ABSTRACT

Communication is the important and vital action that every living being on
this earth does. At present we have fiber optic communication that is the most
proffered means of communication. All telephones broadband use fiber optic.
Here we are going to talk about a wireless laser link that could be used to
transmit information from one end to another in its line of sight. Laser voice
communication is a wireless communication that replaces the present fiber optic
communication and gives us the greatest advantage of infinite distance wireless
communication. The laser beam here is used as a carrier, which is modulated by
the signal to be transmitted. On the receiver end the desired signal is separated
from the carrier. Wireless laser communication links are very popular in space
applications for providing inters satellite communication.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
4. WORKING
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

INTRODUCTION

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER or laser) is a

mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation, often visible light, via the
process of stimulated emission. The emitted laser light is (usually) a spatially
coherent, narrow low-divergence beam that can be manipulated with lenses. In
laser technology, "coherent light" denotes a light source that produces (emits)
light of in-step waves of identical frequency, phase, and polarization. The laser's
beam of coherent light differentiates it from light sources that emit incoherent
light beams, of random phase varying with time and position. Laser light is
generally a narrow-wavelength electromagnetic spectrum monochromatic light;
yet, there are lasers that emit a broad spectrum of light, or emit different
wavelengths of light simultaneously. This project is to take communication to the
next economic level, which is very much needed for the present scenario.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

VISUAL
INDICATION

MIC

9V
BATTERY

SWITCHING
CIRCUITS

ON/OFF
SWITCH

LASER DIODE

RECEIVER

LOUD
SPEAKER

PHOTO
TRANSISTOR

AUDIO
FREQUENCY
AMPLIFIER

AMPLIFIER

GAIN
CONTROL

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

Transmitter section:
MIC
Condenser microphone is used as the sound sensor. A microphone is an
acoustic to electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electric
signal. Here the sound signals that has to be transmitter is sensed with the help of
the mic.
AMPLIFIER
Generally, an amplifier or simply amp is any device that changes, usually
increases, the amplitude of a signal. Here sound is measured by the condenser
microphone; it converts sound into an electrical signal. This output electrical
signals are difficult to measure due to their relatively low voltage (in the range of
millivolts). In order to detect a particular signal accurately, it should requires
amplification. Therefore an amplifier is necessary to boost the size of the signal.
SWITCHING CIRCUITS
The transistor based switching circuit is used here. The output from the
amplifier section is given to the laser torch via the switching circuit.
VISUAL INDICATIONS
The LEDs are used here as visual indicators. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices,
and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern
versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with
very high brightness.

LASER DIODE
Laser is of prime importance in Optical memories, Fiber optic
communications, Military applications, Surgical procedures, CD players, Printers
etc. Various forms of lasers like Gallium Arsenide laser, Helium Neon laser, Carbon
dioxide laser etc are used in various applications. Laser light is Monochromatic
and can be focused as a pencil beam. The LASER diode sends the modulated beam
to the receiver.

Receiver section:
PHOTOTRANSISTOR
The phototransistor is a semiconductor light sensor formed from a basic
transistor with a transparent cover that provides much better sensitivity. The
brightness of the light shining on the phototransistors base (B) terminal
determines how much current it will allow to pass into its collector (C) terminal,
and out through its emitter (E) terminal. Brighter light results in more current;
less-bright light results in less current. The phototransistor senses the light from
the laser diode.
AMPLIFIER
This amplifier section comprises of a transistor based two staged preamplifier.
GAIN CONTROL
The gain of the system is controlled with the help of a preset. The preset can
be varied in order to control the input given to the AF amplifier

AUDIO FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

Audio Frequency (AF) amplifier helps in supplying AF (Audio Frequency)
power to operate the loud speaker, hand piece or other output device.

LOUD SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts
an electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the
variations of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a
medium such as air or water.

WORKING

Transmitter Section:
The transmitter section comprises a condenser microphone, switching
circuits and laser diode. The microphone receives the sound signal and converts
into the equivalent electrical signal. This electrical signal is then passed through
the switching circuits. Switching circuit include a transistor amplifier and an opamp circuit. Modulated laser beam is obtained at the output of switching circuit.
Light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in the circuit. The laser torch can
transmit light up to a distance of about 500 meters. The transmitter uses 9V
power supply.
Receiver Section:
The phototransistor of the receiver must be accurately oriented towards the
laser beam from the torch. If there is any obstruction in the path of the laser
beam, no sound will be heard from the receiver. The receiver circuit uses a
phototransistor as the light sensor, which converts the received light energy into
an equivalent electrical energy that is followed by a two-stage transistor
preamplifier and an audio power amplifier. The electrical energy after proper
signal conditioning, it is fed to the loudspeaker. The loudspeaker converts the
electrical energy into equivalent sound energy. Thus sound is transmitted from
one end to another end.
The receiver does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the
phototransistor oriented towards the remote transmitters laser point and adjust
the volume control for a clear sound.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

TRANSMITTER SECTION
The transmitter section includes the microphone, the switching circuits, the
amplifier and the laser diode. Here we use a condenser mic to sense the sound
signals and convert to electrical signals. These signals are then fed to a transistor
based amplifier section. This is further given to an op-amp based amplifier
section. UA 741 is used as the op-amp. The gain of the inverting amplifier can be
controlled with the help of the feedback resistance i.e. 1M preset. The capacitors
C1 & C2 act as coupling capacitors. The amplified output is given to the laser torch
via BD139 transistor. This power transistor is used to drive the laser torch. The AF
output from IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor BD139 (T2), which, in turn,
modulates the laser beam.

