NTPC

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.
Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION:National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC) was incorporated in 1975 by an Act of
parliament, to supplement the efforts of the states for quicker and greater capacity addition in
thermal power generation.In1997, the Department of Public Enterprises, Government of India
granted Navratna (Nine Jewels) status with powers of operational autonomy to the board of
NTPC with an objective to turn the public sector enterprise into a global giant. This has helped
NTPC in speedy implementation of power projects, adoption of new technologies and formation
of Joint Ventures in the core generation as well as service businesses. Recently, NTPC has been
awarded the Maharatna status which has given it greater autonomy.
In line with its vision and mission over the last thirty five years NTPC has grown to
become the largest power utility in India with a commissioned generation capacity of 34,754
MW (as on July, 2011) with power stations spread over the length and breadth of the country,
covering portfolios in coal based and combined cycle power plants.
Besides, being Indias largest power generation utility, NTPC has also grown to become
the number one independent power producer in Asia and second globally in 2009 (by Platts, a
division of McGraw-Hill companies), 5th largest company in Asia and 317th Largest company in
the world (FORBES ranking 2009) with Net Sales of Rs. 53721 crore during 2010-11 as
against Rs.46169 crore during 2009-10, as increase of 16.36% as on 31.03.2011. NTPC has also
the honor of becoming the 6th largest thermal power generator in the world and second most
efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst top 10 utilities in the world. In line with the
changing business environment, NTPC has expanded its operations in the area of Hydro Power
and covered substantial ground in the areas of Coal Mining, Oil & Gas Value Chain, Power
Trading and Distribution.
With these forward and backward integration plans, NTPC has been re-christened as NTPC
Limited since 7th Nov, 2005.
Today NTPC is more than a company. It is an institution, which has molded the
economy of India setting many landmarks particularly in Power Plant Engineering, Operation
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National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

and Maintenance, Contract Management that other power organizations would strive to emulate.
NTPC accepted the challenging task of taking over and running of the Ratnagiri Gas & Power
Station (erstwhile Dabhol Power Plant). NTPC has drawn an ambitious programmed to become
a 56000 plus MW Company by 2012 and 75000 plus MW Company by 2017.With a share of
17.75% in the total installed capacity in the country, NTPCs market share in the countrys
power generation was 27.4% during FY 2010-11. Some information about NTPC is
NTPC Limited is the largest power generating company of India.
A public sector company, it was incorporated in the year 1975 to accelerate power
development in the country as a wholly owned company of the Government of India.
The installed capacity of NTPC is34,894 MW .
15 coal based (24,395 MW),
7 gas based (3,955 MW)
4 Joint Venture Projects (2,294 MW).
NTPC's share on 31 Mar 2008 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.1%
and it contributed 28.50% of the total power generation of the country during 2008-09.
Anta Gas Based Combined Cycle Power Project is not only the first Gas Power Plant of
NTPC but is also the beginning of an era of state of art Combined Cycle Power Plants in
the country.
1.1 NTPCs MISSION AND VISION:NTPCs vision and mission are driving force in all our endeavors to ultimately produce and
deliver quality power in optimum cost and eco-friendly manner through concerted team efforts
and effective systems. Being a PSU, Anta has derived its mission and vision aligning with that
of the Corporate Mission and Vision.
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Fig 1.1Map Showing All NTPC Plants

VISION: A world class integrated power major, powering Indias growth, with
increasing global presence.
MISSION: Develop and provide reliable power, related products and services at
competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly
technologies and contribute to society.
1.2 NTPCs CORE VALUES:The Core Values (BCOMIT), as of NTPC epitomizes the organizational culture and is central to
every activity of the company. The values create involvement of all sections of the employees.
The core values are widely communicated for the actualization among the employees.
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Business Ethics
Customer Focus
Organizational and Professional Pride
Mutual Respect and Trust
Innovation and Speed
Total Quality for Excellence
1.3 ANTA GAS POWER STATION:Rapid industrialization and growth in agriculture/domestic consumption of power in the North
India was putting lot of strain on the power grid. To overcome the gap between supply and
demand, NTPC set up its first Gas Power Station at Anta. Presently NTPC, Anta is one of the
seven Gas Stations of NTPC.
ANTAs journey towards excellence had started since inception. Today ANTA is one of
the best gas power plant in the country. It has achieved unique distinction of being the first
power station of the country having Zero Forced Outage. ANTA is ISO 9001:2000, ISO
14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007, SA 8000:2001 and FIVE-S certified.
1.4 LOCATION AND ORIGIN:With the findings of natural gas in Western Offshore fields of Bombay High, Central
Government decided to take this gas up to North India and accordingly lay the HBJ Pipeline
starting from Hazira. Govt. of India directed to set up gas based combined cycle power plants
along with HBJ pipeline. Initially 3 such projects were conceived at Anta, Kawas & Auraiya in
States of Rajasthan, Gujarat & UP respectively. Anta project was set up to mitigate the power
shortage in the Northern region which was estimated between 13-16% of the peak demand
during the 7th plan period. Further, looking at the benefit of the low gestation, high efficiency,
quick (Black) start and quick loading capability with mix-fuel flexibility and low pollution
impact, Anta project was considered the most viable option to eminently fulfill the supply
demand gap in Northern Region.
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Fig 1.2 Location of NTPC, Anta
1.5 BREIF PROFILE OF NTPC ANTA:-
COMBINE CYCLE GAS POWER STATION

Approved capacity
419.33MW
Installed capacity
419.33MW
Gas source
HBJ Pipeline South Basin Gas field
Water source
Kota right main canal
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Units commissioned
Unit-I 88.2 MW GT January 1989

Unit-II 88.2 MW GT January 1989
Unit -III 88.2 MW GT January 1989
Unit-IV 153.2 MW ST March 1990
Beneficiary states
UP, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal

Pradesh, Chandigarh ,Rajasthan, Haryana,
Punjab & Delhi
Approved Investment
Rs. 418.97 Crore
International Assistance
IBRB and Japan
Table 1.1 Brief Profile of NTPC anta
1.6 SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPC ANTA

Gas Turbine
GT Compressor
Combustion Chamber
Burner
Air Intake Filter Type
Bypass Stack
WHRB
WHRB Steam Parameters
HP
LP
Steam Turbine
Condensor
88MW,Type ABB Gas Turbine, 5 Stage

18 Stage Axial Flow(Type VA 140 18)
Single Silo Type
Single Stage Dual Fired
Self Cleaning Tenekey Cartridges
Vertical 25 M High
Double Drum , Unifired, Assisted Circulation
Type
Pressure
Flow
Temp.
62.7Bar
163T/HR
485*c
5.5 Bar
39.1T/HR
207*c
149MW, Tandem Compounded Double
Exhaust, Condensing Type, Single Flow
Horizontal 25 stage HP Turbine And 26 Stage
LP Turbine
2 Pass Surface Condensor With Stainless Steel
Tubes, Total Cooling Area 13988 m2
Table 1.2 Salient features of NTPC Anta
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CHAPTER: 2
ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (NTPC LTD.)
2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (NTPC)

