Harmonic Analysis

Power Analytics Corporation

10805 Rancho Bernardo Road, Suite 270
San Diego, California 92127
U.S.A.
U.S. Toll Free Phone: 800-362-0603
Fax: 858-675-9724
www.PowerAnalytics.com

Copyright Power Analytics Corporation 2012

All rights reserved

Harmonic Analysis

Table of Contents
Whats New in Version 5.00.00 ....................................................................................................... 1
I.
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 2
II. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 2
III. SOURCES OF HARMONICS................................................................................................... 5
3.1
Harmonic Current Source Data ..................................................................................... 7
3.2
Harmonic Voltage Source Data..................................................................................... 8
3.3
FFT and Inverse FFT.................................................................................................. 10
3.4
Thyristor Converter Simulation.................................................................................... 11
3.5
Common Harmonic Sources ....................................................................................... 13
IV.
NETWORK AND COMPONENT MODELS......................................................................... 14
4.1
Long Feeder Model .................................................................................................... 15
4.2
Skin Effect .................................................................................................................. 16
4.3
Power Company Frequency Response ....................................................................... 16
V. FREQUENCY SCAN ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 18
VI.
HARMONIC DISTORTION INDICES (THD, TIF ETC) ....................................................... 20
6.1
Bus Voltage Indices .................................................................................................... 22
6.2
Branch Current Indices ............................................................................................... 23
6.3
Transformer K-factor .................................................................................................. 23
6.4
Conduct Calculation ................................................................................................... 24
VII.
FILTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION ............................................................................... 29
IMPORTANT NOTE: Power Analytics Corporations software products are tools intended to be used
by trained professionals only. They are not substitutes for your professional judgment or for
independent verification and testing of results as they pertain to your specific application. Use of all
Power Analytics Corporation software products is governed by the terms and conditions of the EndUser License Agreement (EULA) you accepted when purchasing and installing the software. You
must comply with these terms and conditions in applying the instructional material in this manual. If
you do not have or are unfamiliar with the contents of your EULA for this software, you should
request, read, and understand a copy of your EULA before proceeding.

Harmonic Analysis
Whats New in Version 5.00.00

In this version of the program, we implemented a new user interface based on feedback from our
users. The calculation engine was also rewritten based on our latest power flow engine. The
program is now faster and more robust. The new user interface is more user friendly, making it
easier to conduct the analysis and select desired results.
For existing harmonic analysis projects built in a previous DesignBase version, they can be directly
opened and used in the current version. The harmonic device symbols (harmonic sources, filters
and PFR), however, need to be replaced by selecting Tools > Replace Old Harmonic Symbol as
shown below. All the project data is automatically converted and untouched.

For conducting harmonic frequency scan, the following dialog box is involved and from here its
easy to make selections and view results graphically or in text shown in Crystal Report format.

Harmonic Analysis

The text results generated in Crystal Report format can also be easily exported and saved in other
formats as shown below.

I.

FOREWORD

This discussion assumes that the user is a Professional Engineer familiar with the issues
surrounding harmonics problems in electrical power systems. The program's assumptions
and definitions are consistent with standard analysis techniques. This document should be
used in conjunction with other texts on the subject, and should not be used as the designer's
sole source of information on harmonic analysis.
Determination of validity of the results, and whether the program is applicable to a
system, is solely the responsibility of the user.
This program is undergoing continuous development and refinement. As with all its products,
Power Analytics Corporation is committed to making the Harmonic Analysis program as
current, comprehensive and easy to use as possible. Any comments, suggestions or errors
encountered in either the results or documentation should be immediately brought to Power
Analytics Corporation's attention.
II. INTRODUCTION
The DesignBase Harmonic Analysis program has been designed to assist electrical
engineers in solving harmonic problems. This program is capable of performing various
Frequency Scan Analysis and Harmonic Distortion Indices Analysis.
Frequency Scan Analysis
The reason for harmonics problems in power systems is that there are harmonic sources
present and the system is in resonance condition (with high impedance). This program is
capable of calculating the impedance frequency responses (Frequency Scan) of all buses
with respect to a harmonic source at a given location (bus) and with respect to positive,
negative and zero sequence networks to identify possible resonance situations. The
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Harmonic Analysis

