ROLE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE DEGREE OF LL.M. ONE YEAR
CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
DECEMBER,2014

Submitted By:
VAINY GOEL

RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LAW, PUNJAB

CONTENTS
1) INDRODUCTION

......................................................3

2) NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

......................................................5

a) COMPOSITION OF NDC

.....................................................6

b) COMMITTEES OF NDC

......................................................7

c) MEETINGS OF NDC

.....................................................8

3) EVALUATION

......................................................9

4) PROBLEM

.....................................................12

5) APPRAISAL

.....................................................13

6) NEW ERA

....................................................16

7) CONCLUSION

....................................................17

8) BIBLIOGRAPHY

.....................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Every Constitution has its own unique character reflecting the history and disposition of
its people. It forms, as it were, the basic feature which do not change even with the
passage of time. Republicanism, rule of law, independent judiciary and guaranteed
individual rights are inter-alia, inherent characteristics of the Indian Constitution. An
issue which has been often raised by some of the commentators of the Indian Constitution
is the federal nature of the Indian Union. While, some of them says that it is quasi-federal
and others says that it is more of unitary in nature with many federal features. The Indian
political system, like the federal experiments elsewhere in the world, has passed through
many phases of federal polity. In the beginning it was viewed as quasi federal. With the
passage of time it acquired a new look in the eyes of the political scientists and it was
hailed as cooperative federalism and it was also dubbed as unfederal in character by
many writers. Thus, different opinions have been expressed by the political thinkers,
regarding the nature of Indian federal system, from time to time.1 Viewing the scheme of
legislative, administrative and financial relations between the centre and States and
provisions relating to Emergency, some scholars are of view that Indian Federalism is
characterized by such a strong centre that the Indian political system can easily be labeled
as unitary, with certain features of federal. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar observed that :
"The federation will consist of the Union at the Centre and States at the periphery, each
endowed with the sovereign power, to be exercised in the field, assigned to them by the
Constitution. Yet the Constitution avoided the tight mould of federalism in which the
American Constitution was caught and could be both unitary as well as federal, according
to the requirements of time and circumstances."
The fact is that, Indian constitutional system stands on the foundation of Co-operative
Federalism. Morris Jones designates it as 'bargaining federalism'.2
Though there is division of function between the centre and the units in a federation, yet
it would not be correct to assume that the various governments act in a water-tight
compartments. As these governments act side by side in the same country, inevitably
1
2

R.K. Choubey, Federalism, Autonomy and Centre-state Relations, Satyam Books Publication, 2007
W.H. Morris Jones, Government and Politics in India, London Huthinson, London,1964, p. 150.

many types of relations arise amongst them and many instrumentalities to promote
intergovernmental co-operation came into existence. Apart from constitutional and legal
machineries, such as Inter-state council, River water dispute tribunal, University Grant
Commission, etc., there are various extra-Constitutional and informal devices for
consultations between the Centre and the States for securing the co-operation and coordination among the states. The foremost of these are the Planning Commission and the
National Development Council. Besides, Planning Commission, National Development
Council and Inter-State Council, other Inter-governmental forums in India are the Chief
Minister's Conferences, Governor's Conferences, Inter-Governmental Ministerial
Conferences, Chief Secretaries Conferences, Zonal Councils, Inter-state Tribunals and
National Water Resources Council.3

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3541

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

The National Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad, an apex
body for decision making on development matters, was set up on 6 August 1952. it was
established to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of
the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital spheres, and to ensure the
balanced and rapid development of all parts of the country. The Council comprises of the
Prime Minister, the Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief Ministers of all States or their
substitutes, representatives of the Union Territories and the members of the Planning
Commission.4
It is an non-constitutional and non-statutory body. National Development Council came
into existence in August 1952 as a result of the resolution issued from the Cabinet
Secretariat. The main Functions of the NDC, as set out in the resolution are:
1. to review the working of the national plan from time to time
2. to consider important question of social and economic policy affecting national
development.
3. to recommend measures for the achievement of the aims and target set out in the
National Plan including measures to secure the active participation and
cooperation of the people, improve the efficiency of the administrative
services,ensure the fullest development of the less advanced regions and sections
of the community and through sacrifice, borne equal and build up resources for
national development.5
The National Development Council has been evolved as an administrative agency
to achieve the fullest co-operation and co-ordination in planning between the
Central Government and State government and to bring about uniformity of
approach and unanimity in the working of the National Plans. The functions of
NDC incllude inter alia, formulation of guidelines, consideration of the national
plan formulated by the Planning Commission, considerations of issues of social