Sole product of NTPC-Anta is electrical power generated by using gas or naphtha as a main fuel.
The generated power is transmitted through six 220 KV Lines. Thus NTPCs role is limited up
to Switchyard, beyond which PGCIL network feeds to respective DISCOMs.
Its customer consists of state distribution companies in member states of northern grid
viz. Rajasthan, UP, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, J&K and
Chandigarh. The coordination for generation scheduling is done by Anta with the NRLDC
(Northern Region Load Dispatch Centre) of Power Grid located at New Delhi.
Anta not only fulfils the customer requirements of adequate and reliable power at
competitive price but also works with the customer to maintain grid stability in the larger
interest of the region.
To maintain the grid stability, the supply and demand are to be consistently matched for which,
the communication between the personnel manning the control room at Anta and the NRLDC is
established on continuous basis.
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Power Allocation Chart

25
20
15
10
Power Allocation Chart
5
0
Fig 2.1 Allocation of Antas Power to other states
2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY:NTPCs current 3-tier structure comprises Corporate Centre (CMD, Board of Directors and
Corporate functions), Regional Head Quarters (five in numbers NCR, NR, SR, ER and WR)
and Stations/Projects, Anta being one of the stations. Anta falls under NCR-HQ. The business
unit head of ANTA is the GENERAL MANAGER (GM). The power generation is handled by
Operations and Maintenance Department headed by AGM (O&M), reporting to GM. O&M
consists of different sections viz. Operations, Mechanical Maintenance, Electrical Maintenance,
C&I Maintenance, Chemistry, EEMG, MTP, each sub section is headed by a DGM/Senior
Manager.
The support function departments viz. F&A, HR, Contracts & Materials, Safety, TQM,
IT etc, headed by DGM/Senior Managers, are directly reporting to the General Manager.
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Business Unit
Head
HOD C &
M
HOD (TS
+TQM+CIVIL)
HOD (EMG)
HOS
(CHEMISTRY)
HOD (F&A)
HOS(MM)
HOD (O&M)
HOS(OPN)
HOD (HR)
HOS (C&I)
HOD
(M&HS)
HOS (EM)
SAFTY
OFFICER
VIGLANCE
OFFICER
HOD
(EEMG)
SUPPORT
TEAM
Fig2.2 Organization Chart of NTPC Anta
2.3 CORPORATE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:Anta is involved in many CSR activities like rural health check up camps, rural sports, school
furnishing, vocational trainings etc. Anta employees and their family members are involved in
various activities of CSR like voluntary services for education of villagers, help in emergency
situations, eye camps, family planning camps etc.
It been maintaining excellent CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility) by providing jobs to the land
losers along with good compensation, providing employment for the locals on a contract basis,
construction of roads, drainage systems, drinking water supply, hygienic conditions, hospitals,
schools, etc all within ANTA town of the NTPC plant. It should evaluate plans for expansion in
order to meet the Power needs of India as well as to create more employment.
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2.4 OVERVIEW:Indias largest power company, NTPC was set up in 1975 to accelerate power development in
India. NTPC is emerging as a diversified power major with presence in the entire value chain of
the power generation business. Apart from power generation, which is the mainstay of the
company, NTPC has already ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization and coal
mining. NTPC ranked 337th in the 2012, Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the Worlds biggest
companies. NTPC became a Maharatna company in May, 2010, one of the only four companies
to be awarded this status. The total installed capacity of the company is 41,184 MW (including
JVs) with 16 coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the country. In addition under
JVs, 7 stations are coal based & another station uses naphtha/LNG as fuel and 2 renewable
energy projects. The company has set a target to have an installed power generating capacity of
1,28,000 MW by the year 2032. The capacity will have a diversified fuel mix comprising 56%
coal, 16% Gas, 11% Nuclear and 17% Renewable Energy Sources(RES) including hydro. By
2032, non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28% of NTPCs portfolio.
NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company has 17.75%
of the total national capacity, it contributes 27.40% of total power generation due to its focus on
high efficiency.
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Fig. 2.3 Growth of NTPC

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as fresh
issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC thus became a listed company
in November 2004 with the Government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital. In February
2010, the Shareholding of Government of India was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5% through
Further Public Offer. The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the Public.
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Fig. 2.4 NTPCs total capacity
Fig 2.5 Night View of NTPC, Anta
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2.5 NTPC HEADQUARTERS:-
NTPC Limited is divided into Eight HQ.

Sr. No.
Headquarter
City
NCRHQ
Delhi
ER-I HQ
Patna
ER-II HQ
Bhubaneswar
NRHQ
Lucknow
SR HQ
Hyderabad
WR-I HQ
Mumbai
WR-II HQ
Raipur
Hydro HQ
Delhi
Table 2.1 Headquarter of NTPC
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2.6 NTPC PLANTS:2.6.1 THERMAL-COAL BASED:-
SR.
NO.
PROJECT
STATE
INST. CAPACITY
Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station
Uttar Pradesh
2,000
NTPC Korba
Chhattisgarh
2,600
NTPC Ramagundam
Andhra
Pradesh
2,600
Farakka Super Thermal Power Station
West Bengal
2,100
NTPC Vindhyachal
Madhya
Pradesh
4,260
Rihand Thermal Power Station
Uttar Pradesh
2,500
Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station
Bihar
2,340
NTPC Dadri
Uttar Pradesh
1,820
NTPC Talcher Kaniha
Orissa
3,000
10
Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant
Uttar Pradesh
1,050
11
Talcher Thermal Power Station
Orissa
460
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12
Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant
Andhra
Pradesh
2000
13
Tanda Thermal Power Plant
Uttar Pradesh
440
14
Badarpur Thermal Power Station
Delhi
705
15
Sipat Thermal Power Plant
Chhattisgarh
2980
16
NTPC Bongaigaon (commissioning 2013

onwards[5])
Assam
750 (3x250 MW)
17
NTPC Mouda (1 unit 500 MW is commissioned

in April 2012[6])
Maharashtra
2320 (2x500 MW;

2x660 MW)
18
Rihand Thermal Power Station (erection phase)
Uttar Pradesh
1*500 MW
19
NTPC Barh (commissioning 2013 onwards[7])
Bihar
3300 (5x660 MW)
31,995
Total
Table 2.2 Thermal Coal Based Plants
2.6.2 GAS BASED:-
Sr. No.
Project
State
Installed Capacity in Megawatt
NTPC Anta
Rajasthan Kota
413
NTPC Auraiya
Uttar Pradesh
652
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NTPC Kawas
Gujarat
645
NTPC Dadri
Uttar Pradesh
817
NTPC Jhanor
Gujarat
648
NTPC Kayamkulam
Kerala
350
NTPC Faridabad
Haryana
430
RGPPL Ratnagiri
Maharashtra-Ratnagiri
1967
6922
Total
Table 2.3 Gas Based Plants
2.7 Environmental Concern:The institution has shown special concern and nearly 1.8 lacks trees have been planned in and
around the plant and township to enhance not only greenery but also to improve environment
continuous monitoring at various parameters of environment is being carried out by an
environment management group especially continued for this purpose. The project has strength
of 240 employees.
2.8 Major Achievements of NTPC:
Largest thermal power generating company of India.
Sixth largest thermal power generator in the world.
Second most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilizations.
One of the nine PSUs to be awarded the status of Navratna.
Provides power at the cheapest average tariff in the country

