2784 419.9176 10859.6178 434.90796 0.151376 1164.48462 79.0321756
0.24592 23.201021 114.80084 259.9233 550.50551 11336.4177 446.7981 0.1036571 1432.98988 109.447598
3.00654 54.657218 191.04506 336.8401 633.0046 8853.58054 57.729005 0.4264625 1915.63611 119.391362
0.2602 20.007178 103.3786 232.6349 512.9445 10865.3852 390.09015 0.123121 1229.65033 102.147648
1.74604 29.430551 92.212784 161.2694 302.9613 7868.9485 34.835135 0.4802783 917.87168 59.0674421
1.22613 49.379326 186.68699 355.2211 661.81201 11190.5062 132.80456 0.2058178 2070.82683 125.570627
1.74019 34.129205 121.29754 216.6486 401.84946 8830.14097 48.316535 0.4155072 1223.99499 77.2673122
0.31393 19.762356 92.44992 191.6585 383.00449 11679.2374 507.31191 0.144281 1057.32132 72.4154501
1.52879 26.584997 87.604475 162.6079 325.43879 10215.6396 52.002771 0.4898204 987.867207 66.8798948
1.26789 25.536665 105.98296 204.7587 415.44731 11264.198 49.406402 0.4723884 1194.55538 83.5655503
1.93587 32.247533 94.705224 162.6141 324.05767 10814.019 70.13988 0.468726 997.216527 65.4746887
0.50392 9.523701 42.127837 88.08025 202.89462 11881.5314 140.03381 0.4817058 502.465149 42.9370804
1.55207 28.093969 100.73313 190.5988 390.51361 11322.4085 272.00238 0.4950172 1112.76076 79.7388097
1.02939 20.660108 72.038809 135.9949 291.14737
12876.16 200.35407 0.4499815 833.833736 62.5414637
0.53384 12.521769 53.720342 118.3117 277.53775 12389.716 126.25519 0.423524 671.881132 60.0242445
0.91062 15.356218 67.493901 136.5167 286.83138 10435.3099 448.79334 0.5639111 791.052185 59.5387961
0.43346 7.2796927 32.971318 73.15722 178.84035 13206.079 518.37446 0.5591992 422.09806 40.5110551
0.46885 8.6344309 33.741134 71.64803 175.09409 13579.5973 265.76932 0.5427683 427.513659 39.4495983
0.24084 20.588753 99.004157 218.2435 466.2067 11530.4382 7.8628621 0.1128814 1166.57043 92.9820119
1.32783 28.652405 114.05363 227.7432 412.80837 8097.78226 231.88965 0.422472 1253.10027 79.6816591
1.35368 27.59393 108.87318 207.9808 378.94892 8188.28721 272.01083 0.4434179 1158.93137 72.2914575
1.83321 39.219185 164.60398 337.6979 609.90205 7858.7749 241.53043 0.4345456 1864.58202 116.324147
2.32739 55.510026 242.72952 489.8974 858.2845 7971.51044 350.9843 0.3982423 2706.43967 160.784222
1.93979 41.010553 183.53934 386.0334 714.30426 8487.59739 208.34948 0.4396743 2063.03025 135.071642
1.39756 28.81062 112.71516 225.2885 414.43457 8115.61684 37.859284 0.4401677 1247.87388 79.5449014
1.40015 29.146542 126.51534 264.6625 507.51257 8672.11077 212.50976 0.4406442 1406.09531 98.9148504
0.28581 15.683798 83.705696 200.943 468.84459 9989.81786 417.47855 0.1777152 1061.34128 95.8147374
2.35556 40.86902 136.37881 258.406 528.29956 7568.38625 55.328676 0.4662488 1465.75244 105.748958
0.6729 21.252239 93.430984 198.5224 423.0917 9784.72285 435.32633 0.3168363 1091.81312 84.0764557
0.43541 29.053883 142.32843 319.7653 690.0882 10314.8081 566.56601 0.148185 1721.95707 136.665855
0.15854 22.10553 126.48158 323.3602 761.01116 11362.431 508.52659 0.0733771 1704.88232 157.611978
1.44858 19.847377 66.633983 140.5849 290.05874 6643.59023 227.58184 0.60186 758.557639 62.0149625
0.69446 32.484429 121.23995 235.6249 445.99422 9493.76791 24.521165 0.1853639 1368.41907 87.2284925
1.28255 46.151992 174.45218 324.4035 589.29232 6405.83425 165.26578 0.2528779 1871.37882 109.766085
0.68438 21.165917 86.34014 178.602 367.65417 7823.16451 19.71538 0.3150418 1010.60422 71.6936581
0.37933 10.378075 52.388481 121.3445 276.58827 9833.30855 389.41689 0.3561662 649.73175 56.4696922
2.72473 43.158225 141.26753 254.4569 482.60577 7751.31744 70.555579 0.510639 1438.11524 93.1220481
0.27572 14.204788 69.510713 156.0371 334.56653 10390.5865 54.491582 0.1892268 837.746592 67.7412468
0.70068 23.757007 88.996967 187.1215 418.17071 8974.90441 31.046953 0.2331695 1008.24256 85.4347103
0.16951 20.231679 101.86797 226.2407 485.38222 11408.7766 27.576032 0.0841064 1242.99725 96.7731919
0.15724 7.4532444 35.997674 81.41294 183.7162 11064.3381 321.71611 0.2045799 425.74399 37.4240008
0.32135 11.02752 51.365963 121.4643 292.10336 9727.25593 37.966179 0.2753179 635.239193 61.0732244
0.36146 21.572309 117.36506 288.9867 668.07543 10148.9626 477.71482 0.1696714 1534.26242 135.531491
0.1636 8.2381683 40.793387 96.48248 223.51597 9781.31146 455.28889 0.1915358 512.3869 46.4519437
0.23489 9.1046702 43.541237 98.70776 224.32769 9536.82488 45.58428 0.2358395 545.906848 44.9643756
0.28533 17.876741 97.265638 245.1676 574.99174 10515.9286 318.40533 0.1613295 1276.97299 117.654914
1.78801 50.206795 156.99687 270.3357 466.32463 9036.1494 50.343148 0.3065731 1606.52819 87.4565215
0.49678 17.938796 57.456482 90.64422 148.26353 8996.45351 295.38098 0.2347906 530.412088 27.1634593
0.84416 25.822831 96.419168 176.6404 310.64683 9797.59193 911.16102 0.2956087 992.769335 57.4389815
317
Spot
QU687-17
QU687-4
QU709-15
QU709-20
QU709-8
QU709-7
QU709-10
QU709-3
QU709-19
QU709-1
QU709-18
QU709-14
QU709-13
QU709-6
QU709-11
QU709-17
QU709-16
QU709-12
QU709-2
QU709-4
QU709-9
QU709-5
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Hf
Ce/Ce* Eu/Eu* Y
Lu
0.3415 22.865933 61.934606 78.94544 108.40002 9637.8243 110.20019 0.1255923 495.793937 18.5959579
0.56473 11.030556 34.182313 56.28915 105.37451 9097.2215 139.27416 0.4282026 356.133336 19.5172031
0.27592 8.3469502 40.848346 97.08971 219.26172 9282.72425 119.98443 0.3232492 531.232269 43.9498157
0.71484 23.529236 114.90442 273.5025 619.87673 9339.51951 168.14463 0.2968718 1496.93563 128.148544
0.33496 7.4659744 36.328356 88.77747 208.62548 10083.431 46.056007 0.4141797 467.174805 44.3143232
1.22338 22.267089 99.214565 206.5079 400.38539 8353.1165 22.978736 0.5176584 1145.72552 76.5881545
3.60405 55.375404 186.14432 329.379 613.67297 7814.92716 46.163845 0.5456226 1912.73498 118.362931
0.4722 19.382156 84.115129 175.7122 352.11496 9362.6075 344.70211 0.2248224 967.936936 68.8702945
7.89142 141.41136 464.03159 781.5502 1405.2335 8068.25832 118.72208 0.4549457 4758.44282 260.368821
4.97876 72.279279 234.83561 407.9144 729.92134 7590.26826 74.240836 0.5818998 2351.15006 137.610196
4.29508 117.1939 370.0948 612.3942 1046.9652 9602.31408 32.395466 0.2955378 3646.0024 188.089111
0.41609 32.375944 104.76658 176.5455 296.83474 10787.3158 56.440858 0.1029385 1033.82469 54.4973298
0.97452 27.008705 104.16648 199.6582 385.54856 10359.3758 247.96703 0.3273056 1154.6725 74.2536349
0.43047 10.965053 52.572689 122.0459 284.91597 9948.03545 506.47665 0.3700093 661.349984 59.8040042
1.34586 36.703409 141.59171 281.5991 548.6203 9002.56507 80.621343 0.3169999 1554.19493 108.080414
0.49031 18.690526 57.901074 98.48088 168.12443 7898.87834 41.209487 0.2128383 566.90956 31.0056333
0.41607 13.915878 66.115773 146.8305 313.30921 10907.3766 79.260761 0.2925493 774.430607 61.9739267
1.77154 34.341327 124.85981 245.8391 529.72009 8521.59815 68.080027 0.4274409 1321.41407 103.078228
3.54218 58.491037 201.63533 353.8089 637.92352 7635.22884 129.68603 0.5224218 2016.2324 118.76181
5.29876 99.491364 330.72835 577.7774 1044.5282 7963.9636 78.500049 0.4262264 3394.9284 192.666293
4.7764 98.512251 346.09178 602.7637 1081.6624 8825.7775 108.99476 0.4051512 3494.68184 195.75866
0.28153 11.620888 60.345959 144.1027 339.03729 9968.31706 202.98535 0.2509348 745.139006 68.7577146
318
Table A5-2: Zircon mineral chemistry data Trace Element routine

Spot
QU242-1.1
QU242-1.2
QU242-1.3
QU242-3.1
QU242-3.2
QU242-4.1
QU242-4.2
QU242-5.1
QU242-5.2
QU242-6.1
QU242-6.2
QU242-8.1
QU242-8.2
QU242-10.1
QU242-10.2
QU242-14.1
QU242-14.2
QU283-1.1
QU283-1.2
QU283-10.1
QU283-10.2
QU283-11.1
QU283-11.2
QU283-11.3
QU283-15.1
QU283-2.1
QU283-2.2
QU283-2.3
QU283-3.1
QU283-3.2
QU283-5.1
QU283-5.2
QU283-6.1
QU283-6.2
QU283-8.1
QU283-8.2
QU393-2.1
QU393-2.2OSC_OR
QU393-4.1SZ_UC
QU393-4.2SZ_LC
QU393-4.3OSC_OR
QU39316.1OSC_ILC
QU39316.2OSC_IDC
QU39316.3OSC_OLR
QU393-6.1OSC_DC
QU393-6.2OSC_DR
QU393-7.1OSC_DC
QU3937.2OSC_DINT
QU393-7.3OSC_DR
QU393-9.1OSC_LC
QU393-9.2OSC_DC
QU3939.3OSC_LINT
QU393-9.4OSC_LR
QU395-1.1
QU395-1.2
QU395-1.3
QU395-3.1
QU395-3.2
QU395-4.1
QU395-4.2
QU395-6.1
QU395-6.2
QU395-7.1
Temp. C
797
738
730
702
672
720
628
725
713
742
767
719
737
732
663
696
765
779
773
781
750
849
792
710
798
794
813
765
791
749
803
719
804
788
777
795
817
677
843
780
785
708
Li
0.00168
0.00329
0.00310
0.00747
0.00501
0.00269
0.00473
0.00550
0.01061
0.02849
0.00506
0.00444
0.01788
0.00570
0.00770
0.01065
0.01060
0.00833
0.00843
0.00935
0.02610
0.01058
0.00272
0.01412
0.04374
0.01103
0.01178
0.02992
0.00438
0.00502
0.00630
0.00426
0.00641
0.02675
0.00756
0.00228
0.38887
0.00725
0.00708
0.00322
0.00078
0.00882
Be9
0.07836
0.01166
0.02351
0.02024
0.00163
0.05957
0.00497
0.03275
0.24539
0.11030
0.02479
0.03584
0.44047
0.02921
0.00000
0.01455
0.01206
0.00000
0.00000
0.00426
0.00669
0.02038
0.00089
0.00851
0.02231
0.00386
0.00000
0.00358
0.01395
0.00176
0.00765
0.00484
0.01460
0.00751
0.00764
0.00000
0.13849
0.00450
0.00896
0.00183
0.00179
0.01095
B11
0.00537
0.02807
0.02420
0.15226
0.02972
0.01722
0.03488
0.02974
0.02259
0.00709
0.00000
0.03870
0.02464
0.08658
0.02461
0.05900
0.03386
0.02366
0.00598
0.02689
0.04698
0.01300
0.03730
0.03981
0.05783
0.04336
0.03114
0.01006
0.02237
0.02962
0.02148
0.03537
0.01261
0.03278
0.01610
0.01942
0.00894
0.01686
0.00503
0.00000
0.01504
0.02563
F19
Na
Mg
7.39713 1.32516 0.25044
6.14148 0.64796 0.20545
6.93290 0.54323 0.20854
5.07202 0.86929 0.47429
6.15221 0.71414 0.23908
5.65025 0.44861 0.32138
5.80045 0.51955 0.23319
6.21258 0.41459 0.13591
7.26546 0.37947 0.22381
6.36216 0.59539 0.21613
7.01584 0.37327 0.18441
5.08098 1.55089 0.29147
9.11754 0.67140 0.36353
6.28126 1.04256 0.42096
16.96585 2.95844 0.41239
5.66016 1.65983 0.32259
9.72310 1.15852 0.45580
6.40562 0.48632 0.23001
5.89118 0.41319 0.17470
4.51017 0.42709 0.16158
51.65513 1.05951 0.52509
10.07147 0.53774 0.20103
6.85529 0.50244 0.14640
5.05183 0.43261 0.23881
5.85235 0.60057 0.22607
8.89505 2.71011 0.23805
5.45062 0.48387 0.23040
8.42268 0.61883 0.24206
4.95689 0.51970 0.20617
6.80572 0.65667 0.21564
7.22617 0.54536 0.22556
6.25010 0.52368 0.22137
7.24387 0.36566 0.14262
6.91627 0.55780 0.18829
6.16345 0.48549 0.21252
5.89641 0.53320 0.18942
7.62744 4.58324 0.28238
4.97885 0.57206 0.16741
6.93407 0.49306 0.16012
2.36698 0.43405 0.18123
5.26461 0.57278 0.17995
3.02820 0.47891 0.15089
Al27
14.27166
13.07996
12.29770
13.79736
9.36002
8.67945
10.35693
10.96237
7.27240
11.25513
8.04707
15.70695
9.96827
18.27333
19.20764
18.63038
20.58755
17.10910
11.40821
16.03820
15.90239
9.87428
12.48639
10.06939
12.64301
46.16616
12.41228
12.70474
10.59999
14.61122
13.06882
10.98291
8.98763
11.46690
14.30641
14.82283
55.55940
10.47474
14.09912
29.89266
25.96215
10.86828
P31
559.54853
186.53838
210.80505
183.10070
84.53196
367.44938
59.68307
280.59677
217.67024
301.30662
250.33596
368.30728
395.01375
251.06418
83.34094
126.20558
171.67025
211.40339
153.98970
225.43817
572.29304
431.03463
189.29300
81.03828
272.47936
216.73755
188.40571
126.89200
186.50381
74.70801
207.78368
74.73359
208.65722
177.18076
246.11115
152.30686
591.45776
153.30503
482.70531
424.06798
159.77447
462.84722
S32
0.39014
0.34011
0.23996
0.49568
0.24930
0.53641
0.25360
0.29490
0.24634
0.42967
0.09036
0.65656
0.16288
0.33129
0.00000
0.82488
0.30769
0.21499
0.32625
0.00000
0.25618
0.09453
0.27117
0.38589
0.52557
0.19704
0.28299
0.18292
0.30501
0.35895
0.48802
0.19779
0.57309
0.51069
0.29257
0.08825
0.16246
0.45954
0.36572
0.00000
0.36444
0.37266
721 0.02251 0.07970 0.00533
3.49699
0.52498
0.17085
8.71207 346.67219 0.77464
654 0.02097 0.00477 0.04467
8.50319
0.67724
0.91192
7.85252 108.03145 0.16238
769
676
771
703
0.05038
0.02351
0.00657
0.07610
0.05733
0.01041
0.00374
0.00379
0.05813
0.00417
0.01750
0.00355
6.75064 10.75764
9.86188 0.97288
6.43313 0.41463
3.96105 0.34049
0.62603 89.67126 319.19068 0.00000

0.56432 13.64452 131.82792 0.15171
0.14995 9.88832 188.03175 0.76342
0.13423 8.89572 252.28660 0.00000
706
770
703
718
0.05725
0.01340
0.13891
0.03103
0.01448
0.01743
0.03274
0.00867
0.00938
0.00816
0.00951
0.01391
4.31034
3.21279
5.20229
5.47950
697
725
688
689
697
683
799
717
767
737
720
0.04529
0.03192
0.00091
0.00576
0.00577
0.00126
0.00219
0.01546
0.02850
0.00405
0.19423
0.00364
0.00295
0.00208
0.00374
0.02629
0.00000
0.00000
0.00480
0.21949
0.03072
0.14348
0.11450 7.54205 279.06054 0.11367

0.15911 46.67101 443.99989 0.59307
0.12898 8.32590 273.40675 0.00000
0.72006 155.4000 204.56083 0.63219
9
0.16786 10.68889 235.52898 0.37130
0.26715 39.90231 267.26879 0.70132
0.27241 14.48670 183.85023 0.42437
0.33342 17.47954 320.45182 0.57332
0.30689 22.80215 334.30509 0.67070
0.56886 27.93762 161.66285 0.58381
0.41186 21.12438 234.54607 0.16953
0.24389 19.97620 213.58171 0.32638
0.46570 19.12793 788.57284 0.44140
0.39626 21.22955 205.19690 0.94043
0.51183 593.6961 251.03699 0.10768
7
0.23172 10.72222 246.46606 0.21726
0.24311 10.23390 234.47858 0.10797
0.30242 349.6010 228.73258 0.24368
5
0.14249 11.71574 451.11863 0.80586
0.24078 11.72655 206.87697 0.39114
0.26256 10.99648 321.29698 0.34679
0.47859
3.86052
0.32652
9.44198
QU395-7.2
QU395-9.1
QU395-9.2
0.02724 4.24630 0.43901

0.01378 12.84494 4.10785
0.00584 4.21462 0.49029
0.00526 3.10576 0.70818
0.00000 4.23887 0.58872
0.02409 3.16259 0.74499
0.02332 3.36743 0.70830
0.00449 5.00944 0.69179
0.06071 6.37640 0.85724
0.05749 7.17003 1.10478
0.26954 7.58290 146.8215
1
712 0.02198 0.00319 0.01793 5.10000 0.64220
720 0.01301 0.01269 0.00891 7.01873 0.62312
759 0.06032 0.09551 0.15418 7.70051 42.34225
QU395-13.1
QU395-13.2
QU335-2.1
709 0.00942 0.00677 0.01583

715 0.02778 0.00479 0.01883
796 0.00896 0.00000 0.01908
7.89951
7.76932
6.26207
0.47849
0.52734
0.67380
319
Spot
QU335-2.2
QU335-3.1
QU335-3.2
QU335-4.1
QU335-4.2
QU335-5.1LTRIM
QU335-5.2LTCORE
QU335-5.3DKSEC
QU335-6.1LTCORE
QU335-6.2DKRIM
QU335-10.1CORE
QU335-10.2grrim
QU335-12.1c
QU335-12.2dkrim
QU050-1.1C
QU050-3.3C
QU050-5.1C
QU050-6.4C
QU050-7.2C
QU050-8.2C
Temp. C
690
759
686
777
809
791
773
772
756
642
828
776
807
720
713
721
742
Li
0.01600
0.00348
0.01499
0.00550
0.00149
0.00994
0.01139
0.07261
0.00995
0.02379
0.02192
0.00973
0.01016
0.12028
0.02197
0.00000
0.01157
Be9
0.00000
0.01427
0.00682
0.00000
0.00000
0.00453
0.00682
0.02626
0.01066
0.01289
0.00809
0.00554
0.00000
0.00149
0.03386
0.00000
0.19660
726 0.00000 0.03612

862 0.20412 12.3443
0
1891 0.02704 0.27611
QU050-9.1C
QU050-10.1C
QU050-11.3C
QU050-12.1C
QU050-3.1E
728
728
721
721
694
0.01150
0.03685
0.01306
0.02068
0.00000
QU050-6.1E
715 0.00000 0.00000
QU050-7.3E
QU050-8.1E
QU050-9.3E
QU050-10.4E
692
693
699
700
QU050-11.1E
685 0.04008 0.09248
QU050-12.3E
QU050-3.2I
663 0.01731 0.01395

