Experimental Investigation of Forced Circulation Solar Air Heater Along With Integrated Solar Collector and Phase Change Material (Paraffin Wax)

International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)
Volume 1 Issue 4, October 2014

ISSN: 2349-8862
Experimental Investigation Of Forced Circulation Solar Air Heater

Along With Integrated Solar Collector And Phase Change Material
(Paraffin Wax)
Mr. Kaushal Kishore

M.Tech student
Prof. J. N. Mahto
Prof. R. S. Prasad
Prof. (Dr.) S. C. Roy
Assistant Professor in Department of Mechanical

engineering, BIT Sindri
HOD and Professor
Abstract: Latent heat thermal energy storage is one of

the most efficient ways to store the thermal energy for
heating air by energy received from the sun. This project is
investigation and analysis of thermal energy storage
incorporating with phase change materials (PCM) and
integrated solar collector plate for use in solar air heater.
The integrated collector storage (ICS) concept is applicable
as direction in increasing the economic feasibility and more
attractive for space heating, cooling in domestic, agricultural
and industrial applications in buildings, solar applications,
off-peak energy storage, and heat exchanger improvements.
It focuses mostly on applications involving a reduction of
electric power consumption. A system of this combines
collection and storage of thermal energy in a single unit.
Compared with the other conventional domestic air heating
system, the integrated collector heating system has the more
advantage of simplicity, both in erection and in operation.
The thermal performance of this solar air heater with phase
change material and integrated collector plate are more than
conventional type because large surface area for heat
transfer is obtained. When the sun ray falls on the solar
collector plate, the panel or surface area is responsible for
the amount of heat storage. This heat energy is transferred
with the help of aluminium fins to the stored paraffin wax
which is used as a latent heat storage system. In this project
reflector plate with stand and paraffin wax is used. The
latent heat storage capacity of paraffin wax is more. So that
the amount of heat energy is increased with the help of this
reflector. Due to this more amount of heat energy the
difference of inlet air temperature and outlet air temperature
is more, so that high temperature of hot air is obtained and
efficiency of collector plate is increased. This improved
collector efficiency by reducing heat loss to the environment,
and help achieve an overall efficiency, which accosts of
pumping loss for moving air through the collector.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy developed as a means of cheap energy for

Drying grains, fruits, vegetables, tea, and building heating,
www.ijsres.com
space heating, drying for industrial & agriculture purposes.

The increasing need for renewable energy sources, specifically
solar energy, requires that research be conducted to improve
the efficiency of solar systems. Energy storage is not only
plays an important role in conservation the energy but also
improves the performance and reliability of wide range of
energy systems. Solar air heater is a simple device to heat air
by utilizing solar energy. Such heater is implemented in many
applications which require low temperature below 60C. Solar
air heating (solar collector) is a renewable heating technology
and provides heat using solar energy. With fuel costs and other
factors, solar air heater is getting more attention. The
performance of SAH depends on a number of factors. There
are many advantages of solar air heater systems. Firstly, they
are simple to maintain and design. After the set-up cost, a
solar air heater system has no fuel expenditure. There is less
leakage and corrosion when compared to the systems that use
liquid. It is also an eco-friendly system which has zero
greenhouse gas emissions. It is really cost effective and simple
way to get 75% more power from any ordinary solar panel.
Modern air heater design, focused mainly on improves
conductive heat transfer and absorber plate temperature. Most
of the time a solar panel is working well below peak power,
and when the sun is lower in the sky, early morning and late
afternoon. The light levels are just not so enough. To boost the
sun light level so introduce a mirror or reflector plate to reflect
more Solar irradiation onto the solar collector plate. This is
probably one of the cheapest and easiest ways to boost the
power of a small solar collector plate. The greatest limitations
to increasing the use of conventional collectors are their
relatively low average efficiency and high investment cost.
For this reason, significant research on improving the
efficiency of collector plate has been carried out. It indicate
that the greatest theoretical improvements to the collector
efficiency can be achieved by utilizing internal fins in the
collector plates, reflective surface and phase change material
(paraffin wax). Phase change materials (PCM) are Latent
heat storage materials. The thermal energy transfer occurs
when a material changes from solid to liquid, or liquid to
solid. Initially, these solidliquid PCMs perform like
conventional storage materials; their temperature rises as they
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ISSN: 2349-8862
absorb heat. Unlike conventional (sensible) storage materials,
PCM absorbs and release heat at a nearly constant
temperature. They store 514 times more heat per unit volume
than sensible storage materials such as water etc.
II.
precisely across a wide scale. However, in this test