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CHAPTER: 3
TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENTS AND FACILITIES
3. TECHNOLOGY, EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

ANTA is a combined cycle gas based power plant in which gas turbines operate on Brayton
Cycle and steam turbine operates on Rankine Cycle. Anta has three Gas Turbines each of 88.71
MW and one Steam Turbine of 153.2 MW. Total capacity is 419.33 MW. The major power
generating equipments are of Alstom make. Apart from the plant, ANTA has an idyllic
township KiranKunj. The township is equipped with all modern facilities viz. school, hospital,
recreation centre, swimming pool, play grounds, parks, shopping complex, banks, post office,
BSNL Exchange etc.
3.1 POWER GENERATION PROCESS NTPC ANTA:The Gas/Naphtha from pipeline is taken and supplied to GT Combustion Chamber where it is
burnt as fuel along with air drawn from atmosphere. This heat is then converted into mechanical
energy in the Gas Turbine. Gas turbine through a common shaft rotates a
Generator, which
produces electric power. Flue gas from the turbine exhaust is used to convert water into steam
in the Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB). Water required for steam generation is circulated
through the tubes in the boiler, where heat exchange takes place and water gets converted into
steam. The steam generated from WHRBs is used to run a steam turbo generator and produce
electric power. This power is supplied to customer through 220 KV lines.
3.2
OVERVIEW OF COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT:-
Combined cycle power plant integrates two power conversion cycles with the principal objective
of increasing overall plant efficiency.
Bratyon cycle (for gas turbine)
Rankine cycle (for steam turbine)

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Let us have a look on How Combined Cycle works in a combined cycle power plant to increase
the efficiency of power generation process.
Gas turbine exhaust is at temperature of 500-550 Celsius.
Steam generation Process for Rankine cycle requires a temperature of 500-550 Celsius to
generate steam.
Gas turbine exhaust heat can be recovered using a waste heat recovery boiler to generate
steam in a water tube boiler so as to run a steam turbine on Rankine cycle.
Efficiency of simple gas turbine cycle is 34%.
The efficiency of Rankine cycle is 35%.
The overall efficiency of power generation by combined cycle comes to 49%.
Fig3.1 Block diagram combine cycle power plant
3.2.1 GAS TURBINE:Gas Turbine is a heat engine, working on the air standard Brayton cycle.
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The Process Includes:Compression:
Compression of working medium (air) taken from atmosphere in a compressor.
Combustion:
Increase of working medium temperature by constant pressure ignition of fuel in combustion
chamber.
Expansion:
Expansion of the product of combustion in a turbine.
Rejection:
Rejection of heat in the atmosphere.
Fig 3.2 Simple gas cycle
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Fig 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycles
3.2.2 STEAM TURBINE:Steam Turbine is a heat engine, working on Rankine cycle.

The Process Includes:
Pressurization:
Pressurization of working medium (water) by Boiler feed water pump.
Heating:
Phase change of working medium (from water to steam) and superheating at constant pressure in
Boiler.
Expansion:
Expansion of the steam in a turbine.
Condensation:
Condensation of the steam by cooling water.
3.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMBINED CYCLE:The 419.33MW anta combined cycle power plant consists of three gas turbines generator sets of
88.71 MW each and one steam turbine generator set of 153.20 MW. The gas turbine are
equipped with a dual fuel burner for gaseous fuel (natural) and liquid fuel (naphtha).the station
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can be operated in the open cycle mode via their exhaust gas bypass stacks or as modules
together with their waste heat recovery boilers and STG in the combined cycle mode.
The WHRBs is designed as dual pressure boilers with high pressure (HP) and low
pressure (LP) sections and condensate preheating at the tail end. The condensate pumped from
the condenser hot well is degasified in the DE aerator at constant pressure and stored in the feed
water tank. From feed water tank, the boiler feed water is extracted by mean of separate boiler
feed water pumps for the HP and LP system serving the 3 WHRBs in common HP and LP
main steam lines the turbojet is composed of a single flow HP turbine and one double flow LP
turbine. The Generator is directly coupled to the shaft of LP cylinder.
The exhaust steam of the STG is condensed in a surface condenser cooled by fresh water
of the right main Kota canal in the once through cycle. During the shut-down of canal, the
condenser is cooled via a wet cooling tower in the closed cycle alternatively.
For start up and shut down as well as trip of STG one common HP and LP steam bypass
station for all 3 modules are provided leading the steam directly into the condenser. Additional
steam charged air presenters are installed in front of the GT-compressor inlet to preheat the
intake air for the gas turbine, improving the heat rate during part load operation.
Fig 3.4 View of WHRB
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3.4
OVERVIEW OF GAS TURBINE:-
A gas turbine plant in its most simple form consists of following main part.
Air intake system
Compressor
Combustion chamber
Turbine
Generator
Gas Fuel system
Naphtha Fuel System
Gas turbine plant operation
3.4.1 AIR INTAKE SYSTEM:Air enters the suction of compressor after passing through fine filters. There are 945 filters
arranged in three levels. These are self cleaning type filters. Compressed air from the instrument
air compressors passes through diaphragm valves and into the blowpipes.
A pressure pulse is given to the filter elements in the reverse direction (inside to outside) this
impulse of air flow cleans the filters.
Make
FARR
Material of filter media
Resin Impregnated Media consisting of synthetic

