Geotehnic

-curs 99Conf. Dr. Ing. Ana Nicu

Capacitatea portant a terenului de fundare

Pmntul trebuie s fie capabil s suporte ncrcrile transmise de
orice structura amplasate deasupra lui.
Fundaiile de suprafa trebuie s aib dou caracteristici principale:

Fundaia trebuie s fie sigur , ruperii pmntului de sub aceasta produs
atunci cnd rezistena la forfecare pe o anumit suprafa a terenului este
depit de tensiunea de frecare care rezult din aciunile exterioare;

Fundaia nu trebuie sa prezinte tasri mari.
Analiznd comportarea pmntului situat sub talpa fundaiei, se
constat c, pentru sarcini mici, tasarea (spr ) este aproximativ proporional
cu presiunea (ppr) . n aceast faz pmntul se gsete n domeniul elastic
liniar.
p(daN/cm )
p pr

spr
spl

scr
s(cm)

p pl

p cr

Model tests have shown that, by increasing the load, the soil beneath
the foundation behaves differently.
In the first phase almost only the compression of the soil takes place,
the shear stresses being neglected.
Increasing the load, the magnitude of these shear stresses at the
boundaries of the foundation develops and slides take place. In so for as the
magnitude of these shear stresses is not too large and their development in
space is restrained, danger does not exist.
By increasing the load further, shear surfaces development occur.

Presiunea plastic
STAS 3300/2 - 85
p pl = B N1 + qN 2 + cN 3

N1 =

N2 =

0.25
cotg

cotg +
2

cotg
N3 =

cotg +
2

+1

Formule de calcul pentru presiunea limit,[ pl ]

Dimensiunea zonei platice

Zmax

B tg

Relaia de calcul pentru presiunea limit

[ pl ]

M.P.
Puzrevski
M.M.
Ghersevanov
D.K.
Jurgensen
D.K. Frlich

q 1 +
c o tg +

N.N.
Maslov

zmax

h1

D2

D1
B

zmax

c o tg
+ c

c o tg +

tan

cotg

B
+ q 1+
+c

cotg +
cotg +
cotg +

2
2
2

h2

zmax

Autor /
Normativ

B/4

STAS
3300/2-85

0,25 2qe qi
+
B
3

cotg

+ c cotg
1+

cotg 2 +
cotg 2 +

Metoda Terzaghi
n 1943, K. Terzaghi a stabilit ecuaiile pentru calculul capacitii
portante a terenului. A utilizat ecuaiile lui Prandtl pentru o fie infinit bazate
pe teoria plasticitii. Terzaghi a propus ca pentru o fundaie continu, suprafaa
de cedare n pmnt la ncrcarea ultim poate fi reprezentat ca n figura de
mai jos:

Zona de cedare de sub fundaie poate fi separat n trei pri:

- ABC = zona triunghiular, sub fundaie;
- AM 'C= AM '' B = Zone de cedare radiale;
- CM ' D = BM '' E = dou zone pasive triunghiulare Rankine

Ecuaiile de echilibru ntre forele T1,T2,T3 i T4, dup Kotter i Massau sunt:

T3 = T 2 e

tan

Presiunea p este egal cu:

T2 =

P'

2sin 45
+
2

and T3 =

P"

2sin 45

2

p = q etan tan2 45
+

2

Utiliznd analiza strii de echilibru, Terzaghi a exprimat valoarea

capacitii portante ultime sub forma:
1
pu = B N + qN q + cN c
2
c = coeziunea pmntului;
= greutatea specific a pmntului;

q = Df

N , N q , N c - Factorii de capacitate portant

Variaia factorilor de capacitate portant:

Factorii de capacitate portant

se calculeaz cu urmtoarele
relaii:
N =

1 Kp
1 tan

2 cos 2

2 3 tan
e 4 2

Nc = cotg
1

2
2cos

4 2

2 3

Nq =

ta n

2 cos2
+
2
4

Capacitatea portant a fundaiilor de suprafa n condiii drenate:

1
Pa = z 2Ka + pcr z Ka 2c z Ka
2
1
Pp = z2K p + pcr z K p + 2c z K p
2

(
)
K p = tan2 ( 45
+ 1 )
2
K a = tan 2 45
1
2

-Coeficientul presiunii active;

-Coeficientul presiunii pasive.