measurement range was limited to 1.5-4 m/s.
A flow straightener (Triangular) was used at the inlet and
outlet, to guarantee uniform flow into the solar collector. A
pyranometer measuring short wave radiation was connected at
the same slope to as the collector to read solar radiation flux
(W/m2) on the inclined surface.
A hot wire anemometer was installed, and its reading was
taken at several locations across the perpendicular plane to the
flow direction so that an average velocity is measured. This
measurement is used to determine the air flow rate across the
unit.
Reading were obtained for two inlet air temperature
values and two outlet air temperature values, in addition to six
reading of the temperature of the absorber plate at different
location along the length and across the width. These ten
reading were taken by the use of J-Type thermocouple. The
thermocouples were connected to 6-channel thermocouple
amplifier. In addition, another J-type thermocouple was
connected to measure the ambient air temperature. The
pyranometer output reading was converted into a heat flux
using the calibration relation (1mV=129.31W/
as per
specification).
Once the unit was connected, it was left to run for about 2
days before the measurements were taken, in order to
overcome the initial transient effects and to confirm reliable
operation of the unit. Then, the experiment was run at steady
state for a period of 9 days at PG Hostel B.I.T, Sindri.
LITERATURE REVIEW
O. V. Ekechukwu. et.al [1] they proposed designs and

performance technique of a flat plate solar energy air heating
collectors for low temperature. The design and construction of
solar air heating collectors at critical to overall performance
for either active or passive solar energy.
Gawlik Keith .et.al[2] they developed an unglazed,
transparent-plate solar air heater for heating air directly. The
collector temperature was low, relative to systems that
recalculate the air. They used low cost materials like plastic to
reduce the cost of solar air heater.
Jaurker AR et.al[3] They studied the heat transfer and
friction characteristics of collector plate in solar air heater. At
low flow rates the solar air heater with roughness elements
gives better performance. At high flow rate, the smooth duct
solar air heater had better efficiency.
Cemil Yamal. et.al[4] They were investigate theoretically
the effect of different system operating conditions like types of
air heater, different design parameters and different weather
condition on a solar air heater. They used Runge-Kutta
method to solve the energy balance equations numerically
with double-pass solar air heater under the same operating
conditions.
E. Zambolin. .et.al [5] were developed a glazed flat plate
collector usually present a metal absorber in a flat rectangular
housing. The glass covers on the upper surface and the
insulation on the other sides. The solar energy absorbed by the
plate is transferred to the liquid flowing within the collector
plate.
Ljiljana T. Kostic. et.al [6] they proposed the influence of
reflectance from flat plate solar radiation concentrators made
of Al sheet. With the increase of solar radiation intensity
concentration factor and total daily thermal energy generated
by Thermal collector with concentrators increase.
IV.
The reading was taken for first three days in one mass
flow rate (0.015 Kg/s) and for next three days in second mass
flow rate (0.020 Kg/s) and same for next three days in third
mass flow rate (0.025 Kg/s).Observation was taken from 6:00
am to 5:00 am next day with one hour interval, for 24 hour
(Day and night).
The obtain data with corresponding date are given in
below mentioned tables
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
III.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Figure 1: experimental Set up

The solar collector along with its inlet and outlet ducts
was installed at an angle of 20.58 south to the horizontal. A
centrifugal air blower was attached to the inlet and placed with
a voltage regulator so that the inlet air flow rate can be varied
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Outlet
Temp.
( )
Absorber plate temperature