And Cellulose fibers.
Total no. of filter cartridges :
945
Initiation of pulse cleaning
6.4 m bar
Stop of pulse cleaning cycle :
4.6 m bar
Compressed air pulse clean
7 bar
Time interval b\w two pulses :
30 sec.
Time of a pulse
0.1sec.
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Fig 3.5 Air Intake Filters
3.4.2
COMPRESSOR
It is 18 stages with additional inlet guide blade, axial flow, reaction compressor. The blade of the
18 rotor and 19 fixed rows are made of high tensile ferric chrome steel.
The compressor casing is horizontally split at axis, and is made of spherical graphite cast
iron. This material possesses high tensile strength and good expansion quality. Upper and lower
halves of the compressor casing are provided with robust flanges and are held together by
expansion studs with socket head. The compressor casing has three circular ducts at 4th, 7th,
10th row of fixed blades. These ducts are closed to the outside by four bleed valves. Bleed
valves are kept open up to 2700rpm, so that certain amount of compressor air can be blown off.
These bleed valves reduces the external power input required running compressor during start
up.
3.4.3 COMBUSTION CHAMBER:In combustion chamber, the air compressed and supplied by compressor is brought to the
required process temperature by combustion of liquid/gas fuel. The single combustion chamber
is fitted with only one dual fuel burner and mounted vertically on the compressor/turbine
assembly.
The combustion chamber is all welded steel plate fabricated. The main parts are jacket
with cover, lower upper combustion chamber bodies, finned segment body, burner and inner
casing. Combustion chamber jacket, which houses the components, is made of heat resistant,
low alloy ferrite steel.
The air from the compressor enter the combustion chamber from below and flow upward
through the annular space between combustion chamber jacket and inner section of the lower
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combustion chamber body. Approximately 30% air flow enter the combustion chamber through
eight mixing nozzles provided at the lower body as secondary and approximately30% air flow
enter the combustion chamber through upper body via finned segment row (there are 5row) , the
remaining40%flow as primary air for combustion, into the swirl insert and enter the combustion
space with turbulence. After the fuel has ignited these gases are thoroughly mixed with
secondary air from mixing nozzles and brought to the permissible turbine inlet temp.
3.4.4 TURBINE:Turbine is five stage reaction chamber. Due to high temperature of incoming gases, the first and
second row of rotor and fixed balding are air cooled with air from compressor discharge.
Cooling air passes along several holes made in blades and finally blowing out through numbers
of slits in the trailing /leading edge of the blade. This method of cooling ensures that blades are
thoroughly cooled, thereby avoiding cracks induced by thermal stresses. These cooled blades are
fixed rotor blades which are made of cast and nickel based alloy. The turbine and compressor
casing are bolted together at radial flange with expansion bolts, turbine casing is made of heat
resisting ferrite steel in order to with stand thermal stresses.
3.4.5 GAS FUEL SYSTEM:Gas comes from GRS at around 18 bars. Manual isolation valve is to be opened by operator.
Motorized stop relief valve will be opened by GT program when required.
In the gas control block there is an emergency stop valve (ESV). This opens with the help of
power oil pressure against spring force. Whenever turbine trips, the oil is drained (depressurized)
and spring force closes the valve, cutting off gas supply to combustion chamber.
After the ESV is the gas CV, the opening of this valve controls the amount of fuel going to the
combustion chamber.
3.4.6 NAPHTHA FUEL SYSTEM:Naphtha comes from naphtha station via the forwarding pumps at around 15bar. Manual
isolation valve outside GT hall is to be opened by the operator. Manual isolation valves before
main fuel oil pump and also to be opened. Motorized valve will be opened by GT program when
FG liquid fuel is selected. Naphtha then passes through duplex filter to the main fuel oil pump,
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which raises the press to aproox.80 bar. There is release valve which opens when firing speed is
reached (600rpm).
There is an emergency stop valve similar to one in the gas scheme. Finally there is the
control valve directly coupled with the Naphtha nozzle. A minimum opening of the nozzle is
already pre-set. Once stable flame is formed, the nozzle opening increases with the control valve
opening.
3.4.7 GAS TURBINE PLANT OPERATION:The compressor sucks in air from the atmosphere through the filters called air intake filters. The
compresses air at approx. 11 bar passes into the combustion chamber where it is used as primary
air for combustion and secondary air for cooling of very hot parts.
The gas turbine generates the necessary power to drive the axial-flow compressor and the
generator. Start-up of the GT is drives with the help of starting equipment which runs the
generator as a motor with speed increasing from 0to 600rpm. At this speed a pilot flame is
ignited in the combustion chamber, fuel (gas/naphtha) enters and combustion takes place.
The speed increases further both with the help of generator motoring and the combustion
of fuel up to about 2000 rpm. At this speed starting equipment is switched off and only the
generator is made ready for synchronization with the grid. After synchronizations, the turbine
load increases up to base load with more and more fuel entering the combustion chamber.
The hot gases after combustion enter the gas turbine at about 1005 degree centigrade (at
base load). The higher pressure and temperature gas pass through the turbine rotating it and
generator, this produces the electrical power. The exhaust gas coming out of the GT is at about
500 degree centigrade, this can be utilized to produce steam in WHRB.
3.5 OVERVIEW OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY BOILER:Wagner-biro supplied boilers for anta combined cycle power plant known as waste heat recovery
boilers (WHRB), which are of non fired, dual pressure, forced circulation type. The boiler has
two different water/steam cycles known as high pressure system and low pressure system. Each
system has its own boiler drum and circulating pumps, and is feed by HP&LP feed water pumps
from a common feed water tank. The HP&LP steam from the three boiler from four common
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headers HP live steam line, HP bypass line, LP live steam line and LP bypass line, the bypass
line dump steam in the condenser through the HP and LP bypass system.
The HP steam drives the HP steam turbine through stop valves and control valves. The
LP steam after passing through stop valves and control valves mixes with the HP turbine exhaust
and drivers the gas turbine. This dual system of operating utilizes the waste heavy from the gas
turbine with maximum efficiency. From LP turbine steam enters the condenser where it get
condensed to water with the help of cooling water .condenser is shell and tube, water flow
through the tubes and steam flow out side. The condensate get collected in hot well, from hot
well it enters the feed water tank through condensate.
Each of the WHRB is feed with waste heat flue gas from the respective gas turbine (GT).
The gas turbines are fired either with gas or naphtha. The energy from waste heat flue gas is
transferred to water/steam by means of heating surfaces of super heaters, evaporators,
economizers and condensate preheater. The steam-water system consists of a high (HP) and
low(LP) pressure system and in addition there is a condenser preheated in order to obtain a
higher efficiency.
3.5.1 LP BOILER PART:
Economizer: The LP feed water, which flows from the 3X50% LP feed water pumps
through the common feed water line to the WHRBs in parallel, enters a WHRB at
economizer gate valve. In the economizer the feed water is heated up by the flue gas.
After the economizer the feed water enters the LP boiler drum through feed regulating
station (FRS), where the feed water control valve ensures the correct supply of feed
water to the boiler.
Boiler Drum Evaporator: The feed water in the LP boiler drum is pumped through the
evaporator by means of 2x100% LP circulation pumps. In the evaporator the water is
partially steamed by the flue gas passing at the outside of the evaporator tubes. The
steam and water mixture again enters the drum, where steam is separated and this steam
flows to the LP super heaters and the water is circulated again.
LP Super Heater: The steam leaving at the top of the LP-drum flows through the flue
gas heated super heater, where it reaches the end temperature of about 206 Centigrade.
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3.5.2 HP BOILER PART:The principal design of the HP- boiler part is the same as for the LP- part. The basic difference is
of operating pressure.
Economizer: The HP fed water, which flows from the 3x50% HP feed water pumps
through the common the feed water line to the HP parts of 3 WHRB in parallel, enters a
WHRB at the gate valve of economizer. This gate valve is equipped with a parallel
bypass valve as in LP-economizer.
Boiler Drum Evaporator: The feed water in the HP- boiler drum is pumped through the
evaporator by means of 2 x 100% HP circulation pumps in the evaporator water is
partially steamed as in LP part, this partially steamed water enters in HP drum where
steam is separated, and water is circulated again. Theses steam is super heated in HP
super heater. The HP circulation pumps ensure the correct water flow through evaporator
for which differential pressure switches are provided.
HP Super Heater: The HP super heater consists of two parts with a spray attemperator
between them. This configuration allows the temperature control of the super heated
steam. The spray water which is the cooling medium is branched from the feed water line
at the HP economizer inlet via a control valve to the attemperator if the temperature of
super heater increases beyond the predetermined temperature.
Condensate Preheater: The main condensate is pumped by 3x50% condensate
extraction pumps (CEP) to the feed water tank. Before entering the feed water tank the
condensate is passed through the condensate preheaters which are situated at the tail end
of the WHRB and heated by the flue gas to achieve the highest cycle efficiency.
Blow down Tank: One blow down tank is provided for each WHRB to collect drains
e.g. CBD, IBD and drum over flow water from hp and LP system of the WHRB. The
water level in this tank is maintained through an over flow pipe, which leads water to hot
drain collecting system. The steam flows via a silencer to the atmosphere.
3.6 OVERVIEW OF STEAM TURBINE:The steam turbine plant consists of a single shaft condensing turbo set with HP & LP live steam
admission and with HP & LP bypass steam system. The steam generating plant consists of three
Page | 27