4
5

http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/Ndc.html
ibid

and economic policies relating to national development and review of the working
of the plan from time to time.6
Composition of NDC:
The National Development Council comprises the Prime Minister of India, the
Chief Minister of all the States and the members of the Planning Commission.
The Prime Minister who is the Chairman of the Planning Commission acts as the
secretary of the Council. The Union Ministers and State Ministers in-charge of the
related subjects are also invited to participate in its deliberations. Some concerned
officers and outside experts may also be invited. The NDC meetings are held at
least twice a year: meetings are frequent when the Five year Plans are being
formulated. The Council is always kept informed about the progress of the plans.7
The issue of reorganization of National Development Council was taken up by the
Administrative Reforms Commission in 1967. The Administrative Reforms
Commission in its Report on the Machinery for Planning (interim) had
recommended that the National Development Council should be reconstituted as :
1. The Prime Minister
2. The Deputy Prime Minister, if any
3. The Central Ministers of
Finance
Food and Agriculture
Industrial Development and Company Affairs
Commerce

Anil Kumar Jana, Administering Dictrict Plans in India, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2004, pg
268
7
S.A. Palekar, Development Administration, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012, pg. 84

 Railways
Transport and Shipping
Education
Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation
Home Affairs
Irrigation and Power
4. The Chief Minister of all States
5. The Ministers of the Planning Commission
It was also recommended that the Prime Minister should continue as the
Chairman of the National Development Council, while the secretary of the
Planning Commission should act as its secretary.8
The Government of India accepted the recommendations of the Administration
Reforms Commission in a slightly modified form. It was decided that the National
Development Council, headed by the Prime Minister, should comprise all Union
Cabinet ministers, Chief Ministers of states, Chief Ministers/Chief Executives of
the Union Territories and members of the Planning Commission. Accordingly, the
National Development Council was reconstituted in October 1967, on these lines.
It may be noted that the National Development Council generally, does not pass
any formal resolutions. 9 The practice normally followed is that it maintains a
detailed record of discussions held in its meetings, and then draws a consensus on
the basis of such discussions.
Committees of NDC:

8
9

S.A. Palekar, Development Administration, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012, pg. 85
R.K. Choubey, Federalism, Autonomy and Centre-state Relations, Satyam Books Publication, 2007

The size of the NDC is quite big which reduces the utility of this body as a forum
for effective discussion. As a result, in 1954, the Council set up a smaller standing
committee. In 1993, there were six Committees of the NDC set up, following the
43rd National Development Council meeting held in 1992-93, to go into some of
the critical areas of development
a) Committee on austerity
b) Committee on population
c) Committee on employment
d) Committee on micro-level planning
e) Committee on literacy
f) Committee on medical education
Such committees place their reports before the NDC for final decision and
recommendation. These committees represent a marked improvement in
the role-effectiveness of the National Development Council.10
Meetings of NDC:
The agenda of a particular meeting of the NDC consists of
a)

Items suggested by the Planning Commission itself

b)

Items suggested by the Central Ministers

c)

Items suggested by the State Governments

The meetings of the NDC start with an address from the Prime Minister. The Secretary of
the council prepares a memorandum on each item of the agenda which is circulated
among the members in advance.

10

Ramesh.K.Arora, Rajni Goyal, Indian Public Administration : Institutions and Issues, Wishwa Prakashan,
New Delhi, 2005