796 0.00918 0.16776
0.04312
0.02103
0.02862
0.03187
0.00249
0.00000
0.00219
0.05348
0.27514
0.00000
0.05949
0.04538
0.04252
0.03038
0.02675
0.00674
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.02006
0.00000
0.00000
0.00346
0.00000
0.04411
0.03786
0.02385
0.00000
0.00859
0.01181
0.04482
0.14477
0.09357
QU050-5.2ID
QU050-6.2IL
QU050-6.3ID
QU050-7.1I
QU050-8.3ID
QU050-9.2ID
QU050-10.2ID
QU050-10.3IL
QU050-11.2ID
QU050-12.2I
QU138-1.1C
QU138-2.1C
QU138-5.1C
QU138-6.1C
QU138-6.3C
QU138-8.1C
QU138-10.1C
QU138-11.1c
QU138-1.3E
QU138-2.4R
QU138-5.3R
QU138-8.3R
QU138-10.4r
771
670
733
735
743
690
747
798
735
679
723.328484
634.264523
703.220793
697.887739
675.20337
761.022508
736.556628
724.512186
694.558512
718.295069
699.708984
669.502647
687.454044
0.05790
0.01245
0.10190
0.03663
0.06079
0.06356
0.15136
0.09608
0.15944
0.01110
0.15705
0.09493
0.01809
0.01403
0.00000
0.01492
0.04797
0.00955
0.06496
0.57748
0.09064
0.06645
0.06702
QU138-11.2rIM
QU138-1.2I
QU138-2.2ID
QU138-2.3ID
723.586448 0.00000 0.29108

733.54187 0.03385 0.11336
731.907371 0.35433 0.23765
749.220296
0 0.40848
QU138-5.2IG
728.600351
0 0.04666
QU138-6.2DI
724.588482
0 0.04195
QU138-8.2ingrey
679.604543
0 0.00953
QU138-10.2indark
714.564408
0 0.00985
B11
F19
Na
Mg
0.01227 6.71263 0.65877 0.27803
0.04007 5.84573 0.72003 0.22166
0.03832 5.65910 0.84290 0.78177
0.03952 6.05295 0.86599 0.25117
0.01899 7.47854 0.85720 0.23859
0.07201 9.17647 0.49683 0.17033
0.02681 9.05195 0.54011 0.19986
0.04336 8.82336 0.84661 0.27189
0.05236 8.10144 0.75621 0.24168
0.03258 7.12856 0.80404 0.58913
0.04542 8.44699 0.89274 0.50545
0.03888 6.63500 0.79931 0.26052
0.06491 6.51695 0.76108 0.27691
0.09189 7.67711 1.25289 0.55882
0.02129 12.38940 1.98932 1.41125
0.19818 7.17495 2.51085 4.66800
0.23325 9.34381 129.0936 10.6810
1
4
0.06813 5.21750 2.98530 6.11372
0.90645 39.88477 357.6267 7.79038
5
0.03810 5.25276 1.40227 153.046
18
0.03565 6.55327 2.43029 3.84738
0.16068 6.01611 2.49261 6.91381
0.05060 6.20081 2.78168 4.26747
0.14427 7.36612 2.53408 2.88159
0.07292 4.46761 3.57185 24.8939
7
0.03784 5.21635 1.88066 10.3185
1
0.09192 7.93551 1.90217 3.61151
0.07246 2.21972 2.70782 8.00002
0.06826 6.27340 2.80562 2.55637
0.07059 7.56859 4.06629 40.5052
4
0.03270 5.00921 3.20113 26.6447
7
0.08680 7.49360 2.43091 2.18458
0.21357 6.54254 4.58554 144.664
26
0.02891 6.19903 1.67438 1.44881
0.10565 8.09103 1.93284 3.12609
0.08479 6.23389 3.22544 2.38033
0.05182 9.52460 2.82665 2.23290
0.17199 9.48351 2.92320 5.97324
0.03596 8.26263 2.58781 1.26698
0.06588 6.55877 2.59930 3.78284
0.07995 6.85731 2.74188 2.35964
0.06939 7.44022 2.09300 6.13107
0.06280 7.21388 3.24806 1.87264
0.10367 10.88895 4.85856 3.34432
0.05968 9.82696 2.03405 1.71352
0.07675 9.79686 3.39079 2.12206
0.11910 8.91816 2.71435 1.76199
0.06298 7.33095 4.49179 3.45201
0.02813 8.18691 1.28786 0.80379
0.05429 3.74188 2.63634 2.32672
0.09455 7.03417 4.31138 2.25564
0.05655 11.25998 2.95350 2.33733
0.07658 10.16584 2.78918 3.09450
0.12147 7.85551 2.65920 4.48525
0.09400 9.05012 3.72250 2.98010
0.18959 6.70150 3.03949 23.1250
0
0.11935 5.84966 3.36874 2.35060
0.02916 8.03822 2.59938 2.08663
0.92980 14.89901 7.39162 4.85701
0.05313 9.76569 3.030339 3.52993
1
7
0.01320 4.852664 2.767875 3.13459
1
7
6
0.13187 7.271695 3.348805 2.21689
5
7
2
0.10783 9.910206 2.342185 1.82473
5
2
6
0.13929
8.9611 8.279478 2.51940
7
3
8
Al27
11.50178
12.82476
12.70072
15.37841
12.52875
9.15916
9.25421
13.63991
16.43812
11.24733
15.98340
16.19157
18.43528
29.45624
10.81090
35.64609
359.0678
9
17.78310
503.0454
0
26.96094
P31
152.96100
271.76935
155.52543
173.61163
213.09136
175.13974
140.95250
170.53543
213.30367
49.83938
276.67091
160.72768
258.55039
172.68833
231.58858
330.97603
368.84000
16.81496
21.54665
30.66777
33.43768
55.49691
484.68507
418.53892
330.60951
353.24364
150.35676
S32
0.14870
0.00000
0.34822
0.63849
0.17257
0.00000
0.27849
0.31525
0.67978
0.52637
0.41275
0.56529
0.69405
0.75920
0.25612
0.43356
2.15885
287.92897 1.22959
1327.0138 0.00000
5
412.95569 0.45848
0.00000
2.14818
0.81185
0.77154
7.60406
14.59957 232.22061 0.45531

12.65278
15.77741
14.29548
108.9045
7
22.18749
195.11466
174.98295
229.14269
151.92029
0.60327
0.00000
0.82135
4.24683
124.16254 0.78700
18.26078 112.24339 0.00000

28.82427 523.33698 0.57106
12.03536
17.84456
16.65680
21.49756
17.82767
21.88353
17.58980
19.12208
16.04329
20.96303
22.67993
10.17685
23.42373
20.70755
23.35774
19.79503
19.23073
31.47876
16.17954
18.12812
16.93752
22.23589
18.04084
368.46159
142.24817
221.35577
320.54908
331.88090
93.13306
294.04374
376.96979
324.95573
120.95409
297.14378
78.70692
127.89692
203.31469
90.64529
366.57919
218.86341
285.90976
144.93282
323.71340
221.25017
208.05729
165.55702
0.23189
0.00000
0.81618
0.00000
0.00000
0.86544
0.39633
0.00000
0.00000
0.75559
1.06924
0.35905
0.30784
0.63688
0.30310
0.00000
0.32661
0.32504
0.68041
0.61430
0.64957
0.96946
0.00000
18.56131
24.15366
62.50951
19.43558
219.88378
215.73208
144.03762
319.43498
2
229.21827
1
243.78833
2
88.304150
2
272.33507
3
0.28720
0.70161
1.37695
1.91787
9
0.31767
1
0.63470
4
0.32437
7
0.67042
5
19.06834
16.87549
15.09027
32.8474
320
Spot
Temp. C
Li
QU138-10.3outgrey 709.755788
QU-168-3.1c
Be9
B11
0 0.06366 0.05541
3
660.34721
0 0.04346 0.08607
1
724.209961 0.01006
0
0
QU-168-4.1c
681.244674 0.00747
QU-168-5.1c
688.416944
QU-168-6.1c
687.64219 0.00604
QU-168-7.1c
734.779056 0.00311
QU-168-9.1c
702.914858 0.01336
675.78557 0.00948
QU138-11.2ingrey
QU-168-10.1c
QU-168-11.1C
809.220195 0.10214 0.01835
QU-168-12.1C
741.451209 0.02388
QU-168-3.3r
696.722022 0.00312
QU-168-4.3r
651.788638
QU-168-5.3r
677.558185 0.00157
QU-168-6.4r
726.254001 0.00315
QU-168-7.3r
690.492862
QU-168-9.2r
721.362016 0.04404
QU-168-11.2E
714.666714 0.00313 0.01285
QU-168-12.2E
713.424715 0.07122
QU-168-10.2r
698.963401 0.03185
QU-168-3.2ingrey
756.604558 0.00155
QU-168-4.2ingrey
645.143247 0.00149
QU-168-5.2indk
717.609282
QU-168-6.2dfin
693.356767
705.64999 0.00162
QU-168-7.2ingrey
647.256641 0.00152
QU210-1.4C
723.694174 0.02471
0.0127
QU210-3.2C
726.523141 0.03583
QU210-4.1C
766.125498 0.00618
QU210-7.5C
750.529571 0.03516 0.01853
QU210-8.1C
696.280375 0.02267
QU210-9.1C
777.429857 0.03631
QU210-4.4E
654.789802 0.02296
QU210-1.1E
676.706746 0.02303 0.01803
QU210-3.4E
660.846219
0.0299
0.0041
QU210-7.1E
723.014642 0.02758
QU210-8.3E
672.665513 0.00707 0.00387
QU210-9.3E
680.529035 0.03877 0.01831
QU210-1.2IL
663.754837 0.01148 0.01797
QU210-1.3ID
768.089021 0.09319
QU-168-6.3grin
0.0285 0.00868
0
0.1231
F19
Na
Mg
8.487501 3.304110 2.37491
8
4.143361 2.009026 1.76002
5
4
1.194355 2.264771 1.75209
8
3
0 10.64004 3.226984 2.07473
1
9
0 9.520809 1.035575 0.70471
4
4
0 7.528963 3.809671 2.12325
6
0 7.758674 2.720985 3.31885
8
0 3.52449 3.288272 2.89156
4
7
0 5.468256 2.985102 3.13415
8
9
0.12978 9.939558 83.74939 3.49226
5
1
8
0.01234 6.80483 1.829091 6.88781
1
7
7
0 7.033413 2.879098 3.51303
3
6
0 6.569508 3.380056 2.20424
8
9
0 5.95782 3.280385 4.85555
2
3
0 6.353599 2.425417 1.96971
5
2
0 3.383623 2.567071 1.43668
6
2
0 3.098541 1.471018 1.30472
8
5
0.01211 6.682332 2.804592 2.19185
9
2
6
0.01150 7.399092 2.199247 3.32457
2
2
0 7.563227 3.377479 10.1600
9
8
0.01199 9.555457 3.183073 2.72232
7
4
7
0 7.091287 2.851327 2.51079
6
2
0 3.396179 2.763533 1.87256
5
7
0 3.852897 2.376298 1.45838
7
6
0 6.144183 2.590354 2.28116
9
6
0 4.338144 2.737065 2.04930
3
2
0.03591 6.601584 25.16039 10.3286
7
6
8
0 9.572326 3.623826 2.35645
6
2
0.02393 7.332513 2.11589 1.62013
6
6
0.03145 6.101798 2.235243 3.04189
5
8
0 7.915655 2.995880 1.55974
7
8
0 7.662735 1.800471 1.72895
9
1
0 5.451083 2.413476 4.68937
8
7
0.01275 9.375313 3.263984 14.5457
2
6
6
0.02317 8.518352 6.552532 2.69980
3
6
5
0 10.18724 19.03897 62.0116
7
0.01096 4.029922 2.115597 18.1733
3
4
4
0 7.936078 2.733652 26.0437
4
1
0.01270 5.449476 2.005415 2.64360
6
6
7
0.01289 7.507749 2.335942 2.29005
Al27
P31
20.17284 243.63180
8
15.39566 106.06856
9
18.12056 297.31630
7
18.42753 378.81678
6
9.299329 250.10280
7
17.33155 368.54769
8
13.46111 429.74369
5
16.60425 436.90755
4
15.03919 102.83054
9
2439.986 467.07774
8
32.50169 380.97840
2
16.86148 157.24967
1
18.04998 99.326052
6
18.02597 167.16357
9
15.28867 225.86447
2
13.32452 257.75684
8
10.91661 244.71131
S32
0.33337
1
1.18358
2
0.62549
16.6294 208.48618
1
23.07893 183.52826
9
16.62209 159.28736
3
17.17066 355.51498
5
16.09906 57.061045
5
23.92005 174.88935
0.58326
2
0.83034
5
1.03327
9
0.28870
6
0
17.57917 178.90368
1
18.31606 349.69780
8
17.84734 78.360538
9
66.70052 308.39046
8
26.11711 413.51141
7
35.45904 304.17795
2
31.91359 329.75426
1
13.31234 406.03330
4
13.78163 308.62131
3
14.58154 77.810099
6
28.74719 130.38974
20.64319
624.3049
10.55409
13.92593
13.85171
14.86639
0.55722
5
0
0.28164
0.58046
6
0.55373
8
0
4.06021
2
0.29697
7
1.16319
0.54323
5
0.29251
3
0
0
0
0.29643
3
0
0.60332
7
0
0.57621
4
0.27850
4
0
0.25228
0.24872
8
0.25081
3
0.26763
4
0.92060
7
91.330240 0.55763
4
8
144.50272 4.57295
1
128.20564 0.52762
9
3
173.42819 0.24937
2
100.16062 0.30577
3
7
593.40806 0.62081
321
Spot
Temp. C
QU210-3.1ID
720.262458
QU210-3.3IL
680.181887 0.02852 0.00822
QU210-4.2IL
748.346433 0.03011 0.00825
QU210-4.3ID
710.645721 0.02072 0.00406
QU210-7.2IL
646.069573 0.03655 0.00801
QU210-7.3ID
629.061801 0.01748 0.03592
QU210-7.4ID2
702.005495 0.01365 0.01247
QU210-8.2ID
712.735996 0.05873 0.00748
QU210-9.2ID
712.569907 0.04878
QU394-1.1C
648.643039 0.00328 0.00899
QU394-1.2ID
717.137017
0.0193
QU394-1.3E
636.103424 0.05572
QU394-2.1E
727.103806 0.05291 0.00805
QU394-2.2C
Li
0.0489
711.68228 0.02373
Be9
B11
0.0134
0.0153
QU394-2.3ID
723.264767 0.02104 0.01153
QU394-4.1E
677.287638 0.03132
0.0039
QU394-4.2C
700.407486 0.00699
QU394-5.1E
717.14233 0.03571
QU394-5.2C
691.503978 0.04795 0.20397
QU394-5.3I
702.083967 0.07081 0.02116
QU394-6.1C
726.029984 0.04613 0.04694
QU394-6.2IL
729.3088 0.01256 0.00382
QU394-6.3ID
735.757954 0.10887
0.0155
QU394-6.4E
713.388235 0.05853
QU394-7.1C
727.616038 0.08565
QU394-7.1I
737.360728 0.01848
QU394-7.3E
715.471288 0.03815
QU394-8.1E
687.334666
QU394-8.2C
818.501322 0.03954 0.02446
0.0179
F19
Na
Mg
8
9
0 5.418506 2.192142 7.57732
2
7
0.01163 8.909825 11.86431 2.25264
4
7
8
0 6.791139 2.180853 2.32392
5
6
0 4.920534 2.240239 1.87778
9
1
0 5.901001 2.926143 4.13029
2
4
0.02258 4.842315 2.481634 3.67707
2
7
0 7.204085 2.322699 1.98969
9
0 8.108244 2.517142 2.18508
6
0 4.695458 2.768019 2.55116
9
2
0.03814 4.284421 2.209272 3.11083
3
5
4
0.01150 20.44842 3.335872 1.71121
9
4
8
0.01107 5.088706 2.055915 4.90909
4
5
8
0 8.37572 2.264782 5.35976
5
3
0.02164 6.298837 2.813798 9.99076
4
2
9
0.01087 6.993788 2.702960 2.70215
2
9
3
0 5.070794 2.168696 5.62650
6
9
0 0.995252 2.821252 2.21705
4
7
0.01025 5.652319 2.364514 4.73169
1
9
0.22494 6.591439 528.9655 5.63783
9
8
0.02993 5.808328 3.144912 1.90456
8
8
0.02043 7.198011 2.775121 2.26716
2
6
7
0 3.976441 2.292716 1.22428
6
4
0.03287 7.721636 44.44711 13.9480
8
6
0 9.050122 3.578641 6.08791
9
5
0 6.560321 22.09658 4.56835
3
9
0.01023 8.148936 2.339316 2.20808
1
9
6
0 9.059009 2.895643 3.43953
1
4
0 8.498408 3.039718 2.57804
7
9
0.03954 8.479296 3.355423 1.53567
2
7
3
Al27
P31
S32
9
8
10.76086 265.46451 0.91211
9
8
33.60128 107.81973 0.55993
5
13.69311 264.90236
0
2
11.64218 219.30114 0.27609
1
7
11.06801 66.106638 0.54536
5
2
9.795642 41.885820 0.54341
4
7
13.67412 168.82659 0.84888
8
4
12.27371 290.44541 0.76434
5
12.42261 204.51103 0.24590
7
4
15.95616 231.70324 0.30596
4
9
12.97696 272.05685 0.27695
6
14.75 69.194379 0.79949
1
5
15.2002 264.43095 3.01565
9
6
15.88544 355.58417 0.26042
4
6
13.21659 265.27205
0
12.7414 141.63666
5
13.6526 328.10219
2
16.14756 204.65384
1
1188.166 187.16297
8
15.3022 212.47764
6
16.22581 401.78300
3
12.737 261.92058
8
354.8135 615.15832
0.26556
17.38328 225.07586
0.52121
9
1.48007
5
0.47072
3
0.72043
9
0
0.26031
0.26373
81.78969 360.88866 0.77302

7
7
12.74665 282.08849 0.49242
3
13.73741 225.10875
0
3
16.81298 162.86230 0.23842
6
8
10.75081 600.76436
0
322
Table A5-2 (contd): Zircon mineral chemistry data Trace Element routine
Spot
QU242-1.1
QU242-1.2
QU242-1.3
QU242-3.1
Temp. C K39
Ca40
Sc45
797 1.93085 1.12328 253.5710
0
738 0.19974 0.75953 127.5573
3
730 0.23979 0.89594 164.3573
3
702 0.73902 1.23081 73.43018
QU242-3.2
672 0.20201
0.55775 32.80451
QU242-4.1
720 0.14408
QU242-4.2
628 0.21243
0.61356 139.8736
6
0.73432 54.98099
QU242-5.1
725 0.27857
QU242-5.2
713 0.13738
QU242-6.1
742 0.16314
QU242-6.2
767 0.12772
QU242-8.1
719 1.23166
QU242-8.2
737 0.26027
QU242-10.1
732 0.30541
QU242-10.2
663 0.99091
0.83429 120.3122
7
0.66982 120.3123
8
1.01605 201.4879
6
1.06801 313.8676
5
1.76504 117.2902
0
6.82709 30.13163
QU242-14.1
696 0.80438
1.31125 47.20698
QU242-14.2
765 0.29836
1.63155 51.76355
QU283-1.1
779 0.15856
0.94732 56.38935
QU283-1.2
773 0.15446
0.73403 48.02009
QU283-10.1
781 0.20245
0.51753 65.20018
QU283-10.2
QU283-11.2
750 0.27815 130.2997 44.04009

9
849 0.17559 0.64915 223.8273
9
792 0.20431 0.59327 65.97994
QU283-11.3
710 0.17523
0.75169 26.44051
QU283-15.1
798 0.25182
0.61739 68.80530
QU283-2.1
1.30394 42.96202
QU283-2.2
794 11.0205
8
813 0.19711
QU283-2.3
765 0.21547
1.09212 31.64493
QU283-3.1
791 0.27493
0.86455 62.91988
QU283-3.2
749 0.24818
0.96144 21.82640
QU283-5.1
803 0.22128
0.89563 89.27766
QU283-5.2
719 0.21205
1.09458 20.66852
QU283-6.1
804 0.18706
0.47453 72.01399
QU283-6.2
788 0.22842
0.70092 63.97168
QU283-8.1
777 9.96593
0.67340 85.11085
QU283-8.2
795 0.24830
0.67033 52.32344
QU393-2.1
817 6.19382
QU393-2.2OSC_OR
677 0.23326
1.61736 198.0576
2
0.67819 73.48451
QU393-4.1SZ_UC
843 0.20478
QU283-11.1
0.58070 115.0204
8
0.55692 99.72845
0.80894 70.04744
0.59539 163.1107
0
48/49
13.8367
0
13.8313
4
13.7649
1
13.2142
9
12.9608
2
14.5779
0
14.8989
5
13.6670
5
14.2646
7
13.2819
5
13.4815
5
13.3990
6
13.5400
5
14.6583
6
13.3901
5
14.0299
7
13.9920
1
13.2578
9
13.8168
4
14.2409
6
14.0425
4
13.3349
5
13.3430
7
13.4591
7
13.4979
4
13.3122
6
13.4246
8
14.2692
6
14.1105
4
13.7109
9
13.7923
3
13.8975
3
13.2802
7
13.9722
5
12.7123
7
13.1075
5
14.2298
4
12.9935
7
13.8442
0
Ti48
Ti49
V51
Cr
13.580976 13.38559 0.21675439 0.0528281
5
7.1659297 7.065576 0.07624657 0.0460537
3
6.5479317 6.487387 0.05925245 0.0649854
8
4.4649205 4.607965 0.0762286 0.0559323
7
3.0115945 3.168861 0.02807878 0.0348819
Mn
0.170667
0.05801543
0.04489338
0.22001669
0.03109313
6.1531245 5.756253 0.08481656 0.0217903 0.03640325