waste heat recovery boilers (drum type) with common live steam lines. Exhaust gases of one
appropriate gas turbine heat each boiler.
Fig 3.6 Steam Turbine Floor
Normally, the whole steam generated in boilers flows through the turbo set. Part of steam can be
bled via extraction lines to preheat the intake air for gas turbines. After expansion in turbine, the
remaining steam is condensed in the condenser. From there on, the condensate is fed through the
gland steam condenser to a common feed water tank. The common HP & LP feed water pumps
supply the feed water to the three waste heat recovery boilers.
The steam turbo set is composed of a single flow HP turbine and one double flow LP turbine
arranged one after the other with tandem compounding. The HP turbine has 25 stages and LP
turbine has 2 x 6 stages of reaction balding. The generator is directly coupled to the shaft of the
LP turbine. The cross over piping between the HP & LP brings the expanded steam of HP
Page | 28

Turbine to the reaction balding in the LP turbine, where it expands down to the condenser
pressure.
3.6.1 HP TURBINE:The high-pressure turbine is a single shell casing design. It consists of the turbine
casing, the fixed blade carriers, the dummy piston and the HP rotor.
3.6.2 LP TURBINE:The LP turbine is a double flow design .It consists of the welded turbine casing, the
fixed blade carriers and the LP rotor.
The LP casing is a welded fabrication from steel plate and is flanged together along the
horizontal plane at turbine axis height and LP rotor is a welded design mate of plain steel.
Division of steam flow: On ships where space is a consideration, the LP turbine is designed to
be a dual flow turbine. Steam enters the centre of the turbine from the crossover pipe and flows
across the reaction blading in two opposite directions. This configuration reduces axial thrust on
the turbine and allows for a smaller turbine installation. On ships where space is not a concern, a
single flow turbine is used.
Direction of steam flow: Just like on the HP turbine, steam flows parallel to the turbine rotor.
Exhausting condition: Unlike the HP turbine, the LP turbine exhausts into the main condenser.
Because the LP turbine exhausts into its own dedicated condenser, it is considered a condensing
turbine.
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CHAPTER: 4
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION:It is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a
production or manufacturing area. An instrument is a device that measures a physical quantity
such as flow, temperature, level, distance, angle, or pressure. Instruments may be as simple as
direct reading thermometers or may be complex multi-variable process analyzers. Instruments
are often part of a control system in refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is
one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld
devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in
laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a
common instrument found in most western homes.
Instruments
attached
to
control
system
may
provide
signals
used
to
operate solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit, or relays. These devices control a desired output
variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to
as final control elements when controlled remotely or by a control system.
A Transmitter is a device that produces an output signal, often in the form of a 4

20 mA electrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure,
or Ethernet are possible. This signal can be used for informational purposes, or it can be sent to
a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, Lab View or other type of computerized controller, where it can
be interpreted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system.
Control instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and
changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.
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4.2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT:Pressure (symbol: P or p) is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed.
Pressure is force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an
object. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the local
atmospheric or ambient pressure. Pressure is measured in any unit of force divided by any unit of
area. The SI unit of pressure is (the Newton per square meter), which is called the Pascal (Pa)
after the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. A pressure of 1 Pa is small;
it approximately equals the pressure exerted by a dollar bill resting flat on a table. Everyday
pressures are often stated in kilopascals (1 kPa = 1000 Pa).
4.2.1 BOURDEN TUBES:-
Fig. 4.1 Bourden Tube
4.2.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE:When an elastic transducer (bourdon tube in this case) is subjected to a pressure, it defects. This
deflection
is
proportional
to
the
applied
pressure
when
calibrated.
Page | 31
4.2.1.2 CONSTRUCTION:An elastic transducer, that is bourdon tube which is fixed and open at one end to receive the
pressure which is to be measured. The other end of the bourdon tube is free and closed. The
cross-section of the bourdon tube is elliptical. The bourdon tube is in a bent form to look like a
circular arc. To the free end of the bourdon tube is attached an adjustable link, which is in turn
connected to a sector and pinion as shown in diagram. To the shaft of the pinion is connected a
pointer
which
sweeps
over
pressure
calibrated
scale.
4.2.1.3 OPERATION OF BOURDEN TUBE:The pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of the bourdon tube. The applied
pressure acts on the inner walls of the bourdon tube. Due to the applied pressure, the bourdon
tube tends to change in cross section from elliptical to circular. This tends to straighten the
bourdon
tube
causing
displacement
of
the
free
end
of
the
bourdon
tube.
This displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is proportional to the
applied pressure. As the free end of the bourdon tube is connected to a link section pinion
arrangement, the displacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of the pinion.
As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new position on a pressure calibrated scale
to indicate the applied pressure directly. As the pressure in the case containing the bourdon tube
is
usually
atmospheric,
the
pointer
indicates
gauge
pressure.
high
pressures.
4.2.1.4 APPLICATIONS OF BOURDON TUBE:They
are
used
to
measure
medium
of
very
4.2.1.5 ADVANTAGES OF BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE:These Bourdon tube pressure gauges give accurate results.
Bourdon tube cost low.
Bourdon tubes are simple in construction.
They can be modified to give electrical outputs.
They are safe even for high pressure measurement.
Accuracy is high especially at high pressures.

Page | 32
4.2.1.6 LIMITATIONS:
They respond slowly to changes in pressure.
They are subjected to hysteresis.
They are sensitive to shocks and vibration.
It cannot be used for precision measurement.
4.2.2 BELLOWS:A bellows gauge contains an elastic element that is a convoluted unit that expands and contracts
axially with changes in pressure. The pressure to be measured can be applied to the outside or
inside of the bellows. However, in practice, most bellows measuring devices have the
pressure applied to the outside of the bellows (fig. 11-7). Like Bourdon-tube elements, the
elastic elements in bellows gauges are made of brass, phosphor bronze, stainless steel,
beryllium-copper, or other metal that is suitable for the intended purpose of the gauge. Most
bellows gauges are spring-loaded; that is, aspiring opposes the bellows, thus preventing full
expansion of the bellows. Limiting the expansion of the bellows in this way protects the
bellows and prolongs its life. In a spring-loaded bellows element, the deflection is the
result of the force acting on the bellow sand the opposing force of the spring. Although some
bellows instruments can be designed for measuring pressures up to 800 psig, their primary
application aboard ship is in the measurement of low pressures or small pressure differentials.
4.2.3 DIAPHRAGMS:Diaphragm gauges are very sensitive and give reliable indication of small differences in
pressure. Diaphragm gauges are generally used to measure air pressure in the space between
the inner and outer boiler casings. The indicating mechanism of a diaphragm gauge. This
mechanism consists of a tough, pliable, neoprene rubber membrane connected to a metal
spring that is attached by a simple linkage system to the gauge pointer. One side of the
diaphragm is exposed to the pressure being measured, while the other side is exposed to the
atmosphere. When pressure is applied to the diaphragm, it moves and, through a linkage system,
moves the pointer to a higher reading on the dial.
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4.2.4 PRESSURE TRANSMITTER:Pressure Transmitters, a sub-group of pressure transducers, feature additional reset and
calibration options. With some sensor types it is possible, for example, to re-set the measuring
span over large ranges. This calibration option is usually referred to by such terms as scale
down, span reset or turn down. For instance, a transmitter with a measuring range of 0 to
400 psi and a range reset 1/10 can be calibrate to a measuring range of 0 - 40 psi while still
giving a full output signal (4 - 20 mA, for example).
It is also possible to shift the zero point over a wide range and to calibrate the damping of
the output signal between 0 and 32 seconds. Smart transmitters such as Hart, which also have
logging capabilities, can be calibrated, tested and reset via the control desk or hand terminals.
Transmitters are often used in process applications where they can be combined with various
chemical seals.
4.2.5 FLOW METERS:A flow meter is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric flow rate of
a liquid or a gas.
4.2.5.1 SELECTION:The basis of good flow meter selection is a clear understanding of the requirements of the
particular application. Therefore, time should be invested in fully evaluating the nature of the
process
fluid
and
of
the
overall
installation.
4.2.5.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT ORIENTATION:When choosing flow meters, one should consider such intangible factors as familiarity of plant
personnel, their experience with calibration and maintenance, spare parts availability, and mean
time between failure history, etc., at the particular plant site. It is also recommended that the cost
of the installation be computed only after taking these steps. One of the most common flow
Page | 34

