India

Pakistan

Bangladesh
(East Pakistan)
Bhutan

Nepal

Sri Lanka

Turkey

Saudi
Arabia

CHANGES AMONG THE NATIONS OF SOUTH AND WEST ASIA REGIONS

CHANGES IN POLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA
PAST
PRESENT
democratic
Union Government or the Central Government
Jawaharlal Nehru PM
New Delhi- central seat
Constitution
* federal republic - parliamentary system
* Supreme Court - highest tribunal
* adult citizens have the right to vote
Indian National Congress Party longest and most populous party
Ali Jinnah leader of the Indian Muslim Community; founder of
Pakistan; first governor-general
Two separates states West and East
Parliamentary Republic military dictatorship
Has high degree of linguistic uniformity
Emerging democracy
Experienced Political instability
Traditional absolute monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
- King head of state
- Executive power- Lhengye Shungtsog or council of ministers
- Legislative power both in the govt.and the National Assembly
Absolute monarchy King has executive control

Democratic Socialist Republic has presidential system of government

- president head of government, of cabinet and commander-inchief of the armed forces

CHANGES IN POLITICS IN WEST ASIA

PAST
Mustafa Kemal established the Republic of Turkey
Prime Minister (PM) head of government and of multi-party system
Separation of powers
- Executive (E)-government
- Legislative (L)-both the government and the Grand National Assembly
- Judiciary-independent of the E and L
Under the rule of Abdul Aziz (ibn Saud or the Sheikh)
Strict legal penalties
Adheres to Koran (Quran)
Absolute monarchy

Federal parliamentary system

- President head of the State and
Commander-in-chief
- PM head of the government
Parliamentary Representative Democratic
- PM head of government and of multi-party
system
Parliamentary democracy

Parliamentary monarchy
- King head of state
- PM head of government
Democratic Socialist Republic

PRESENT
Democratic country
President-head of state
Executive-PM and Council of Ministers

monarchy based on Islam

Iran
(Persia)

Israel

Kuwait

Lebanon

Jordan
Bahrain
(UAE)
United Arab
Emirates
Oman

Region
SOUTH
ASIA

Authoritarian Islamic republic

No political parties
Reza Shah Pahlavi Shah or King of Kings
- pushed for economic modernization, westernization, secularization programs
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini demanded a return to the Islamic principles
-created a non-party theocratic state
Marked with tensions and bitter struggle
Democratic parliamentary government
Knesset-supreme authority of the state
People voted for a political party not for an individual candidate
Constitutional emirate
Parliamentary system
Emir- chief of state
National assembly-legislative
Liberal democracy
President-head of state
Executive-Council of Ministers
Legislative-parliament
Constitutional monarchy
Monarch-chief executive
Sovereign Arab Islamic State
Constitutional hereditary monarchy
Constitutional federation of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al
Qaiwain, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah

Islamic Republic

Israeli democracy
PM head of the government

Constitutional monarchy

Parliamentary democratic

Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy

Federal system of government

Monarchy

Sultanate; Based on Quranic laws

Diwans-cabinet
Does not allow political parties

Monarchy

Changes in the Status of Women

Lag behind men in literacy, workforce,

reproductive rights
Are experiencing discrimination like the Dalits
Has increasing number of female leaders
Becoming ware of the value of education
Diverging from traditional jobs
Teaching and health care- female-dominated
fields
Given the chance to own and manage
properties
Were provided with livelihood trainings

Changes in Education
**Has poor quality education
Realized the importance of education in
improving the quality of life
Emphasized vocational education
training
Improved the educational system

Changes in the Economy

Poor/ suffer deprivations with

regards to health, education
and living conditions
Improving economy due to
- development in
agriculture and
forestry economy
- Exports
- Workers remittances
- Tourism
- Fishing and marine
resources

WEST
ASIA

Women were regarded to have male guardian

Cannot vote or be elected to high position
Allowed to work as approved by the guardian
At present, women are gaining some political
rights. Women empowerment is given
emphasis.

**Education was weak

Has a universal primary education
Educational equality between girls and
boys
Government is becoming aware of the
importance of literacy and education

Some countries faced

economic problems
Others have improving
economy
- Petroleum production
and refining
- Crude oil reserves
- Banking and tourism

NEOCOLONIALISM new form of imperialism

-a form of contemporary, economic imperialism which implies that powerful nations behave like colonial powers
Methods of Neocolonialism:
1 Dependency theory. -underdevelopment persisted because developed countries dominate underdeveloped economies by paying low prices for
agricultural products and flooding those economies with cheap manufactured goods
2. Foreign Aid- loans coming from Europe or America bearing high rates of interest
3. Cultural Theory claims the desire of wealthy nations to control other nations values and perceptions through cultural means in the likes of
media, language, education and religion.

REGION
SOUTH
ASIA

LITERATURE
Indian literature
Shruti-revealed or
heard
-Vedas Rig Veda
-Upanishads
Smriti which
is remembered
1. Mahabharata-an
account of the tribal
wars of India
2. Ramayana-an
account of Rama
and Sita
Shakantula
(by Kalidasa)
- first famous drama

CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOUTH AND WEST ASIA TO CIVILIZATION

ARTS
SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS
Painting
Wall paintings
Coating of
potters clay and
lime plaster
Sculpture &
Architecture
Harappan Great
Bath
Unique temples
Conveys 3
elements
1. the base
2. the walls
(space)
3. the spire
(heaven)
Arjunas Penance
-stone carvings
Dance
Natyashastra-

SPORTS /GAMES
Hunting,
swimming,
boating,
archery, horse
riding,
wrestling,
fishing

Chess/Shan
Mat/ChaturAnga

Playing Cards/
Kridapatrams
- painted with
themes from
Ramayana and
Mahabharata

Martial arts or
Kalaripayate
- a reflection
of Buddhist

WEST
ASIA

Language and Poetry

**rich and pliant Arab
language

A Thousand and
One Night
Omar Khayyams
Rubaiyat

oldest
Dance drama
-include facial
expressions
(mudra) and
movement of the
hands (hasta)
Vivid emotional
expressions
Combination of
both art and
worship

Music
Sacred
Temples-places
for practices
Music
Composed of
poetry put to
music with refined
sequences and
rhythm
Oud pearshaped stringed
instrument
Architecture
To glorify Islam
Great Mosque of
Damascus
Dome of Rome in
Jerusalem
Crafts
Small scale craft
Wall coverings
Glasses and
crystals
Silk weaving

attitude
towards life

Astronomy
Astrolabe
-to record the exact time
of sunrises and sunsets
-to chart the period for
fasting and praying

Zodiac

Al Birunis theory- earth rotates

on its axis

Medicines
Therapeutic arts of ancient
Mesopotamia and Egypt

Al Razi
-first to ascertain small
pox and measles
-authority of infection
-mercurial ointment
-use of animal gut for
sutures/stitches

Ibn Sina-greatest writer of

medicine

Avicenna
-mental health
-forerunner of psychotherapists

Arabic
numerals
Arab zero
Algbra
(Al-Khwarizmi)

Ibn al-Nafis principle of

pulmonary infection

Herbal medicines

Horticulture
Al Filahat and Ibn al-Awam
Wine industries
Production of perfumes
Aromatic scented fountains and
rose gardens
Cosmetics, jewelries