frequency scan results can be plotted or viewed in crystal report format. The unit is Ohms for
the magnitude, degrees for the angle and Hz or pu for the frequency.
Harmonic Distortion Indices
The main index for measuring the harmonics problems of a power system is the Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD). The Telephone Interference Factor (TIF) is used to measure the
severity of the noise problems in the phone system due to induced harmonic component
when telephone lines are in parallel with power lines that contain harmonic current. This
program can calculate bus voltage THD and TIF for all buses, and branch current THD, TDD
(Total Demand Distortion) and TIF for all branches of a power system when one or several
harmonic sources are presented. Also bus voltage RAM, kVT, branch current RMS, kIT
values and transformer K-factors are calculated. The simulation results are presented in timedomain waveform and in frequency-domain spectrum. They can be displayed in text or
graphics.
The program is designed in a user friendly way. It can help you in performing a "What if" type
of analysis quickly and easily by permitting you to match the same network description to
different filter designs and harmonic source sets. It gives you the choice of describing
harmonic sources in either the time-domain or frequency domains. It maintains a library of
standards and user defined harmonic sources for quick inclusion into analysis.
After building a DesignBase project, click the Harmonics Analysis button as shown below

There are three icons to choose: Options, Frequency Scan and Harmonic Indices.

Harmonic Analysis

Options
Frequency Scan
Harmonic
Indices

The Options dialog box:

Harmonic Analysis

The Frequency Scan dialog box:

The Harmonic Distortion Indices dialog box:

III. SOURCES OF HARMONICS

When there is a nonlinear device in a power system it will generate harmonics. Nonlinear
devices may be modeled as harmonic voltage sources or harmonic current sources. For
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Harmonic Analysis

power system harmonics studies nonlinear devices are usually treated as harmonic current
sources. Both harmonic current and voltage sources are available for harmonic studies.
Figure 1 shows a harmonic source current waveform and spectrum.

Figure 1: Harmonic Current Waveform and Spectrum

A harmonic current can be specified in time-domain by a set of waveform sampling points, or

in frequency-domain by its spectrum: individual harmonic magnitude and angle. To facilitate
Fast Fourier Transformer (FFT) operation, the sampling points need to be 2n (32, 64, 128,
256, ).
The Following picture Figure 2 shows the symbols of harmonic current and voltage sources.
Figure 3 shows a harmonic current source attached to node 0019. The harmonic current
source editor dialog box appears by double clicking the current source symbol. Harmonic
voltage source is similar to harmonic current source with extra impedance data.

Figure 2: Harmonic Current and Voltage Source Symbols

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Harmonic Analysis

Figure 3: A Harmonic Current Source Attached to Node 0019

3.1

Harmonic Current Source Data

By double-clicking a harmonic current source symbol in a network, the editor dialog box will
open, as shown below.

Harmonic source current data can be directly attached to a bus of a network or added to the
harmonics source library for general usage. They can be in frequency-domain format of
harmonic in percent with respect to the fundamental current and phase angle, or in timedomain format of waveform sampling points. Source data are entered by direct screen editing
in spreadsheet form or copy from a spreadsheet data. The data can be saved with just one
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Harmonic Analysis

click into the library. There are both frequency domain and time domain data libraries and
they can be easily transformed to each other.
Harmonic source data used in the program are in frequency-domain with fundamental being
100%. Therefore, if the original data are in time-domain, the data will be transformed into
frequency domain stored in the project file. The absolute frequency spectrum values are
depending on the source KVA and power factor. The current magnitude and angle are
calculated by using the following equations:

1000 x SourceKVA
3 x BusSystemVoltage

(3.1)

Angle(V(1),I(1)) = arccos (SourcePF)

(3.2)

I(1) =

Harmonic currents in a power system may be in positive sequence, negative sequence or

zero sequence. The relationship between harmonics, frequency and sequence is shown in
the following table:
Table 1: Harmonic Sequence

Harmonic
1
2
3

3n-1
3n
3n+1
Note: n=1,2,
3.2

Frequency(Hz)
60
120
180

Sequence
+
0

60(3n-1)
60(3n)
60(3n+1)

0
+

Harmonic Voltage Source Data

The harmonic voltage source editor dialog box:

Harmonic Analysis

Compared with harmonic current source, harmonic voltages source has the additional data of
series impedance and shunt admittance. For the series impedance, it may change according
to the frequency in a way that can only be measured. The program provides the facility (two
extra columns of series R and X) to handle just that. Otherwise, leave the two columns of the
series R and X being 0. The following shows the voltage waveform and the spectrum of the
defined harmonic voltage source.