3
1.8856786 1.726041 0.05932386 0.0629552 0.04093256
5
6.1255085 6.112327 0.21589786
0.05058 0.0367808
5.5178389
7.2226258
9.6466147
5.5858892
6.9663055
7.1187153
2.7502793
4.4314978
9.8372338
10.840046
10.613551
11.819356
8.3824548
21.734816
12.489497
5.0599035
13.464861
12.66453
15.524579
9.9876676
12.999926
8.061862
14.474129
5.8075624
5.27529 0.13232648 0.0333564

6
7.416048 0.09716224 0.0407267
6
9.758298 0.12799568 0.0379283
7
5.685348 0.27913833 0.0381012
2
7.016514 0.11642237 0.0540347
9
6.623008 0.20666014 0.0538307
4
2.801112 0.0387635 0.0444272
4
4.307575 0.09648189 0.0781870
7
9.588089 0.11996255 0.0687451
4
11.15054 0.15926112 0.0436676
5
10.4759 0.14557145 0.0515395
5
11.31863 0.11431618 0.0441141
2
8.140757 0.16091424 0.0474071
6
22.22817 0.78259717 0.0332817
2
12.76522 0.26196247 0.0379428
1
5.126997 0.0677022 0.0574771
6
13.60422 1.6711383 0.0450716
6
12.97407 0.71316757 0.0640340
9
15.77085
0.306474 0.0395957
8
9.54557 0.07607084 0.0594446
9
12.56425 0.30257894 0.0302872
3
8.018733 0.1131239 0.0486044
7
14.31179 0.36658962 0.0422927
5
5.698957 0.07839831 0.0508855
13.967793 14.34366
12.519856 12.22003
10.140993
10.8791
12.624709 13.13527
17.053263 16.34355
3.229222 3.389289
21.275718 20.95828
0.5705049 0.0496642
9
0.22233791 0.0461010
8
0.82254215 0.0435773
7
0.20530368 0.0525811
4
0.18580022 0.0241985
8
0.07564815 0.0642998
6
0.04752877 0.0198084
4
0.03614645
0.04823131
0.02784245
0.17753872
0.03316089
0.05833324
0.12473469
0.06536066
0.05079212
0.03075806
0.05026537
0.03465783
1.20474502
0.0478561
0.03680583
0.05839186
0.05976662
0.05963205
0.03425691
0.0342214
0.04027971
0.04740286
0.04833653
0.03047302
0.03531826
0.04496135
0.04292933
0.03496446
0.10012263
0.05057275
0.04225971
323
Spot
QU393-4.2SZ_LC
QU393-4.3OSC_OR
QU39316.1OSC_ILC
QU39316.2OSC_IDC
QU39316.3OSC_OLR
QU393-6.1OSC_DC
QU393-6.2OSC_DR
QU393-7.1OSC_DC
QU3937.2OSC_DINT
QU393-7.3OSC_DR
QU393-9.1OSC_LC
QU393-9.2OSC_DC
QU3939.3OSC_LINT
QU393-9.4OSC_LR
QU395-1.1
QU395-1.2
QU395-1.3
QU395-3.1
QU395-3.2
QU395-4.1
QU395-4.2
QU395-6.1
QU395-6.2
QU395-7.1
QU395-7.2
QU395-9.1
QU395-9.2
QU395-13.1
QU395-13.2
QU335-2.1
QU335-2.2
QU335-3.1
QU335-3.2
QU335-4.1
QU335-4.2
QU335-5.1LTRIM
QU335-5.2LTCORE
QU335-5.3DKSEC
QU335-6.1LTCORE
QU335-6.2DKRIM
Temp. C K39
Ca40
Sc45
48/49 Ti48
780 0.18158 0.67925 130.7927 13.9822 11.542044
1
5
785 0.21651 0.84356 57.81869 13.1277 11.430985
3
708 0.17432 0.59397 120.9189 14.0588 5.1110981
6
2
721 0.17060 0.57139 275.4376 14.2517 6.0617535
9
8
654 0.18961 2.19727 56.76530 13.1822 2.3896779
4
769 34.8679 1.54696 138.9871 12.8291 9.4207025
0
3
0
676 0.36259 1.04901 95.17509 14.9352 3.6524248
8
771 0.16508 0.67986 57.00168 13.6726 10.200789
0
703 0.12953 0.57332 83.45071 12.5410 4.322316
2
706 0.21268 0.53126 164.1204 12.8344 4.5511654
3
5
770 9.61450 0.88176 105.2527 13.6453 10.058419
5
3
703 0.17155 0.48388 196.9013 13.4639 4.6056652
5
7
718 25.0629 0.89145 65.13380 14.8475 6.1013163
5
1
697 0.23665 0.80231 67.49986 14.6369 4.6591368
2
725 3.49539 0.84642 86.28669 12.9542 5.7754826
8
688 0.21879 0.99466 41.11461 14.1085 4.0292069
3
689 0.30537 1.32393 130.3190 14.1349 4.0725835
6
5
697 0.29312 1.32869 135.9186 14.9505 4.7602862
6
5
683 0.36677 2.24257 38.00625 11.1647 2.9923116
7
799 0.26627 1.40156 76.76672 13.2159 13.207929
3
717 0.28305 0.93973 64.25494 14.2536 5.7881254
7
767 0.35040 1.76548 174.2534 13.0000 9.354723
3
0
737 0.37604 1.62737 64.67461 13.8559 7.1301317
3
720 ##### 13.62240 144.9952 13.3196 5.6413937
#
7
3
712 0.26334 1.26806 76.01987 13.2327 5.0917518
0
720 0.21971 0.88189 126.4277 13.4784 5.6483623
6
9
759 ##### 2.34236 72.56172 19.8617 13.053913
#
0
709 0.19025 0.71100 145.2060 12.6013 4.6316495
6
1
715 0.25041 0.93058 73.94547 12.9280 5.1309107
2
796 0.22260 1.31106 127.1354 12.8537 12.557174
8
0
690 0.20511 0.99712 56.51852 14.8218 4.3230857
1
759 2.69481 1.01765 112.3469 13.9588 9.1704491
6
7
686 0.19380 1.17261 49.40803 13.1437 3.6531645
9
777 0.24416 1.09138 51.13848 14.2934 11.438266
4
809 0.57034 1.02280 64.22206 14.0453 15.615547
4
791 0.15143 0.71814 67.76650 12.6721 11.707463
7
773 0.15404 0.98583 63.10475 13.7954 10.582588
5
772 0.33475 1.34866 57.23783 13.1124 9.9735434
3
756 0.25809 1.16912 80.64862 13.2047 8.3727213
0
642 0.25520 1.14523 51.32769 13.2433 2.0546565
Ti49
V51
Cr
11.25757 0.03893809 0.0557841
6
11.87499 0.05446682 0.0444130
2
4.957976 0.05327482 0.055508
Mn
0.03503355
0.03810118
0.04511309
5.800538 0.23154771 0.0445795 0.02557494

2.472232 0.06119838 0.0505712
1
10.01443 0.36121933 0.0352150
6
3.335087 0.0729486 0.0534099
5
10.17471 0.0777177 0.0465178
3
4.700272 0.06204706 0.0454283
0.01786992
4.835981 0.10783823 0.0400181

3
10.05275 1.05401243 0.0260996
9
4.665072 0.09435243 0.0390109
2
5.60414 0.06079798 0.0513620
5
4.341052 0.0868577 0.0335180
1
6.080148 0.18228867 0.0420559
0.02626938
3.894727
0.07005284
3.929298
4.342252
3.655073
13.62938
5.537968
9.813563
7.017799
5.776083
5.247568
5.715053
8.963206
5.012556
5.412545
13.32302
3.977698
8.959412
3.790423
10.91346
15.16226
12.59943
10.46153
10.37302
8.647236
2.115827
0.0992719 0.0344777
3
0.13163138 0.1164473
8
0.56221169 0.0363273
5
0.0531102 0.1501990
3
0.17846342 0.0780506
9
0.05514065 0.0707102
1
0.61236601 0.0866652
1
0.05160349 0.0636709
9
0.56254159 0.0408244
4
0.06917527 0.0397147
8
0.07717498 0.0438600
1
1.54546493 0.0346467
3
0.3141909 0.0405304
4
0.06989581 0.0715016
1
0.18478188 0.0446100
5
0.07923085 0.0463096
9
0.16197841 0.0394523
2
0.08145829 0.0636546
6
0.26553118 0.0497126
6
0.25790594 0.0303766
9
0.11407601 0.0375340
6
0.08324447 0.0226262
4
0.2007503 0.0490898
4
0.11838075 0.0533872
9
0.0547253 0.0623648
0.47402515
0.03839933
0.03920674
0.02982081
0.22517394
0.04311934
0.15445112
0.05312021
0.0915146
0.08202171
0.05904876
0.11243424
0.0578371
0.06824373
0.07772197
0.06209689
0.17893124
0.04184114
0.03683462
1.2121557
0.06968152
0.03874107
0.06106272
0.04418296
0.05344023
0.04406982
0.03864639
0.04367893
0.0237262
0.03524569
0.04857008
0.04937429
0.04778953
324
Spot
Temp. C
K39
Ca40
Sc45
QU335-10.1CORE
828 0.33823
1.52008 58.59297
QU335-10.2grrim
776 0.20845
1.52940 55.20756
QU335-12.1c
807 0.25214
1.44968 90.14545
QU335-12.2dkrim
720 5.59185
1.17525 45.44122
QU050-1.1C
713 4.95974
3.00982 76.85786
QU050-3.3C
721 0.56362
QU050-5.1C
742 64.8566
6
726 0.50401
3.21704 125.6247
1
7.25869 138.6429
6
3.01055 88.91399
QU050-6.4C
QU050-7.2C
QU050-8.2C
QU050-9.1C
QU050-10.1C
QU050-11.3C
862 5.95000 11.43493 861.5998

2
1891 0.27921 3.03937 149.0154
7
728 0.34416 2.59851 192.9049
3
728 0.42769 4.05418 133.7130
1
721 0.53007 2.72901 87.80188
QU050-12.1C
721 0.55570
3.24763 98.00952
QU050-3.1E
694 0.61996
4.75818 88.61176
QU050-6.1E
715 0.42925
2.73559 68.81899
QU050-7.3E
692 0.38152
2.40384 66.08938
QU050-8.1E
693 0.40588
2.69737 47.06196
QU050-9.3E
699 0.42565
QU050-10.4E
700 2.24063
2.47359 156.3758
8
5.27921 94.35981
QU050-11.1E
685 0.81570
3.27105 75.46021
QU050-12.3E
663 0.51261
2.86753 48.83486
QU050-3.2I
796 0.98981
QU050-5.2ID
771 0.37613
QU050-6.2IL
670 0.51114
4.89988 224.0880
4
2.27924 225.1399
8
2.92933 71.26752
QU050-6.3ID
733 0.55918
QU050-7.1I
735 0.47708
QU050-8.3ID
743 0.44836
QU050-9.2ID
690 0.48904
QU050-10.2ID
747 0.50593
QU050-10.3IL
798 0.52047
QU050-11.2ID
735 0.26891
QU050-12.2I
679 0.57740
QU138-1.1C
QU138-2.1C
QU138-5.1C
QU138-6.1C
QU138-6.3C
QU138-8.1C
723.32848
4
634.26452
3
703.22079
3
697.88773
9
675.20337
3.20878 121.2226
8
3.06621 134.6937
9
2.94051 108.0382
5
2.68161 30.52120
2.99999 168.9896
9
3.26069 141.8741
2
2.13168 100.9980
4
2.70672 72.16790
0.67203
3.13610 83.99270
0.38056
1.54625 42.22002
0.75710
3.09058 56.31411
0.50907
2.42687 64.05515
0.55198
4.65694 37.99344
761.02250 0.27948
8
1.51725 132.6276
6
48/49
6
13.6417
0
13.7511
6
13.3009
3
12.8198
9
15.4704
8
14.9650
1
15.0997
7
15.3463
5
13.4555
6
13.3424
2
14.1223
4
13.5306
7
14.6820
7
13.4675
3
12.9230
8
12.8085
8
13.6858
2
13.9221
3
12.0860
2
13.2915
1
12.2231
4
14.0526
3
13.5101
0
13.6775
6
15.5459
5
12.1626
8
13.6579
6
13.0559
1
13.1702
1
13.3182
7
13.5747
5
13.6428
6
13.5726
5
12.8927
7
13.3568
8
13.6410
3
12.6147
3
12.6115
1
13.1140
0
Ti48
Ti49
V51
18.172794 18.16738 0.06615802

10.918798 10.82866 0.23876395
14.466892 14.83311 0.22008411
5.41257 5.757825 0.07103956
6.0295734
5.25499 0.09029756
6.4506544 5.811866 0.02431814

8.333763 7.441486
Cr
4
0.0447121
6
0.0708044
8
0.0375917
4
0.0740174
1
0.0500594
8
0.0579809
Mn
0.06207908
0.06532138
0.04277279
0.04845922
0
0.12621398
1.4634309 0.0932739
8
0.07717678 0.0632440
2
2.48827533 0.0652778
8
15.8115344 0.7310428
5
0.024062 0.0529571
1
0.06712962 0.0441966
1
0.00650509 0.0584603
0.48058643
5.7976679 5.804359 0.04482005 0.0317470

7
3.9876584 4.160456 0.13826185 0.0842398
9
5.1218293 5.391543 0.05837154 0.0889906
1
4.1640067 4.102319 0.09748214 0.0434408
6
4.2923155 4.156951 0.06985955 0.0807193
6
4.0138965 4.477873 0.03290625 0.0633693
1
4.4339169 4.49782 0.15653138 0.0830054
4
3.3738385 3.721606 0.0693663 0.0728631
1
2.9391859 2.82006 0.09661827 0.0664161
7
13.283293 13.25672 0.18760495 0.1057407
3
10.40678 10.2588 0.19138073 0.0572508
1
3.532305 3.063585 0.06450935 0.0523069
8
6.0136824 6.666535 0.12425626 0.0461781
7
6.9278552 6.839148 0.1482145 0.0384842
1
7.2830572 7.521343 0.17576366 0.0723788
2
3.8819035 3.974119 0.05547583 0.0756732
0.15193521
7.7875606 7.883926 0.13972953 0.0570785

5
13.671059 13.57873 0.09865798 0.0395814
4
6.9337707 6.852564 0.11707997 0.0214730
6
3.4778823 3.45493 0.11654532 0.0505227
3
5.7139367 5.975552 0.04426528 0.0549961
3
1.8696702 1.887335 0.07120536 0.0350889
6
4.7469568 4.691991 0.0752321 0.0570013
7
4.1101935 4.393122 0.04975582 0.0458613
4
3.0801774 3.293044 0.02671506 0.0810674
1
8.9164449 9.167388 0.16815695 0.0417843
6
0.08822774
7.0009266 6.150908
25.058415 25.10966
3338.4364
3373.63
6.6028042
6.30392
6.318738 6.296513
6.3570973 5.837954
0.14738877
2.21401501
168.813394
0.09549998
0.12507048
0.10426563
0.16026055
0.06237312
0.11363443
0.07464868
0.09142142
0.26907391
0.1212899
0.15283037
0.13690356
0.09927212
0.09432758
0.08385756
0.13524168
0.06378551
0.0963282
0.13177667
0.06434034
0.14879497
0.13427045
0.05533581
0.14760045
0.07088901
0.11418591
0.07535165
325
Spot
QU138-10.1C
QU138-11.1c
QU138-1.3E
QU138-2.4R
QU138-5.3R
QU138-8.3R
QU138-10.4r
QU138-11.2rIM
QU138-1.2I
QU138-2.2ID
QU138-2.3ID
QU138-5.2IG
QU138-6.2DI
QU138-8.2ingrey
QU138-10.2indark
QU138-10.3outgrey
QU138-11.2ingrey
QU-168-3.1c
QU-168-4.1c
QU-168-5.1c
QU-168-6.1c
QU-168-7.1c
QU-168-9.1c
QU-168-10.1c
QU-168-11.1C
QU-168-12.1C
QU-168-3.3r
QU-168-4.3r
QU-168-5.3r
QU-168-6.4r
QU-168-7.3r
QU-168-9.2r
QU-168-11.2E
QU-168-12.2E
QU-168-10.2r
QU-168-3.2ingrey
QU-168-4.2ingrey
QU-168-5.2indk
QU-168-6.2dfin
QU-168-6.3grin
Temp. C
736.55662
8
724.51218
6
694.55851
2
718.29506
9
699.70898
4
669.50264
7
687.45404
4
723.58644
8
733.54187
731.90737
1
749.22029
6
728.60035
1
724.58848
2
679.60454
3
714.56440
8
709.75578
8
660.34721
K39
Ca40
Sc45
48/49
0.60244 3.01496 89.99290 14.0439
6
0.65285 3.68729 110.7381 13.6079
3
7
0.48409 2.99396 59.87303 14.8233
4
0.48202 2.96887 278.9989 14.6055
7
4
0.49258 3.09171 140.7699 14.8672
5
3
0.65474 3.57715 122.6997 15.3181
4
8
0.49323 3.16157 52.72203 13.1067
6
0.59199 3.32123 124.4041 13.1198
5
5
0.49301 2.54481 65.06055 13.3177
2
18.6980 6.04763 111.4452 13.8737
9
3
3
0.51286 3.391527 170.5000 13.5062
5
0.5934 3.196187 132.7331 13.373
6
0.51104 2.715651 118.7403 13.3763
7
0.45207 2.37381 32.56982 12.6764
9
3.68634 9.788744 146.5608 13.0292
4
0.63054 3.136734 144.5812 14.2051
7
0.42624 2.575864 66.84574 15.7521
1
0.28386 2.663054 89.66349 13.8806
Ti48
Ti49
V51
Cr
7.2591648 6.969252 0.10206313 0.0369578
2
6.1155103 6.059383 0.05599629 0.0401246
7
4.6336881 4.214728 0.07769015 0.0559951
5
6.0984216 5.629744 0.20427005 0.0568733
1
4.9546285 4.493347 0.11841013 0.0701626
7
3.4722503 3.056277 0.18772675 0.0432156
3
3.7466178 3.854188 0.08717643 0.0433239
5
5.8322713 5.993739 0.08859884 0.0590890
1
6.6489894 6.731545 0.05902871 0.0360872
2
6.7968852 6.605501 0.1779077 0.0779053
1
8.0587566 8.044952 0.20745952 0.0558993
4
6.3045812 6.356453 0.12217909 0.0588216
9
6.0167817 6.06482 0.08772814 0.0391751
3
3.2775984 3.486182 0.08577131 0.0500528
4
5.2030554 5.384306 0.26993846 0.0620698
3
5.3532378 5.08113 0.13222443 0.0480113
5
3.1613483 2.705963 0.06520027 0.0365264
4
6.2158888 6.037887 0.04385376 0.0450408
1
0.51391 2.914125 108.1367 13.6177 3.5961003 3.560539 0.05915953 0.0487233
5
0.2742 1.422247 87.69257 13.7622 3.9822604 3.901488 0.03908354 0.0301061
Mn
0.0671138
14.094 4.0384499 3.863393 0.03046536 0.0550472