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
Ti1
Ti2
To1
To2
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
06
22
23
23
30
30
27
28
33
34
36
36
07
28
30
30
38
39
34
36
35
38
42
44
437.551
08
31
32
32
43
44
36
38
40
44
47
49
621.1712
09
37
39
38
49
50
42
44
46
48
52
55
723.3261
10
40
42
43
53
53
47
49
50
52
55
59
772.4639
11
42
45
44
55
56
48
50
52
54
58
61
839.7051
12
13
45
46
44
46
43
45
57
60
58
60
47
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
60
64
63
66
895.3084
969.0151
14
45
44
45
58
58
49
51
55
59
64
64
906.9463
15
44
46
45
52
52
49
50
55
58
62
58
808.6707
16
40
45
45
48
48
49
54
56
58
60
54
716.8606
17
39
43
42
46
46
46
49
52
56
60
52
622.4643
18
38
40
39
45
45
43
46
50
54
57
51
453.0682
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ISSN: 2349-8862
19
35
36
37
44
44
41
44
47
50
52
50
20
32
32
34
43
43
38
40
42
46
50
49
21
29
30
32
43
43
36
38
41
44
48
49
22
28
30
30
42
42
34
37
40
42
45
48
23
00
28
27
28
27
30
28
42
42
42
42
34
32
36
34
39
37
39
40
44
44
48
48
01
26
27
27
41
41
31
33
35
38
40
47
02
03
04
25
23
23
26
25
24
27
24
22
36
32
29
36
33
29
31
28
26
31
30
29
35
30
31
36
34
33
38
36
36
42
38
35
0
0
0
22
23
22
27
27
26
29
33
36
37
33
05
23
27
28
27
38
37
33
35
37
37
40
44
00
25
25
26
34
34
32
34
35
36
38
40
01
25
25
25
31
31
32
33
34
35
37
37
02
24
24
24
30
30
31
32
33
34
35
37
0
0
03
24
24
23
30
31
32
33
34
34
36
04
23
23
24
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
05
22
22
23
28
28
27
30
32
33
34
34
Observation Table1: First Day Mass flow rate (1) =0.015

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
TP1
30
33
41
45
47
47
51
50
TP2
33
35
45
45
49
50
52
54
TP3
34
36
52
46
52
53
54
57
TP4
37
40
56
50
55
56
56
60
TP5
39
44
50
55
59
60
60
63
TP6
37
46
54
60
60
62
64
66
0
456.481
647.0332
652.2056
794.4466
944.4462
824.317
944.4462
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
22
28
32
38
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Ti1
Ti2
23
22
28
29
32
33
38
39
Outlet
Temp.
( )
To1
To2
30
30
39
39
45
45
51
51
06
07
08
09

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
TP1
26
33
37
43
TP2
28
34
38
43
TP3
30
36
40
47
TP4
30
38
41
49
TP5
31
40
44
52
TP6
35
44
50
56
0
468.5854
609.5333
678.0676
10
11
12
13
40
43
45
46
40
43
45
46
41
44
46
46
52
55
55
56
52
55
56
56
45
48
50
50
47
50
54
53
49
53
56
58
50
57
60
61
54
58
62
62
57
60
61
61
793.1535
825.481
904.3601
984.5323
14
15
46
45
45
46
45
47
55
52
55
52
49
51
51
56
55
60
58
60
61
63
60
57
939.2738
894.0153
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
25
29
34
39
41
42
45
46
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Ti1
Ti2
25
26
29
29
35
37
40
41
42
43
43
43
46
47
47
46
16
44
45
46
49
49
50
52
56
58
60
54
696.171
14
15
16
17
47
47
44
41
48
46
45
42
47
47
46
44
60
56
52
48
60
56
52
48
51
51
50
48
55
55
52
50
58
59
57
54
62
61
60
57
63
63
62
60
66
62
58
54
837.1189
787.9811
648.3262
468.5854
17
18
19
42
39
38
42
42
40
42
41
39
45
43
42
45
43
42
46
45
43
50
47
40
53
50
46
57
55
54
61
58
57
50
48
47
667.7228
556.5162
0
18
19
20
21
22
23
36
33
31
30
29
29
37
35
33
32
31
30
38
36
34
33
31
31
46
44
43
43
42
41
46
44
43
43
42
42
42
40
38
37
35
35
44
42
41
40
38
40
47
46
45
44
43
41
52
50
46
45
45
42
54
52
50
50
47
43
52
50
49
49
48
47
325.0513
0
0
0
0
0
20
21
36
34
37
34
38
35
42
41
42
41
42
39
44
41
48
45
50
48
55
48
47
46
0
0
22
23
00
32
31
29
32
32
30
33
32
30
41
40
40
45
40
40
37
36
34
38
38
35
40
40
38
44
42
42
48
46
45
50
45
45
0
0
0
00
01
02
28
26
25
30
28
27
29
29
28
41
39
34
43
39
34
33
33
32
36
35
35
40
38
37
42
41
39
44
43
40
47
45
40
0
0
0
01
29
30
30
39
39
34
32
34
37
40
44
03
04
05
25
24
24
27
24
23
27
23
24
32
29
28
32
29
28
31
27
28
35
30
30
36
34
34
38
37
34
39
37
36
38
35
34
0
0
0
02
03
04
05
28
24
22
22
29
24
25
24
29
25
25
23
35
31
30
29
35
32
30
29
33
29
29
27
33
30
30
28
36
32
30
30
39
34
34
33
40
37
35
35
40
37
35
34
0
0
0
0
( )
Outle
Temp.
( )
To1
To2
31
31
40
41
48
48
54
54
54
55
56
56
58
58
60
61
Observation Table3: Third Day Mass flow rate (1) =0.015