EVALUATION
The National Development Council gives its advice at various stages of the formulation
of a plan, and it is only after its approval has been obtained that a plan is presented to the
Parliament for consideration. The council has been largely responsible for giving Indian
plans a truly national character. Its functioning, since its inception, reveals that there is
hardly any matter of importance which it is not competent to discuss. Its pre-occupations
are many and varied, and a persual of its original terms of reference fails to provide a
total picture of its actual functioning. It has been quite successful in bringing and linking
the Union Government, the Planning Commission and the various State Governments. It
has served a good forum for discussions and free exchange of ideas, and has created a
sense of high responsibility on the part of the State Governments for making the plans a
success. It has developed a very earthy convention of not putting its resolutions to vote
and taking decisions almost unanimously. In addition, it concerns itself with important
questions of social and economis policy afeection national development.11
It has laid stress on balanced development in different parts of the country and to this
end, it has favoured decentralised industrial production, setting up of suitable indicators
of general development as well as a continuous study of the problem of diminishing
regional disparities.12 It has also favoured the introduction of Panchayati Raj system. In
the words of the formenr Vice-Chairman V.T. Krishnakaramchari, "It provides the forum
which the Union ministers and Chief ministers of States discuss the plans at important
stages in their formulation. Plans are also approved at its meetings after completion and
before they are presented to the parliament and the State legislature. in this way, national
character of the plans is emphasized. the council also considers socio and economic
policies affecting the country from the national point of view so that where necessary,
uniformity may be secured. in this way. it gives a lead to the country on broad issues of
policy and promotes collective thinking and joint action on matters of national
importance."

11

N.B. Gupta, J.L.Raina, H.M.Jauhari, B.N.Jaurhari, Nehru and Planning in India, Concept Publishing Co.,
New Delhi
12
Jain M.P., Constitution of India, Eastern Publishing Company, Allahabad,2006

On the other hand, divergent views have also been recorded which have made it doubtful
whether the NDC has fulfilled the desired purpose. Many have described it as a super
cabinet comprised of policy makers in power. It includes the heads of government of
different states and union Territories and most of the times the council has at times been
described as a mere rubber stamps on the decisions alredy taken by the center. the fact
that most of the State Governments, during the last 35 years, belonged to the same party
as ruled as the center was mainly responsible for this phenomenon. moreover, there is all
powerful headship of the prime Minister to browbeat the voice of any dissident Chief
Minister.13 We may recall an incident of the post-1967 period when the marxist Home
Minister of the West Bengal (Jyoti Basu) tried to move this body in the direction desired
by the non-Congress chief ministers but was detested by the Congress Prime Minister.
With the turn of the single dominant party system, again under the towering leadership of
late Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the NDC was treated as hardly anything else than a bigger
platform where the State Chief Ministers assembled to put their formal seal of approval
on the lines laid down by their Prime Minister.
It can be said that the real effectiveness of the NDC is not very easy to assess, as matters
connected with it are all state secrets and not publically known. At least, it is true that the
NDC is not purely an advisory body. As matters stand, the Council is actively and
extensively associated with policy making. The council occupies an obviously
outstanding position in the Indian federation. Its advice naturaly recieves the highest
consideration by both Center and the States which otherwise lack any legal sanction.14
Comparing the NDC with the Planning Commission, it has been pointed by some that the
NDC is superior to the Planning Commisiion in view of the fact that, while the latter is
just a policy-making body, the former is the decision-making authority. Brecher writes in
the biography of Pt. Nehru, "the NDC was established as a supreme administrative and
advisory body on planning..... It lays down directives invariably approved by the cabinet.
Since the inception, the NDC and its Standing Committes have virtually relegated the
Planning Commission to the status of a research arm.
13

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ndc-scales-down-annual-growth-rate-to-8pc/article4244847.ece?homepage=true
14
R.K. Choubey, Federalism, Autonomy and Centre-state Relations, Satyam Books Publication, 2007

10

The Administrative Reform Commission suggested to make the NDC a supreme political
body which give broad guidance in the often with regular sub-committees and should
both just rubber-stamp the plan formulation. the ARC also resommended the
reconstitution of the NDC and redifining of its function. The NDC should assist of the
Prime Mininster, the Deputy Prime Minister (if any), the Central Ministers of finance,
food and agriculture, industrial development and company affairs, commerce, railways,
transport and shipping, education, labor, employment and rehabilitation, home affairs and
irrigation ang power, the Chief Minister of States and the members of the Planning
Commission. The functions should be as follows:

To prescribe guidelines for the formation of the national plan

To consider the national plan as formulated by the Planning Commission.

To assess the resources required for implementing the plan and to suggest ways
and means for raising them.