3
13.1728 6.6711138 6.828269 0.10232401 0.0686692
2
12.2037 4.2308596
4.6744 0.11979721 0.1082295
6
13.9315 3.4284316 3.318066 0.0374566 0.0285929
3
17.5809 19.783132 15.17204 1.62540978 0.0514059
1
13.7181 7.4984195 7.369948 0.03331421 0.0336049
7
14.5722 4.6797097 4.329955 0.05941681 0.0807685
6
13.5066 2.413839 2.409633 0.0609388 0.0530883
1
14.8721 3.7449988 3.395234 0.06914265 0.0421270
9
12.4416 5.7067831 6.184513 0.08704208 0.0453031
3
13.8674 4.1192861 4.005113 0.05797785 0.0303812
4
14.2668 6.1777792 5.838411 0.07313836 0.0469488
1
13.0021 5.1986144 5.390916 0.06893412 0.0600000
5
13.8697 5.4634024 5.311125 0.04989974 0.0455559
6
13.4218 4.4318453 4.452089 0.06519984 0.0372026
1
14.5452 9.4209843 8.73303 0.12954563 0.0683080
6
12.6238 2.0586959 2.198834 0.04686742 0.0458438
5
12.751 5.2807733 5.583943 0.08432048 0.0335433
8
13.8433 4.2627629 4.151838 0.05335396 0.0529300
5
14.3634 5.1492341 4.833635 0.12206529 0.0527544
0.14950664
724.20996
1
681.24467
4
688.41694
4
687.64219 3.69092 3.325781 118.2052
2
734.77905 0.49626 2.701658 159.9838
6
702.91485 0.53178 2.58027 151.6677
8
1
675.78557 0.55191 2.748676 28.50646
3
809.22019 1829.04 8.459206 127.6960
5
1
741.45120 0.28346 2.474719 112.6813
9
7
696.72202 0.41208 3.234785 58.27395
2
9
651.78863 0.52646 3.033975 53.24009
8
4
677.55818 0.52928 3.139804 56.65636
5
2
726.25400 0.38338 2.951563 129.4527
1
6
690.49286 0.39949 2.314182 85.72833
2
8
721.36201 0.34921 1.73878 85.22850
6
3
714.66671 0.40643 2.81215 76.17961
4
6
713.42471 0.70989 2.376378 98.49918
5
5
698.96340 0.57934 3.160261 60.37613
1
9
756.60455 0.46322 2.911828 157.7013
8
6
645.14324 0.45016 2.781573 92.71053
7
8
717.60928 0.4843 3.124683 56.36934
2
693.35676 0.43245 2.588756 78.54997
7
3
705.64999 0.50874 3.126123 214.5108
0.1558494
0.08738535
0.18408607
0.06673981
0.14387582
0.10216746
0.11311532
0.10812916
3.90818253
0.09852516
0.0870366
0.09781796
0.09442854
0.1492445
0.11417283
0.10133816
0.12853054
0.12881572
0.05011543
0.05963928
0.11852753
0.10384703
3.94699308
0.08645232
0.10955145
0.09767456
0.10017983
0.08546784
0.1314909
0.06773195
0.09987769
0.17062576
0.14155077
0.15820166
0.1001607
0.07106553
0.1036574
0.08781648
326
Spot
QU-168-7.2ingrey
QU210-1.4C
QU210-3.2C
QU210-4.1C
QU210-7.5C
QU210-8.1C
QU210-9.1C
QU210-4.4E
QU210-1.1E
QU210-3.4E
QU210-7.1E
QU210-8.3E
QU210-9.3E
QU210-1.2IL
QU210-1.3ID
QU210-3.1ID
QU210-3.3IL
QU210-4.2IL
QU210-4.3ID
QU210-7.2IL
QU210-7.3ID
QU210-7.4ID2
QU210-8.2ID
QU210-9.2ID
QU394-1.1C
QU394-1.2ID
QU394-1.3E
QU394-2.1E
QU394-2.2C
QU394-2.3ID
QU394-4.1E
QU394-4.2C
QU394-5.1E
QU394-5.2C
QU394-5.3I
QU394-6.1C
QU394-6.2IL
QU394-6.3ID
QU394-6.4E
Temp. C
647.25664
1
723.69417
4
726.52314
1
766.12549
8
750.52957
1
696.28037
5
777.42985
7
654.78980
2
676.70674
6
660.84621
9
723.01464
2
672.66551
3
680.52903
5
663.75483
7
768.08902
1
720.26245
8
680.18188
7
748.34643
3
710.64572
1
646.06957
3
629.06180
1
702.00549
5
712.73599
6
712.56990
7
648.64303
9
717.13701
7
636.10342
4
727.10380
6
711.68228
723.26476
7
677.28763
8
700.40748
6
717.14233
691.50397
8
702.08396
7
726.02998
4
729.3088
735.75795
4
713.38823
5
K39
Ca40
0.43569 3.536416
3.71156 3.393147
1.22313 3.972162
0.44354 2.512268
2.97376 3.199485
0.42675 2.283541
0.42298 1.773105
Sc45
5
64.63912
2
131.2113
4
107.9918
1
76.85986
8
86.39164
6
102.4525
6
108.4584
0.5109 2.450566 95.87321

7
0.44564 3.472349 49.53314
5
2.81312
3.0557 66.96328
2
11.1463 7.191962 36.68550
9
0.37693 2.233118 43.32071
1
0.44975 2.572351 57.51291
3
0.35632 2.267195 30.76164
9
0.2981 2.509465 331.3269
5
0.28486 2.05602 113.2663
8
6.16746 3.05573 51.04589
5
5.40768 2.14328 94.95133
3
0.32658 2.166803 116.7810
7
0.76165 4.474124 87.89827
6
0.48368 2.320269 70.76673
2
0.41755 2.171843 81.05326
2
0.41475 2.386526 112.1129
5
0.4939 2.266296 63.59538
7
0.34221 2.937523 52.50109
9
0.46545 95.48736 98.76063
7
0.75998 2.258033 68.76746
0.51692
48/49
Ti48
Ti49
V51
14.5539 2.4439363 2.264117 0.07509194

12.3246 5.4856973 6.001347 0.10619159
13.4754 6.2005241 6.204038 0.04463138
13.259 9.5300184 9.691073 0.06346177
13.3164 8.0626743 8.163576 0.09702912
14.9391 4.7712318 4.306222 0.07174737
14.276 11.582433 10.93913 0.20398361
13.2125 2.4598915 2.510267 0.04717828
12.9464 3.2243299 3.357983
0.0491769
12.888 2.6039149 2.724145 0.08266139

14.015
6.188364 5.953487 0.13397101
14.3528 3.3912982 3.185809 0.02959376

13.5994 3.5583829 3.527933 0.04196062
15.346 3.2234948 2.832181 0.05635225
14.4914 10.639328 9.899019 0.12311698
13.6619
5.839288 5.762874 0.08282989
12.3925 3.2281288 3.512207 0.07515028

14.1763 8.3761741 7.966572 0.13723835
13.5819 5.1737999 5.136142 0.11061419
11.9187 1.9688264
2.22725 0.01310946
12.7394 1.6554446 1.752084 0.05442791

11.5622 3.9638987 4.622437 0.03741015
13.5444
5.29127 5.267304 0.12044686
14.0951 5.4953832 5.256781 0.07684364

14.5544 2.4911974 2.307824 0.04290364
13.7232 5.6514687 5.552582 0.08432804
12.9301 1.8577537 1.937202 0.00427074
2.38247 117.6515 12.6621 5.8659972 6.246336 0.08786735
0.44377 10.80329 125.3758

6
0.40291 2.495745 131.6942
7
0.49295 3.106676 50.25404
1
0.59211 2.77575 103.1066
1
0.43046 2.512753 75.77491
3
50.5183 45.31689 143.9465
3
0.60608 3.275965 92.23843
4
0.51682 2.981936 159.1382
2
0.39175 2.450357 130.1661
9
33.8872 15.36148 250.4487
1
0.4728 2.774052 68.21457
2
14.3288 5.5270503 5.200841 0.06573156

11.9486 5.2915277 5.971067 0.11110298
14.2025 3.5638763
3.38336 0.05426022
14.2404 4.7868772 4.532288 0.06368954

12.474 5.1373346 5.552934 0.10475787
Cr
5
0.0730346
2
0.0296375
1
0.0286496
8
0.0562914
6
0.0311423
6
0.0409385
9
0.0541823
6
0.0468034
4
0.0568215
5
0.0544959
2
0.1705266
8
0.0379935
2
0.0359136
9
0.0408917
9
0.0351248
8
0.0437870
4
0.0374402
3
0.0404373
8
0.0227216
7
0.0252455
8
0.0279505
9
0.0669487
8
0.0497973
7
0.0252960
5
0.0786874
6
0.0598297
3
0.0575706
9
0.0789650
6
0.0401850
1
0.0376779
5
0.0546362
3
0.0616602
8
0.0583644
Mn
0.08753429
0.14800618
0.3910664
0.09863608
0.20304159
0.08518434
0.04294924
0.10082504
0.09984149
0.44402786
2.887575
0.05421003
0.11102536
0.11519466
0.12225507
0.07809545
0.26367854
0.71640433
0.11346929
0.40156714
0.09305462
0.09690848
0.08725689
0.09684952
0.08383057
0.49797092
0.0867067
0.11736371
3.46505972
0.05823975
0.09094894
0.11602937
0.07603431
14.263 4.2910656 4.056412 0.14332694 0.0677925 0.24181975

14.1684 4.8620658 4.626902 0.04810544 0.0444668
2
13.3287 6.0976589 6.168301 0.12705771 0.0531092
3
12.5746 5.9773001 6.40914 0.10116067 0.0589117
6
14.8761 7.6190862 6.905612 0.14897976 0.0596856
9
13.4972 5.3143563 5.308796 0.0651033 0.0652983
8
0.09869421
0.09682677
0.08469345
1.35483278
0.11739324
327
Spot
QU394-7.1C
QU394-7.1I
QU394-7.3E
QU394-8.1E
QU394-8.2C
Temp. C
727.61603
8
737.36072
8
715.47128
8
687.33466
6
818.50132
2
K39
Ca40
Sc45
48/49 Ti48
Ti49
V51
Cr
66.1672 13.20436 138.7718 13.8446 6.4523143 6.283847 0.13936558 0.0556647
7
0.40945 2.704344 139.5373 13.3324 6.9552204 7.033813 0.10258587 0.0506551
2
5
0.66526 2.761927 107.1531 14.1898 5.7284333 5.443135 0.07331314 0.0549045
6
1
0.62828 2.947363 57.58965 13.8596 3.955816 3.848358 0.06400015 0.0882974
4
3
0.4402 2.480134 244.9221 13.768 16.98403 16.63252 0.23064487 0.0318134
4
8
Mn
0.53390431
0.07588973
0.10445202
0.10615387
0.09776783
328
Spot
QU242-1.1
QU242-1.2
QU242-1.3
QU242-3.1
QU242-3.2
QU242-4.1
QU242-4.2
QU242-5.1
QU242-5.2
QU242-6.1
QU242-6.2
QU242-8.1
QU242-8.2
QU242-10.1
QU242-10.2
QU242-14.1
QU242-14.2
QU283-1.1
QU283-1.2
QU283-10.1
QU283-10.2
QU283-11.1
QU283-11.2
QU283-11.3
Temp.
Fe56
Ge74
Y89
Nb93
Zr94H
C
797 13.1848856 0.114842 1347.187 3.5542355 2.8706005
4
738 0.73677593 0.244727 521.5291 2.0529662 2.5371952
730
0.7264784 0.209290 687.3078 2.9445843 2.4973368

5
702 1.97924216 0.194545 499.8586 1.7976619 2.6296051
672 0.53035624 0.184816
9
720
0.686897 0.339190
6
628 0.6121349 0.342835
1
725 0.76249713 0.282925
6
713 0.64500719 0.279309
9
742 0.79947882 0.247336
9
767 0.56114984 0.200958
2
719 6.55942762 0.269957
268.3962 1.6162588
1106.799 2.0453221 2.6433935

216.2743 1.1842926 2.6580198
0.012902 34.86113 0.187696

0.007498 16.43579 0.057079
0.00529 24.21856 0.032217
0.04098 20.56529 0.077641
0.003664 16.28884 0.048346
0.009855 23.46467 0.108028
0.001864 11.59504 0.034048
0.010339 27.20779 0.054568
737 0.92358153 0.223743

8
732 0.83354459 0.281719
4
663 0.64431047 0.253643
9
696 0.89903326 0.302168
6
765 0.88746617 0.161017
2
779 0.82856018 0.210952
2
773 0.81152531 0.241866
6
781 0.71974054 0.142072
7
750 2.43988275 0.223431
5
849 0.7379305 0.222617
5
792
0.749964 0.248337 393.9425
QU283-3.1
791
488.3605
QU283-3.2
749
QU283-5.1
803
QU283-5.2
719
QU283-6.1
804
QU283-6.2
788
QU283-8.1
777
QU283-8.2
795
QU393-2.1
817
QU393-2.2OSC_OR
677
0.6438911 0.239421
8
0.84146391 0.164360
9
0.97993017 0.268157
3
0.70884162 0.297572
4
0.61616102 0.224926
1
0.84617851 0.178166
2
1.25918259 0.191378
3
0.83188719 0.242466
1
10.612017 0.212545
3
0.47001769 0.160321
8
Pr141
1187.12 3.4388612 2.5925698 2.258971

3
1890.524 8.1323136 2.4802662 2.223804
4
1141.231 4.4684778 2.1006959 2.188241
7
181.8326 0.9113232 2.0536738 2.245088
8
324.4384 0.7868262 2.2540877 2.208573
4
316.3244 1.0318166 2.2749594 2.215668
2
309.8707 0.7289737 3.2099637 2.279850
5
380.5894 1.4263208 3.2037781 2.387584
4
390.5043 0.6878713 3.0273753 2.314717
3
290.3883 1.0054237 2.4960807 2.226409
2
1585.399 4.2831963 2.7538415 2.239689
QU283-2.3
QU283-2.2
Ce140
0.013003 32.39982 0.052791
177.2915
QU283-2.1
La139
962.7346 3.3989531 2.7762444 2.350171

3
1127.933 5.3603696 2.8547854 2.249574
5
1068.871 5.6034031 2.5279463 2.298020
4
802.4912 2.5182914 2.6243752 2.294316
710 2.59069221 0.214558

6
798 8.10834784 0.183355
6
794 1.53567608 0.296450
5
813 0.6575995 0.222133
5
765 1.02374687 0.191446
QU283-15.1
2.697427
Zr96/Si3
0
2.255976
4
2.275364
4
2.240345
3
2.261729
4
2.236489
9
2.265250
6
2.262499
699.7235
1362.682
382.6218
239.5416
111.6574
753.6717
139.1818
922.23
1.138378 2.6778046 2.281148

2
1.3659291 2.6479329 2.333880
1
1.5078699 2.7787483 2.248652
4
1.8501311 3.1338204 2.249872
5
0.8997651 2.9646837 2.257965
5
0.9814457 2.7742995 2.222206
9
1.401653 3.026512 2.274272
1
0.6352897 2.7227029 2.243866
6
0.7782724 2.8195342 2.249272
8
0.6853704 2.9112767 2.286062
6
0.9822544 3.0827999 2.345916
0.006336 55.97837 0.055123

0.006631 68.55274 0.069225
0.006972
24.0956 0.020219
0.007182 71.97902 0.058315

0.007304 47.96228 0.059305
0.098639 10.67076 0.040046
0.010912 10.79223
0.02215
0.008479
0.04131
13.8846
0.008295 9.124221 0.028865

0.002398 12.87236 0.038935
0.016759 11.79913
0.0486
1.882608 15.24059 0.248402

0.011463 46.15041 0.126921
0.004982
16.3186 0.048543
0.008508 12.34979 0.034539

0.127457 23.24579 0.082323
0.077108
40.4299 0.171955
0.009358 16.49784 0.016886

0.008066 12.34194 0.040931
0.011207 13.66589 0.054601
0.002968 7.093161 0.028112
0.013987
14.9803 0.144149
0.005451 7.226689 0.044258

0.021479 17.86875 0.112849
379.6971 1.3129657 2.8244419 2.228646 0.004691 16.77441 0.049519

8
726.517 1.0029011 2.7913016 2.278835
0.0172 17.84857 0.087289
264.318 0.9273173 2.6429375 2.247680 0.007783 12.58824 0.027648
5
2170.755 4.2615911 3.778668 2.196712 0.010745 54.07066 0.09452
3
559.1004 2.4884948 3.4673553 2.208954
0 21.75273 0.020566
1
329
Spot
QU393-4.1SZ_UC
QU393-4.2SZ_LC
QU393-4.3OSC_OR
QU39316.1OSC_ILC
QU39316.2OSC_IDC
QU39316.3OSC_OLR
QU393-6.1OSC_DC
QU393-6.2OSC_DR
QU393-7.1OSC_DC
Temp.
Fe56
Ge74
C
843 0.63290014 0.454535
9
780 0.84578885 0.146992
1
785 0.49202414 0.143035
4
708 0.43909654 0.268151
3
721 0.26621357 0.430714
6
654 0.37069299 0.212436
9
769 7.20180863 0.276443
4
676 0.66286443 0.158779
QU395-6.1
771 0.31232846 0.199752

1
703 0.48145153 0.286983
1
706 0.37110005 0.252805
6
770 1.85253187 0.174577
7
703 0.50918376 0.256300
5
718 7.17881204 0.330830
4
697 0.6045847 0.178112
8
725 1.16081534 0.262149
8
688 0.48959974 0.360873
6
689 0.68958914 0.225016
3
697 0.79849353 0.394857
7
683 1.15362666 0.190944
8
799 0.78236885 0.177436
2
717 0.87326192 0.213494
4
767 1.06725679 0.303173
QU395-6.2
737 0.81566545 0.232398
QU395-7.1
720 6.43337193 0.225391
QU395-7.2
QU335-3.2
712 0.59996622 0.298443

4
720 0.53272051 0.211881
5
759 6.86107636 0.223164
6
709 1.13885611 0.271103
3
715 0.72251099 0.230276
1
796 0.64270543 0.294901
4
690 0.68986124 0.175081
8
759 0.87016184 0.296471
1
686 0.7393812 0.250561
QU335-4.1
777 0.90512183
QU335-4.2
809 0.88955395
QU335-5.1LTRIM
791 0.79761151
QU335-5.2LTCORE
773 0.86820204
QU335-5.3DKSEC
772 1.04854945
QU3937.2OSC_DINT
QU393-7.3OSC_DR
QU393-9.1OSC_LC
QU393-9.2OSC_DC
QU3939.3OSC_LINT
QU393-9.4OSC_LR
QU395-1.1
QU395-1.2
QU395-1.3
QU395-3.1
QU395-3.2
QU395-4.1
QU395-4.2
QU395-9.1
QU395-9.2
QU395-13.1
QU395-13.2
QU335-2.1
QU335-2.2
QU335-3.1
Y89
1322.04
Nb93
Zr94H
2.779856 4.3080589
639.0548 1.0466017 4.5847207

228.0892 0.7196903
4.542212
911.2281 1.8051288 4.6340767
Zr96/Si3
0
2.288242
1
2.327916
8
2.320583
7
2.374489
La139
Ce140
Pr141
0.034267
26.331 0.098202
0.018578
11.7532 0.075424
0 6.168519
0.006162 21.57369 0.050034
1688.249 11.256745 4.2907392 2.311850

1
401.7303 2.0208029 5.0046458 2.180300
5
981.0258 2.9070444 4.1867252 2.191511
7
542.1385 2.4193268 4.3052506 2.208614
5
550.5991 0.4551231 3.1762055 2.232997
9
785.4222 3.6828482 3.3772718 2.345506
3
1184.179 6.158144 3.3494914 2.261846
8
1773.151 3.4362468 3.5387744 2.322627
6
1286.346 13.173569 3.7621949 2.307952
2
487.5371 1.6865765 3.4460009 2.372211
4
722.2943 3.4402417 3.4379021 2.398292
8
527.0061 1.2617808 3.3971191 2.196144
7
446.8113 2.2769415 4.6038971 2.778198
5
946.7623 5.9813391 4.3586517 2.737811
6
1761.078 11.820528 5.9459323 3.206121
9
415.1848 2.8713716 5.4368758 3.181113
9
579.9762
0.85909 3.8277832 2.655557
2
431.4539 3.0158919 3.7674953 2.563781
2
4029.102 5.2464971 3.4129157 2.314357
4
370.61 1.1213043 2.9885647 2.294534
2
1131.847 5.2878552 3.371842 2.232650
9
813.495 4.2013387 3.3246693 2.352118
7
919.2139 4.1597761 3.5929046 2.266435
9
1185.528 4.4036889 3.6671433 2.290142
0.006404 67.92148 0.060669
1068.418 3.1485162 3.5696148 2.316127

1
559.9571 1.8582075 3.2764282 2.331040
7
1008.618 2.8039535 2.3877231 2.309275
7
510.5514 2.5596935 2.4362711 2.242740
4
1310.827 1.6766668 2.5210696 2.302469
0.01269 31.92943 0.056674
0.00716
11.6668 0.065403
0.123631 32.43232 0.116388

0.001672 21.72951 0.027157
0.011221 11.70252 0.068331
0.007112 47.44198 0.051973
0.008771
53.2001 0.040696
0.145463 39.86853 0.145981

0.008892 57.07631 0.030944
0.054357
23.0066
0.03961
0.006822 45.13144 0.066468

0.026506 16.71233 0.062773
0.007017 24.64421 0.085464
0.00632 47.71854 0.094079
0.025877 55.96133 0.045024
0.032178 20.56647 0.026127
0.022426 14.82263 0.068284
0.010793 14.00276 0.014606
0.176382 111.0361 0.819796
0.009215 11.40875 0.037411
0.442732 50.52395 0.101196
0.00958
48.9541 0.082645
0.003571 33.38926 0.101472

0.155801 57.61568 0.169038
0.008623 27.88614 0.043763

0.005734 28.53256
0.06208
0.008196 26.89404 0.026619

0.051745 35.81282 0.282518
447.0495 1.8683612 2.4998061 2.259274

0
2
0.208830 357.0988 1.3798412 2.6164383 2.256915 0.008798
3
0.225762 394.0541 1.2602454 2.6901784 2.359605 0.01712
3
8
0.161174 479.3359 1.1705371 2.8296666 2.232020 0.008488
9
4
0.273260 402.0746 1.2452151 2.6294618 2.249753 0.001535
5
9
0.164971 915.8294 1.0336615 2.3929032 2.332641 0.012163
2
4
25.27893 0.023376
15.80325 0.035718
15.0992 0.046337
15.51676 0.062026
15.5358 0.043622
20.50215 0.141083
330
Spot
QU335-6.1LTCORE
QU335-6.2DKRIM
QU335-10.1CORE
QU335-10.2grrim
QU335-12.1c
QU335-12.2dkrim
QU050-1.1C
QU050-3.3C
QU050-5.1C
QU050-6.4C
QU050-7.2C
QU050-8.2C
QU050-9.1C
QU050-10.1C
QU050-11.3C
QU050-12.1C
QU050-3.1E
QU050-6.1E
QU050-7.3E
QU050-8.1E
QU050-9.3E
QU050-10.4E
QU050-11.1E
QU050-12.3E
QU050-3.2I
QU050-5.2ID
QU050-6.2IL
QU050-6.3ID
QU050-7.1I
QU050-8.3ID
QU050-9.2ID
QU050-10.2ID
QU050-10.3IL
QU050-11.2ID
QU050-12.2I
QU138-1.1C
QU138-2.1C
QU138-5.1C
QU138-6.1C
QU138-6.3C
Temp.
Fe56
Ge74
C
756 0.61072665 0.142293
2
642 0.6363468 0.361530
9
828 1.11113338 0.269997
7
776 1.04419452 0.295824
807
0.967691 0.236080
5
720 4.09250849 0.377432
5
713 0.86368592 0.261604
721 0.76995979 0.136260
5
742 2.2744772 0.203545
2
726 1.03046954 0.096609
862 15.2418878 0.155806
1
1891 5469.65753 0.180114
8
728 0.96729261 0.337063
2
728 0.96873247 0.236295
5
721 0.97196508 0.223254
1
721 1.47022388 0.242477
8
694 6.02248689 0.275746
1
715 1.20831072 0.393506
2
692 0.83861339 0.189595
8
693 1.03511496 0.308259
2
699 1.01612192 0.258134
5
700 18.7530016 0.066734
6
685 3.24281148 0.247339
5
663 0.95105372 0.179037
7
796 5.60623551 0.179472
6
771 0.85138229 0.200415
5
670 0.9469627 0.233047
7
733 0.92015061 0.320636
1
735 1.27731263 0.163297
1
743 0.98275663 0.227629
7
690 0.83753188 0.135994
6
747 1.20205661 0.186837
7
798 0.73705397 0.272083
7
735 0.95798392 0.459219
5
679 0.98753209 0.296832
8
723.328 1.14499389 0.196023
5
1
634.264 0.42628522 0.084632
5
4
703.220 0.85995794 0.241869
8
5
697.887 0.69259859 0.150119
7
9
675.203 0.7862356 0.261959
4
4
Y89
Nb93
Zr94H
452.1528 1.0739343 2.6451791

