Section I: The Sound System of English

Contents
Authors
Preface
Message
Foreword
A Note to the Learner
i
iii
iv
v
vi
SECTION I
The Sound System of English
Lesson 1 The Sounds of English
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
What is a Vowel Sound?

What is a Consonant Sound?
The Organs of Speech
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
3
4
8
10
Lesson 2 Vowel Sounds

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
11
Types of Vowel Sounds

Production of Vowel Sounds
Pure Vowel Sounds
11
11
13
/i:/ Sheep
/i/ Zip
/e/ Ten
// Cat
// Sun
/a:/ Car
// Cot
/:/ Ball
/u/ Book
/u:/ Moon
/:/ Bird
// Around
Double Vowel Sounds (Diphthongs)
32
/ei/ Eight
/ai/ Kite
/i/ Toy
/au/ Cow
/u/Four
/i/ Ear
/e/ Chair
/u/ Tourist
Answers to lessons 1&2
42
Lesson 3 Consonant Sounds: Classification

(i)
/p/ Pen
/g/ Girl
(ii)
46
Plosives
46
/b/ Ball
/t/ Table
Affricates
/t / Chair
2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute
/d/ Deer
/k/ Kite
54
/d/ Jug
Spoken English
vii
(iii)
Fricatives
/f/ Fan
// This
// Treasure
(iv)
57
/v/ Van
/s/ Sofa
/h/ Hat
/f/ & /v/ Sounds

/z/ Zip
Lateral
// Teeth
// Ship
69
/l/ Lamp
(v)
Frictionless Continuant
70
/r/ Rose
(vi)
Nasals
/m/ Man
(vii)
71
/n/ Nine
Semi-Vowels
/w/ Wall
75
Consonant Sounds /w/ & /v/
Answers to lesson 3
/j/ Yellow
80
Lesson 4 Features of English Speech
86
(i)
What is Stress?
86
(ii)
Words: Phonemes and Syllables
86
(iii)
Word Stress
87
Patterns of Stress in Words
87
Stress Shift
89
Primary & Secondary Stress
89
Stress Change According to Function
90
Stress in Compound Words
91
(iv)
Stress in Phrases
91
(v)
Stress in Sentences
91
(vi)
Rhythm
92
(vii)
Intonation Patterns
93
(viii)
Falling Intonation Pattern
93
Rising Intonation Pattern
95
Contracted Forms
Contracted Forms of Negatives
viii
// Ring
97
99
(ix)
Consonant Clusters
100
(x)
Silent Letters
102
Spoken English
(xi)
Weak Forms
103
(xii)
A Few Tips to Pronunciation
106
Answers to lesson 4
108
Sound Games
113
Answers to Sound Games
123
SECTION II
Basic Language Structures
Lesson 5 Personal Pronouns and Auxiliary verbs
(i)
134
Short forms or contracted forms of auxiliary verbs
134
(is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, will, shall, must,
can, dare, need)
(ii)
Short forms of auxiliaries in combination with personal pronouns and

demonstratives
135
(iii)
Short forms of negatives in combination with auxiliaries
(i)
Introducing yourself and others using short forms
137
(ii)
Possessive Pronouns
139
(this, that, these, those)

136
Possessive Pronouns
(my/mine, your/ yours, his/his, her/ hers, their/theirs, our/ours)
Lesson 6 Some Helping Verbs
141
The uses of - do, does, dont, doesnt

Modals, Tag Questions and Short Answers
Lesson 7 Tenses
(i)
The Present Tense
146
156
156
Present simple and the present continuous tense

(ii)
The Past Tense
165
Past simple and the past continuous tense

(iii)
The Future Tense
175
Simple future and the future continuous tense

(iv)
The Perfect Tense
182
Present perfect tense, past perfect tense, and the perfect continuous tense
Spoken English
ix
Lesson 8 Asking Questions
195
(i)
The three types of questions
195
(ii)
Use of phrases beginning with how, who and what
201
Lesson 9 Adjectives- words that describe Nouns

