The Best Equation

THE BEST EQUATION OF STATE AND CORRELATION
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PROPOSED FOR PREDICTION OF IRANIAN CRUDE OIL
DENSITY AND VISCOSITY
INTRODUCTION
Density and viscosity are two important physical properties which are highly used in chemical engineering calculations. For
determination of these two physical properties two general types are applied:
1. Experimental type
2. calculation type
The experimental cost is more expensive than that of calculation type, and
preparation of the reservoir conditions in the laboratory is difficult. Further
more due to different pressures and temperatures exist in reservoir conditions,
applying the reservoir condition in laboratory causes many difficulties with more errors. The calculation methods which are based on
several mathematical relationships may predict density and viscosity, if needed data are available. Due to the lower cost of this method
than that of the experimental method, by computerization of the calculation method, if logical results with low errors is desired, it can be
mk:@MSITStore:E:\Csearch.chm::/2047.htm
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used insisted of experimental method.

In this work with using of some needed experimental data from the "Iranian oil field PVT reports" are prepared and needed steps are applied
to predict the oil density and viscosity, and compared with the experimental works. Finally the best calculation method which satisfies the
experimental works with the lowest
error is selected and recommended.
APPLIED STEPS
1- Searching in several equations of state and correlation for determination of

density and viscosity.
2- Preparation of required data(from the PVT reports).
3- Computerization of the defined available equations or using of the available
packages.
4- Retrieve the determined results and compare with the experimental values with
using of tables and graphs.
EQUATIONS OF STATE AND CORRELATIONS FOR
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY AND VISCOSITY
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Equations which are consisted of relations between pressure, volume, and temperature are called equations of state(EOS).
By using of these equations some fluid physical properties can be calculated.
In this work one of the wanted physical properties is density which can be calculated by "EOS". The ability of these equations for
determination of density
differs from each other, so causes different error percentages. To decrease the
error percentages, in this work, besides the EOS, some correlation are used.
In other words, at first, some needed data are calculated from the EOS, then by
applying the calculated data and another needed data in correlation the liquid
density with lower error percentage may be calculated.
For prediction of "liquid viscosity" some required calculated data from EOS and
density correlation and the other required data are applied in the viscosity
correlation.
To have a good accuracy with lower error percent by using of a
computer program "C7+" is break down in to nine pseudo components.
USED EQUATIONS OF STATE AND CORRELATIONS

In this work, it is attended to use the best known "EOS" and correlation. So,
after a literature survey about different EOS and correlation their ability for
needed calculations were studied.
Finally, several available equations and
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correlation were selected. Six EOS which are tabulated as the following:
Method
PR
SRK
Type
EOS
EOS
SRK(KD)
EOS
BWRST
EOS
LKP
GS
Corresponding state
Corresponding state
RECOMMENDATION OF THE BEST USED EOS AND
CORRELATION FOR DENSITY PREDICTION
After some studies and calculations, "API" correlation was selected as the best
equation used with EOS for density prediction.
In other words, due to the fact that the experimental densities are measured at
variable pressures and constant temperature conditions, so, by using "EOS" the
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compositions and any other required data of the liquid mixture are calculated
isothermally at any needed pressure, and then by using "API" correlation, liquid
density is calculated.
Among the mentioned EOS, Peng Robinson (PR), Soave-
Redlich-Kwong(SRK), Kabadi-Danner modification of Soave-Redlich-Kwong [SRK(KD)],