200.0726 1.2159771 2.5819502
698.2107 1.8967849
2.588213
247.0245 0.8109269 2.5806241

394.7993 0.7654664 2.4522072
453.9485 4.4242541 3.1216923
727.1079 2.8190011 5.2268993
377.2089 1.1160418 3.3519433
1649.91 4.8672741 3.7068042
797.5834 1.3278894 3.4031524
10997.03 14.574284 3.6222573
1910.894
5.046307 3.6738849
810.8385 2.3418494 3.5837037

623.3771 1.5444891 3.3970132
550.9053 1.2971086 3.3963551
Zr96/Si3
0
2.225485
5
2.217742
2
2.244228
9
2.263256
2.267837
6
2.283518
5
1.927303
2
1.864209
8
1.824873
4
1.845384
1.792965
5
1.975501
4
1.942974
6
1.825169
4
1.942791
La139
Ce140
Pr141
0.002997 11.99505 0.036507

0.004352 10.79416 0.047113
0.00455 13.53016 0.055416
0.001558 9.530755 0.018974
0 10.15739 0.037273
0.314673
20.0873 0.095135
0.003915 35.16108 0.111527

0.006628 7.901544 0.062931
0.056107 48.74752 0.250684
0.028196 17.86789 0.059491
0.090948 341.1617 0.851987
0.238311 46.80571 0.292812
0.003279
17.1204 0.049815
0.01642
14.0433 0.099778
0.006206 13.10624 0.070703
505.1027 1.0101283 3.2030734 1.853123 0.029487 12.10354 0.022397

435.3597 2.4142572 5.1554979 1.987846 0.102835 24.69935 0.033961
651.0103 2.7077353 3.8289042 1.949076
8
595.3128 2.9094274 4.1070507 1.907079
9
445.0496 1.9540579 3.270497 1.911139
4
923.6784 6.2151689 3.2318063 1.848901
2
678.813 3.4680202 2.446078 1.804730
7
713.7019 3.1784652 3.1950613 1.855061
1
473.8776 2.9749554 3.7773021 1.904196
9
1754.737
4.10578 4.1278023 1.905276
9
1623.285 6.3087263 4.8607234 1.974930
7
573.8391 2.9524933 3.6028372 1.914091
3
879.6193 3.5136349 3.169112 1.852438
2
1291.029 8.7259366 3.5409585 1.934605
3
1018.004 5.3084935 3.3484087 1.845450
6
184.8666 0.7489773 3.4340442 1.978346
5
1130.187 3.9928373 3.3561471 1.878661
1058.575 2.4590365 3.1538626 1.835655
8
1118.37 5.6511215 3.7085131 1.921703
9
567.6733 3.3030913 3.4886512 1.912143
1
579.842 1.6450726 3.2381057 1.821818
2
298.4365 1.2509138 1.7671689 0.989224
6
325.0884 1.6121506 3.0482358 1.820984
9
326.8353 1.3850186 3.2438704 1.880929
7
242.508 1.2779309 3.0343564 1.846919
7
0.00348
33.0353 0.039652
0.004611 28.25597 0.046701

0.006664 18.99595 0.012655
0.003139 54.88833 0.059609
0.051939 26.97187 0.049314
0.018047 24.10915
0.03427
0.007258 21.80356 0.033075

0.004365 40.66354 0.132622
0.012408 50.54585 0.094244
0.003239 21.79809 0.049203
0.015597 28.05849 0.047387
0.022241 72.06584 0.084468
0.003164 59.14692 0.036045
0.003308 6.611514 0.012562
0.012118 33.31299 0.069032
0.005882 22.74801 0.089359
0.003191
48.4987 0.072716
0 23.74984 0.010967
0.013622
15.3548 0.072426
0.004117 9.030723
0.03127
0.007059 11.13862 0.035746

0.009736 9.004785 0.046222
0.006951 10.58117 0.061592
331
Spot
QU138-8.1C
QU138-10.1C
QU138-11.1c
QU138-1.3E
QU138-2.4R
QU138-5.3R
QU138-8.3R
QU138-10.4r
QU138-11.2rIM
QU138-1.2I
QU138-2.2ID
QU138-2.3ID
QU138-5.2IG
QU138-6.2DI
QU138-8.2ingrey
QU138-10.2indark
QU138-10.3outgrey
QU138-11.2ingrey
QU-168-3.1c
QU-168-4.1c
QU-168-5.1c
QU-168-6.1c
QU-168-7.1c
QU-168-9.1c
QU-168-10.1c
QU-168-11.1C
QU-168-12.1C
QU-168-3.3r
QU-168-4.3r
QU-168-5.3r
QU-168-6.4r
QU-168-7.3r
QU-168-9.2r
QU-168-11.2E
QU-168-12.2E
QU-168-10.2r
QU-168-3.2ingrey
QU-168-4.2ingrey
QU-168-5.2indk
Temp.
C
761.022
5
736.556
6
724.512
2
694.558
5
718.295
1
699.709
Fe56
0.59436279
0.82114647
3.04186171
1.09293104
1.27478145
1.07579951
669.502 1.60558504
6
687.454 2.30398212
723.586
4
733.541
9
731.907
4
749.220
3
728.600
4
724.588
5
679.604
5
714.564
4
709.755
8
660.347
2
724.21
1.21492363
681.244
7
688.416
9
687.642
2
734.779
1
702.914
9
675.785
6
809.220
2
741.451
2
696.722
0.94509082
1.26697606
8.39367276
1.29476277
1.09659825
1.06383657
0.79612086
1.42470225
1.15744817
0.79706971
1.33545232
0.67481048
2.01749638
1.88794046
1.55792967
0.8369711
8.55034486
0.95405437
1.32296949
651.788 1.27364838
6
677.558 1.24322411
2
726.254 0.93733176
690.492 1.17861472
9
721.362 0.88031433
714.666
7
713.424
7
698.963
4
756.604
6
645.143
2
717.609
3
1.05326242
1.70655421
1.32469197
1.34225949
0.92258341
1.11792407
Ge74
Y89
Nb93
Zr94H
Zr96/Si3 La139
Ce140
Pr141
0
0.212760 1157.359 1.9529302 3.5759534 1.879309 0.043985 25.26712 0.206351
4
0.230953 528.8444 1.8119012 3.0672403 1.873794 0.00749 14.46176 0.085332
5
3
0.204309
369.4 0.8366986 2.9911639 1.893279 0.012423 8.493459 0.037744
5
1
0.213839 489.4781 1.8873451 3.6266801 1.948961 0.005201 25.67332 0.069133
9
5
0.361989 1720.375 10.278226 3.3420945 1.880893 0.009391 60.74538 0.044582
2
1
0.280703 925.3171 4.7423497 3.2756694 1.982492 0.004965 35.22463 0.028285
5
5
0.457023 925.0793 6.3821705 2.8284785 1.812831 0.00741 38.3146 0.046905
3
9
0.275749 469.3729 2.7881149 2.8533798 1.934311 0.018779 27.93887 0.010188
7
0.338482 818.1611 4.333776 2.8087407 1.868410 0.004391 31.86889 0.025012
6
9
0.275627 412.0863 1.6503275 3.2188894 1.846010 0.005363 14.83988 0.030551
8
0.270466 693.0965 4.4916156 3.4672444 1.947913 0.018419 24.66906 0.069952
6
0.175802 2076.216 9.0224754 3.3692377 1.931418 0.009773 86.93803 0.139189
1
7
0.299512 728.9372 2.791522 3.3703858 1.960196 0.002428 20.00038 0.04611
3
2
0.224408 720.6445 3.2253403 3.0993672 1.903225 0.002426 25.47445 0.036851
9
3
0.254862 238.6007 1.6123761 3.189546 1.863773 0.002479 13.91916 0.075333
4
7
0.210700 949.8389 6.1144972 3.234559 1.959655 0.020498 28.1822 0.097311
9
1
0.157157 1068.808 5.2967534 3.0465062 1.927833 0.012741 38.17022 0.067744
6
9
0.325478 425.7571 2.0092242 3.147229 1.887781 0.009047 11.74671 0.025769
6
0.196578 1024.842 6.8428333 2.9170881 1.855247 0.009562 59.45114 0.136184
7
1
0.175124 799.3644 2.0155179 2.718057 1.849860 0.004259 23.71488 0.016176
3
2
0.434339 589.2741 1.7606893 3.7424673 2.009102 0.004971 17.32773 0.094399
5
8
0.331926 584.0435 1.4249433 2.502579 1.814049 0.012917 16.71497 0.081759
2
3
0.296446 1593.324 9.4159143 2.7518921 1.954873 0.011092 53.77626 0.058978
2
7
0.304550 2314.539 7.0900448 2.7806013 1.878231 0.012698 61.89166 0.120562
1
4
0.178680 212.1309 1.1999429 2.345451 1.827647 0.005794 11.16453 0.022006
4
6
0.269931 1275.634 3.146515 2.9945897 1.898087 0.82125 43.67215 0.408001
8
8
0.140000 602.147 0.9753341 2.5527438 1.916868 0.00681 10.27715 0.103454
8
3
0.228479 454.2104 2.3488798 2.8887657 1.865777 0.008891 19.9608 0.033767
3
2
0.234750 360.3348 2.6158681 2.7300252 1.878520 0.008305 16.98732 0.03154
4
9
0.137896 499.2683 2.4406308 2.7190409 1.924408 0.008944 25.5874 0.067933
4
5
0.207609 920.1851 3.9741807 2.9431152 1.999550 0.006733 31.89751 0.025569
8
7
0.162432 844.9194 4.9545942 2.905573 1.990842 0.006773 44.27709 0.008574
1
7
0.239057 709.9088 2.9842587 3.320385 1.999720 0.004651 36.78567 0.097159
1
9
0.274961 616.0463 2.4720987
2.49748 1.917092 0.004458 24.50711 0.016932
4
0.282707 705.232 2.9849861 2.8194863 1.853523 0.044429 23.43282 0.048209
2
7
0.284146 407.7556 2.0177571 2.4843518 1.874892 0.011847 18.22729 0.022497
1
1
0.226836 1305.748 5.2021279 2.5983974 1.822333 0.00662 53.8336 0.067049
3
7
0.306377 332.1529 1.6193595 2.6602045 1.855070 0.006387 10.96737 0.024257
9
8
0.302779 336.536 1.210355 2.5709351 1.976025 0.009064 9.897774 0.017211
7
332
Spot
QU-168-6.2dfin
QU-168-6.3grin
QU-168-7.2ingrey
QU210-1.4C
QU210-3.2C
QU210-4.1C
QU210-7.5C
QU210-8.1C
QU210-9.1C
QU210-4.4E
QU210-1.1E
QU210-3.4E
QU210-7.1E
QU210-8.3E
QU210-9.3E
QU210-1.2IL
QU210-1.3ID
QU210-3.1ID
QU210-3.3IL
QU210-4.2IL
QU210-4.3ID
QU210-7.2IL
QU210-7.3ID
QU210-7.4ID2
QU210-8.2ID
QU210-9.2ID
Temp.
Fe56
Ge74
C
693.356 0.76699677 0.237805
4
8
705.65 0.95707007 0.355524
7
647.256 0.72532925 0.267755
6
5
723.694 1.66140669 0.090546
2
2
726.523 1.50600167 0.218820
1
5
766.125 0.75282946 0.294171
5
5
750.529 2.38104608 0.178394
6
3
696.280 1.03727896 0.332223
4
3
777.429 0.84578842 0.197063
9
8
654.789 0.98261425 0.210279
8
6
676.706 3.4779659 0.337549
7
1
660.846 2.33109948 0.175254
2
3
723.014 67.7911561 0.359296
6
2
672.665 1.34759023 0.248731
5
6
680.529 2.41826917 0.254708
6
663.754 0.64064656 0.240248
8
7
768.089 1.69091284 0.243888
720.262
5
680.181
9
748.346
4
710.645
7
646.069
6
629.061
8
702.005
5
712.736
QU394-1.1C
712.569
9
648.643
QU394-1.2ID
717.137
QU394-1.3E
636.103
4
727.103
8
711.682
3
723.264
8
677.287
6
700.407
5
717.142
3
691.504
QU394-2.1E
QU394-2.2C
QU394-2.3ID
QU394-4.1E
QU394-4.2C
QU394-5.1E
QU394-5.2C
QU394-5.3I
QU394-6.1C
QU394-6.2IL
1.49241328 0.334436
7
3.8155075 0.241967
102.0742 0.264730
9
1.04674339 0.216929
5
1.19158038 0.235669
7
0.6993864 0.320221
6
0.7339976 0.222322
4
1.08793522 0.240216
3
0.95189898 0.386412
4
0.67768039 0.264439
6
1.14946972 0.239364
0.75510429 0.314081
1
0.94636669 0.301559
7
132.489442 0.204616
7
0.7099611 0.164443
8
0.72595171 0.271245
4
0.72281792 0.286664
6
1.12225477 0.232578
6
3.23108573 0.295877
5
702.084 0.9583628 0.358497
Y89
Nb93
Zr94H
Zr96/Si3 La139
Ce140
Pr141
0
553.0094 2.8074403 2.7828293 1.972926 0.004627 19.84952 0.043932
5
1406.82 6.8547402 2.747113 1.977045 0.002306 54.07689 0.096329
357.3822 1.6132795 2.6314899 1.939542
9
674.4195
1.50881 2.3676584 1.805071
8
772.0197 1.5944845 2.3509817 1.932440
4
400.5344 0.9714341 2.4334858 2.024263
2
425.3302 0.9293069 2.1973961 1.876128
0.010854 12.96324 0.024732
660.8056 2.0973809 2.2835854 1.862410

9
834.5964 2.1817527 2.4321793 1.836961
5
332.815 1.8291966 2.577489 2.002084
8
412.1357 2.0973559 2.4050978 1.800017
2
385.1034 1.8437731 2.4678719 1.945672
3
334.5108 1.9026831 2.5008502 1.906147
4
443.3051 2.2948187 2.5027775 1.927451
2
595.6521 3.0545826 2.3345902 1.900692
4
274.6959 1.6013477 2.4542993 1.848101
8
3037.597 10.662866 2.4989094 1.901968
6
1067.948 4.844209 2.3392428 1.948892
1
404.1122 1.8140903 2.3104492 1.897665
9
894.4569 3.5888753 2.5024147 1.969788
0.009506 20.92069 0.057764
0.048449 19.14101 0.025091

0.038319 18.60888 0.105104
0.004403 8.352089 0.025082
0.013499 11.50623 0.073236
0.011503 22.65946 0.080092

0 11.90135 0.007769
0.007037 22.29444 0.026725
0.029837 16.65354 0.064752
0.327702 16.73974 0.182533
0.010083 25.52828 0.030634
0.001906
31.9975 0.050674
0 15.85799 0.017753
0.014236 102.2168 0.090111
0.016268 41.62392 0.026479
0.0428 19.03119 0.024382
0.012877 32.22877 0.057057
1042.411 5.0361989
2.470225 1.987221 0.004221 38.93192 0.04809

8
330.3739 1.5490435 2.4403844 1.876376 0.043771 11.48842 0.015832
243.656 1.1938152 2.4945686 1.870538
4
605.4987 2.4739558 2.4232336 1.861635
9
918.3002 4.9978815 2.3018656 1.897365
9
512.7282 1.8662064 2.2471853 1.843839
1
428.8817 1.6023536 2.5934073 1.945591
913.946 4.6339354
228.1371 1.3246802
1225.817 6.1930637
827.0899
2.253815
1214.266 6.2467244
450.6409 2.6400345
720.6518 1.6423922
558.6332 2.3866434
884.1141
5.807768
700.4651 3.7409465
726.03 0.69168162 0.347689 1078.463 2.5313345

5
729.308 0.70640646 0.204525 992.9464
4.81755
8
6
2.53611 1.963906
5
2.726785 1.986697
2
2.4951085 1.930748
6
2.5344046 1.932655
9
2.4729417 1.951394
6
2.6161576 1.990493
8
2.5708507 1.966049
1
2.5791238 1.927645
4
2.3493401 1.828052
3
2.2993486 1.869947
6
2.3277596 1.879066
2
2.5672098 2.056913
3
0.006231
8.96897 0.023663
0 22.28903 0.024643
0.005842 44.96556 0.066566
0.007519 20.83265
0.04997
0.014033 13.82704 0.026647

0.256157 44.10558
0.06432
0.006111 11.30896 0.007736

0.046102 53.33365 0.031834
0.023888 22.28571 0.219243
0.007999 57.73715 0.030379
0.010149 24.10276 0.038546
0.017928 19.58736 0.030262
0.009428 26.85658 0.028644
0.041379 36.97628 0.047827
0.003671
31.7906 0.041828
0.030067 26.70045 0.064232

0.007959 38.75878 0.052897
333
Spot
QU394-6.3ID
QU394-6.4E
QU394-7.1C
QU394-7.1I
QU394-7.3E
QU394-8.1E
QU394-8.2C
Temp.
C
735.758
713.388
2
727.616
737.360
7
715.471
3
687.334
7
818.501
3
Fe56
22.2862692
0.96261462
6.51953805
0.71727034
0.91791763
0.72790284
0.75949379
Ge74
Y89
Nb93
Zr94H
Zr96/Si3 La139
Ce140
0
0.248655 1733.727 9.9372467 2.4381577 1.946187 0.058461 49.04109
0.259342 602.4653 2.4114988 2.3500457 1.867449 0.007763 30.35043
8
0.101227 642.2326 1.5781602 2.7071213 1.891936 0.078785 15.0234
7
3
0.367549 926.4089 3.3436889 2.5467088 1.908587 0.00941 30.23048
2
9
0.499225 956.4157 4.2863059 2.3144887 1.953532 0.005828 34.17655
8
7
0.393398 554.1378 2.9523009
2.69013 1.997474 0.00729 31.69458
9
2
0.355132 2220.232 6.5459149 2.2568807 1.821477 0.016366 66.25749
7
Pr141
0.030624
0.036854
0.074803
0.021442
0.029512
0.048451
0.138119
334
Spot
QU242-1.1
QU242-1.2
QU242-1.3
QU242-3.1
QU242-3.2
QU242-4.1
QU242-4.2
QU242-5.1
QU242-5.2
QU242-6.1
QU242-6.2
QU242-8.1
QU242-8.2
QU242-10.1
QU242-10.2
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
C
797 1.6067966 3.452465 2.09065
8
738 0.553884 1.361146 0.82623
8
730 0.6920504 1.767587 1.07840
5
702 0.4799759 1.195171 0.59788
2
672 0.1442121 0.512276 0.26556
720 1.7696213 3.709041 1.41543
4
628 0.0786657 0.292077 0.16291
1
725 0.6081974 1.842385 0.75297
1
713 0.6939244 2.757579 1.09705
5
742 0.8991236 3.037563 1.42063
2
767 0.5340532 1.695756 0.67816
7
719 0.7360146 2.210242 1.00446
7
737 0.845944 3.105393 1.35624
9
732 0.6957445 2.149332 0.92266
QU283-2.2
663 0.1537888 0.374422 0.13339

9
696 0.2697084 0.729963 0.33538
2
765 0.2979429 0.829854 0.41783
7
779 0.3109214 0.876448 0.35489
2
773 0.456776 1.116443 0.45984
2
781 0.3496073 1.036577 0.34615
8
750 1.2585542 0.933956 0.36801
7
849 1.7404348 3.917256 1.40136
5
792 0.4683271 1.107716 0.40573
2
710 0.1407294 0.270979 0.12551
5
798 1.3108444 2.519226 0.83052
1
794 2.5720628 5.441616 2.31766
5
813 0.5575314 1.50769 0.52389
QU283-2.3
765
QU283-3.1
791
QU283-3.2
749
QU283-5.1
803
QU283-5.2
719
QU283-6.1
804
QU283-6.2
788
QU283-8.1
777
QU283-8.2
795
QU393-2.1
817
QU393-2.2OSC_OR
677
QU242-14.1
QU242-14.2
QU283-1.1
QU283-1.2
QU283-10.1
QU283-10.2
QU283-11.1
QU283-11.2
QU283-11.3
QU283-15.1
QU283-2.1
0.305941 0.725231 0.31756