(i)
205
Types of adjectives
206
(ii)
Ways to form adjectives
208
(iii)
Ways to use adjectives
216
Lesson 10 Numbers -- when and where to use
221
Cardinals (one, two, three) and Ordinals (first, second, third)
Lesson 11 Adverbs -- Words that tell more about Verbs
232
(i)
Functions of adverbs
232
(ii)
How to form adverbs
233
(iii)
Position of adverbs in a sentence
233
Lesson 12 Articles
239
The uses of a/an and the
Lesson 13 Prepositions -- I
245
Prepositions --II
254
Prepositions -- III
259
in, on, at, into, along, before, within, without, from, across, behind, by
with, off, of, to, about, under, over, through, up, down.
phrasal uses of prepositions in combination with verbs
Lesson 14 Types of Sentences
264
(i)
Structures in imperative sentences
264
(ii)
Exclamatory sentences
266
Lesson 15 Conditionals
(i)
270
If + simple present + will
270
(ii)
If + simple past + Id
270
(iii)
If + I were + I would
270
(iv)
If + past perfect + would have + past participle
271
Spoken English
Lesson 16 I wish + Simple Past
277
(i)
I wish + Simple past
277
(ii)
I wish.......would or could
278
(iii)
I wish + had + past participle
278
Lesson 17 Had better
280
Lesson 18 Further / Farther
282
Lesson 19 Voices - Active and Passive
284
SECTION III
Conversations for all occasions
Lesson 20 Meeting and Greeting
292
(i)
Short Conversations
292
(ii)
Meeting for the first time
293
(iii)
Meeting after a long time
294
(iv)
Meeting a new student in school
294
(v)
Meeting in the market
295
(vi)
Meeting at a party
295
(vii)
Meeting in the park
295
(viii)
Meeting at an office
296
(ix)
Meeting on a train
296
Lesson 21 Introductions
298
(i)
Introducing oneself
298
(ii)
Two persons introducing themselves
298
(iii)
Introducing a friend
299
Lesson 22 Family Conversations
300
(i)
A family get together
300
(ii)
Cleaning the house
302
(iii)
Tending to the garden
303
Spoken English
xi
(iv)
Helping in the kitchen
303
(v)
Sharing the days experiences
304
(vi)
At the dining table
305
(vii)
Preparations for Diwali
305
(viii)
Coming back after games
306
Lesson 23 School related Conversations

(i)
Between students
307
(ii)
Parent - Teacher
307
(iii)
Advice from a teacher
308
(iv)
Getting ready for a school trek
309
(v)
Practice session for the Annual Function
309
(vi)
Admission to a college
310
(vii)
Consoling a friend
311
Lesson 24 Health related Conversations

(i)
312
Taking an appointment with a doctor
312
(ii)
A friends advice
312
(iii)
An accident
313
(iv)
A fracture
314
(v)
An ear-ache
314
(vi)
A stomach-ache
315
(vii)
A back-ache
315
Lesson 25 Going Shopping

(i)
317
Shopping for stationery
317
(ii)
Shopping for clothes
317
(iii)
Weekend shopping
318
(iv)
Shopping for sandals
319
(v)
Shopping for a toaster
319
(vi)
Shopping for a washing machine
320
(vii)
Shopping for fruit
320
(viii)
Shopping for vegetables
321
(ix)
At the chemist
322
Lesson 26 Job related Enquiries
xii
307
323
(i)
Job seekers course
323
(ii)
Job seekers - A discussion
323
Spoken English
(iii)
Job opportunities
324
(iv)
Short courses during a vacation
325
(v)
Applying for a computer course
325
(vi)
Career counselling
326
(vii)
An interview
327
Lesson 27 Road Rules
328
(i)
Check on speed
328
(ii)
Advice on traffic rules
328
(iii)
Road etiquette
329
Lesson 28 Congratulating
330
(i)
For an examination result
330
(ii)
For a promotion
330
(iii)
For getting admission
330
(iv)
For a new car
331
(v)
For a new house
331
(vi)
For getting an award
331
Lesson 29 Condolences
333
(i)
Passing away of a grandparent
333
(ii)
Passing away of a spouse
333
(iii)
Losing a member of the staff
334
Lesson 30 Complaints
335
(i)
Making a complaint - telephone
335
(ii)
Making a complaint - electricity
335
(iii)
Making a complaint - water
336
Lesson 31 Requests
337
(i)
Help from a neighbour
337
(ii)
Taking advice on cooking
337
(iii)
Help from a teacher
338
(iv)
Permission for an outing
338
(v)
Request for leave from office
338
(vi)
Request for leave from school
339
(vii)
Taking leave from a get together
339
Spoken English
xiii
(viii)
Invitation for a farewell party
340
(ix)
Invitation for a get together
340
(x)
Request to go for a concert
341
(xi)
Seeking information about travel
341
(xii)
Request for directions
342
(a) A chemist
(b) A bus stop
(c) The Church, A Supermarket
Lesson 32 Talking about the Weather