Unde: Pa = Pp
pcr

K p Ka )
(
=B

Kp

2 Ka

Pentru : z = B

+q

Kp
Ka

+c

Kp +

Ka

Ka

K p

pcr = B N + q Nq + c Nc

Ecuaia general a capacitii portante

Meyerhof a propus scrierea ecuaiei generale a capacitii
portante sub urmtoarea form:

pu = 1 BN F s F d F i + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + cNc Fcs Fcd Fci

2

Unde: c =coeziunea;
q = suprasarcin permanent aplicat la nivelul tlpii de fundare la
nivelul tlpii fundaiei;
= greutatea volumic a pmntului;
B = limea fundaiei (diaterul fundaiei pentru o fundaie circular);
- factori de capacitate portant

Fs = factor de form;
Fd = factorul de adncime;
Fi = factorul forei nclinate;
Unde: L>B;
L lungimea fundaiei;
B limea fundaiei;

= unghiul de nclinare a ncrcrii pe fundaie n raport cu

ncrcarea vertical

Calculul terenului de fundare la starea limit

Comportamentul terenului de sub fundaie depinde n primul rnd de
proprietile sale mecanice: compresibilitatea i rezistena la forfecare.
Pentru a evidentia modul n care sunt prezentate principalele etape
ale procesului de deformare a pmntului sub ncrcri, se ia n considerare
ncercare cu placa rigid, pentru care diagrama de ncrcare - tasare(p - s)
este reprezentat grafic. Pe acest grafic se pot distinge cele trei seciuni care
corespund comportamentului liniar respectiv.
0

pcr

p1

sl

A
p1<p<pcr

se
B

p>pcr
zmax

0<p<p1

se
sp

II

III

Thus, when the estimate of probable deformations of foundation soil, or

of those corresponding to the stage of linear or quasi linear behavior, or to
development of plastic zones is made, the carrying capacity calculus for
foundation soils and the check of stability for slopes and hillsides are made for the
failure stage.
In different stages of foundation soil deformation under loading, the
foundation can attain the deformation limit state (DLS) or limit state of carrying
capacity (LSCC).
The computation of foundation ground in the case of direct foundation is
made from establishing the plane sizes of footings, in such a way that the
pressures on their plates give to the construction stability and safety in its normal
service. This calculus is made taking into account the limit state of deformation,
the limit state of carrying capacity or on the basis of conventional pressures. They
are made different, depending on the class of importance of construction, the
static system and its constructive make-up, the sensibility of construction to
settlements, the existence of restrictions to deformations in service, the type of soil
and the design phase.

Preliminary design of foundations is made on the basis of

conventional pressure by estimation or function of technological conditions.
Final calculus, on the basis of conventional pressure is made only
in the case of ordinary constructions insensitive to settlements, without
restrictions in exploitation and on good foundation soils.

pef , p 'ef

- vertical medium pressure on foundation plate from design loads

of fundamental group, respectively special group;
pconv - design conventional pressure;
pef max , p,
ef max - maximum effective pressure on foundation plate obtained
from design load of fundamental group, respectively special group.

Calculus of the foundation soil based on the conventional

pressure:
_
p conv = p conv +c B +c D

- Valori ce se regsesc n tabele

cb, cd

- corecii
_
c B = p co n v K 1 ( B - 1)

k1- coeficient funcie de tipul pmntului

Computation of deformations limit state DLS

Is made for loads from fundamental groups, corresponding to an
ultimate limit state (ULS), (if the deformations of foundation soil can result in
displacements and deformations of the building, compatible with it structure)
or corresponding to a normal serviceability limit state (SLS), (if the soil
deformations hinder the normal exploitation of construction).
Computation of deformation limit state in the foundation soil done
by observing the double condition:

The validity of possible deformations calculus is conditioned by

limiting the plastic zones that occur in foundation soils. The following
conditions must be accomplished:.
Loads

Condition to respect

centrically

pef ppl

eccentrically
- on single direction

pef max 1,2 ppl

- on both directions

p ef max 1,4 p pl

Loads group
STAS 10101/0-75
fundamental
special
fundamental grouping
(F.G.)
special grouping (S.G)
fundamental F.G.
special S.G.