kg/s
Observation Table2: Second Day Mass flow rate (1) =0.015

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Outlet
Temp.
( )

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
Ti1
Ti2
To1
To2
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
Observation Table4: Fourth Day Mass flow rate (2) =020

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Outlet
Temp. ( )

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
Ti1
Ti2
To1
To2
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
06
23
25
24
32
32
28
29
31
31
32
28
06
23
24
25
29
30
35
35
35
35
37
38
07
29
29
29
37
37
33
31
34
36
38
33
517.7232
07
25
24
26
30
30
33
34
35
35
35
36
511.2577
08
31
33
32
44
44
36
36
37
39
44
36
675.4814
09
36
38
37
50
50
41
41
44
47
50
41
723.3261
10
37
41
40
54
54
44
45
47
53
56
44
802.2052
11
39
43
42
56
56
46
49
52
56
58
46
869.4464
08
29
30
28
42
42
35
33
34
35
40
40
636.6884
09
32
31
33
46
46
37
38
40
44
43
44
773.757
10
36
36
37
51
53
41
42
46
50
52
57
838.412
11
40
42
42
56
56
46
43
54
56
58
62
928.929
12
13
42
43
44
45
43
46
52
51
52
51
47
50
50
53
55
56
57
58
58
61
47
50
892.7222
930.2221
12
44
46
44
59
59
51
54
57
60
63
65
869.4464
14
15
43
43
46
43
45
43
48
48
48
48
49
47
52
53
55
56
58
59
60
61
49
47
903.067
842.2913
13
45
46
45
59
60
56
60
63
64
65
65
878.4981
16
39
39
39
44
44
43
52
55
58
60
43
772.4639
17
38
38
38
43
43
42
50
54
56
59
42
658.6711
18
37
37
37
42
42
41
48
50
52
55
41
495.7405
19
36
37
36
41
41
40
44
46
50
52
40
20
35
35
36
40
41
40
43
45
46
50
40
14
45
44
43
53
53
54
56
58
60
62
59
852.6361
15
43
42
43
48
48
52
55
57
59
61
54
710.3951
16
42
42
41
47
48
49
53
55
58
60
53
569.4472
17
39
40
41
46
46
45
47
51
54
56
52
464.7061
21
35
35
33
40
40
37
40
42
44
48
37
18
36
37
38
46
46
42
44
48
50
53
52
441.4303
22
32
33
34
40
40
38
40
42
45
47
38
19
33
33
35
45
45
39
40
44
48
51
52
23
31
33
33
39
39
37
39
40
44
47
37
20
30
30
31
45
45
36
38
41
44
46
48
00
29
30
31
39
39
35
36
39
42
44
35
21
29
30
29
43
43
34
36
38
41
42
44
01
28
29
30
36
36
34
36
38
40
41
34
22
27
28
28
41
42
34
35
37
38
41
47
02
26
28
28
32
32
32
34
37
39
40
32
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ISSN: 2349-8862
03
25
26
27
31
31
31
31
34
35
37
31
04
25
26
25
30
30
29
30
33
35
37
29
05
25
26
24
29
29
28
29
31
34
36
28
Time
(hr)
Observation Table5: Fifth Day Mass flow rate (2) =0.020

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
06
07
25
30
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Ti1
Ti2
27
26
30
29
Outlet
Temp. ( )