and Grayson-Streed(GS) equations of state when used with "API" correlation have
good density prediction, which the best results are predicted by "SRK(KD)" and
"GS" when used with "API" correlation.
VISCOSITY PREDICTION
The studies for viscosity prediction shows that if the "C7+"content is less than
45%, it is better to break down "C7+" in to some pseudo components and calculate
their required physical properties. Then, with use of the viscosity correlation,
liquid viscosity is calculated. There are some computer programs for break down
of "C7+" in to some pseudo components. In this work the "C7+" break down package
(which is installed on the NIOC main frame) has been used. The required data for
using the package are: pressure, temperature, composition,and some data from the
"Assay Book"in NIOC south oil field. In the mentioned package the "C7+" fraction
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is broken down in to some pseudo components. The results of running this program
are "Normal Boiling Point", "Molecular Weight", and "Specific gravity" of the
determined pseudo components. There is some data about the Iranian oil fields in
the "Assay Book". In this work the effect of some parameters such as temperature
and pressure, are considered in calculations and the following methods are
studied to find the best method for prediction of oil viscosity. "Beal" method, "Beggs and Robinson" method, "Lohrenz and Bray" method,
"Abbot-Kaufmann-Domash" correlation, Internally consistent correlation, and "API" method.
REQUIRED DATA PREPARATION
Due to the fact that the prediction of "Oil density and viscosity of the Iranian
oil fields" are to be considered, so, the existing "PVT" reports have been used.
The required data are retrieved from the Ahwaz, Aghajari, Gach saran, and Marun
reservoirs PVT Wells Reports. The under saturated reservoir oil composition and
the density and viscosity at variable pressures and constant temperature can be
retrieved from the PVT Reports. In PVT reports for identification of "C7+", it's molecular weight and specific gravity are given. As an
example for viscosity and density prediction, the retrieved data from "Well AZ - 34" are as follows:
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Component
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Composition Mole %
C1
39.389
C2
7.595
C3
5.322
iC4
1.030
nC4
2.835
iC5
1.182
nC5
1.571
C6
2.155
C7+
33.476
CO2
4.549
H2S
0.897
The "C7+ required existing data are

Molecular Weight of C7+ = 265
Specific Gravity of C7+ = 0.8959, So the density of C7+ = 55.879 lb/Ft^3
COMPUTERIZING USED EQUATIONS

There are some suitable packages for prediction of the fluid physical properties
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that have been used in this work. Among available packages the most perfect one
is "Pro2 Package". For prediction of "density and viscosity", the selected EOS
and correlation have been used to apply on this package.
For calculation of
the viscosity, as previously mentioned, the "C7+" component is broken in to nine pseudo components by using the " C7+ break down
package".
For comparison of the calculated data with the experimental data, they have been
tabulated and graphed by using the "Quatroporo Package (QP)".
The recommended type and its errors are given in the last columns.
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Due to the difference in the compositions of the oil fields and the formations
(Asmary and Bangestan formations)from which oil is produced,the data are divided
in to four groups based on the ratio of the amount of "C1","C2",and "C3" to that
of "C7+". The ratio may be written as the following:
X M +X M +X M
C1 C1 C2 C2 C3 C3
R = -------------------X M
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C7+ C7+
Where:
R=Ratio, Xi=Mole fraction of component "i", Mi=Molecular weight of component "i"
The groups can be classified as follows:
1 - R < 10
=
2 - 10 < R < 12
=
3 - 12 < R < 14
=
4 - R > 14
GROUP 1 R < 10
=
In this case "C7+" content is higher than that of light components.
So, the
dependence of the oil density to the light component physical properties is

decreased,and all of the selected equations predict the liquid density with good
accuracy.
Among these equations, SRK(KD) is the best and is recommended for
prediction of liquid density of this group.
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GROUP 2
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10 < R < 12
=
In this case, the light components of the oil are a little higher than that of
the previous cases, This causes that the calculated physical properties by some
of the selected equations differs from the experimental values. For example the
"LKP" equation doesn't predict logical results, because of a calculated "bubble
point much higher than that of experimental values. The other equations predict
good results up to the bubble point. But after matching the bubble point "BWRST"
method is failed. The liquid density prediction by the "SRK" "PR", "SRK(KD)",and
"GS" methods are good. Among these methods "SRK(KD)" is the best. To have the
best results a combination of "SRK(KD)" and "GS" (after the bubble point for the
pressure lower than 3000 PSI)is recommended.
GROUP 3
12 < R < 14
=
In this case the oil light components are more than that of the 2nd group. So,
the calculated physical properties by some of the equations is far from the
experimental values. In this case the "LKP" and "BWRST" methods, theoretically
flash the oil at a pressure much higher than that of the experimental values.
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The difference is about 2000 PSI. So, the predicted density by these equations
cannot be accepted(even though the results match experimental density values).
"GS" method, theoretically flashes the oil at a pressure about "600 - 1000" PSI
higher than the that of the experimental values.
So, the "GS" method density
results cannot be accepted, but if it is used after the bubble point, predicts
good results. "PR","SRK",and "SRK(KD)prediction is good and among these methods
"SRK(KD)" is the best. To have the best results a combination of "SRK(KD)" and
"GS"(after the bubble point for the pressure lower than 3000 PSI)is recommended.
GROUP 4 R > 14
In this case because of high content of light components, the dependence of the
oil density to the light components physical properties plays an important role.
As previously described, if the content of the oil light components is increased
the accuracy of the equations for density prediction is decreased. In this case
the "BWRST","LKP", and "GS" methods don't have a logical prediction because of
calculating the bubble point much higher than that of experimental values, but
"PR", "SRK", and "SRK(KD)" equations of state predict acceptable bubble point.
Among these EOS "SRK(KD)" is the best, but for the best results a combination of
"SRK(KD)" and "GS" (after the bubble point for the pressure lower than 3000 PSI)
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is recommended. It is important to know that with the equations mentioned in the all discussed groups the "API" density correlation is used.
RECOMMENDED VISCOSITY METHOD