measurement mistakes is the reversal of this sequence: instead of selecting a sensor which will
perform properly, an attempt is made to justify the use of a device because it is less expensive.
Those "inexpensive" purchases can be the most costly installations.
The basis of good flow meter selection is a clear understanding of the requirements of the
particular application. Therefore, time should be invested in fully evaluating the nature of the
process fluid and of the overall installation. The first step in flow sensor selection is to determine
if the flow rate information should be continuous or totalized, and whether this information is
needed locally or remotely. If remotely, should the transmission be analog, digital, or shared?
And, if shared, what is the required (minimum) data-update frequency? Once these questions are
answered, an evaluation of the properties and flow characteristics of the process fluid, and of the
piping that will accommodate the flow meter, should take place. In order to approach this task in
a systematic manner, forms have been developed, requiring that the following types of data be
filled in for each application.
Fluid and flow characteristics: In this section of the table, the name of the fluid is given
and its pressure, temperature, allowable pressure drop, density (or specific gravity), conductivity,
viscosity (Newtonian or not?) and vapor pressure at maximum operating temperature are listed,
together with an indication of how these properties might vary or interact. In addition, all safety
or toxicity information should be provided, together with detailed data on the fluid's
composition, presence of bubbles, solids (abrasive or soft, size of particles, fibers), tendency to
coat, and light transmission qualities (opaque, translucent or transparent).
Expected minimum and maximum pressure and temperature values should be given in addition
to the normal operating values when selecting flow meters. Whether flow can reverse, whether it
does not always fill the pipe, whether slug flow can develop (air-solids-liquid), whether aeration
or pulsation is likely, whether sudden temperature changes can occur, or whether special
precautions are needed during cleaning and maintenance, these facts, too, should be stated.
Concerning the piping and the area where the flow meters are to be located, consider:
For the piping, its direction (avoid downward flow in liquid applications), size, material,
schedule, flange-pressure rating, accessibility, up or downstream turns, valves, regulators, and
available straight-pipe run lengths.
Page | 35

The specifying engineer must know if vibration or magnetic fields are present or possible in the
area, if electric or pneumatic power is available, if the area is classified for explosion hazards, or
if there are other special requirements such as compliance with sanitary or clean-in-place (CIP)
regulations.
The next step is to determine the required meter range by identifying minimum and
maximum flows (mass or volumetric) that will be measured. After that, the required flow
measurement accuracy is determined. Typically accuracy is specified in percentage of actual
reading (AR), in percentage of calibrated span (CS), or in percentage of full scale (FS) units. The
accuracy requirements should be separately stated at minimum, normal, and maximum flow
rates. Unless you know these requirements, your flow meter's performance may not be
acceptable over its full range. In applications where products are sold or purchased on the basis
of a meter reading, absolute accuracy is critical. In other applications, repeatability may be more
important than absolute accuracy. Therefore, it is advisable to establish separately the accuracy
and repeatability requirements of each application and to state both in the specifications.
When a flow meter's accuracy is stated in % CS or % FS units, its absolute error will rise as the
measured flow rate drops. If meter error is stated in % AR, the error in absolute terms stays the
same at high or low flows. Because full scale (FS) is always a larger quantity than the calibrated
span (CS), a sensor with a % FS performance will always have a larger error than one with the
same % CS specification. Therefore, in order to compare all bids fairly, it is advisable to convert
all quoted error statements into the same % AR units.
In well-prepared flow meter specifications, all accuracy statements are converted into uniform %
AR units and these % AR requirements are specified separately for minimum, normal, and
maximum flows. All flow meters specifications and bids should clearly state both the accuracy
and the repeatability of the meter at minimum, normal, and maximum flows.
If acceptable metering performance can be obtained from two different flow meter
categories and one has no moving parts, select the one without moving parts. Moving parts are a
potential source of problems, not only for the obvious reasons of wear, lubrication, and
sensitivity to coating, but also because moving parts require clearance spaces that sometimes
introduce "slippage" into the flow being measured. Even with well maintained and calibrated
meters, this unmeasured flow varies with changes in fluid viscosity and temperature. Changes in
Page | 36

temperature also change the internal dimensions of the meter and require compensation.
Furthermore, if one can obtain the same performance from both a full flow meter and a point
sensor, it is generally advisable to use the flow meter. Because point sensors do not look at the
full flow, they read accurately only if they are inserted to a depth where the flow velocity is the
average of the velocity profile across the pipe. Even if this point is carefully determined at the
time of calibration, it is not likely to remain unaltered, since velocity profiles change with flow
rate, viscosity, temperature, and other factors.
Before specifying a flow meter, it is also advisable to determine whether the flow information
will be more useful if presented in mass or volumetric units. When measuring the flow of
compressible materials, volumetric flow is not very meaningful unless density (and sometimes
also viscosity) is constant. When the velocity (volumetric flow) of incompressible liquids is
measured, the presence of suspended bubbles will cause error; therefore, air and gas must be
removed before the fluid reaches the meter. In other velocity sensors, pipe liners can cause
problems (ultrasonic), or the meter may stop functioning if the Reynolds number is too low (in
vortex shedding meters, RD > 20,000 is required). In view of these considerations, mass flow
meters, which are insensitive to density, pressure and viscosity variations and are not affected by
changes in the Reynolds number, should be kept in mind. Also underutilized in the chemical
industry are the various flumes that can measure flow in partially full pipes and can pass large
floating or settle able solids.
4.2.6 ROTAMETER:The first variable area meter with rotating float was invented by Karl Kueppers in Aachen in
1908. This is described in the German patent 215225. Felix Meyer found the first industrial
company "Deutsche Rotawerke GmbH" in Aachen recognizing the fundamental importance of
this invention. They improved this invention with new shapes of the float and of the glass tube.
Kueppers invented the special shape for the inside of the glass tube that realized a symmetrical
flow scale. The brand name Rotameter was registered by the British company GEC Rotameter
Co, in Crawley, and still exists, having been passed down through the acquisition chain: KDG
Instruments, Solartron Mobrey, and Emerson Process Management (Brooks Instrument). Rota
with their "Rotamesser" are now owned by Yokogawa Electric Corp.
Page | 37