5
0.5242095 1.374832 0.50431
2
0.0677098 0.260985 0.09778
1
1.9000766 3.872244 1.26592
8
0.079593 0.297447 0.12705
7
2.0236973 4.421807 1.18180
5
0.3938974 1.112886 0.43603
8
1.1282858 2.649605 0.85010
8
0.2952182 0.717363 0.27988
2
1.834669 5.795127 3.45991
1
0.3005087 0.997616
0.4534
Ho165
GdO173
TbO175
48.20216 31.22538 10.389238

8
9
5
19.28534 11.82156 3.8429668
7
6
26.51659 14.86267 5.3131339
9
9
1
19.33470 10.39325 3.9700697
1
6
8
9.608569 4.859318 1.7772302
8
4
43.15222 29.26653 9.6844663
2
5
9
6.939814 2.762635 1.044117
9
33.23727 15.52552 5.5495996
5
1
1
43.05230 26.80877 9.3188960
7
7
8
42.05611
29.2116 9.8719915
4
7
28.50439 13.27348 4.9863243
8
8
35.75699 21.01621 7.3719595
2
8
3
69.23906 37.39496 14.519328
1
6
2
39.76964 21.54513 7.7924441
6
1
3
6.703742 2.868946 1.1461122
7
1
3
10.91504 5.229353 2.0999766
6
3
8
12.26598 8.424591 2.7556505
2
9
5
11.56345 6.955739 2.3203719
7
6
6
13.12666 7.417204 2.4532424
5
9
6
15.55269 8.997225 3.3382343
6
2
10.34271 6.262759 2.0806268
2
4
59.51831 32.64112 11.920534
7
9
4
14.95740 9.257431 3.3422355
4
6
3
6.1613 2.699390 1.0728035
2
25.32887 16.39105 5.5818635
8
1
3
65.87455 57.47120 18.554578
4
5
8
15.24261 11.64030 3.7144926
1
3
8
8.749397 5.708093 1.9088162
6
2
3
18.66989 11.46831 3.6563253
2
5
4.015897 2.148045 0.8785221
1
4
4
28.19006 23.07573 7.3614003
4
5
5
5.024190 2.875247 0.8228374
7
3
3
34.41641 26.70942 8.2461664
3
5
15.13934 10.19635 3.5325385
7
8
27.13540 19.27208 6.2416143
6
2
9.896904 6.453369 2.3396351
9
5
4
79.83446 58.83038 19.347317
9
6
9
20.37161 10.24667 3.9148614
5
2
5
DyO179
118.3635
5
43.44997
1
65.66972
8
47.81265
7
22.58421
3
109.8491
4
15.37343
6
69.79127
2
107.0388
9
107.0897
4
63.42263
2
84.92233
4
178.4736
2
93.31124
5
15.56464
2
24.89788
7
32.00310
4
26.69855
ErO182
223.12236
4
91.841800
3
136.39405
3
101.49444
8
49.988906
9
210.32208
41.599337
7
154.74707
5
200.47661
2
184.97808
5
144.63858
3
155.80649
4
334.10895
8
192.19554
2
36.366779
7
54.260556
4
63.098247
2
54.899905
1
63.212438
4
72.207814
2
54.917
TmO185
50.49362
21.576045
32.560393
24.196823
12.500958
48.823491
11.390657
36.63811
45.385337
41.157313
34.360359
33.870447
73.44409
43.84387
8.7287839
12.744439
14.382978
13.444922
28.45626
2
37.10149
1
24.34316
8
140.7573 277.75022
15.724731
37.46213
9
12.73718
2
62.12861
7
194.2769
6
39.87203
8
22.56945
7
43.77756
15.372919
10.01793
75.45166
6
10.83839
5
83.53129
9
38.54366
2
69.36040
7
26.55982
5
197.7753
3
48.35421
5
69.264706
7
32.818952
7
123.57706
6
322.66881
4
68.698296
8
44.455481
9
90.178014
6
21.280704
6
126.97569
6
24.754244
7
137.12304
7
70.702766
6
123.52198
4
49.571611
2
333.71227
9
103.47277
4
16.288916
13.378782
59.029942
8.6895631
28.59445
68.202883
14.973368
10.555941
21.398646
5.5142373
25.851601
6.5109281
27.848652
15.974923
27.299891
11.11059
70.712747
24.283196
335
Spot
QU393-4.1SZ_UC
QU393-4.2SZ_LC
QU393-4.3OSC_OR
QU39316.1OSC_ILC
QU39316.2OSC_IDC
QU39316.3OSC_OLR
QU393-6.1OSC_DC
QU393-6.2OSC_DR
QU393-7.1OSC_DC
QU3937.2OSC_DINT
QU393-7.3OSC_DR
QU393-9.1OSC_LC
QU393-9.2OSC_DC
QU3939.3OSC_LINT
QU393-9.4OSC_LR
QU395-1.1
QU395-1.2
QU395-1.3
QU395-3.1
QU395-3.2
QU395-4.1
QU395-4.2
QU395-6.1
QU395-6.2
QU395-7.1
QU395-7.2
QU395-9.1
QU395-9.2
QU395-13.1
QU395-13.2
QU335-2.1
QU335-2.2
QU335-3.1
QU335-3.2
QU335-4.1
QU335-4.2
QU335-5.1LTRIM
QU335-5.2LTCORE
QU335-5.3DKSEC
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
C
843 1.4717173 3.568155 2.59470
4
780 0.9137012 2.238964 1.30192
7
785 0.4628853 0.783606 0.53194
2
708 0.707659 2.000924 0.98638
4
721 0.7306203 2.474362 0.96848
7
654 0.1225211 0.492435 0.24295
5
769 1.0097635 2.072716 1.04019
7
676 0.2518297 0.991787 0.43793
5
771 1.4336657 2.473297 1.08016
1
703 0.5322445 1.982236 0.78170
3
706 0.7518885 2.585345 1.06110
3
770 1.6370832 4.009911 2.27628
3
703 0.6753304 2.801553 1.27256
718 0.3657069 1.304317 0.51509
9
697 0.5914472 1.753626 0.80111
3
725 0.4208196 1.182967 0.60695
1
688 0.4002514 0.965211 0.44170
2
689 0.538331 1.876412 0.75213
3
697 0.7591026 2.284064 0.96806
5
683 0.2055681 0.558712 0.34180
5
799 1.1256826 2.499001 0.77751
6
717 0.233949 0.766669 0.37553
5
767 12.664309 25.20571 10.9401
7
737 0.3679352 0.828578 0.43334
3
720 0.8043274 2.192098 0.94124
6
712 0.6447845 2.168292 0.99020
8
720 0.5241058 1.562012 0.81914
6
759 2.1022351 5.394121 2.14205
6
709 0.5559342 1.86868 0.79571
8
715 0.5164825 1.456005 0.73631
8
796 0.7849931 1.978362 0.87418
4
690 0.3478093 1.16431 0.54532
2
759 3.6640109 6.405558 3.31427
1
686 0.3503246 0.895882 0.40491
6
777 0.3292056 0.924504 0.29853
8
809 0.381939 1.192493 0.42517
9
791 0.4686544 1.408688 0.53094
7
773 0.3817437 1.02802 0.39970
4
772 2.1843868 4.666479 1.46117
Ho165
GdO173
TbO175
DyO179
49.79996 36.89563 11.913955 123.7469

4
4
3
7
23.29676 15.28945 4.7672268 52.45343
4
3
4
2
8.595775 6.273811 2.0625393 21.27941
7
3
3
31.54034 17.39297 6.0386879 67.93945
6
4
8
1
61.10059 24.13093
9.83731 123.6044
7
8
6
13.75905 5.661732 2.2797356 31.05715
8
1
9
9
35.52731 20.51982 7.4722092 84.73210
5
3
2
18.58038 9.418467 3.3198615 43.94748
8
7
2
19.83610 15.53430 4.6818838 48.16348
8
9
3
30.14804 17.91182 5.7422817 68.78727
3
8
8
6
44.19222 24.99738 8.8889147 105.7796
8
3
9
1
62.92386 32.89812 10.932173 122.5698
1
5
4
7
48.64241 28.78163 10.080489 115.6618
1
4
3
8
17.76533 10.68276 3.5929422 39.81143
9
4
9
26.96496 14.77249 5.0752540 58.23062
2
7
6
8
19.13289 10.50187 4.2496782 48.37257
8
1
2
16.01644 7.259134 2.4691336 32.56795
8
8
4
9
34.47510 17.94293 6.1743933 67.54458
4
3
3
69.51827 23.53216 8.9768344 106.2460
6
5
6
14.79828 5.806815 1.9592495 26.78921
9
1
9
22.62592 16.28807 4.8848898 51.06571
6
4
3
14.22852 7.027671 2.3494147 29.37407
2
5
7
6
154.4131 154.2057 44.799403 436.3736
1
8
9
3
13.08852 6.749935 2.3862527 29.71420
1
6
8
1
39.34902 19.99579 7.4067831 87.03672
7
5
7
29.98046 18.93791 6.4541570 71.89456
6
5
7
6
32.40872 15.83737 5.6924803 74.36913
9
6
4
52.70401 41.81727 13.392144 137.5439
6
1
4
6
38.21243 17.99397 6.5771436 84.99245
3
2
6
3
20.82937 13.52059 4.5924323 52.40618
4
1
5
8
35.71909 17.64460 6.5352903 77.27475
9
3
4
8
17.98332 11.24691 3.6673739 48.58672
9
1
48.93438 43.68217 12.561576 127.4239
9
9
14.91654 8.202132 2.9146306 32.93011
7
3
8
9
13.12172 8.287353 2.9320437 31.13851
4
6
8
5
14.58158 10.07213 3.2246031 36.08086
8
3
9
6
18.07616 11.04180 3.8164291 43.36802
4
3
2
1
15.23804 9.253752 3.1605813 37.96753
2
4
1
35.91031 33.26818 9.5654770 102.4899
4
1
9
ErO182
TmO185
205.24477
4
98.497709
1
35.617695
1
140.75725
1
272.51291
6
73.130897
1
172.27839
7
96.813916
5
84.095322
6
129.02548
8
200.69965
3
243.87937
4
203.29318
9
76.075263
3
111.04060
8
102.59014
9
62.789111
4
128.95218
5
203.88112
4
47.201016
7
82.506970
7
53.898925
8
639.80657
3
60.548441
3
180.20679
6
132.90462
8
161.64261
43.194057
226.51068
8
180.80095
9
99.019149
3
171.41196
8
93.536493
6
218.29805
4
67.67596
48.147469
61.331562
7
63.323200
3
89.000756
7
80.266732
2
172.46364
6
13.342174
21.151926
7.7614946
34.157714
62.686881
17.969748
38.822846
23.95398
18.38082
29.322788
45.563754
55.480281
42.806911
17.278581
25.151874
24.534258
14.965896
29.088121
43.959286
11.341608
17.434895
12.079953
134.80472
15.029375
42.228776
29.590167
37.710245
42.631921
22.380163
38.678518
22.05698
46.896707
15.669442
14.417375
21.182693
18.638471
37.371326
336
Spot
QU335-6.1LTCORE
QU335-6.2DKRIM
QU335-10.1CORE
QU335-10.2grrim
QU335-12.1c
QU335-12.2dkrim
QU050-1.1C
QU050-3.3C
QU050-5.1C
QU050-6.4C
QU050-7.2C
QU050-8.2C
QU050-9.1C
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
C
756 0.3898154 1.125377 0.53065
6
642 0.092671 0.245328 0.15729
7
828 0.7370691 1.857069 0.53142
3
776 0.2274852 0.572612 0.23443
4
807 0.3875249 1.093794 0.45036
8
720 0.3780774 1.037954 0.19137
9
713 0.4694252 1.785417 0.90418
7
721 0.4200287 1.153416 0.51639
8
742 3.5837373 7.317287 2.93388
2
726 1.706322 3.462922 1.93863
3
862 20.124982 60.64824 37.7426
1
1891 5.9062511 9.452725 4.33719
QU138-2.1C
728 0.8424419 1.733035 0.90428

7
728 0.607461 1.608618 0.97926
2
721 0.5633062 1.449845 0.78260
7
721 0.4747306 1.49188 0.89249
5
694 0.2297294 0.950942 0.33079
7
715 0.6795182 1.772018 0.79978
4
692 0.4633375 1.41666 0.74954
3
693 0.4451491 0.901997 0.50053
9
699 0.8387219 2.336792 1.24571
7
700 0.3891855 1.495924 0.79693
9
685 0.2472761 1.027452 0.67773
4
663 0.3182076 0.898083 0.47837
7
796 1.3905558 3.544792 2.32919
1
771 1.2811161 3.952728 2.42215
7
670 0.3661239 1.033318 0.57367
2
733
0.41672 1.497789 0.86021
6
735 1.730505 4.392561 2.02309
7
743 0.9536323 3.313343 1.78739
9
690 0.1132997 0.362404 0.15943
7
747 0.695273 2.245397 1.16823
9
798 1.0981301 2.464254 1.37485
2
735 0.7105146 2.971955 1.50603
2
679 0.2571891 1.070192 0.57622
5
723.3285 0.7838913 2.054363 0.83374
2
634.2645 0.2021255 0.570462 0.30151
QU138-5.1C
703.2208
QU050-10.1C
QU050-11.3C
QU050-12.1C
QU050-3.1E
QU050-6.1E
QU050-7.3E
QU050-8.1E
QU050-9.3E
QU050-10.4E
QU050-11.1E
QU050-12.3E
QU050-3.2I
QU050-5.2ID
QU050-6.2IL
QU050-6.3ID
QU050-7.1I
QU050-8.3ID
QU050-9.2ID
QU050-10.2ID
QU050-10.3IL
QU050-11.2ID
QU050-12.2I
QU138-1.1C
QU138-6.1C
0.161205 0.811366 0.37192

9
697.8877 0.1667571 0.729495 0.33289
5
Ho165
GdO173
TbO175
16.58980 9.881995 3.3504352

5
1
1
6.585547 2.588972 1.1445516
9
26.39601 16.57215 5.7702930
4
9
2
9.730570 5.730810 2.2507276
5
2
1
15.44338 9.042568 3.3325626
5
8
3
15.95771 6.754743 2.7770297
7
5
8
26.86455 17.05678 6.1001519
4
4
17.72380 11.52296 4.4317729
3
4
3
59.26413 50.11497 14.993273
3
6
33.36457 26.59119 8.1432625
6
7
1
462.5861 527.5695 151.09423
8
9
3
72.43485 58.95625 17.843123
2
3
7
28.33185 15.32500 5.6095030
5
7
8
22.47345 13.92379 4.8478935
5
6
19.23085 10.81328 4.0594326
7
2
20.43993 13.85173 4.9034034
1
8
15.64235 7.898545 2.8471236
6
6
4
23.44917 17.01933 5.1073125
4
1
22.31119 14.09548 5.0252679
8
1
5
16.18322 9.311489 3.1924720
9
4
5
33.92055 22.83760 7.6551116
8
4
25.80151 16.26568 5.6893284
1
1
7
26.49511 13.93624 5.4674998
1
4
3
18.13020 10.37336 3.7349997
4
4
64.94307 43.77911 15.066837
9
3
6
62.34568 38.54372 13.442051
8
9
8
21.87768 11.20960 4.1812601
7
7
9
31.87817 14.97890 5.8056243
9
1
9
51.51331 39.21467 12.001747
3
7
4
39.93607 31.88166 10.237603
3
8
6
7.135671 3.373118 1.3882097
8
6
7
41.91611 22.93988 8.5451690
2
9
9
38.89506 22.74325 8.9004011
3
5
1
39.19998 25.88094 8.4839290
8
1
23.00761 12.59151 4.5680155
6
4
19.13159 11.96638 4.1399403
4
3
3
10.66400 5.134965 1.9879931
7
3
1
12.50983 6.877789 2.6017767
7
3
10.8053 6.352384 2.1418357
1
9
DyO179
39.95107
2
14.79541
1
69.80689
2
25.21291
4
39.86662
4
36.75615
3
68.98931
58.76709
8
154.9001
4
79.98745
3
1458.178
2
182.8169
6
66.24950
6
56.96363
4
43.45209
4
55.65521
9
34.95507
6
60.03020
9
56.65486
5
40.21581
5
87.55708
3
68.51476
66.33644
9
46.58068
6
172.3495
2
153.6237
1
53.02588
6
74.32909
3
136.1104
4
106.6473
1
15.98059
3
102.2032
101.7459
9
96.33579
8
56.34907
2
44.79490
2
25.13929
6
31.26783
9
25.04362
9
ErO182
TmO185
89.192671
8
41.388414
9
138.62128
4
49.904223
22.278949
74.824099
3
86.810336
8
137.35860
3
129.98637
1
284.25015
8
147.52908
9
1814.0002
5
296.01151
4
139.63247
1
120.50595
2
92.652984
8
111.72043
7
75.292461
17.215607
111.33864
3
113.76978
7
81.180400
4
159.55937
6
151.60039
7
139.48589
3
94.205456
1
316.48734
6
281.63192
26.153729
113.32376
4
162.47014
4
241.99841
9
186.42093
5
35.905280
9
210.97338
28.484468
204.27497
3
183.04948
3
126.38723
1
79.955018
4
56.067811
1
67.269708
3
55.105510
9
45.140074
10.961483
31.430998
11.486296
23.175339
31.611122
30.658347
65.25184
33.608824
328.7381
64.549909
31.877715
28.22271
21.396438
26.574887
17.688829
25.892891
18.057496
37.268752
35.755736
33.421758
22.483261
71.523408
61.648448
38.199116
53.808824
40.349378
8.1100355
49.157099
43.128251
31.029022
19.361367
13.496769
16.275191
13.712704
337
Spot
QU138-5.3R
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
Ho165
C
675.2034 0.190467 0.507694 0.25452 9.703272
3
4
761.0225 3.1551367 5.711413 2.42185 43.68317
1
736.5566 0.4703401 1.190682 0.69965 19.57442
2
9
724.5122 0.4255356 1.088904 0.46234 12.32348
5
6
694.5585 0.4899241 1.27378 0.71420 18.46458
8
8
718.2951 0.7640033 3.049028 1.41594 66.87950
5
9
699.709 0.552759 1.640065 0.77646 33.47538
QU138-8.3R
669.5026 0.3638326
QU138-6.3C
QU138-8.1C
QU138-10.1C
QU138-11.1c
QU138-1.3E
QU138-2.4R
QU138-10.4r
687.454 0.4227078
QU138-11.2rIM
723.5864 0.6617517
QU138-1.2I
733.5419 0.3582232
QU138-2.2ID
731.9074 0.3064496
QU138-2.3ID
749.2203 2.1593007
QU138-5.2IG
728.6004 0.5156944
QU138-6.2DI
724.5885
0.432084
QU138-8.2ingrey
679.6045
0.28877
QU138-10.2indark
714.5644 0.5705019
QU138-10.3outgrey 709.7558
QU138-11.2ingrey
0.602283
1.7751 0.96915
6
1.236241 0.60446
5
1.605917 0.85395
4
1.252973 0.61321
4
1.144718 0.59878
2
7.039077 2.87317
1
1.643254 0.85199
6
1.368005 0.71517
6
0.599265 0.31686
2
1.420224 0.59744
7
2.184329 1.02265
QU-168-5.1c
0.108465 0.670555 0.32960

8
724.21 0.9990189 2.703994 1.19788
2
681.2447 0.4522885 1.358857 0.69949
4
688.4169 0.4171995 1.28961 0.58514
QU-168-6.1c
687.6422 0.3539638 1.082248 0.58643
QU-168-7.1c
734.7791 0.9423053 2.566547 0.89280

6
702.9149 1.6310997 4.698963 2.11619
4
675.7856 0.1257058 0.379679 0.21002
3
809.2202 5.2664096 7.677929 3.10173
6
741.4512 0.8708924 1.850767 1.08659
3
696.722 0.4263853 1.296515 0.65782
6
651.7886 0.1920192 0.595464 0.31420
1
677.5582 0.3829473 1.196085 0.57899
3
726.254 0.5150476 1.721212 0.88553
9
690.4929 0.6186302 2.066066 0.94140
5
721.362
0.75682 1.723779 0.95681
4
714.6667 0.4734226 1.192477 0.50477
9
713.4247 0.4927989 1.554463 0.78976
5
698.9634 0.3246551 0.871739 0.49139
QU-168-3.1c
QU-168-4.1c
QU-168-9.1c
QU-168-10.1c
QU-168-11.1C
QU-168-12.1C
QU-168-3.3r
QU-168-4.3r
QU-168-5.3r
QU-168-6.4r
QU-168-7.3r
QU-168-9.2r
QU-168-11.2E
QU-168-12.2E
QU-168-10.2r
QU-168-3.2ingrey
QU-168-4.2ingrey
660.3472
756.6046 1.1036533 3.306873 1.53378