Reservoir oil is consisted of hydrocarbon components ranges from "C1" to heavy
hydrocarbon components. Since there are high contents of "C1"and"C2"in reservoir
oil, (especially at high pressure reservoir conditions) and individual viscosity
determination of these two components isnt available, so, the methods based on
the data of individual component viscosity cannot predict the reservoir oil
viscosity with good accuracy. In addition, the presence of the high contents of
the heavy components causes an approaching to the real oil viscosity prediction.
Especially, if "C7+" is broken down to several pseudo components the approaching
to the real oil viscosity would be increased. In the other hand one of the most
important parameter for prediction of oil viscosity is density. So, by using the
mentioned equations for density prediction, the oil viscosity is calculated.
Inspite of logical approaching oil viscosity predicted by "Lohrenz and Bray"
method to the real oil viscosity, due to the fact that this method is based on
individual components viscosity, it cannot predict accurate viscosity.
Viscosity determination by "Beal method" which is based on graphs, cannot be
computerized with good accuracy for viscosity determination,because of different
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ranges. Viscosity prediction by "Beggs and Robinson"which is based on the liquid

"API gravity"is not more accurate than the similar methods. The method of "Abott
-Kaufmann-Domashm", TWU", and "API" which are the same, predict liquid viscosity
with good accuracy but "API" method prediction is better than the others.
The calculated viscosity without broken down of the "C7+" have an average error
of 20%. So, for the best prediction of the oil viscosity, a "C7+" broken down in
to nine pseudo components applied in the "SRK(KD)"and"GS" EOS with the mentioned
condition, and finally use of the "API" viscosity correlation is recommended.
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1/21/1998
PRESSURE
VISC
(L)
PSIA
C.P.
V-130
LAB
5015
4555
4040
3540
3040
2590
2025
1505
1000
480
AVERAGE
%ERROR
1.219
1.1778
1.1318
1.0867
1.047
1.0021
1.0442
1.2738
1.4187
1.7644
VISC
(L)
C.P.
VISC
(L)
C.P.
SRK
(KD)
0.91474 0.91474
0.88502 0.88502
0.8495 0.8495
0.81335 0.81335
0.7761 0.7761
0.742 0.742
0.69889 0.69889
0.82712 0.8375
1.0054 1.0126
1.27 1.2727
PR
VISC
(L)
C.P.
GS
0.91474
0.88502
0.8495
0.81335
0.7761
0.742
0.73992
0.8439
1.0017
1.267
VISC (L)
C.P.
REC.TYPE
1.2068
1.1666
1.1184
1.069
1.0178
0.97072
1.06
1.2247
1.4946
1.9706
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VISC
(L)
%
ERROR
VISC VISC
VISC (L)
(L)
(L)
%
%
%ERROR
ERROR ERROR
SRK
PR
GS REC.TYPE
(KD)
24.9598 24.9598 24.9598
1.00082
24.8582 24.8582 24.8582 0.950925
24.9426 24.9426 24.9426 1.183955
25.1541 25.1541 25.1541 1.628784
25.8739 25.8739 25.8739 2.788921
25.9555 25.9555 25.9555 3.131424
33.0693 33.0693 29.14 -1.51312
35.0667 34.2518 33.7494 3.854608
29.1323 28.6248 29.3931 -5.34997
28.0209 27.8678 28.1909 -11.6867
27.7033 27.5617 27.2218
3.30892
COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WITH PREDICTED VISCOSITY