To consider important questions of social and economic policy affecting

development

To review the working of the plan from time to time and to recommend such
measures as are necessary for achieving the aims and targets articulated in the
national plan.

11

PROBLEM
As we know that it is a non-constitutional body. Instead of establishing it under Article
263 of the Constitution or under a parliamentary statute, it was set up a cabinet
resolution. By lacking a constitutional status, plans can be/are launched without the stamp
of its approval and its meetings are not held for years. For instance, the ninth plan
proposal prepared by the planning commission in 1997 was belatedly approved by the
NDC only in 1999 after a delay of two years. Since 1952, till date, it has met 54 times.
During the 37 years of congress dominance and Janata Party phase, the NDC had 40
meetings with an average of 1:1 per year. In the 16 years of multi-party
coalition/minority governments since Nov. Dec. 1989. It had fourteen meetings with an
average of 0.8 meetings per year. It may appear paradoxical that the frequency of
meetings has declined between the two phases in terms of average. One would have
expected a greater frequency during the later phase given the greater federalization of the
Indian polity as indicated by a more differentiated set of parties ruling at the union and in
the state since 1989. 15 This anomaly can however be explained by referring to two
factors. Firstly coalition and minority governments have been very unstable resulting in
delays in launching of the plans. Second, different sets of parties including in this federal
ones ruling in the states have been partners in this federal coalition governments. This has
allowed then direct access and opportunity for representation of their views in the Union
Cabinet. Therefore, they have not been very keen and insistent on the activation of the
NDC an inter governmental forum. The Sarkaria Commission Report also underlined the
importance of strengthening inter governmental forums like the NDC and ISC by giving
them constitutional status.

15

Jain M.P., Constitution of India, Eastern Publishing Company, Allahabad,2006

12

APPRAISAL
There is a general feeling that the impact of the NDC on the planning process has not
been insignificant, although its role could have been much more effective than what it has
actually been. Nevertheless, in effecting an overall consensus in approach to planning, it
has created an impact. the NDC successfully functioned as a useful link among the Union
government, the planning Commission and the state governements. despite the fact that it
is not a constitutional authority, its role has remained respectable over the years. Its
recommendations have been treated by the central and the state governemnts with respect
and as a result, its contribution in providing a rational perspective to planning has been
considerable. from 1952 onwards, the meetings of NDC have not been held on a regular
basis, so much so that during a few financial years, no NDC meeting was held at all. it
may be recalled that in the original resolution creating the NDC, it was laid down that its
meetings would be held at all. it may be recalled that in the original resolution creating
the NDC, it was held that its meeting would be held on the regular basis., so much so that
during few financial years, no NDC meeting was held at all. It may be recalled that the
original resolution creating the NDC, it was laid down that its meetings will be held on
the regular basis. This norm has been conspicious by its violation. For instance, during
1992-93, the NDc met only once to consider the draft of the Eighth Five Year Plan.
however, the initiative of calling a meeting of the NDC lies with the Planning
Commission of which prime Minister is the Chairman. there is no way that the members
of the NDC can compell the Planning Commission to call a meeting of the Council.
Another limitation of the NDC relates to the agenda of its meetings. Normally the agenda
is prepared by the planning commission. Sometimes, however, the NDC members might
stress that a few issues ought to be discussed in its meetings. But, those who pertain to a
few specific issues and not to the overall character of the agenda. while socio economic
policies of the government are presented for reporting and approval to the NDC, these are
generally presented as the decisions of the Union Government and possible alternative
policies to the existing approaches are generally not presented.16

16

R.K. Choubey, Federalism, Autonomy and Centre-state Relations, Satyam Books Publication, 2007

