CS100

Fundamentals of ICT
Fall 2014

Sensing, Hearing & Printing Data

Section-3A
Dr. Rehan Hafiz

rehan.hafiz@seecs.edu.pk

Lecture 04

Course Information, Credits &

http://lms.nust.edu.pk/
Acknowledgement
A NUMBER of slides that follow are taken from the Lecture Handouts developed by

Sir Maajid Maqbool & Dr. Junaid Qadir

& are being used with permission
& from Introduction to Computers, Peter Norton, 7th Edition
All images used in presentations are for educational purposes only. In most cases a hyperlink or image url is provided. If there is no reference and
originator wishes image to be removed, then please send email to rehan.hafiz@seecs.edu.pk for compliance

Material from these slides CAN be used with following citing reference:
Maajid Maqbool, Junaid Qadir, Rehan Hafiz : Fundamentals of ICT 2014

Creative Commons Attribution--ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Lectures:
Lab:
Lab Engineer:
Contact:
Office:

Monday (1400), Wednesday (1100)

Thursday (0900) Shirazi/Database Lab-SEECS
Mr. Ahmed Shafqat <ahmed.shafqat@seecs.edu.pk>
By appointment/Email: rehan.hafiz@seecs.edu.pk
A311- Faculty Block, SEECS, Building

The graphic on the Title page has been taken from:

http://www.getfilecloud.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/building-blocks.jpg

What is an IMAGE ?
What defines the quality of an image ?

Learning a bit more about images

What is an image ?

A 2D array/matrix of data

What is a pixel ?

The intensity value of a particular element of this 2D

array/matrix

Monitor Categories
Mono-Chrome
Grayscale
Color

Monitor Types

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

Flat Panal

PIXEL
Picture Element

Value of each
location is 0
or 1
MonoChrome

How many different

colors can you
represent using 24
bits ?

Monitors

All monitors use some kind of technology to

lighten up a display

A BIG monitor using multiple bulbs & Each bulb acting as a pixel
Is this display monochrome, gray-scale or colored ?

Adding Colors
Take THREE colored (R,G,B) BULBS and focus them on a region.
The light will add up and a new color shall be formed depending upon
the contribution of strength of R,G & B BULB
Same principle used in Monitors

http://www.indiana.edu/~telecom/people/fac
ulty/krause/graphics.html

Additive Color Model

Additive Color is the color system used for computer graphics, TV and lighting design.
This is the color mode used to create graphics for TV and web. It's referred to as
additive since lights are mixed or combined to make the various colors.
The primary colors (think of them as light sources) are:
Red
Green
Blue

Mix them together and you get white.

CRT Monitors
An Electron Gun fires a stream
of electrons towards
Phosphorous dots
A Magnetic coil controls the
horizontal & vertical deflection
of the stream
Phosphorous is a chemical that
glows when bombarded with
electrons
The smallest number phosphor
dots that the gun can focus is
called a pixel

http://dc358.4shared.com/doc/FyEqNYnu/preview.html

CRT Monitors
The electron gun systematically
aims at every pixel on the
screen.
Raster Scanning
Refresh Rate
The number of times per second
that the electron guns scan every
pixel om the screen.
Measures in Hz

If Refresh Rate is lower the

screen appears to flicker.
72 MHz is a good refresh rate

http://dc358.4shared.com/doc/FyEqNYnu/preview.html

CRT Monitor
Raster Scan
Black lines show each row of pixels
Blue lines show that we have drawn one image/frame on monitor
and now we are going to start the next image/frame
Hz Number of frame refreshes per second !!