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
08
09
35
38
37
40
38
41
47
50
47
50
42
45
43
45
43
47
44
49
46
52
52
55
669.0159
755.6536
10
11
39
39
42
45
44
46
52
56
52
56
48
50
51
52
52
54
55
58
58
60
57
61
833.2396
921.1704
12
40
45
44
55
55
48
50
55
58
60
60
914.7049
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
40
41
41
38
35
34
34
33
30
45
42
41
38
36
35
34
32
32
46
42
41
38
36
35
34
34
32
53
48
46
43
41
41
41
40
40
53
48
46
43
41
41
41
40
40
50
46
45
42
40
39
38
38
36
54
55
54
55
50
46
40
39
39
56
57
56
57
52
48
42
40
38
60
61
58
58
55
49
44
40
40
62
63
60
60
58
52
47
42
42
58
53
51
48
46
46
46
45
45
958.6703
909.5325
855.2223
703.9296
582.3782
503.4991
0
0
0
22
23
29
28
30
30
30
29
39
39
39
39
34
33
37
35
37
36
39
36
41
39
44
44
0
0
00
01
02
28
26
25
29
28
28
30
28
27
38
34
31
38
34
31
34
32
31
34
33
33
36
35
36
38
37
40
40
40
41
43
39
36
0
0
0
03
04
05
25
24
24
26
26
24
26
26
24
30
29
29
30
30
29
30
30
28
30
30
30
33
31
30
34
33
33
35
36
35
35
35
34
0
0
0
To1
34
39
To2
34
39
TP1
30
33
TP2
32
34
TP3
34
36
TP4
37
38
TP5
37
40
TP6
39
44
0
517.7232
Observation Table6: Sixth Day Mass flow rate (2) =0.020

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
22
26
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Ti1
Ti2
23
22
27
28
06
07
To1
27
35
To2
27
36
TP1
26
32
TP2
26
34
TP3
28
36
TP4
30
38
TP5
31
39
TP6
31
40
0
489.275
08
31
31
31
40
41
35
36
37
39
43
45
659.9642
09
35
36
35
44
45
39
41
43
44
46
49
806.0845
10
11
40
43
41
43
42
44
49
53
50
52
46
48
45
49
45
51
48
56
50
56
54
56
820.3086
927.6359
12
13
44
45
44
45
45
46
54
55
55
55
49
50
50
52
53
55
55
58
57
60
59
59
931.5152
939.2738
14
15
45
45
45
45
45
45
54
52
54
52
49
49
50
50
54
52
57
55
58
58
58
56
897.8946
800.9121
16
43
44
44
48
48
48
49
53
55
57
52
564.2748
17
41
41
41
45
45
45
46
49
51
55
49
504.7922
18
39
39
39
43
43
43
48
48
50
52
47
450.482
19
37
38
38
41
41
42
46
47
49
51
45
20
37
38
38
40
40
42
43
45
48
50
44
21
36
37
37
Outlet
Temp. ( )
40
40

( )
41
41
43
44
48
44
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
Tamb
( )
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Ti1
Ti2
Outlet
Temp. ( )

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
To1
To2
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
06
23
23
23
26
27
27
27
28
29
30
27
07
27
28
29
34
34
33
36
36
38
39
33
463.413
08
30
30
31
37
37
35
37
39
40
43
35
610.8264
09
35
36
37
44
46
41
42
44
46
48
41
679.3607
10
11
41
42
41
42
41
42
48
50
48
50
45
46
49
50
50
53
52
56
54
58
45
46
764.7053
839.7051
12
13
14
15
43
44
44
45
43
44
45
45
43
44
45
45
52
53
51
48
52
53
51
48
47
48
49
49
52
53
51
50
54
54
53
52
58
59
56
55
59
60
58
57
47
48
49
49
894.0153
904.3601
840.9982
798.3259
16
41
41
41
45
46
45
48
50
52
55
45
706.5158
17
37
37
37
41
41
41
47
49
51
54
41
640.5677
18
19
36
34
36
34
36
34
40
40
40
40
40
38
46
43
47
45
49
47
52
50
40
38
546.1714
0
20
21
34
33
34
33
34
33
39
39
39
39
38
37
39
37
41
38
45
40
46
42
38
37
0
0
22
33
33
33
38
38
37
34
36
38
40
37
23
31
31
31
38
38
35
33
35
37
39
35
00
01
30
28
31
28
31
29
36
33
36
33
35
33
34
33
37
35
37
36
39
38
35
33
0
0
02
25
26
26
30
30
30
30
33
36
37
30
03
24
24
24
30
31
28
29
30
32
34
28
04
24
24
23
27
28
27
28
29
31
33
27
05
22
23
22
26
27
26
27
27
29
30
26
Observation Table8: Eighth Day Mass flow rate (3) =0.025