4
645.1432 0.1531497 0.425376 0.33890
5
36.26582
9
17.02861
5
28.95347
14.91178
4
25.96351
6
89.02608
2
26.96059
3
26.03832
5
8.967422
7
33.82042
7
39.32550
7
14.84334
4
38.27369
9
29.60094
4
21.60134
1
20.16631
3
60.52019
6
68.34215
2
7.498696
7
60.76177
2
22.26981
4
16.322
13.35837
2
19.02108
7
33.08111
6
32.07288
6
25.24373
2
22.51295
4
25.37761
6
14.54487
5
48.53010
3
11.39960
7
GdO173
TbO175
5.004491
1
40.16049
7
10.82535
5
7.661188
2
11.63108
9
35.40513
7
17.82210
7
21.14411
2
10.77088
8
15.77736
4
9.603354
9
11.0716
1.8776942
2
12.091062
8
4.0141318
3
2.5637970
4
3.8576092
9
13.846101
2
6.2445409
1
7.9326584
9
3.6728385
67.64873
9
14.15586
3
13.98583
4
5.435441
5
14.27914
7
20.35980
8
7.428209
3
24.89733
6
15.71587
22.337395
4
4.8847656
9
5.1852967
7
1.8839123
1
5.6291622
5
7.6007734
1
2.5630187
9
8.7219772
3
5.6557236
8
3.9786074
6
4.4210782
3
9.7380184
3
14.125880
5
1.3836780
9
14.611496
4
4.7111170
2
3.6705244
10.93773
3
11.85879
9
23.39018
8
41.82237
4.079025
4
46.25781
6
14.54616
2
10.20961
3
6.902085
1
11.31119
9
15.29957
3
18.23635
9
17.23732
12.11839
1
14.59328
5
8.910793
5
31.59586
1
5.111719
6
5.4202539
4
3.2365578
6
4.7296599
2.5870947
3.9931209
7
5.6643139
7
6.4493582
7
5.8700762
1
4.3553120
1
5.1255981
2
3.0919789
6
11.127207
8
2.0859971
5
DyO179
25.60048
4
128.0439
3
47.82863
6
30.25868
7
46.11297
169.6028
4
75.04245
ErO182
57.570572
7
206.64621
3
102.17894
8
62.221940
1
88.847811
4
344.47563
7
169.48826
7
186.08263
5
84.708113
3
154.10568
7
75.378467
9
132.00094
6
437.78092
9
131.81684
TmO185
14.133667
46.367455
25.029099
14.942151
21.295875
75.249797
41.090635
95.41073
1
42.67344
9
70.04041
3
41.40906
7
58.01420
6
249.6180
4
62.24590
4
59.35126 129.13285
40.277506
21.94368 45.129507
1
74.77364 163.76200
8
8
91.93451 191.92089
5
1
37.29107 79.155007
1
1
96.62432 181.01853
5
71.18746 156.31117
1
48.14877 105.99518
9
2
57.65767 154.26068
5
9
130.2963 315.05166
1
1
160.2958 300.76971
5
4
18.71344 40.021220
6
9
156.5836 268.90413
9
54.48643 112.45421
4
3
40.56293 82.782167
7
3
32.50371 71.357280
9
46.93197 96.256292
5
7
72.25075 156.94051
4
9
76.04316 143.06414
8
3
63.89382 118.21374
3
2
53.03107 113.46450
1
6
62.94081 132.20562
7
8
35.15380 73.746063
4
8
129.1128 246.15090
1
6
25.57164 68.261442
7
3
10.538352
20.076471
35.576426
17.573002
32.740771
95.126675
30.407231
30.762629
41.284224
45.216946
20.219481
40.848525
37.929644
24.971321
44.781729
73.345841
67.085012
10.173003
58.36257
26.76216
20.024866
18.108133
22.462747
36.531244
33.671947
26.614202
26.380616
31.549121
17.13284
56.353275
19.275875
338
Spot
QU-168-5.2indk
QU-168-6.2dfin
QU-168-6.3grin
QU-168-7.2ingrey
QU210-1.4C
QU210-3.2C
QU210-4.1C
QU210-7.5C
QU210-8.1C
QU210-9.1C
QU210-4.4E
QU210-1.1E
QU210-3.4E
QU210-7.1E
QU210-8.3E
QU210-9.3E
QU210-1.2IL
QU210-1.3ID
QU210-3.1ID
QU210-3.3IL
QU210-4.2IL
QU210-4.3ID
QU210-7.2IL
QU210-7.3ID
QU210-7.4ID2
QU210-8.2ID
QU210-9.2ID
QU394-1.1C
QU394-1.2ID
QU394-1.3E
QU394-2.1E
QU394-2.2C
QU394-2.3ID
QU394-4.1E
QU394-4.2C
QU394-5.1E
QU394-5.2C
QU394-5.3I
QU394-6.1C
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
C
717.6093 0.3104629 0.839716 0.41910
8
693.3568 0.3011429 0.849921 0.51610
1
705.65 0.7266641 2.244076 1.02102
3
647.2566 0.1041004 0.517656 0.28471
Ho165
GdO173
12.02716
7
18.88123
5
52.34195
3
12.59804
8
28.53375
6
29.14052
7
14.18293
6
15.49798
5
24.63372
7
31.47482
1
10.72065
3
15.18605
6
14.02717
4
12.44385
6
15.95549
7
22.84820
4
9.581976
1
113.9534
6
39.24220
9
14.51818
4
31.07145
7
39.62348
1
11.20414
4
7.704118
2
23.79131
8
33.78373
6.586540
4
8.248425
7
26.12593
9
6.240315
3
16.95879
6
18.59873
2
9.369134
3
9.228926
9
13.0073
712.5699 0.4313832 1.308359 0.61316 18.55881

2
648.643 0.2163042 0.783825 0.44045 15.42759
7
8
717.137 0.7396625 2.060275 1.11775 33.83128
6
636.1034 0.0628001 0.288839
0.1804 7.131096
4
727.1038 0.7895966 2.768734 1.23798 43.86049
6
711.6823 1.7728901 2.655789 1.18047 28.84002
5
2
723.2648 0.6370563 2.609965 1.39212 48.91964
8
677.2876 0.2781291 0.935421 0.54839 16.59635
8
700.4075 1.0303631 2.330262 1.03392 30.86411
1
717.1423 0.600674 1.482622 0.78630 21.38886
6
7
691.504 0.4067272 1.362423 0.66956 33.81153
1
2
702.084 0.4904489 1.56758 0.79634 26.63287
8
3
726.03 1.0106157 2.682717 1.47460 36.66109
9
5
11.54646
723.6942 0.5506812 1.795489 1.14301

2
726.5231 0.9698555 2.16098 1.14548
5
766.1255 0.4072099 0.900976
0.5602
750.5296 0.4689907 1.199356 0.68958
7
696.2804 0.4689009 1.427543 0.70971
7
777.4299 0.6961136 1.797844 0.97141
6
654.7898 0.1331429 0.369179 0.26831
4
676.7067 0.2089054 0.725658 0.40756
8
660.8462 0.2263121 0.885973 0.43721
723.0146 2.0354898 1.816371 1.13389
7
672.6655 0.3039274 0.864278 0.43176
1
680.529 0.4244055 1.099526 0.54274
3
663.7548 0.2161684 0.62516 0.33537
5
768.089 3.3973016 12.13443 5.94467
3
720.2625 0.6925841 1.902268 0.93006
7
680.1819 0.3665227 0.834451 0.41262
2
748.3464 0.6248987 1.673751 0.83004
6
710.6457 0.5783302 1.82946 0.77834
9
646.0696 0.3855425 0.577646 0.43225
8
629.0618 0.0497995 0.220864 0.17694
3
702.0055 0.2741273 1.010656 0.53826
5
712.736 0.5870447 2.064758 0.92565
18.22741
2
4.353207
8
8.023888
2
7.547161
8
6.999579
6
8.517299
5
12.75004
3
5.517912
6
106.7904
7
18.86702
6
8.076584
7
16.26903
3
18.25158
6
5.506471
7
3.051946
11.51497
8
20.39225
7.455739
6
20.05924
1
2.666272
2
27.56293
9
19.83715
1
29.32207
5
9.633252
2
19.65912
9
13.4755
17.30673
5
15.74234
7
22.58953
1
TbO175
2.3151689
6
3.4989166
2
9.9112983
4
2.1174472
8
6.0970614
2
6.2573950
6
3.0968421
DyO179
27.62445
8
41.66646
9
121.9668
8
28.80321
6
74.05379
2
72.46440
4
35.65771
3
38.54869
7
58.60946
8
78.19512
5
20.95546
3.4159819
4
4.7216528
9
6.4648498
3
1.6343000
8
3.1469091 36.54059
6
3
2.8037427 34.01166
9
2.2037435 26.84585
4
3.1693864 37.98238
9
3
4.5848684 54.18672
4
3
2.0972411 23.76111
9
9
32.773022 330.8379
4
9
6.9185610 88.85265
5
1
2.8865229 35.84965
2
9
5.5692822 68.86185
5
2
6.9852231 87.91563
9
1.9607402 25.84128
9
3
1.2774499 16.82668
5
6
4.4637339 56.15632
5
7.0603215 82.72304
6
4
4.1729384 47.49240
6
6
2.8127455 35.01535
8
6
7.3408864 86.48188
7
1.0318442 14.32275
5
9.6685009 108.5316
6
2
6.5368904 72.29347
5
2
10.832855 124.4555
7
9
3.4254150 38.48293
7
8
6.8932047 83.03525
6
4.7591630 56.21704
2
6
6.5742908 83.47406
7
6
5.8179710 66.59271
6
7
7.8380601 89.65313
2
8
ErO182
TmO185
57.826597
1
94.975672
1
246.84316
4
64.801734
7
159.02937
7
145.33578
1
69.960765
7
76.368634
3
128.75529
5
162.39084
8
56.856238
5
80.162118
2
75.020229
9
53.861648
7
76.615149
14.990371
113.14744
1
54.236150
7
470.81168
5
197.71515
6
79.718017
7
150.37507
9
199.22671
1
66.017091
5
50.524992
1
130.35828
4
165.18271
2
96.587251
26.1899
79.120814
8
167.47078
6
38.877791
7
195.96942
2
141.51538
22.282398
56.123246
16.04267
37.561946
35.036344
16.574126
17.919308
30.895956
37.234801
15.889927
18.71421
18.654596
13.96962
18.738398
12.738912
92.377611
47.121684
19.560308
34.350393
47.199391
18.34484
14.185397
32.246027
37.87078
23.505228
19.597572
36.444836
11.250464
43.540176
33.244005
240.22239 53.535223
5
81.734591 18.701149
7
159.4883 37.896811
107.00941
5
172.93373
6
134.12993
2
176.08539
7
23.501106
41.031912
31.163045
39.772735
339
Spot
QU394-6.2IL
QU394-6.3ID
QU394-6.4E
QU394-7.1C
QU394-7.1I
QU394-7.3E
QU394-8.1E
QU394-8.2C
Temp.
Nd146
Sm147 Eu153
C
729.3088 0.5725248 2.000573 0.95689
6
735.758 1.0565125 3.410572 1.67453
4
713.3882 0.5119044 1.507301 0.72884
6
727.616 0.8096141 1.859727 0.77940
7
737.3607 0.8316086 1.922531 1.00211
715.4713 0.4791339 2.091008 1.06058
6
687.3347 0.4682119 1.23922 0.58839
1
818.5013 1.843721 4.857835 2.76003
6
Ho165
GdO173
TbO175
DyO179
37.89913 19.07736 7.2394990 86.08461

6
4
5
2
65.83864 39.67578 14.771322 170.1528
4
7
3
2
22.62132 15.63140 5.2075814 62.39623
7
7
1
24.12424 14.02876 5.0140758 60.88297
9
6
5
2
35.04453 18.31601 6.9917094 82.45351
9
2
9
3
35.93386 20.20194 7.0627244 89.35032
5
3
5
21.69579 11.95645 4.5129392 52.42047
4
2
2
84.19515 56.68368 19.853332 226.4998
3
3
3
8
ErO182
183.84232
6
294.78292
6
120.85052
8
125.95239
4
171.20559
2
183.80656
3
102.43134
1
418.57720
5
TmO185
42.587598
63.559844
27.887963
28.431314
39.655927
42.212309
23.717183
92.422954
340
Spot
QU242-1.1
QU242-1.2
QU242-1.3
QU242-3.1
QU242-3.2
QU242-4.1
QU242-4.2
QU242-5.1
QU242-5.2
Temp. C YbO188
797 450.87923
9
738 199.42618
5
730 307.64763
5
702 236.82648
6
672 121.86414
6
720 441.43338
9
628 125.67925
4
725 348.14994
1
713 408.15843
QU242-6.1
742
QU242-6.2
767
QU242-8.1
719
QU242-8.2
737
QU242-10.1
732
QU242-10.2
663
QU242-14.1
696
QU242-14.2
765
QU283-1.1
779
QU283-1.2
773
QU283-10.1
781
QU283-10.2
750
QU283-11.1
849
QU283-11.2
792
QU283-11.3
710
QU283-15.1
798
QU283-2.1
794
QU283-2.2
813
QU283-2.3
765
QU283-3.1
791
QU283-3.2
749
QU283-5.1
803
QU283-5.2
719
QU283-6.1
804
QU283-6.2
788
QU283-8.1
777
QU283-8.2
795
QU393-2.1
817
QU393-2.2OSC_OR
677
QU393-4.1SZ_UC
843
LuO191
Hf
Th
89.917341 9333.965 121.87196
9
40.563245 10608.884 22.346917
5
63.665011 11055.49 46.798532
5
49.85207 11998.847 94.113994
4
25.898373 13334.514 49.345949
6
89.399747 10855.488 137.87494
5
29.972631 13748.766 50.098410
5
74.785289 11004.193 118.24332
7
79.79141 12372.508 289.21052
3
360.34315 72.372459 10951.36 584.76698
4
320.50807 68.091348 10317.965 104.55681
4
2
298.83662 56.295366 11460.66 114.85361
9
5
640.46059 120.82792 12669.776 256.44119
7
1
393.41527 79.439724 10773.028 174.25684
4
87.105108 18.006394 13353.727 17.445758
9
4
122.97575 26.194296 10760.341 32.586240
2
136.52408 28.154313 10269.416 73.110457
3
3
126.12938 27.500244 10202.377 40.468229
2
8
148.86245 33.557621 10278.218 59.575901
2
9
143.66273 29.228732 10919.439 48.413911
2
135.21721 29.045391 11630.32 53.518710
4
7
505.11959 95.476609 9238.0108 349.87276
7
3
138.86814 27.418913 10888.235 62.733525
3
8
94.975321 22.19932 11590.337 55.26833
4
260.24391 52.598099 10806.045 210.23469
8
5
568.25501 101.32988 11011.391 1034.3437
2
3
126.03737 24.117019 10936.637 65.389929
9
6
106.15331 22.168021 10859.327 62.419291
1
6
198.28849 40.576104 10097.701 68.012439
6
51.234498 11.214912 11723.726 19.278855
4
223.07186 42.858165 9851.3142 73.427255
3
4
66.319980 14.246688 11994.942 25.857225
7
9
225.07011 42.577804 10250.379 91.580321
3
138.32326 26.184207 11047.533 65.904432
6
4
233.50854 45.353636 10842.914 96.049024
7
7
99.976322 19.506067 11110.66 45.187619
8
4
611.11438 120.34266 8967.934 256.86346
2
3
226.90982 45.412292 12886.863 45.301539
1
8
365.44637 70.706747 8177.7963 96.200074
7
U
Ce/Ce*
Eu/Eu*
151.586346 261.97213 0.61223979
52.651531 252.93731 0.62628534
5
96.5919338 436.63296 0.63973486
166.042553 106.99156
1
124.541857 632.77453
8
165.875002 204.33925
4
150.232164 865.17217
5
185.938699 334.83830
5
309.93253 894.06695
2
468.14856 974.32403
1
172.711655 394.00434
9
171.41866 307.42875
0.51580041
383.240166 989.93236
8
216.583058 696.18111
3
52.7822356 45.171056
6
57.2943583 164.39656
1
96.8026009 242.05578
7
70.671635 159.14008
5
100.395802 451.76611
8
72.373782 123.82985
3
101.842091 4.4827319
7
345.476785 365.39667
1
98.1395694 348.79190
9
529.3726 275.84687
8
201.323088 40.605955
3
566.745419 78.864514
7
90.3858038 218.54578
3
99.4615205 220.50653
5
109.873283 163.85890
6
46.7587665 408.02733
4
87.4312253 100.87469
2
63.196422 262.63495
2
89.4627415 88.520101
1
97.2819111 395.36399
7
117.033714 124.57878
0.38267647
0.51177686
0.41307622
0.55143735
0.42807724
0.38795657
0.45856216
0.43462972
0.44812121
0.41226139
0.39135104
0.52194151
0.48049466
0.43703789
0.48587757
0.34464873
0.46267827
0.37682081
0.38524468
0.44622265
0.39298034
0.39849111
0.38024111
0.47457549
0.38617252
0.3970824
0.4071991
0.41774803
0.3306516
0.39358019
0.36172316
75.5738103 233.07595 0.39552005

230.742066 439.17253 0.56975699
5
112.32894
0 0.4311872
105.695451 106.23757 0.68759955
5
341
Spot
QU393-4.2SZ_LC
Temp. C YbO188
780 189.75853
8
QU393-4.3OSC_OR
785 67.068855
2
QU393-16.1OSC_ILC
708 318.90107
2
QU393721 560.31594
16.2OSC_IDC
QU393654 173.54914
16.3OSC_OLR
3
QU393-6.1OSC_DC
769 358.40556
8
QU393-6.2OSC_DR
676 237.68595
QU393-7.1OSC_DC
771 162.11814
3
QU393703 257.28074
7.2OSC_DINT
7
QU393-7.3OSC_DR
706 400.75590
3
QU393-9.1OSC_LC
770 506.13494
4
QU393-9.2OSC_DC
703 368.84796
5
QU393-9.3OSC_LINT
718 156.63705
6
QU393-9.4OSC_LR
697 220.65852
7
QU395-1.1
725 240.52969
QU395-1.2
QU395-1.3
QU395-3.1
QU395-3.2
QU395-4.1
QU395-4.2
QU395-6.1
QU395-6.2
QU395-7.1
QU395-7.2
QU395-9.1
QU395-9.2
QU395-13.1
QU395-13.2
QU335-2.1
QU335-2.2
QU335-3.1
QU335-3.2
QU335-4.1
QU335-4.2
QU335-5.1LTRIM
QU335-5.2LTCORE
QU335-5.3DKSEC
QU335-6.1LTCORE
QU335-6.2DKRIM
LuO191
Hf
Th
40.277778 7574.198 28.086895
5
13.599138 7935.5452 10.058020
2
68.418185 10040.706 80.448798
2
113.79314 11011.817 164.88513
7
37.628353 12826.45 26.771639
8
73.18426 10253.076 173.67612
2
53.825423 12298.014 62.434198
33.010899 9269.8617 53.339019
8
52.133757 11838.61 384.12204
8
80.214458 11587.053 165.68185
9
105.28227 8956.464 214.13515
2
71.515552 14233.273 686.55462
1
32.83048 11321.795 131.15350
7
44.551193 11874.273 252.9927
U
Ce/Ce*
Eu/Eu*
42.4113296 83.603788 0.67658771
7
12.8756356
0 0.72946918
49.10058 11342.258 64.853204

7
30.097612 12587.856 122.24907
6
52.165194 13248.834 127.22007
3
80.992194 13120.916 415.76062
9
23.696431 14125.846 79.771799
8
29.183677 9761.1483 35.382165
8
21.777326 11420.608 59.800140
9
207.15649 9465.9519 965.15123
3
29.692084 10387.689 31.637608
3
84.47362 13766.576 189.10194
8
52.282518 11778.661 319.27825
9
74.583777 11582.42 85.344017
2
88.414015 12273.574 796.35457
1
81.203649 11711.356 105.09873
7
41.62512 12014.727 132.08124
4
75.178743 9134.9791 133.60194
5
40.9956 12733.855 118.15257
8
84.445948 9650.7785 226.35758
0.52358958
688 137.08582
1
689 253.48656
7
697 377.27689
7
683 107.37408
7
799 145.15117
1
717 107.79415
8
767 1123.6456
3
737 137.12326
9
720 398.41483
9
712 263.18728
6
720 361.44930
6
759 429.07909
1
709 394.42350
2
715 204.59968
2
796 359.89197
9
690 201.23825
1
759 423.17869
2
686 144.81442 29.94133 11958.689 95.365861
6
3
777 118.33468 22.970893 11497.574 49.395016
4
3
809 124.61000 24.384703 10158.587 57.633376
2
8
791 197.71204 39.567927 10728.837 65.348547
7
773 174.34956 35.150891 11504.051 66.336543
1
772 323.03763 62.147814 11663.541 151.80179
1
1
756 216.73001 47.252272 10742.04 44.903633
4
1
642 125.47111 28.770406 14299.203 35.759721
5
144.334941 348.74287
5
302.181159 1058.7576
7
96.1126224 306.16068
9
218.693541 63.070276
2
164.899792 1182.5151
66.9059336 100.25931
2
417.484369 766.42328
8
276.942209 666.03742
8
219.078898 59.216618
6
945.183302 733.85915
4
159.282322 108.55321
2
289.757982 723.74699
5
113.987993 121.46344
5
191.962825 441.74991
5
241.255582 830.87698
9
523.624744 339.50929
0.50839469
0.38109387
0.44241862
0.48497113
0.43567951
0.52986028
0.39888803
0.40133606
0.6026017
0.43090156
0.41957998
0.47858067
0.50737969
0.39413142
0.40149153
117.121429 166.77995 0.57699528