4.2.6.1 IMPLENENTATION:A rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically made of glass with a 'float', actually a shaped
weight, inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by gravity. Drag
force for a given fluid and float cross section is a function of flow speed squared only, see drag
equation. A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area increases flow speed and drag
force, so the float will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of the rotameter is cone
shaped (widens), the area around the float through which the medium flows increases, the flow
speed and drag force decrease until there is mechanical equilibrium with the float's weight.
Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids being the most
common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially colored so that it rotates axially as
the fluid passes. This shows if the float is stuck since it will only rotate if it is free. Readings are
usually taken at the top of the widest part of the float; the center for an ellipsoid, or the top for a
cylinder. Some manufacturers use a different standard. The "float" must not float in the fluid: it
has to have a higher density than the fluid, otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no
flow.
4.2.6.2 ADVANTAGES:
A rotameter requires no external power or fuel, it uses only the inherent properties of the
fluid, along with gravity, to measure flow rate.
A rotameter is also a relatively simple device that can be mass manufactured out of cheap
materials, allowing for its widespread use.
Since the area of the flow passage increases as the float moves up the tube, the scale is
approximately linear.
4.2.6.3 DISADVANTAGES:Due to its use of gravity, a rotameter must always be vertically oriented and right way up, with
the fluid flowing upward.
Due to its reliance on the ability of the fluid or gas to displace the float, graduations on a
given rotameter will only be accurate for a given substance at a given temperature. The main
property of importance is the density of the fluid; however, viscosity may also be significant.
Page | 38

Floats are ideally designed to be insensitive to viscosity; however, this is seldom verifiable
from manufacturers' specifications. Either separate rotameters for different densities and
viscosities may be used, or multiple scales on the same rotameter can be used.
Due to the direct flow indication the resolution is relatively poor compared to other
measurement principles. Readout uncertainty gets worse near the bottom of the
scale. Oscillations of the float and parallax may further increase the uncertainty of the
measurement.
Rotameters are not easily adapted for reading by machine; although magnetic floats that
drive a follower outside the tube are available.
Usually rotameters aren't made in very large sizes (more than 6 inches/150 mm), but bypass
designs are sometimes used on very large pipes.
Clear glass is used which is highly resistant to thermal shock and chemical action.
4.2.7 ORIFICE METER:4.2.7.1 CONSTRUCTION:An orifice meter provides a simpler and cheaper arrangement for the measurement of flow
through a pipe. An orifice meter is essentially a thin circular plate with a sharp edged concentric
circular hole in it.
4.2.7.2 WORKING:
The orifice plate, being fixed at a section of the pipe, creates an obstruction to the flow by
providing an opening in the form of an orifice to the flow passage.
Page | 39
Fig 4.2 Flow through an Orifice meter
The area A0 of the orifice is much smaller than the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The
flow from an upstream section, where it is uniform, adjusts itself in such a way that it
contracts until a section downstream the orifice plate is reached, where the vena contracta
is formed, and then expands to fill the passage of the pipe.
One of the pressure tapings is usually provided at a distance of one diameter upstream the
orifice plate where the flow is almost uniform and the other at a distance of half a
diameter downstream the orifice plate.
4.2.8 VENTURI METER:4.2.8.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE:When a venture meter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose flow rate is to be measured, a
pressure drop occurs between the entrance and throat of the venturi meter. This pressure drop is
measured using a differential pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a
measure of flow rate.
Page | 40

4.2.8.2 CONSTRUCTION OF VENTURI METER:The following are the main parts and areas of venture meter:
Fig.4.3 Venturi meter

The entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of the pipe through which fluid
flows. This enables the venture to be fitted to the pipe. After the entry, there is a converging
conical section with an included angle of 19 to 23. Following the converging section, there is a
cylindrical section with minimum area called as the throat. After the throat, there is a diverging
conical section with an included angle of 5 to 15. Openings are provided at the entry and throat
(at sections 1 and 2 in the diagram) of the venture meter for attaching a differential pressure
sensor (u-tube manometer, differential pressure gauge, etc) as shown in diagram.
4.2.8.3 OPERATION OF VENTURI METER:The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry section of the venturi meter with a
pressure P1.As the fluid from the entry section of venturi meter flows into the converging
section, its pressure keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it enters the throat.
That
is,
in
the
throat,
the
fluid
pressure
P2
will
be
minimum.
The differential pressure sensor attached between the entry and throat section of the venturi
meter records the pressure difference which becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid
through the pipe when calibrated. The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to
Page | 41

regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle of the diverging section, greater
is the recovery.
4.2.8.4 APPLICATIONS:
It is used where high pressure recovery is required.
Can be used for measuring flow rates of water, gases, suspended solids, slurries and
dirty liquids.
Can be used to measure high flow rates in pipes having diameters in a few meters.
4.2.8.5 ADVANTAGES:
Less changes of getting clogged with sediments
Coefficient of discharge is high.
Its behavior can be predicted perfectly.
Can be installed vertically, horizontally or inclined.
4.2.8.6 LIMITATIONS:
They are large in size and hence where space is limited, they cannot be used.
Expensive initial cost, installation and maintenance.
Require long laying length.
Cannot be used in pipes below 7.5cm diameter.
Page | 42
CHAPTER: 5
POWER EVACUATION AND SWITCHYARD (NTPC ANTA)
5.1 POWER EVACUATION FROM NTPC ANTA:-
Fig 5.1 Switchyard
Anta Gas Power Project constructed by NTPC is located in Baran district of Rajasthan. The
power generated is being sold to the beneficiary states of Northern Region. In order to evacuate
power from this 4 GPP, it has been decided to construct 220 KV AC transmission system based
on the discussions with CEA.
The transmission system indicated in the Feasibility report is given as follows.
Page | 43

There are total six 220 kv transmission lines for evacuation of power generated at Anta.
Two lines for Bhilwara,
Two lines for Jaipur
One line for Kota
One line for Rawatbhata power plant
5.1 SWITCHYARD:220 KV Switchyard is the place at which switching operation of power distribution is formed.
All modern generating station uses a unit system of generation transformer connection. This
unit is connected through circuit breaker and isolated to the high frequency voltage bus. The
output of generator is connected through high voltage side and low voltage side is connected to
the bus.
5.1.1 BUS BARS:The bus bar arrangement is of single sectionalized bus bar. In this type of bus bars is divided
into two section connected by bus coupler. These buses are made of 2 ASCR conductor 250
mm. It has 6 feeders. There is more us which is known as auxiliary bus bas.
5.1.2 BUS COUPLER:Bus coupler is used to couple two busses together. Bus coupler consists of a circuit breaker and
the isolator which are situated at both side of circuit breaker.
5.1.3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with line carrying
the current to be measured. The primary winding consists of very few turn and therefore there is
no appropriate voltage drop across it. The secondary winding has larger number of turns.
Ammeter terminal is connected terminal. Thus a current transformer under SC condition the
secondary rating current is 5A.
Page | 44