Harmonic Analysis

3.3

FFT and Inverse FFT

A periodic waveform (60 or 50 Hz for most electrical power systems) can be defined in timedomain by a set of sampling points, or in frequency-domain by its spectrum. The Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) algorithm is used to find the spectrum of a time-domain waveform or inverse
FFT to find the waveform of a frequency-domain spectrum.
The FFT algorithm may be based on cosine function or sine function. On the Harmonic
Analysis Option dialog box, user can select FFT Basis: cosine or sine for his/her application.
FFT operation the sampling points have to be 2n. Users can choose 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
points.

If the Graph button on the harmonic current source dialog box as shown below is clicked,
the program will transform the spectrum to waveform by inverse FFT and plot both.

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Harmonic Analysis

If the Import time domain data button on the harmonic current source dialog box is clicked,
the program transforms the spectrum to waveform and show the waveform data in the
spreadsheet in the Time Domain Data dialog box as shown below. You can save the data
into the time domain source data library or enter or copy from other sources to the
spreadsheet. If OK is clicked, the waveform data will be transformed to spectrum back.

3.4

Thyristor Converter Simulation

Thyristor converter circuits used in AC/DC conversion are one of the major harmonic sources
in power systems. The program provides a converter simulation module, which calculates the
AC currents in a converter circuit with six thyristors and then it automatically transfers the
resulting AC line current to the main program (harmonics source library or a bus). Figure 4
shows the converter circuit.

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Harmonic Analysis

Figure 4: Equivalent Network for a Converter Circuit

Click the Converter button on the harmonic current source dialog box to generate the
harmonic current source data as shown below.

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Harmonic Analysis

The converter model is based on reference [1]. The characteristic harmonics (h) current
generated by a converter having p pulses are of the order:
h = p k 1,
Where k is an integer starting from k=1,2,... For example the harmonic orders generated by
a 6-pulse converter are:
5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 and a 12-pulse converter generates: 11, 13, 23, 25
The harmonic current order Ih is computed according to the following:
A ([COS (2 ) COS (2( ))] j[SIN (2( )) SIN (2 ) 2 ]) / 4

B ([COS ( (h 1)) COS ((h 1)( ))] /(h 1) [COS ( (1 h)) COS ((1 h)( )] /(1 h)
j ([SIN ( (h 1)) SIN ((h 1)( ))] /(h 1) [SIN ( (1 h)) SIN ((1 h)( )] /(1 h)) / 2 / h

Ih

B
* I1
A

Where is the firing angle and is the extinction (overlap) angle and I 1 is the fundamental
current.
3.5

Common Harmonic Sources

The following are commonly encountered harmonic sources in power systems:

Thyristor-Controlled Equipment, Diode Bridges, etc.
Since this type of equipment imposes cyclical changes in impedance in a power source
circuit, it is a source of harmonics. Static VAR sources, Cycloconverters (frequency
converters), Rectifiers, Inverters, Motor Speed Controllers, and Voltage Controllers for
industrial heating, induction melting, lighting control are all examples of harmonic sources.
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Harmonic Analysis

Transformers
When the applied primary voltage is above the transformer rated voltage, or when the
transformer is saturated (nonlinear relation between the magnetizing force and the magnetic
flux in the iron), harmonics are generated.
Arc Equipment
The nonlinear voltage current characteristic of power arcs generates harmonics.
Rotating Machinery
Variation in magnetic reluctance caused by slots in the machine's starter, or rotor, are the
principle source of harmonics in rotating machinery.
Typical data for 7 types of commonly encountered harmonic sources are build-in the program's
source library; Users can use these typical data or have the choice of inputting their own field
tested data and add them to the library.