Where:

p pl

- the pressure that corresponds to a limited extension of

plastic zones in the foundation soil;

pef max, pef max - the maximum vertical pressure on the foundation plate
produced by design loads from fundamental group, in the
case of eccentricity in one direction, respectively in both
directions.

The limit pressure is determined with relation for buildings without basement:

p pl = m l BN 1 + qN 2 + cN 3
N 1 , N 2 , N 3 - dimensional coefficients;
m l - working conditions coefficient;

- weighted mean of the unit weight of the soil;

B - width of the foundation.

In the case of constructions with basement, the value is taken equal to:
2 qe + qi

p pl = ml BN1 +
N 2 + c N3
3

Where:
B small size of foundation

q = D

q e , qi

- design overloading of the level of foundation plate, on the

foundation side;

- design overloading of the level of foundation plate, on the

exterior of foundation and respectively the interior of basement
foundation;

c design value of cohesion for the layer under the foundation plate;

- internal friction angle of the layer that is under the foundation plate;

- weighted mean of design volume weight of layers that are

under foundation, included on the depth B/4 m, measured from
the foundation plate.

Coeficieni ai condiiilor ed lucru N1, N2 i N3

N1

0,00

1,00

3,14

0,03

1,12

3,32

0,06

1,25

3,51

0,10

1,39

3,71

0,14

1,55

3,93

10

0,18

1,73

4,17

12

0,23

1,94

4,42

14

0,29

2,17

4,69

16

0,36

2,43

5,00

18

0,43

2,72

5,31

20

0,51

3,06

5,66

22

0,61

3,44

6,04

24

0,72

3,87

6,45

26

0,84

4,37

6,90

28

0,98

4,93

7,40

30

1,15

5,59

7,95

32

1,34

6,35

8,55

34

1,55

7,21

9,21

36

1,81

8,25

9,98

38

2,11

9,44

10,80

40

2,46

10,84

11,73

42

2,87

12,50

12,77

44

3,37

14,48

13,96

45

3,66

15,64

14,64

N2

N3

Valorile coeficientului condiiilor de lucru, ml

Computation of the limits state of bearing capacity

The calculus of foundation soil for the limit state of carrying
capacity is done by observing the condition:
Q < mR
where:
Q the design load applied on foundation soil, produced from special group
actions, that can be either effective pressure, slipping force, or overturning
moment, etc.;
R design carrying capacity of foundation soil that can be either critical
pressure, shear strength, or stability moment, etc.;
m working conditions coefficient.
The carrying capacity in the case of direct foundations with
horizontal foundation plate is verified with relation:

p 'ef =

V
L ' B '

p ' < mc pcr

- the medium vertical pressure on the foundation plate
resulting from design loads of special group;
- are reduced length and respectively reduced width

of foundation plate;
mc = 0.9 - the working conditions coefficient

In the case of rocky grounds , being the strength of the rock in

saturated state. For non-rocky grounds, the critical pressure is determined
with relation:
pcr = * B ' N i + qN q q iq + c* N c c ic
Where:

-is the design volume weight of soil layer that is under the foundation
plate;
B reduced width of foundation plate;
N , N q , Nc - coefficient of carrying capacity, determined function of
internal friction angle of the layer under foundation plate;
, q , c - shape coefficients of foundation plate;

i , iq , ic - coefficients that depend on the slope of design loads

resultant about vertical and that are established with the help
of graphs.

Valorile coeficienilor de capacitate portant

Nc

Nq

Nq/ Nc

tan

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

0.00
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.71
0.86
1.03
1.22
1.44
1.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.07
4.68
5.39
6.20
7.13
8.20
9.44
10.88
12.54
14.47
16.72
19.34
22.40
25.99
30.22
35.19
41.06
48.03
56.31
66.19
78.03
92.25
109.41
130.22
155.55
186.54
224.64
271.76
330.35
403.67
496.01
613.16
762.89

5.14
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.82
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.11
118.37
133.88
152.10
173.64
199.26
229.93
266.89

1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.63
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.38
99.02
115.31
134.88
158.51
187.21
222.31
265.51
319.07

0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.15
1.20

0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19

Coeficienii de form ai tlpii fundaiei