(FAJR-44)
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PRESSURE DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY DEN
PSIA
LB/FT3 LB/FT3 LB/FT3 LB/FT3 LB/FT3 LB/FT3 LB/FT3 %ERROR %ERROR %ERROR %ERROR %ER
SRK
SRK
D - 400
LAB
PR
SRK
GS
BWRST
LKP
PR
SRK
GS
BW
(KD)
(KD)
5035
44.3465 44.345
44.345
44.345
44.432
44.486
44.727
0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 -0.1928 -0.31
4531
44.1095 44.165
44.165
44.165
44.328
44.507
45.287
-0.1258 -0.1258 -0.1258 -0.4954 -0.90
4332
43.9535 44.01
44.01
44.01
44.276
44.488
45.573
-0.1285 -0.1285 -0.1285 -0.7337 -1.21
4032
43.8475 43.887
43.887
43.887
44.252
44.468
45.749
-0.0901 -0.0901 -0.0901 -0.9225 -1.41
3836
43.7415 43.75
43.75
43.75
44.239
44.442
45.911
-0.0194 -0.0194 -0.0194 -1.1374 -1.60
3736
43.6853 43.675
43.675
43.675
44.239
44.437
45.991
0.02358 0.02358 0.02358 -1.2675 -1.72
3636
43.6292 43.595
43.595
43.595
44.243
44.408
46.069
0.07839 0.07839 0.07839 -1.4069 -1.78
3536
43.574
43.511
43.511
43.511
44.252
44.388
46.145
0.14458 0.14458 0.14458 -1.556
-1.86
3436
43.5169 43.423
43.423
43.423
44.267
44.366
46.22
0.21578 0.21578 0.21578 -1.7237 -1.95
3363
43.4733 43.356
43.356
43.356
44.282
44.298
46.273
0.26982 0.26982 0.26982 -1.8602 -1.89
3027
44.0471 43.021
43.021
43.021
44.397
44.249
46.514
2.32955 2.32955 2.32955 -0.7944 -0.45
2726
44.571
42.874
42.961
43.006
44.583
44.228
46.726
3.80741 3.61221 3.51125 -0.0269 0.769
2424
45.1012 43.57
43.636
43.677
44.862
44.222
46.943
3.39503 3.24869 3.15779 0.53036 1.949
2124
45.6251 44.316
44.364
44.4
45.244
44.244
47.169
2.86925 2.76405 2.68514 0.83529 3.027
1820
46.1553 45.122
45.155
45.185
45.743
44.356
47.413
2.23875 2.16725 2.10225 0.89329 3.898
1521
46.673
45.961
45.98
46.005
46.384
44.552
47.676
1.52551 1.4848
1.43123 0.6192
4.544
1222
47.1719 46.837
46.847
46.865
47.061
44.909
47.968
0.70996 0.68876 0.6506
0.2351
4.797
918
47.7339 47.765
47.765
47.778
47.89
45.491
48.306
-0.0652 -0.0652 -0.0924 -0.327
4.698
618
48.3009 48.725
48.717
48.723
48.807
46.544
48.701
-0.878
-0.8615 -0.8739 -1.0478 3.637
319
48.9745 49.79
49.776
49.777
49.872
47.644
49.23
-1.6652 -1.6366 -1.6386 -1.8326 2.716
153
49.436
50.527
50.514
50.513
50.516
48.021
49.698
-2.2069 -2.1806 -2.1786 -2.1846 2.862
AVERAGE %ERROR
1.08525 1.05422 1.03575 0.98201 2.287
COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WITH THE PREDICTED CRUDE OIL DENSITY IN DIFFERENT P
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THE BEST EQUATION OF STATE AND CORRELATION