Harmonic current source library:

IV. NETWORK AND COMPONENT MODELS

It is assumed that the power network being studied is linear: all components are linear
devices, except the harmonic sources. The network is represented by its bus admittance
matrix Y which is built at each frequency of harmonic current with respect to the harmonic
sequence. For positive sequence harmonics the program uses positive sequence Y-matrix,
for negative sequence harmonics the program uses negative sequence Y-matrix, and for
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Harmonic Analysis

zero sequence harmonics the program uses zero sequence Y-matrix. The bus voltages are
found by solving the following equation:
I = YV
where I:
Y:
V:

(4.1)

bus injection current vector

bus admittance matrix
bus voltage vector

Load at the fundamental frequency can be modeled as constant power, constant current,
constant impedance or mixed load. Load at harmonic frequencies is treated as impedance. It
can be grounded or ungrounded (selected in the load editor dialog box).
Before running harmonic analysis program, make sure power flow converged for the network
(see the power flow program users guide). In the harmonic analysis option dialog box, user
can select the equivalent impedance parameter of generators and motors of the network.
Load impedance can be parallel or series. Harmonic source can override or add to an
existing bus load if the source is attached to the load. User can define the minimum feeder
length for the feeders being modeled using long feeder model. Considering skin effect for
generators, motors and branches is selective. Also FFT setting and the Telephone
Interference Factor Weighting are here to view, select or edit.

4.1

Long Feeder Model

Feeders in the analysis are modeled generally by circuit. For feeders that their length is
equal or greater than the minimum length defined on the harmonic analysis option dialog box,
they are represented with a model based on an equivalent circuit derived from the solution of
the second order differential equations describing wave propagation along long transmission
lines. This model is referred to as equivalent circuit as shown in the following equations and
Figure.

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Harmonic Analysis

Z h

Z sinh

Y h

Y tanh

YZ

YZ

YZ

(4.2)
(4.3)

YZ

where Z and Y are the total admittance and impedance of the nominal circuit.

Figure 5: Feeder Wave Model

Long lines are usually more than 150 miles or 250 km. They can be modeled using one
equivalent circuit or by cascading several circuit. Its worthwhile to cascade sections of
either model to produce harmonic voltage profile along the line.
4.2

Skin Effect

For synchronous machines, induction machines, transformers and Line/Cable, user can
choose including skin effect or not. According IEEE Std 399 (reference [3]), the following
formula are used in considering skin effect:
For synchronous machines, induction machines, and transformers:
R(h) = Rdc (1.0 + A * hB)
where Rdc is the DC resistance and h is the harmonic order. Coefficient A and B have
typical values of 0.1 and 1.5, respectively.

For lines and cables:

R(h) = Rdc (0.35 X2 + 0.938) for X < 2.4
R(h) = Rdc (0.35 X2 + 0.3) for X >= 2.4
where X = 0.001585 * (f / Rdc)0.5 and f is frequency in Hertz and Rdc in Ohms/Meter.
4.3

Power Company Frequency Response

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Harmonic Analysis

Utility/power companies are represented in the analysis by impedance, which is dependent

on its short circuit KVA and X/R ratio. The resistance is constant and the reactance is
proportional to the frequency. If power company frequency response (PFR) is available, the
frequency response can be entered into the program and used to represent the power
company. The program has a library facility for the power company frequency response data
to assist the data management.
The following screen picture shows a PFR symbol connected to a utility bus. Double click the
PFR to edit the data in s spreadsheet format.

PFR data spreadsheet and library.

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Harmonic Analysis
V. FREQUENCY SCAN ANALYSIS

Frequency scan refers to scanning the network for impedance characteristics as a function of
frequency over a range of frequencies with respect to a driving point. There are two
impedance calculations: driving point and transfer impedances. The driving point impedance
is defined as the voltage calculated at bus i divided by current injected at the same bus. The
transfer impedance is the voltage measured at bus j due to a unit current injected at a
different bus i. The two impedances are expressed in equations as follows:

zii

Vi
Ii

(5.1)

zij

Vj
Ii

(5.2)

Where
Zii is the driving impedance at bus i
Zij is the transfer impedance to bus i
Vi is the voltage measured at bus i
Vi is the voltage measured at bus j
Ii is the current injected at bus i.
To perform frequency scan analysis, select one or more buses in the drawing and then click
the Frequency Scan icon. There is no need for harmonic sources presented in the network.
If they are, they will be not considered in the calculation. In the following screen picture, bus
1020 is selected, after click Frequency Scan icon, the frequency scan options dialog box
appears.

