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230
L. H. Gray,
[1899.
mutual influence of the Pali and the New Persian. With these
words by way of introduction, I now proceed to state as briefly
as possible the main points of similarity between the Pali and the
New Persian so far as their phonology is concerned.
A. Vowels.
a is in general retained
a.-Indo-Iranian
Indo-Iranian
unchanged both in Pali and in New Persian. Skt. bhcrati 'he
bears,' Pli bharati, New Pers. barad.
Indo-Iranian a becomes i. Skt. tanasa ' darkness,' Pali tisnisa
(cf. Avestan tamah); Av. atars 'fire,' New Pers. atas, atis.
Indo-Iranian a becomes u (especially in the neighborhood of
Av.
labials). Skt. pahcavesati 'twenty-five,' Pali pannuvisati;
vazra ' mace,' New Pers. garz.
it is in general retained.
Indo-Iranian
a.-Indo-Iranian
Skt. dharayati ' he holds,' Pali dhareti, New Pers. djat.
Indo-Iranian a becomes e. Skt. matrka ' maternal,' Pali mettika; cf. New Pers. tTv (older form tev)' beside tav.
Indo-Iranian a becomes o. Skt. dhavati 'he washes,' Pali
dhovati; Av. paiti 'he protects,' New Pers. p]yydan 'to run,'
(older form poyidan) beside pjiyidan.
Indo-Iranian a becomes u2 (only in cases of analogy, following
forms whose fu is regular. See Htibschmann, Persische Studien,
135-136, Torp, Flexioo7 des Pali, 35). Skt. vijnia 'wise,' Pali
viihfa (root jiea); Old Pers. amata 'tested,' New Pers. amutdan.
i is in general retained. Skt.
I n d o - I r a n i a n i.-Indo-Iranian
iva ' as,' Pali iva; Old Pers. pitar ' father,' New Pers. pidar.
Indo-Iranian i becomes a. Skt. prthivi 'earth,' Pali pathav;
Skt. hima ' winter,' New Pers. zam.
Indo-Iranian i becomes ut (in New Pers. chiefly in the vicinity
Skt. rajila 'lizard,' Pali rjjula; Av. spis' 'louse,'
of labials).
New Pers. supuS, S'upUlSspuS.
l The archaic pronunciation as well as that now current in India is
tev. Following the modern pronunciation, I have everywhere written
i and i even for e and 6 corresponding to Old Persian ai, au, Av. a6, ao,
Pahl. e, 6. Had I been dealing with the New Persian development only,
In diaI should have written now 6, now 6, according to the etymology.
lectic words I have not ventured to depart from Horn's transcription.
Cf. further, Spiegel, KB. iii. 77-81; Darmesteter, ttudes Iraniennes, i.
104-110; Horn, Grundriss der iran. Philol., i. b. 32-33; and Hftbschmann, KZ. xxxvi. 153-163.
Vol. xx.]
Pili
231
232
L. H. Gray,
[1899.
Vol. xx.]
233
38-39).
234
L. H
Gray,
[1899.
turn 'to do,' Pdli katam beside katturn; Old Pers. pu$Sla 'son,'
New Pers. pfr (older form also pftr); Av. hudiJra 'beautiful,'
(older forms the same).
New Pers. h/iur, hAper,
xirxr
original nasalized vowel is occaN a s a l i z e d V o w e I s.-An
sionally replaced both in Pali and in New Persian by a long
vowel. (May we compare a beside a in Avestan, e. g., darni
'creature' beside d'imi, nanam 'name' beside naman ? See
Jackson, Avest. Gramm., 13; Bartholomae, 172.) Skt. sirha
'lion,' Pali siha; New Pers. sa 'manner' beside sctn (in New
Pers., however, this phenomenon occurs only after long vowels).
The reverse process, the development of an inorganic annsvara
from a mute, is fairly common in Pdli. Skt. mahisa 'buffalo,'
Pali mnahi/nsa. Here it is not the New Persian but the Kurdish
Kurd. qdntir
which offers us a parallel for this phenomenon.
'donkey' beside katir (from the Turkish qatir; Socin, Grundriss
der iran. Philol., i. b. 2.58).
occurs sporadiand Syncope.-Aphaeresis
Aphaeresis
Skt.
laitikra;
Pdli
'adornment,'
cally in Pali. Skt. alaikJra
(this
daka
Pali
'water,'
udaka
Skt.
Pali
'now,'
dcimi;
id.ini
Mliddle Indian form has crept into Sanskrit also, Wackernagel,
Altind. Gramn., i. 60). Kuhn, 35, explains the majority of
these sporadic cases of aphaeresis in Pali as being due to the
operation of sandhi. In this he is, 1 think, entirely correct. In
New Persian it is a law that initial a before a single consonant
vanishes (Horn, 20), e. g. Av. aparqndyu 'boy,' New Pers. burna;
Pahl. apa ' without,' New Pers. bi beside the older form abi (abe).
So also initial u vanishes (through the transition grade of a ? See
and cf. Skt. upasthana
Hubschmann, Pers. Stud., 138-139;
'honor,' Pahl. apastin), e. g., Old Pers. uparly 'above,' New
Pers. bar beside abar.
Skt. dulitaI 'daughter,'
Syncope occurs in both languages.
Pdli dlht&t; Skt. agara 'house,' Pdli agga from *agra; Av.
yazatanam 'of the Angels,' New Pers. yazddan 'God'; Av.