(i)
334
Winter
334
(ii)
Summer
334
(iii)
Monsoon
335
Lesson 33 Reporting
346
(i)
A burglary
346
(ii)
A break in
346
(iii)
A fire
348
Lesson 34 Travel related Conversations

(i)
349
(ii)
Planning a visit to Corbett National Park
349
(iii)
A business trip
350
(iv)
Passengers at a railway station
350
(v)
Wishing goodbye
351
(vi)
Airport check in counter
351
(vii)
Airport - At the boarding area
352
Lesson 35 Conversation on the telephone
353
(i)
With the operator
353
(ii)
Introductions on the telephone
353
(iii)
Taking a message
353
(iv)
Ending a conversation
353
(v)
Making special requests
354
Lesson 36 Expressing Emotions
xiv
349
Making plans for the weekend
355
(i)
Happiness
355
(ii)
Surprise
355
Spoken English
(iii)
Sadness
355
(iv)
Displeasure
356
Lesson 37 Expressing Agreement
357
(i)
Between friends
357
(ii)
With parents
358
Lesson 38 Miscellaneous
359
(i)
Likes and dislikes
359
(ii)
Water The Elixir of Life
359
(iii)
Plastics A bane
360
(iv)
A visit to a library
360
(v)
A visit to a barber
361
(vi)
Traffic chaos
362
(vii)
A businessmans busy schedule
362
(viii)
Two friends talking about a film
363
(ix)
Opening a bank account
363
(x)
Global Warming
364
(xi)
Interviews
366
Appendices
Appendix 1 - Describing People
369
Appendix 2 - People and their professions
372
Appendix 3 - Names of fruits
379
Appendix 4 - Names of flowers
381
Appendix 5 - Names of spices
382
Appendix 6 - Names of vegetables
384
Appendix 7 - Garden tools
387
Appendix 8 - Stationery Items
388
Spoken English
xv

Section I: The Sound System of English

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Contents

What is a Vowel Sound?

Lesson 2 Vowel Sounds

Types of Vowel Sounds

Double Vowel Sounds (Diphthongs)

Answers to lessons 1&2

Lesson 3 Consonant Sounds: Classification

2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

/f/ & /v/ Sounds

Lesson 4 Features of English Speech

Words: Phonemes and Syllables

Patterns of Stress in Words

Primary & Secondary Stress

Stress Change According to Function

Stress in Compound Words

Falling Intonation Pattern

Rising Intonation Pattern

2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

A Few Tips to Pronunciation

Answers to Sound Games

Short forms or contracted forms of auxiliary verbs

Short forms of auxiliaries in combination with personal pronouns and

Short forms of negatives in combination with auxiliaries

Introducing yourself and others using short forms

(this, that, these, those)

(my/mine, your/ yours, his/his, her/ hers, their/theirs, our/ours)

Lesson 6 Some Helping Verbs

The uses of - do, does, dont, doesnt

The Present Tense

Present simple and the present continuous tense

The Past Tense

Past simple and the past continuous tense

The Future Tense

Simple future and the future continuous tense

The Perfect Tense

Lesson 8 Asking Questions

The three types of questions

Use of phrases beginning with how, who and what

Lesson 9 Adjectives- words that describe Nouns

Ways to form adjectives

Ways to use adjectives

Lesson 10 Numbers -- when and where to use

Cardinals (one, two, three) and Ordinals (first, second, third)

Lesson 11 Adverbs -- Words that tell more about Verbs

How to form adverbs

Position of adverbs in a sentence

The uses of a/an and the

Lesson 14 Types of Sentences

Structures in imperative sentences

If + simple present + will

If + past perfect + would have + past participle

2013, Dayalbagh Educational Institute

Lesson 16 I wish + Simple Past

I wish + Simple past

I wish + had + past participle

Lesson 17 Had better

Lesson 18 Further / Farther

Lesson 19 Voices - Active and Passive

Meeting for the first time

Meeting after a long time

Meeting a new student in school

Meeting in the market

Meeting in the park