5.1.4 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:Potential transformer is used to operate the voltmeter the potential coil of volt meter and relays
from high voltage lines. The primary winding is connected across the line/joining carrying the
voltage to be measures. The secondary winding is so designed that the voltage of 100V to 120
V is delivered to instrument load the normal secondary winding rating is 110V.
5.1.5 ISOLATING SWITCH:Whenever the maintenance and repair work is carried out on equipment in a switchyard, it is
disconnected from a supply by the isolator.
5.1.6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits under Loaded condition.
5.1.7 EARTH SWITCH:Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped charge to have a safe
maintenance zone.
5.1.8 WAVE TRAP / LINE TRAP:Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and telemetering.
5.1.9 LIGHTINING ARRESTOR:Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due to Lightning.
5.1.10 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL DEVICES:Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt Reactors,
Shunt Capacitors etc.,
5.1.11 OVERHEAD EARTH WIRE:Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning strokes.
Page | 45

5.2 NTPC ANTA 220 KV SWITCHYARD SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Fig 5.2 NTPC Antas 220 KV Switchyard Single Line Diagram

Page | 46
CHAPTER: 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
6.1 CONCLUSION:As we all know that industrial training is very important in the life of an engineering student. In
industrial training a student gets to experience the practical scenario going on in the industries.
I was lucky to have my training from NTPC ANTA GAS POWER STATION, ANTA DISTT.
BARANthat gave me an all round knowledge that an electrical engineer should know.
During my training at NTPC ANTA, I learned about power generation, power distribution.
I visit the power plant 3 times which i learnt about the generation of power. During the visit of
generators, switchyard, cooling tower, control room, I learned about the generation of electricity
from gas. It was really knowledge enhancing because I learned how to utilize waste material and
produce electricity thus reducing the waste material.
There should be more Involvement of management at all levels with effective creation of
policies, vision, Mission, values, goals and support, communicated and implemented
throughout the Organization.
It been maintaining excellent CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility) by providing jobs to

the land losers along with good compensation, providing employment for the locals on a
contract basis, construction of roads, drainage systems, drinking water supply, hygienic
conditions, hospitals, schools, etc all within ANTA town of the NTPC plant.
It should evaluate plans for expansion in order to meet the Power needs of India as well
as to create more employment.
It is the first combine cycle power plant of India.
NTPC ANTA has followed the principles of production and operation management quite
well and also maintained good relationship within its Micro as well as Macro
environments
6.2 FUTURE GOALS:The National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd is on an expansion spree to meet the power
requirements of the country it has adopted a multi-pronged growth strategy to become a
Page | 47

50,000-mw plus company by 2012. NTPC envisages 75,000 mw plus installed capacity by 2017
which includes a significant addition of hydro capacity and forays into non-conventional and
nuclear power generation. Dr. Arup Roy Choudhury, Chairman and managing director, NTPC,
said that capacity addition through green field projects, expansion of existing stations, joint
ventures and takeover of SEB stations were on the cards. Disclosing NTPCs future plans, Dr.
Arup Roy Choudhury said that the nuclear agreement with the US would provide flexibility on
the acquisition of technology for nuclear energy. A 2,000-mw nuclear power plant will come up
in the middle of the 11th Five-Year Plan and another 2,000 mw at the end of the plan. The power
major has also signed MoUs with the Arunachal Pradesh government for implementation of the
4,000-mw Etalin hydel power plant, the countrys largest hydro power project, and the 500-mw
Attunli HEP project. NTPC also plans to go global.
The public sector company has signed a memorandum of agreement with the Government of Sri
Lanka and Ceylon Electricity Board for setting up a 500-mw (2x250 mw) coal-based thermal
power plant in the island nation. An MoU has also been signed with Kyushu Electric Power Co.
Inc., Japan, for establishing an alliance for exchange of information and experts from different
areas of the business. The company is also in the process of finalizing an MoU with Nigeria for
setting up power plants against allocation of LNG on long-term basis for NTPC plants in India.
Despite the major shortfall in the power ministrys 10th plan capacity addition programme,
NTPC has all reason to be pleased with its performance of a total addition of 7,155 mw power
during the period. The companys Vindhyachal super thermal power plant has become the
countrys largest thermal generation plant with a total installed capacity of 3,200 mw. Apart from
the commissioned projects, NTPC has reported good progress in its ongoing projects. At present,
NTPC has a total of 11,360 mw capacity under construction. Its foray into hydro power has also
gathered momentum with the 800-mw Koldam, 600-mw Loharinag Pala and 520-mw Tapovan
Vishnugad moving ahead at a good pace.
To ensure fuel supply for its upcoming thermal projects, NTPC has entered into agreements with
Coal India Ltd and Singareni Collieries Company Ltd for jointly undertaking the development,
operation and maintenance of the coal blocks. The coal ministry has also recently approved
NTPCs Pakri Barwadih coal mining project which will be the largest mining capacity plan in
India with estimated reserves of 15 million tonnes per annum.
Page | 48
REFERENCE
http://ntpc.co.in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTPC_Anta
http://www.slideshare.net
http://seminarprojects.com
Page | 49

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National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.

Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

NTPC Limited is the largest power generating company of India.

The installed capacity of NTPC is34,894 MW .

15 coal based (24,395 MW),

7 gas based (3,955 MW)

4 Joint Venture Projects (2,294 MW).

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Fig 1.1Map Showing All NTPC Plants

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Organizational and Professional Pride

Mutual Respect and Trust

Innovation and Speed

Total Quality for Excellence

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Fig 1.2 Location of NTPC, Anta

1.5 BREIF PROFILE OF NTPC ANTA:-

COMBINE CYCLE GAS POWER STATION

HBJ Pipeline South Basin Gas field

Kota right main canal

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Unit-I 88.2 MW GT January 1989

UP, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal

Rs. 418.97 Crore

IBRB and Japan

Table 1.1 Brief Profile of NTPC anta

1.6 SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPC ANTA

88MW,Type ABB Gas Turbine, 5 Stage

Table 1.2 Salient features of NTPC Anta

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

2.1 ORGANIZATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (NTPC)

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Power Allocation Chart

Fig 2.1 Allocation of Antas Power to other states

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Fig2.2 Organization Chart of NTPC Anta

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Fig. 2.3 Growth of NTPC

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Fig. 2.4 NTPCs total capacity

Fig 2.5 Night View of NTPC, Anta

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

2.5 NTPC HEADQUARTERS:-

NTPC Limited is divided into Eight HQ.

Table 2.1 Headquarter of NTPC

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

2.6 NTPC PLANTS:2.6.1 THERMAL-COAL BASED:-

Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station

Farakka Super Thermal Power Station

Rihand Thermal Power Station

Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station

NTPC Talcher Kaniha

Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant

Talcher Thermal Power Station

National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. Anta, Baran (Rajasthan)

Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant

Tanda Thermal Power Plant

Badarpur Thermal Power Station

Sipat Thermal Power Plant

NTPC Bongaigaon (commissioning 2013

750 (3x250 MW)

NTPC Mouda (1 unit 500 MW is commissioned