Select bus1020 and

then click Frequency
Scan

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Harmonic Analysis

User can choose the frequency range and the total points, can select a different driving bus
and buses for report here, can select frequency unit used in the report and can choose curve
result or text report. The following screen pictures show the curves and partial text report.

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Harmonic Analysis

The above result shows that there is a peak around the 11th harmonic. The resonance
frequency is around 660Hz. If there is a 11th harmonic current component generated by nonlinear load connected to this bus, it will produce high 11th harmonic voltage to cause over
voltage problems. This may result in the failure of the capacitor. These resonance
frequencies, if close to harmonic frequencies, are the major causes of system problems.

VI. HARMONIC DISTORTION INDICES (THD, TIF ETC)

There are two areas one needs to be concerned about: the first is the effect of harmonics on
protection devices, metering and control equipment, in which cases, errors could occur in
measuring, operation of devices and interference with utility measuring devices. The second
important area is the effect of harmonics on equipment and plant. In this case, high harmonic
currents and voltages will cause equipment damage and disturb the plant operation. Of
particular concern is the effect of harmonics on transformers, rotating machines, switchgear,
capacitor banks, and on system voltages and currents.
Harmonic producing loads can affect other loads if significant voltage and current distortion is
caused. The distortion is a function of both the amount of harmonic current injected and the
system impedance characteristics. Voltage distortion is the major cause of failure of capacitor
banks.
The program calculates all major harmonic distortion indices and also generates violation
report based on the standard the user selected or defined in the option dialog box. The
harmonic standard selection is as shown in the following screen picture.

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Harmonic Analysis

For telephone interference factor calculation, a weighting factor table related to hearing
sensitivity is applied and the factor table can be viewed and edited from the Options dialog
box, as shown below.

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Harmonic Analysis

6.1

Bus Voltage Indices

The most commonly used index for harmonics problem measurement is the bus voltage Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD), which is defined as follows:
V22 V32 ... Vh2

THDv =
where:

(6.1)

V1

are the individual harmonic voltages;

V1 is the fundamental frequency voltage.

V2 ,V3 ,...,Vh

The total RMS value is calculated as

Vrms

2
h

(6.2)

h 1

The telephone interference factor (TIF) based on bus voltage is calculated as

(w V )
h

TIF

h 1

(6.3)

Vrms

Where wh is the weighting factor defined in the Options dialog box.

The VT product index is another measure of the harmonic interference in audio circuits and
is calculated as
V T

(w V )

(6.4)

h h

h 1

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Harmonic Analysis

6.2

Branch Current Indices

Branch current THD calculation is based on equation (6.5), where current values are used
instead of voltage, as follows:
I 22 I 32 ... I h2

THDi =

(6.5)

I1

Branch current RMS value is calculated according to:

I rms I12 I 22 ... I h2

(6.6)

Because the heating loss of a feeder is dependent on the Irms, not on the I1, feeders should be
sized according to Irms under harmonics condition.
The telephone interference factor (TIF) based on current is calculated as

(w I )

h h

TIF

h 1

(6.7)

I rms

Where wh is the weighting factor defined in the Options dialog box.

The IT product index is calculated as
I T

(w I

h h)

(6.8)

h 1

Total Demand Factor (TDD) is

TDD =

I 22 I 32 ... I h2

(6.9)

IL

where IL is the rated current.

6.3

Transformer K-factor
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Harmonic Analysis

Under harmonic conditions transformer current may be different on primary and secondary
sides, because zero sequence current may not go through Y- connected transformers.
Therefore, the program calculates all transformer current indices for all sides. For two winding
transformers, it is the primary and secondary sides and for three winding transformers, its the
primary, secondary and tertiary sides. Transformer K-factor is calculated according to:

I
h 2 h
I1
h 1
2

Ih


h 1 I1

K-factor =

6.4

(6.10)

Conduct Calculation

To conduct harmonic distortion indices calculation, it needs at least one harmonic source in
the studied network. User selects desired buses and branches on the drawing and then click
Harmonic Indices button as shown below.

Need at least one harmonic

source to run harmonic
distortion indices analysis.

After clicked the Harmonic Indices, harmonic calculation was executed and the harmonic
analysis Reports dialog box opened. User can select desired buses and branches on the
drawing before selecting the Harmonic Indices icon, or they may be selected in the dialog
box after selecting the icon.