COMPONENT DETAILS
Condenser Microphones
Condenser microphone uses a capacitor to
convert acoustical energy into electrical energy. It
requires power from a battery or external source. The
resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a
dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive
and responsive than dynamics, making them wellsuited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are
not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensitivity
makes them prone to distort. Working of this device is
as follows.
A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser
MIC, one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm.
The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance

between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically,
when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current
occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge
current occurs.
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied
either by a battery in the MIC or by external phantom power.

BC548
This device is designed for use as general purpose
amplifiers and switches requiring collector currents
to 300 mA.

Features:
NPN general purpose
TO-92 package
Small signal
Applications:
Switching
Small signal amplification
Low power

LM741
General Description
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature
improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct,
plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof:
overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common
mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The
LM741C/LM741E are identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the
LM741C/LM741E have their performance guaranteed over a 0C to +70C
temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C.

BD139
Features:
High current (max. 1.5 A)
Low voltage (max. 80 V)
Applications:
Driver stages in hi-fi amplifiers and
television circuits.

DESCRIPTION
NPN power transistor in a TO-126; SOT32 plastic package. PNP complements:
BD136, BD138 and BD140.

LASER DIODE
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation (LASER or laser) is a mechanism for emitting
electromagnetic radiation, often visible light, via the
process of stimulated emission. The emitted laser
light is (usually) a spatially coherent, narrow lowdivergence beam, that can be manipulated with
lenses. In laser technology, "coherent light" denotes a
light source that produces (emits) light of in-step

waves of identical frequency, phase, and polarization. The laser's beam of

coherent light differentiates it from light sources that emit incoherent light
beams, of random phase varying with time and position
Laser light is generally a narrow-wavelength electromagnetic spectrum
monochromatic light; yet, there are lasers that emit a broad spectrum of light, or
emit different wavelengths of light simultaneously.
RECEIVER SECTION
The LASER light from the transmitter section is detected with the help of a
phototransistor L14F. The phototransistor conducts when the light from the laser
falls on it. The output from the collector terminal is then interfaced to a two stage
pre amplifier based on BC549 transistor. This section is followed by an audio
amplifier. LM386 op-amp based audio amplifier is used. This amplified signal is
then fed to a loud speaker so that we can hear sound signals ie transmitted from
the transmitter end. The 10k preset is adjusted so that the sound signals become
clear.
L14F
L14F is an NPN phototransistor. It acts as a photo
detector in the sense that it can convert the incident light into
electric response. They are commonly used as sensors usually
paired with a light source like LED. These are the bipolar
transistors having a transparent case. This transparent case
exposes the base collector region of transistor to external
light. When light incidents on this junction, electrons are generated by the
photons. These electrons are injected in the base of phototransistor. The current
gain of the transistor amplifies the resulting photocurrent at the base collector
junction. Thus a phototransistor conducts in the presence of light and remains in
off mode in absence of light. The maximum dark current is 100nA; while in light
its current is 500A.
A phototransistor is different from a simple transistor in the way that in the
latter, voltage applied to the base is replaced by light striking it. Simply put, a

phototransistor amplifies variations in the light striking it. Phototransistors may or

may not have a base terminal. If a base terminal is available, it is used to bias its
light response.
Photodiodes can also be used for similar function as phototransistors, but
they have much lower gain and thus lower photocurrent. Phototransistors cannot
detect low intensities of light but are more responsive to the exposed light. Also,
the transistor response lasts for a longer period as compared to a photodiode.
The required light source is a gallium arsenide LED with peak wavelength is
940 nm. The emitter lead is indicated by a protruding edge in the transistor case.
The base is nearest to the emitter. The collector is at the other extreme side of
the casing.

BC549
DESCRIPTION
NPN transistor in a TO-92; SOT54 plastic package. PNP
complements: BC559 and BC560.
FEATURES
Low current (max. 100 mA)
Low voltage (max. 45 V).
APPLICATIONS
Low noise stages in audio frequency equipment.
LM386
Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier
General Description
The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low
voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20
to keep external part count low, but the addition of an
external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will

increase the gain to any value up to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while
the output is automatically biased to one half the supply voltage. The quiescent
power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 volt supply, making the
LM386 ideal for battery operation.
Features
Battery operation
Minimum external parts
Wide supply voltage range: 4V12V or 5V18V
Low quiescent current drain: 4 mA
Voltage gains from 20 to 200
Ground referenced input
Self-centering output quiescent voltage
Low distortion
Available in 8 pin MSOP package
Applications
AM-FM radio amplifiers
Portable tape player amplifiers
Intercoms
TV sound systems
Line drivers
Ultrasonic drivers
Small servo drivers
Power converters

LOUD SPEAKER
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an
electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations

of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium

such as air or water

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an

electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations
of an electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium
such as air or water
The loudspeakers are almost always the limiting element on the fidelity of a
reproduced sound in either home or theater. The other stages in sound
reproduction are mostly electronic, and the electronic components are highly
developed. The loudspeaker involves electromechanical processes where the
amplified audio signal must move a cone or other mechanical device to produce
sound like the original sound wave. This process involves many difficulties, and
usually is the most imperfect of the steps in sound reproduction. Choose your
speakers carefully. Some basic ideas about speaker enclosures might help with
perspective.