5
40.285573 86.754548 0.37055114
123.708166 225.29043
2
543.60978 73.334023
3
71.8016034 175.38535
3
295.451396 45.282532
8
345.03283 608.26146
2
166.820453 858.31420
2
585.914534 75.209262
3
199.385414 345.57034
3
188.885466 400.17822
4
172.341896 467.45900
6
185.560658 455.50312
8
208.265453 80.998918
165.045902
0.49192427
0.53355758
0.55714973
0.43227553
0.46984902
0.50076587
0.43366037
0.41723924
0.50459523
0.44988481
0.45820418
0.60244094
0 0.45418528
73.9133477 260.02161
1
78.548038 151.68911
6
108.541409 232.44836
8
103.650783 779.25661
4
163.85905 144.65718
5
90.6316931 382.43783
9
124.159379 433.28179
6
0.32793963
0.37302714
0.40933686
0.39403565
0.35657317
0.48383706
0.60012439
342
Spot
QU335-10.1CORE
QU335-10.2grrim
QU335-12.1c
QU335-12.2dkrim
QU050-1.1C
QU050-3.3C
QU050-5.1C
QU050-6.4C
QU050-7.2C
QU050-8.2C
QU050-9.1C
QU050-10.1C
QU050-11.3C
QU050-12.1C
QU050-3.1E
QU050-6.1E
QU050-7.3E
QU050-8.1E
QU050-9.3E
QU050-10.4E
QU050-11.1E
QU050-12.3E
QU050-3.2I
QU050-5.2ID
QU050-6.2IL
QU050-6.3ID
QU050-7.1I
QU050-8.3ID
QU050-9.2ID
QU050-10.2ID
QU050-10.3IL
QU050-11.2ID
QU050-12.2I
QU138-1.1C
QU138-2.1C
QU138-5.1C
QU138-6.1C
QU138-6.3C
QU138-8.1C
QU138-10.1C
Temp. C YbO188
828 274.99642
2
776 106.44777
2
807 151.12169
6
720 240.74732
8
713 291.72979
6
721 265.16108
1
742 575.57621
6
726 305.87970
7
862 2391.3369
LuO191
Hf
Th
51.774819 10198.34 150.79446
9
21.257486 11196.477 26.920069
8
29.605257 11109.641 33.752473
5
52.884415 18409.781 278.07221
6
57.435756 12055.146 169.53857
9
56.206678 9867.5752 42.293165
9
111.51164 10434.482 248.01745
1
61.489987 9988.9463 78.471192
1
386.77055 8597.4545 2089.2824
6
1891 552.21358 109.06356 10840.192 212.32999
8
6
728 298.73008 62.499417 9661.4617 63.145761
1
728 267.85563 55.400151 9306.0322 56.665220
3
7
721 209.79537 46.638354 9806.2079 43.562698
4
8
721 255.19864 56.242405 9838.7833 47.571969
7
4
694 168.18338 39.121041 13109.885 76.155393
8
715 231.97674 48.749344 12474.957 210.04132
3
1
692 238.18265 47.931535 12870.656 195.31676
6
9
693 175.83342 37.068434 12057.081 55.170339
8
3
699 348.92314 72.957032 14194.032 354.30097
4
7
700 345.44408 70.743424 13258.828 71.105093
2
685 316.70277 62.575065 13227.906 61.235868
4
663 206.89693 40.825069 14308.418 56.829435
5
796 620.05914 123.7606 10169.601 174.11895
4
2
771 524.49636 103.94227 10224.22 159.08206
3
8
670 266.55522 57.582088 12671.671 65.306388
8
1
733 370.23152 77.928108 11774.655 68.754085
1
735 446.92735 87.275067 12856.362 533.46317
1
9
743 360.23764 67.500895 11322.093 635.32312
4
2
690 87.201340 19.693254 11970.959 19.325865
5
4
747 442.89523 92.253437 11186.695 102.6088
1
798 417.54677 85.118771 9381.3341 83.697816
5
735 390.08962 78.532364 11572.297 260.53497
6
9
679 296.92495 62.802026 13466.945 55.872589
9
1
723.32848 170.35300 35.969746 10200.092 40.683106
4
1
2
634.26452 128.45920 27.960786 6437.2056 25.521380
3
4
3
703.22079 160.30332 32.755461 12072.145 23.952641
3
4
3
697.88773 146.48816 32.951342 12228.425 18.809393
9
8
1
675.20337 137.96349 29.976216 12663.386 16.603833
3
7
761.02250 393.52825 77.420513 10011.864 114.08943
8
4
7
736.55662 224.11714 49.32092 10009.264 51.851443
U
Ce/Ce*
Eu/Eu*
279.595125 264.12005 0.29126864
51.6545394 562.50780 0.39349592
4
59.8809018
0 0.4354226
1142.18301 29.073246
2
257.070117 881.76749
9
94.5938479 144.77505
2
303.115126 105.23726
3
125.405776 78.149893
9
1049.48159 300.27980
4
258.295032 32.616502
4
125.059589 397.64412
2
102.974473 124.27379
2
89.2682562 227.53268
2
86.7465876 78.706418
192.472151
0.21976523
0.49819212
0.43069189
0.46584445
0.61427416
0.64156408
0.55862717
0.5335307
0.62914479
0.60098187
0.59695793
88.95918 0.36700193
253.900445 792.20941
4
283.379241 638.16563
3
131.065765 340.14039
8
501.966672 1314.4319
6
193.662621 128.48905
5
175.926718 270.30421
2
165.507117 412.51184
2
251.780205 660.41724
3
227.479645 420.43571
3
176.262346 673.92665
8
168.755612 291.35963
5
524.951386 367.48163
0.44281711
546.339714 1350.0586
7
51.6466231 298.00147
2
204.658153 345.10218
1
138.145579 327.61733
6
341.887287 1214.0753
4
151.847715
0
0.52877963
71.3355747 141.36463
7
64.2357871 290.05430
3
65.1826606 269.28064
3
70.3387787 173.71952
4
65.9900251 244.48577
7
139.455166 66.939822
9
108.338507 235.20680
0.51129174
0.5100126
0.52514986
0.51849061
0.49123751
0.54458157
0.47655105
0.56850355
0.59666979
0.51251735
0.55220343
0.46869517
0.43846492
0.49493299
0.55839813
0.52213188
0.47728621
0.53564367
0.47872296
0.47020192
0.48551561
0.48622018
0.59254316
343
Spot
QU138-11.1c
QU138-1.3E
QU138-2.4R
QU138-5.3R
QU138-8.3R
QU138-10.4r
QU138-11.2rIM
QU138-1.2I
QU138-2.2ID
QU138-2.3ID
QU138-5.2IG
QU138-6.2DI
QU138-8.2ingrey
QU138-10.2indark
QU138-10.3outgrey
QU138-11.2ingrey
QU-168-3.1c
QU-168-4.1c
QU-168-5.1c
QU-168-6.1c
QU-168-7.1c
QU-168-9.1c
QU-168-10.1c
QU-168-11.1C
QU-168-12.1C
QU-168-3.3r
QU-168-4.3r
QU-168-5.3r
QU-168-6.4r
QU-168-7.3r
QU-168-9.2r
QU-168-11.2E
QU-168-12.2E
QU-168-10.2r
QU-168-3.2ingrey
QU-168-4.2ingrey
QU-168-5.2indk
QU-168-6.2dfin
QU-168-6.3grin
Temp. C
8
724.51218
6
694.55851
2
718.29506
9
699.70898
4
669.50264
7
687.45404
4
723.58644
8
733.54187
731.90737
1
749.22029
6
728.60035
1
724.58848
2
679.60454
3
714.56440
8
709.75578
8
660.34721
724.20996
1
681.24467
4
688.41694
4
687.64219
734.77905
6
702.91485
8
675.78557
809.22019
5
741.45120
9
696.72202
2
651.78863
8
677.55818
5
726.25400
1
690.49286
2
721.36201
6
714.66671
4
713.42471
5
698.96340
1
756.60455
8
645.14324
7
717.60928
2
693.35676
7
705.64999
YbO188
2
136.0795
LuO191
29.38691
Hf
10409.52
194.09823 41.034442 12310.032

683.01878
6
389.81668
4
361.07129
9
179.96410
4
332.33373
4
167.67268
9
307.62641
7
825.62101
8
294.10112
1
281.32272
1
101.47029
4
378.73059
7
420.51812
5
196.39168
8
378.82937
1
357.48987
9
231.56401
2
462.00536
1
673.67273
3
587.55058
2
95.097016
9
512.09618
6
250.42007
4
188.83201
2
179.64182
5
197.25175
4
328.77745
5
288.45317
8
244.35569
1
243.77254
9
294.35221
4
170.36320
5
496.04016
211.82252
5
140.71300
2
218.31978
2
500.50258
6
130.60487 11878.281
79.749589 12147.167
70.481425 12810.086
37.306372 12531.464
68.189642 11421.522
35.861289 10608.204
65.643053 12968.623
153.62276 11383.557
61.245141 11285.689
60.896544 11437.716
20.408595 12886.053
80.498394
12489.07
85.645857 11560.215
41.422856 12749.632
Th
3
16.007551
1
74.427562
3
187.60810
9
66.148948
6
201.26652
9
112.78262
7
63.118191
5
92.973209
8
61.599417
6
408.45644
9
46.347413
1
78.966254
5
40.987665
7
93.886871
4
90.911819
3
26.858009
U
36.0562081
144.245815
372.350412
174.382752
437.090285
180.62093
150.594908
153.540965
178.126944
Ce/Ce*
4
101.92836
4
525.27655
9
722.78098
5
714.02340
9
683.66029
4
255.12601
8
660.36890
3
330.20171
2
254.0157
442.761127 712.44190
8
114.605575 668.42584
4
164.361472 903.68794
4
90.0382506 556.57879
8
188.368911 219.65766
8
182.788309 401.16500
9
95.8088009 274.67436
4
436.507753 639.14494
4
204.942106 569.28035
3
128.823732 385.46801
3
192.440101 207.81956
5
593.452315 533.96535
3
366.992044 467.71947
2
64.2149804 334.49267
7
312.987072 13.858659
6
78.2164301 145.02809
73.82951 10919.269 480.82455

4
72.185893 11537.571 92.574476
3
50.481495 11877.387 53.116108
3
89.580671 11142.403 152.19100
6
136.41218 9852.3227 383.12386
3
118.00963 11834.261 312.24008
6
20.961914 12680.945 22.734264
6
102.42418 9247.5862 436.94507
1
55.350701 8489.4238 41.907181
2
39.942992 12299.706 112.14732 178.974714 299.18565
2
4
37.677133 13442.469 85.850092 181.707744 347.63940
6
1
39.929536 12296.731 95.31245 170.962664 395.94968
9
69.011928 11124.392 68.532856 145.025124 540.37027
8
2
57.583828 12147.148 295.85194 338.091472 702.86753
4
5
48.116515 11529.956 204.83201 247.629681 701.39310
9
6
46.941996 12075.637 65.981096 118.958453 562.03566
4
61.899583 12095.799 112.57788 319.691443 114.50582
8
2
36.196944 12308.398 67.676589 145.819484 247.08102
8
6
95.316719 11089.825 302.96738 374.764513 715.35471
9
6
52.261085 13477.034 38.901559 131.083039 288.31341
7
30.602861 11573.12 24.069824 63.6150916 162.80739
6
45.021056 11564.073 41.654080 106.81235 516.36816
2
2
97.314333 11960.158 143.05765 248.627939 1668.5898
Eu/Eu*
0.48672174
0.56418874
0.41437131
0.43668295
0.48099962
0.50367542
0.51583731
0.53750989
0.51141237
0.40034169
0.53712343
0.49714402
0.5338271
0.40339183
0.46627098
0.44905083
0.4439067
0.46024067
0.47372227
0.49772521
0.35036651
0.45899416
0.51314094
0.50043448
0.63675724
0.54976153
0.47124452
0.478625
0.52469637
0.46632908
0.53371452
0.4037483
0.50418271
0.53608327
0.4562441
0.69881887
0.54186171
0.59267538
0.4054505
344
Spot
QU-168-7.2ingrey
QU210-1.4C
QU210-3.2C
QU210-4.1C
QU210-7.5C
QU210-8.1C
QU210-9.1C
QU210-4.4E
QU210-1.1E
QU210-3.4E
QU210-7.1E
QU210-8.3E
QU210-9.3E
QU210-1.2IL
QU210-1.3ID
QU210-3.1ID
QU210-3.3IL
QU210-4.2IL
QU210-4.3ID
QU210-7.2IL
QU210-7.3ID
QU210-7.4ID2
QU210-8.2ID
QU210-9.2ID
QU394-1.1C
QU394-1.2ID
QU394-1.3E
QU394-2.1E
QU394-2.2C
QU394-2.3ID
QU394-4.1E
QU394-4.2C
QU394-5.1E
QU394-5.2C
QU394-5.3I
QU394-6.1C
QU394-6.2IL
QU394-6.3ID
QU394-6.4E
QU394-7.1C
Temp. C
647.25664
1
723.69417
4
726.52314
1
766.12549
8
750.52957
1
696.28037
5
777.42985
7
654.78980
2
676.70674
6
660.84621
9
723.01464
2
672.66551
3
680.52903
5
663.75483
7
768.08902
1
720.26245
8
680.18188
7
748.34643
3
710.64572
1
646.06957
3
629.06180
1
702.00549
5
712.73599
6
712.56990
7
648.64303
9
717.13701
7
636.10342
4
727.10380
6
711.68228
YbO188
157.90156
8
362.88175
6
344.91784
7
153.9311
168.90014
2
309.01182
4
347.97367
1
174.45886
1
181.11356
1
186.23288
8
123.53529
1
174.10858
1
241.41677
3
119.46958
6
749.67381
3
444.21902
4
191.58851
1
326.39245
6
449.16406
6
203.92605
163.45811
7
312.40807
7
340.86943
9
217.64039
2
197.58536
2
321.77294
7
124.54827
372.69103
1
296.95917
7
723.26476 472.94322
7
9
677.28763 173.35585
8
700.40748 354.89270
6
7
717.14233 209.70151
691.50397
8
702.08396
7
726.02998
4
729.3088
735.75795
4
713.38823
5
727.61603
361.43829
9
300.29907
4
361.38240
5
388.45521
3
536.98487
8
245.61091
2
264.86261
LuO191
Hf
Th
U
Ce/Ce*
35.410052 13329.312 31.623484 102.990778 272.17361
2
1
74.929584 9840.066 103.01021 185.440955 85.076779
9
72.076363 10276.988 116.54085 200.111939 80.083985
3
1
33.174494 9510.7857 25.711192 45.7886708 203.09488
7
1
36.445025 9378.5955 38.227999 146.571607 126.48007
6
8
62.841207 11350.093 65.994399 148.890695 290.54691
3
5
70.497193 9844.1551 109.16667
162.7818 242.93238
6
6
46.078055 13168.99 38.406809 116.71478 #DIV/0!
4
35.878141 12115.704 72.197192 151.221276 495.40612
9
6
39.744689 13700.904 57.064636 144.675203 137.54162
9
6
26.258101 12955.203 54.264159 135.34051 13.454818
4
8
35.660535 12022.176 66.708946 153.527375 393.90049
2
5
47.712108 12565.721 128.83652 244.766943 1340.9842
6
4
25.911587 12790.649 39.231875 103.31855 #DIV/0!
7
127.86897 12549.261 616.76396 541.380852 560.46849
2
5
91.510294 12022.755 128.66576 223.14882 354.78421
8
3
39.088738 13044.443 39.409201 97.3859032 105.22961
2
65.409394 11524.985 112.98680 165.49638 332.21978
6
3
92.278145 11431.606 109.42327 199.313194 866.26268
5
3
50.48856 13852.451 42.936850 132.702823 61.534300
3
8
43.033748 13870.772 35.253559 104.40706 348.59032
3
5
63.469864 12307.616 67.545660 133.659451 #DIV/0!
6
69.625267 11581.054 199.01568 278.65122 801.54777
3
3
44.188913 11785.902 94.000291 164.493115 347.83303
2
7
41.701192 11599.933 36.801082 108.39949 191.69853
1
3
63.316823 12029.959 211.92012 255.124469 58.544047
5
1
31.562425 13627.862 61.756044 184.503141 412.11910
4
1
73.904633 12221.799 246.98407 338.312313 217.29799
4
3
61.430171 10777.842 71.889175 126.087248 107.48611
5
4
92.877532 11819.877 269.18369 358.858237 812.28009
2
2
35.988795 12713.699 101.36869 188.559881 381.38184
5
2
74.068994 11016.29 97.530332 176.832451 137.07392
2
8
42.260231 11769.859 171.24406 220.167016 345.32938
1
70.263295 12605.397 90.709592 183.98201 201.98095
9
8
57.969425 12466.217 128.29656 216.727832 820.15190
7
7
72.320105 10962.389 87.569216 172.063234 133.22898
9
6
82.269929 12071.328 122.25318 227.759986 566.93717
5
9
99.087329 15376.081 304.32405 541.039017 154.77258
5
9
51.614326 11859.811 125.85234 202.356069 468.53578
1
9
54.821822 10399.36 47.792370 88.5526795 42.466907
Eu/Eu*
0.48165515
0.62982392
0.54938808
0.58626475
0.63022644
0.50078833
0.51596924
0.64354161
0.51356924
0.51409652
0.96692416
0.48386298
0.4407501
0.54904126
0.50212168
0.47204511
0.48327525
0.48365216
0.40956197
0.73694025
0.65529793
0.47975546
0.43374735
0.47967062
0.55399402
0.52866937
0.62504987
0.43089302
0.49451257
0.4838619
0.55547306
0.46447191
0.5348854
0.41926003
0.48742761
0.57596089
0.47096166
0.43769806
0.45655546
0.46396669
345
Spot
QU394-7.1I
QU394-7.3E
QU394-8.1E
QU394-8.2C
Temp. C
8
737.36072
8
715.47128
8
687.33466
6
818.50132
2
YbO188
2
360.49576
2
404.70185
3
219.77039
8
816.35351
4
LuO191
Hf
73.954025 11049.812
79.912341 12450.696
42.553696 13152.089
157.49221 9810.3284
Th
3
114.64924
8
98.181162
4
120.96110
9
376.73542
3
U
198.372069
208.201143
235.110964
442.496374
Ce/Ce*
8
349.20908
1
652.96792
6
525.64152
1
405.86871
2
Eu/Eu*
0.51347628
0.49616779
0.46478056
0.50573307
346

Ubc 2014 Spring Simmons Adam PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Ubc 2014 Spring Simmons Adam PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL STRATIGRAPHY OF

PALEOCENE AND EOCENE PORPHYRY Cu-Mo DEPOSITS

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Chapter 3: Petrogenesis of Porphyry Intrusive Complexes Associated with Paleocene

Magmatic Events Associated with Porphyry Cu Formation in Southern Peru .........226

My Mom, Dad, brothers Mark and Jason and

Chapter 1: General Introduction

Hypothesis and Question

Petrochemistry of igneous rocks from Quellaveco was completed in order to chemically

Intermineral/Monzodiorite Porphyry Intrusions

Equigranular Granodiorite Intrusion 8110000 mN

Volcanic HostRocks Rocks

Undifferentiated Toquepala Group Volcanic Rocks

Contour spacing 10m

Monzodiorite Qtz Monzonite

Plag; 25%, sub-anhedral

Plag; 40%, large, sub-anhedral

-high grade and low volume;

Plag; 40%, large, euhedral

A thin (50 to 60 m), irregular Cu-enrichment zone is developed above hypogene

Ar/39Ar hydrothermal sericite alteration age of

Ar/39Ar ages of igneous biotite and

Ar/39Ar age on sericite of

Ar/39Ar ages, suggesting that the

Ar/39Ar ages reflect the overall cooling of the hydrothermal

Ar/39Ar ages are sufficiently close to the ages of the porphyry

Mapping Style and Techniques

Ti+ from both

U16O+. Peak centering on

both ubiquitous species and on guide peaks adjacent to low-abundance or interference-prone

observations are supported by microphotographs/thin section description as necessary and that

Adam Simmons, Richard Tosdal, Joseph Wooden and Frank Mazdab

Adam Simmons and Richard Tosdal

Adam Simmons and Richard Tosdal

Chapter 2: Geochronology and Evolution of Paleocene Igneous

Tectonic Framework and Regional Geological Context

Techniques and Methods

Pb/238U ages of spot analyses on individual crystal, due to

the poor ability of the SHRIMP-RG to precisely measure small amounts of

Pb, the isotope

Geology and Geochronology of Quellaveco

Table 2-2: Summary of geochronology from the study area

Regional Granodiorite Batholith

Quellaveco Porphyry Intrusion Complex

Intermineral/Monzodiorite Porphyry Intrusions

Equigranular Granodiorite Intrusion 8110000 mN

Volcanic HostRocks Rocks

Undifferentiated Toquepala Group Volcanic Rocks

, Surface, Diamond drill hole U/Pb sample

Qu335 Earliest Porphyry

Qu709; Quellaveco Rhyolite

Qu395 Early Porphyry

Qu242 Intermineral Porphyry

Qu327 Intermineral Porphyry

Qu507 Early Porphyry

Qu448 Monzodiorite Porphyry

Qu393 Late Porphyry

Qu168 Dacite Dyke

Qu362 Dacite Dyke

Qu461 Monzodiorite Porphyry

Qu709 (Quartz Porphyry)