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Harmonic Analysis

The program provides bus harmonic voltages and branch harmonic currents in plotting (select
buttons of Bus Harmonic Voltage and Branch Harmonic Current on the Reports dialog
box) and text (Harmonic Voltage/Current button). The following screen pictures show one
harmonic voltage curve, one harmonic current curve and a portion of the text report.
Harmonic voltage in waveform and spectrum at bus Busbar:

Harmonic current in waveform and spectrum through Switch 1:

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Harmonic Analysis

Portion of harmonic voltage at different frequency text report:

Portion of harmonic current at different frequency text report:

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Harmonic Analysis

Select the Total Harmonic Indices to view the total harmonic indices text report. The
following shows a portion of the report.

Selecting THD Violations button on the Reports dialog box provides a report of the buses
and branches that have higher THD numbers than the standard limits defined. IEEE Std.
519-1992 suggests the following values as maximum recommended limits for voltage
distortion:
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Harmonic Analysis
Table 6.1 Maximum Voltage Distortion Limits
Voltage at PCC

Individual Component Voltage

Distortion

Total Voltage Distortion

(THDF)

V 69 kV

3.0%

5.0%

69 kV < V 161 kV

1.5%

2.5%

V > 161 kV

1.0%

1.5%

These values are to be considered as worst-case scenarios applicable to operating

conditions lasting at least one hour. For momentary conditions such as load start-ups,
switching and other non-steady state circumstances, these limits may be exceeded by
50%.
For current distortion Limits, the following IEEE Std. 519-1992 table indicates that the
amount of harmonic current a customer is allowed to inject back into the PCC depends on
the size of the customer's load relative to the system's short circuit capacity.
Table 2: Maximum Current Distortion Limits

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in % of Fundamental (< 69 kV)

ISC/IL

Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics) %

TDD %

h < 11

11<h<17

17<h<23

23<h<35

h > 35

< 20

4.0

2.0

1.5

0.6

0.3

5.0

20 - 50

7.0

3.5

2.5

1.0

0.5

8.0

50 - 100

10.0

4.5

4.0

1.5

0.7

12.0

100-1000

12.0

5.5

5.0

2.0

1.0

15.0

> 1000

15.0

7.0

6.0

2.5

1.4

20.0

TDD: Total Demand Distortion

Isc:
Maximum short circuit current at the PCC
IL:
Maximum demand load current (fundamental) at the PCC calculated as the average
of the maximum demand over the preceding 12 months.
The values shown in this table are to be considered as worst-case scenarios applicable to
operating conditions lasting at least one hour. For momentary conditions such as load startups, switching and other non-steady state circumstances, these limits may be exceeded by
50%. Even harmonics should be limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits listed in the
table. Furthermore, half wave converters should not be allowed.

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Harmonic Analysis
VII. FILTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION

The common solution to harmonic problems is to use harmonic filters. In the simulation,
Filters can be added to any bus in a power network. For a selected bus, it can be
connected to with many filters, for example, 3rd, 5th, 7th and high-pass filters. Six types of
filters can be simulated in the program, as shown in the following harmonic filter editor
dialog box:

Filter types included:

Single tuned filter

nd

2 order high-pass filter

double tuned filter

rd

3 order high-pass filter

29

1st order high-pass

filter

3rd order high-pass

C-type filter

Harmonic Analysis

The R, L and C parameters are entered into the program in ohms at the fundamental
frequency or mH, H, F, mF ... at user's choice. There are also Design, Graph and VICal buttons to assist filter design as shown in the screen picture below.

In the current version, the Design is only available for single tuned filter. When clicking it,
the following dialog box opens:

This is a 5th
single tuned filter

This is the frequency impedance curve of the designed single tuned filter:

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Harmonic Analysis

Clicking VI-Cal button gets the filter P, Q consumption, V and I of each element:

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Harmonic Analysis

REFERENCES
1. E. W. Kimbark, "Direct Current Transmission", vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons,1971.
2. "IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonics Control in Electrical
Power Systems", IEEE Standard 519-1992.
3. "IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Analysis, IEEE Standard 399-1997.
4. Jos Arrillaga and Neville R. Watson, "Power System Harmonics", 2nd edition, John
Wiley & Sons 2003

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Harmonic Analysis

33