13

Some states have often complained that they donot find adequate time for presenting their
own problems and difficulties before the NDC. They argue that regional factors in the
socio-economic development of various states and union-territories are generally underemphasized in the overall process of formulation of economic plans. A reason behind this
limitation is that in the Indian Planning process, uniformity and commonality, rather than
diversity and divergence, have been valued much more.
Little wonder, Sarkaria Commission opined that the NDC have not been able to act as an
effective instrument for developing consensus and commitment to the national policies.
Yet, it has been observed that the NDC has acted as a forum of informal consultation
between the central and the state governments on a number of critical and economic
issues. however, decisions containing resource allocation between the two have been
dominated by the viewpoint of the centre and, this has strained, to a certain extent, the
centre-state relations as regard planning.17
The NDC also provides opportunities to the opposition Chief Ministers to air their
dissenting views concerning the national plan. In a meeting of the NDC held in 1969,
certain states, for the first time officially disapproved of the draft of the Fourth Plan. The
chief minister of West Bengal and Kerala observed that they had been invited to discuss
the planned draft, while there was hardly any scope for their modification. A few of the
southern states, including Tamil Nadu, had complained that although ostensibly, there
was a federal approach to a planning, regarding the allocation of financial resources,
however, the approach, paradoxically enough, had been unilateral in its operation. After
the Janata Government came into power in 1997, there was a vigorous demand from
certain Chief ministers, that there should be reprisal of the centre-state financial relations,
Jyoti Basu, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, had remarked that unless financial
position of states improved, it was not possible to achieve the target of planning. the
Chief Minister of 16 states demanded that not only there was need for a greater share for
the states in taxes and in plan assistance, there was need for market loans as well as the
institutional finances.

17

Anil Kumar Jana, Administering Dictrict Plans in India, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2004

14

In October 1990, the NDC introduced a new formula for determining the central
assistance to states, replacing the old Gadgil formula. Although there were doubts
concerning the feasibility of the revised formula, the consensus among the states was
clearly in favor of increasing the central assistance in view of the enhanced
responsibilities of the States. K. Santhanam had once remarked that the NDC was like a
'super cabinet'. He made this observation in view of the NDC comprising the members of
the Union Cabinet and the Chief Ministers of the state. It was argued that the decisions of
the NDC were generally adopt without any modification by the Union and the State
governments. Ashok Chanda had also observed that the overlapping of the Planning
Commission, the NDC and the cabinet had distorted the constitutional position.

18

Moreover, certain observers feel that the NDC has been unable to go deeply into the
intricacies of the dynamics of planning and its outcomes at the cross-state levels. It has
been observed that the meetings of the NDC beer an imprint of the partitionship. The
Chief Minister of states belonging to the party in power at the centre generally toe the of
the union Government don't come out forthrightly on the shortcomings of the approach to
an implementation of planning. Conversely, the Chief Ministers belonging to the
opposition parties are generally critical of the draft plan designed by the planning
commission and are generally reluctant to notice and record the positive side of the action
taken by the central government.
Another important limitation of the NDC is that it does not evaluate the implication of
five-year and annual plans on a continuing basis. One might argue that this function is
being looked after by the planning commission but it also needs to be stressed that the
task of evaluation also happens to be the first firmly defined function of the NDC.
However, since it meets only in frequently and rarely, and that too for a short period, it
has neither the time nor the infrastructure to examine the performance of the planning
system on a continual periodical basis. For this, it has to depend mainly on the data
presented by the planning commission and does not have any other sources of
information on which it can base its appraisal.

18

Jain M.P., Constitution of India, Eastern Publishing Company, Allahabad,2006

15

NEW ROLE
In an environment reflecting lack of consensus, sometimes the broader national goals of
socio-economic reconstruction are lost over. Hence the need remains of revolving a
'national agenda' for a holistic growth of the country, to which the NDC can contribute
significantly. In the absence of such a "national agenda", no concerted approach to
planning can take place. The Sarkaria Commission has recommended that the NDC
should be made more effective, so that it emerge as the supreme institutional, at the
political level for the Center-State planning relations. It has also recommended that NDC
should be renamed and constituted as "National economic and Development Council"
(NEDC) - under provisions of Article 263 of the constitution. The Sarkaria Commission
went on to recommend the creation of a standing committee of the NEDC, consisting of
the prime Minister, Finance Minister, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission,
Governor of the RBI and six Chief Ministers, one from each zone, selected by rotation of
consensus.
In case, however, the status of the NDC is transformed so as to make it a powerful and
expanded constitutional authority, it will have a telling impact on the whole politico
administrative system. Until the desirability or otherwise of such a drastic structure
redesigning is thrashed out, the need would persist of increasing the effectiveness of the
role of the NDC as well as the planning Commission.

