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Kronecker delta
Levi-Civita
Civita
metric tensor
Definition
Properties

Kronecker delta
Definition

The generalized Kronecker delta may be defined in several equivalent

ways.
In terms of the indices:[1][2]
Using anti-symmetrization
symmetrization of the repeated tensor product applied to the
standard Kronecker delta type (1,1) tensor:

Properties
Simple cases
As suggested by the notation, the generalized Kronecker delta reduces to
the standard Kronecker delta when p = 1, and to the scalar 1 when p = 0.

As a determinant
It may be calculated in terms of the determinant of a p p matrix:

Reducing order through summation

Summation over corresponding indices relates the generalized Kronecker
delta of different orders:

Levi-Civita
the Levi-Civita
Civita symbol, also called the permutation symbol,
antisymmetric symbol, or alternating symbol, is a mathematical
atical symbol
used in particular in tensor calculus.
calculus It is named after the Italian
mathematician and physicist Tullio Levi-Civita.
Definition
In three dimensions,, the Levi-Civita
Levi Civita symbol is defined as follows

i.e.
is 1 if (i, j, k)) is an even permutation of (1,2,3), 1 if it is an odd
permutation,, and 0 if any index
index is repeated. Some authors (e.g. Roger
Penrose)) use the distinct symbols and to emphasize that they are not
directly related by index raising or lowering operations.
operations
The Levi-Civita
Civita symbol is related to the Kronecker delta.. In three
dimensions, the relationship is given by the following equations (vertical
lines denote the determinant)
determinant

A special case of this result is

sometimes called the "contracted

"
epsilon identity".
In Einstein notation,, the duplication of the i index implies
es the sum on i.
The previous is then denoted:

n dimensions
Index and symbol values
In n dimensions, when all i1,...,in, j1,...,jn take values 1, 2,..., n:
n

where the exclamation mark (!) denotes the factorial, and

is the generalized Kronecker delta.
delta For any n,, the property

Product
In general, for n dimensions, one can write the product of two Levi-Civita
Levi
symbols as:

metric tensor
In general relativity,
relativity the metric tensor (or simply, the metric)
metric is the
fundamental object of study. It may loosely be thought of as a
generalization of the gravitational field familiar from Newtonian
gravitation.
Definition
Mathematically, spacetime is represented by a 4-dimensional
4 dimensional
differentiable manifold M and the metric is given as a covariant,
covariant secondrank, symmetric tensor on M, conventionally denoted by g.. Moreover the
metric is required to be nondegenerate with signature (-+++).
+++). A manifold
M equipped with such a metric is called a Lorentzian manifold.
manifold
Explicitly, the metric is a symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space
of M which varies in a smooth (or differentiable) manner from point to
point. Given two tangent vectors u and v at a point x in M,, the metric can
be evaluated on u and v to give a real number:

This can be thought of as a generalization of the dot product in ordinary

Euclidean space.. This analogy is not exact, however. Unlike Euclidean
space where the dot product is positive definite the metric gives
each tangent space the structure of Minkowski space.
Local coordinates and matrix representations
Physicists usually work in local coordinates (i.e. coordinates defined on
some local patch of M). In local coordinates (where is an index
which runs from 0 to 3) the metric can be written in the form

The factors
are one-form
one
gradients of the scalar coordinate fields .
The metric is thus a linear combination of tensor products of one-form
one
gradients of coordinates. The coefficients
are a set of 16 real-valued
real
functions (since the tensor g is actually a tensor field defined at all points
of a spacetime manifold). In order for the metric to be symmetric we must
have

giving 10 independent coefficients. If we denote the symmetric tensor

product by juxtaposition (so that
) we can write the
metric in the form

If the local coordinates are specified,

specified, or understood from context, the
metric can be written as a 44 symmetric matrix with entries
. The
nondegeneracy of
means that this matrix is non-singular (i.e. has nonnon
vanishing determinant), while the Lorentzian signature of g implies that
the matrix has one negative and three positive eigenvalues.. Note that
physicists often refer to this matrix or the coordinates
themselves as
the metric (see, however, abstract index notation).
With the quantity
being an infinitesimal coordinate displacement, the
metric acts as an infinitesimal invariant interval squared or line element.
element
For this reason one often sees the notation
for the metric:

In general relativity, the terms metric and line element are often used
interchangeably.
The line element
imparts information about the causal structure of the
spacetime. When
, the interval is timelike and the square root of
2
the absolute value of ds is an incremental proper time.. Only timelike
intervals can be physically traversed by a massive object. When
,
the interval
val is lightlike, and can only be traversed by light. When
, the interval is spacelike and the square root of ds2 acts as an incremental
proper length.. Spacelike intervals cannot be traversed, since they connect
events that are out of each other's light cones. Events can be causally
ca
related only if they are within each other's light cones.

The metric components obviously depend on the chosen local coordinate

system. Under a change of coordinates
the metric components
transform as