Color Pixel for CRT Monitor

PIXEL = One group of Red,
Green & Blue phosphor
dots
Three different beams for
each colored dots

CRT Drawbacks
Big
Heavy
Consume more power as compared with LCDs
Not Portable

Flat Panel Displays

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD Displays)

Creates image with a special kind of Liquid Crystal
that is normally transparent but becomes opaque
when charged with electricity

Drawbacks
Limited Viewing Angle
Difficult to work in bright light conditions

Common Types of Flat Panels

Liquid Crystal Displays LCD Displays
Fluorescent (Cathode) Backlight on a grid of Liquid Crystals
Blacks are not that good
Affordable flat panels

Light Emitting Display LED Displays

Actually a LCD panel with an LED Backlight instead of a fluorescent backlight

Consumes less power
Even thinner
Blacks are better as compared to LCD

PLASMA
Outputs lights on a screen
Similar to a projection system, Colors are a bit washed out in bright light
Higher response time

OLED- Organic Light Emitting Diode OLED Displays

A grid of LEDs all the way
Very good Black

Resolution of Monitors
PPI Pixels Per Inch
PPI stands for Pixels Per Inch and is a metric typically used to describe the pixel
density (sharpness) for all sorts of displays, including cameras, computers, mobile
devices, etc
http://www.ubergizmo.com/what-is/ppi-pixels-per-inch/

Comparing Monitors

Size
Resolution
Refresh Rate
Dot Pitch
PPI
Contrast Ratios
The difference between blacks & whites

Monitors and Video Cards

Characteristics of good Monitors
Crisp text
Clear graphics
Adjustable controls
Clear edges

What matters in a monitor

Size of screen
Resolution of screen
Refresh Rate
Dot Pitch
Aspect Ratio

Monitors and Video Cards

Size of monitor
Measured in inches
Measured diagonally
Actual size
Distance from corner to corner

Viewable size
Useable portion of the screen

Resolution
Number of pixels on the screen
Higher number creates
sharper images

Monitors and Video Cards

Refresh rate

Number of time the screen is redrawn

75 hertz means 75 times per second
Modern equipment sets this automatically
Improper settings can cause eyestrain

Dot pitch

Distance between the same color dots

Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm
Smaller creates a finer picture
Should be less than .22

Persistence of Vision
Persistence of vision is the theory where an afterimage is thought to persist for
approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the retina,[citation needed] and believed
to be the explanation for motion perception, however it only explains why the
black spaces that come between each "real" movie frame are not perceived

Aspect Ratio
Ratio between width and
height
Width divided by Height
4:3 = 1.333
16:9 = 1.777

What is aspect ratio of a

Full HD monitor ?
1920 x 1080 so Aspect
Ratio?

CS100

Fundamentals of ICT
Fall 2014

Interacting with your Computer

Section-2A & B
Dr. Rehan Hafiz

rehan.hafiz@seecs.edu.pk

Lecture 04

Section 2A
Keyboard
The Mouse
Trackballs
Trackpads
Pointers

Ergonomics & RSI

Other input devices

Pens & Touch Screens

Optical Input Devices

Bar Code Reader

Image scanners & OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

Audiovisual Input Devices

Microphone (Uses Sound card), Audio Calls, Recording, Skype

Video Input- (Webcams), Video Conferencing
Video Capture Cards
Digital Cameras

Bar Code Reader

Laser Beam

Light Sensitive Detector

Good Resources:
https://www.denso-wave.com/en/adcd/fundamental/barcode/scanner/
http://www.carolinabarcode.com/how-barcode-scanners-work-a-69.html

Scanners
Image Scanners convert
printed image into electronic
form by shining light onto
the image and sensing the
intensity of light at every
point

Scanners

Resolution
A scanner's optical resolution is determined by
how many pixels it can actually see. For
example, a typical flatbed scanner will use a
scanning head with 300 sensors per inch, so it
can sample 300 dots per inch (dpi) in one
direction.
http://www.nuance.com/scannerguide/firsttimeusers/specifications/resolution.asp

OCR : Optical Character Recognition

When a scanner scans a page, the image is

stored as a bitmap(Image).
Job of OCR is to EXTRACT text that a computer
can understand

Learn to Find Problems

A CS graduate finds solution for local problems

Photo Credits: http://www.jawbologna.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/idea.jpg

Resolution of Images
DPI Dots Per Inch

https://cyberdog.wikispaces.com/file/view/Resolution-HappyFaces.png/298646830/Resolution-Happy-Faces.png