16

CONCLUSION
Overtime regrettably, the various Inter-governmental forums (like Planning Commission,
NDC, Chief Ministers Conference etc.) have degenerated into the mechanical affairs
where bored CMs listen to the long written speeches of their colleagues with no
interaction between themselves and at the end triumphantly adopt either a five year plan
or its Medium term Review. The structure of the meeting fosters any worthwhile dialogue
among the participants. 19 CMs troops out to get photographed, which are published
prominently in regional newspapers, suggesting huge achievements by the state!
Everybody goes back to sleep till the next meeting is held. Clearly, they are hardly
fulfilling their mandate "of considering issues of economic and social policies affecting
national development". India has out grow either there institutions or at least the way in
which they are run. We have repeated ad-nauseum that the next generation of reforms lie
in the domain of states. The consensus on agriculture, health, education and emerging
fiscal issues need their active consent and support on implementation. It is a time to
reinvent the NDC.
With regard to the National Development Council, state has submitted as follows:
"NDC has to be developed as an effective instrument for Centre-State coordination on all
financial and development issues. Frequent meetings of NDC are required to be held (at
least two meetings in a year) for detailed consultations with the States. It has been noticed
that at present the Members and Experts of the Planning Commission are all nominated
by the Union Government. The representation needs to be given to each State/Union
territory in the Planning Commission so that interests of all States are watched properly.
Moreover, there is no provision of Planning Commission in Constitution of India. This
provision needs to be made by way of amendment to the Constitution."20
Planning Commission runs the NDC while the Home Ministry runs the other two. The
Prime Minister would need to synthesize their approaches to impart greater purpose and
content in the dialogue with the states. The heterogeneity of regional parties, their

19
20

Jain M.P., Constitution of India, Eastern Publishing Company, Allahabad,2006

Report of M.M.Punchhi Commission on Centre-State Relations, Volume 2, pg. 137

17

ideological nuances and the coalition structure of the central governmental create fresh
challenges in forging a national approach. Only an innovative approach can promote
meaningful dialogue. The need for a new centre state compact makes this inescapable.
The centre state divide needs a revisit. Both procedures and institutions need
restructuring to meet the new developmental challenges. We do not have the luxury of
time; archaic approach and institutions are inconsistent with ambitious growth targets. A
wake up call is overdue.21
Rekha Saxena 22 pointed out that Indias experience with its two Inter-Governmental
Agencies- National Development Council and Inter- State Council have not been as
successful as Canadas First Ministers Conference(FMC). This can be taken as an
indicator of the fact that the Indian political system in its working is less federal than the
Indian polity. Neither the National Development Council and Inter State Council can
match the FMC as an Inter Governmental Forum of federal provisional bargain and the
decision making for the last more than a decade, the Inter-State Council has been
discussing the Sarkaria Commission Recommendations adnauseam without any result by
way of implementation. The Inter- State Council is thus proving itself to be a mere
talking shop. On the other hand National Development Council by lacking a
constitutional status, plans can be/are launched without the stamp of its approval and its
meetings are not held for years.

21

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ndc-scales-down-annual-growth-rate-to-8pc/article4244847.ece?homepage=true
22
Rekha Saxena, The Federal Get-together Mainstream, No.8, Delhi, February, 09, 2002.

18

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS

Choubey, R.K., Federalism, Autonomy and Centre-state Relations, Satyam Books

Publication, 2007

Saxena, Rekha,The Federal Get-together Mainstream, No.8, Delhi, February,

09, 2002.

Jain, M.P., Constitution of India, Eastern Publishing Company, Allahabad,2006

Report of M.M.Punchhi Commission on Centre-State Relations, Volume 2
Gupta,N.B., Raina,J.L., Jauhari,H.M., Jaurhari,B.N., Nehru and Planning in
India, Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi

Jones, Morris W.H., Government and Politics in India, London Huthinson,

London,1964

Jana, Anil Kumar, Administering Dictrict Plans in India, Concept Publishing

Company, New Delhi, 2004, pg 268

Palekar,S.A., Development Administration, PHI Learning Private Limited, New

Delhi, 2012, pg. 84

Arora,Ramesh.K., Goyal,Rajni, Indian Public Administration : Institutions and

Issues, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 2005

WEBSITE

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/

http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/

http://www.thehindu.com/

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