We may perhaps also refer
'broad,' New Pers. pahn.
paana
to this category the loss of a final vowel of a word which becomes
the first member of a compound, e. g., Skt. aevatara 'mule,'
New Pers. astar; Av. zairigaona ' having a golden color,' New
Pers. zaryftn; Av. daicnhu-paiti 'lord of the land,' New Pers.
dihgan ' village chief' (cf. the Armen. loan-word deApet).
is
and Anaptyxis.-Prothesis
Epenthesis,
Prothesis,
excessively rare in Pdli. The only case seems to be Skt. stri
Vol. xx.]
235
Consonants.
Gutturals.-The
Indo-Germanic gutturals are retained in
But a Sanskrit guttural may become a
general unchanged.
palatal in P51i, e. g., Skt. kunda 'turner,' Pdli cunda. A similar
variation is sometimes found in the Avestan as compared with
the Sanskrit (Jackson, Avest. Gramm., 28; Bartholomae, 10;
cf. Wackernagel, Altind. Gramm., i. 140). A like interchange
of palatals and gutturals is also seen occasionally in Kurdish as
compared with the New Persian, e. g., New Pers. kik 'flea'
(properly written kaik), Kurd. ked, kej (Socin, Grundriss der
iran. Philol., i. b. 264).
236
L. H. Gray,
[1899.
Vol. xx.]
237
238
L. H. Gray,
[1899.
Vol. xx.]
Ptli
239
beside kaftmftn; cf. also Av. gaeSia 'world,' New Pers. gitt
(older form get, cf. Pahl. g&t7k).
A Sanskrit aspirate may become a simple h in Pdli. Skt.
laghuI 'light,' Pali lahu; Skt. rudhira 'blood,' PMli ruhira ; Skt.
bhavati ' he becomes,' P5li hoti. The same phenomenon appears
at times in the New Persian. Av. gaeS4anam ' of creatures,' New
Pers. gihdn 'world,' (older form, as in Pahl., gehan); Av. spada
'army,' New Pers. sipah; Av. taxma 'sturdy,' New Pers.
tabh(a)m; Old Pers. kaufa 'hill,' New Pers. ku2h (older form
To BaytoTaVOVopos
240
L. Hff Gray,
[1899.
Vol. xx.]
241
XX.
16
242
L. H. Gray,
[1899.
C. Compound Consonants.
Assimilation, which forms one of the main distinctions of the
Pali-Prakrit from the Sanskrit, is not a phenomenon of great
frequency in the Iranian dialects. Certain similarities, however,
between the Pali and the New Persian in this regard exist. Of
these cases of like assimilation of groups of consonants in the two
languages the following examples may be given:
rk becomes kk. Skt. karkataka 'crab,' Pali kakkataka; Skt.
parkara 'sugar,' Pali sakkhara or sakkara, New Pers. sak(k)ar
(loan-word from the Indian).
dg becomes Pali gg, New Pers. y. Skt. pudgala ' individual,'
Pali puggala (cf. also dgh becoming ggh, e. g., Skt. udghosa
'proclamation,' Pali ugghosa); Skt. mcadgu 'cormorant,' New
Pers. may.
Skt. rdjya 'kingdom,' Pali rcjja (cf. jy
jy becomes j(j).
becoming also jjh, e. g., Skt. adhijya 'with taut bow,' Pali
adejjha, but Skt. jya 'bow-string,' Pali jya and jiya); New
Pers. jarvidan 'to gnaw,' 0. H. Germ. kiuwan, 0. Bulg. Thvati
(lubschmann, Pers. Stud., 49-50, 152, 229; Horn, Grundriss der
iran. Philol., i. b. 47).
dhy becomes jjh, New Pers. ). Skt. madhya 'middle,' Pali
majjha; Skt. dhydna 'meditation,' New Pers. jan 'soul.'
kt (New Pers. xt) becomes tt, New Pers. t. Skt. pakti ' power,'
Pali satt(h)i; Pahl. poxtan6 'to cook,' New Pers. puxtan but
dialectic paten, poten (Horn, 67).
st becomes tth, New Pers. t. Skt. urast8da 'beating the
JLat. sturnus 'starling,' New Pers. tar
breast,' Pali uratth/li;
(in New Pers. this assimilation is found only initially and the
examples are doubtful, Horn, 86-87).
dv becomes dd, New Pers. d. Skt. Qddvala 'grassy,' Pali
saddala; Skt. dvipa 'island,' Pali di-pa (cf. also dhv becoming
ddh, e. g., Skt. adhvan 'road,' Pali addha); Av. dvar 'door,'
Old Pers. duvar&, New Pers. dar.
pn becomes pp, cf. New Pers. f from fn. Skt. svapna ' sleep,'
Pali soppa beside supina; Av. tafnM 'heat' (cf. Skt. tapas),
New Pers. taf
dv becomes bb, New Pers. b (cf. above on dv becoming also
dd). Skt. dvadavan 'twelve,' Pali barasa; Av. dvar 'door,'
New Pers. (dialectic) bar beside dar.
nm becomes mm, New Pers. m. Skt. unmarga 'underground
Av. saena maraya 'eagle-bird,'
water-course,' PMi ummagga;
Pahl. senmurv, New Pers. simury 'griffin' (older form semury).
Vol. xx.]
243