kg/s
Time
(hr)
Tamb
( )
Ti1
Ti2
To1
To2
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4
TP5
TP6
06
22
23
22
25
25
26
26
27
28
30
29
07
28
29
30
35
35
34
32
36
38
38
39
528.068
08
33
34
36
41
41
40
41
41
42
46
45
566.861
09
37
38
39
45
45
43
42
44
47
50
49
662.5504
10
11
40
41
40
42
40
42
48
50
48
53
44
46
45
51
47
52
50
55
53
57
52
57
809.9638
921.1704
12
42
43
43
53
53
47
52
54
58
60
57
918.5842
13
14
15
42
43
43
44
43
43
44
43
43
53
50
46
53
50
46
48
47
47
54
53
52
57
54
55
60
56
58
62
59
61
57
54
50
956.0841
895.3084
781.5156
16
40
40
40
43
43
44
51
56
58
60
47
581.0851
17
39
40
39
41
41
43
45
49
50
53
45
528.068
18
35
35
36
39
39
40
42
46
48
50
43
463.413
19
32
32
33
39
39
37
41
44
45
46
43
20
31
32
33
38
38
37
38
40
42
44
42
21
31
32
33
38
38
37
38
39
40
42
42
22
30
30
31
37
37
35
37
39
40
43
41
23
28
29
30
36
36
34
34
36
38
40
40
00
01
02
27
26
25
28
27
25
28
28
27
33
31
30
33
31
30
32
32
31
33
33
33
36
34
33
38
35
36
39
37
36
37
35
34
0
0
0
03
04
24
23
25
24
26
24
29
28
30
28
30
28
30
30
31
31
32
33
34
32
34
32
0
0
22
36
37
37
39
39
41
39
40
43
47
43
23
34
35
35
39
39
39
36
39
41
42
43
00
01
32
29
33
30
33
30
38
35
38
35
37
34
36
35
37
36
40
38
41
40
42
39
0
0
02
28
29
29
33
33
33
33
34
36
38
37
03
26
27
27
31
31
31
32
34
35
36
35
04
25
25
25
30
30
29
30
32
33
34
34
05
24
24
25
29
29
29
30
31
33
34
33
Observation Table7: Seventh Day Mass flow rate (3) =0.025

kg/s
www.ijsres.com
Inlet
Temp.
( )
Outlet
Temp. ( )

( )
Solar
Irradiation
(W/m2)
Page 53

ISSN: 2349-8862
05
23
23
23
26
26
27
28
30
32
31
30
Observation Table9: Ninth Day Mass flow rate (3) =0.025

kg/s
Sample Calculation: for second Reading of third day
Data from: Reading
= 25 C
I = 5.95 mv = (3.95 129.31)
= 511.25 W/m2
= 25 C
V= 1.5 m/s
= 30 C
= 1.175 Kg/m3
= 27.5C
Data from: (Data Hand book by Domkundwar &
Domkundwar)
= 1.205 Kg/
= 1.165 Kg/
= 1.167 Kg/
= 1.120 Kg/
= 1.6120
/s
= 0.02647 W/m K
Pr
= 0.699
Cp
= 1005 J/Kg K
Geometrical Data:
Cross-section Area of duct ( ) = (w d) = (0.300.03) =
0.009
Perimeter of duct = 2(0.30+0.03) = 0.66 m
Panel Area (AP ) = ( l w ) = (2 0.30) = 0.6 m2
Equivalent Diameter ( ) =
= 0.05454 m
Hydraulic Radius ( ) =
= 0.013636 m
ASSUMPTION:
Mass flow rate (1) of air is taken on average temperature
of flowing air stream at 38.94 C.
CALCULATION:
1. Mass flow rate (1) =
V AC) = 0.015 Kg/s
V AC) = 0.020 Kg/s
V AC) = 0.025 Kg/s
4. Reynolds number (
=
==
=
5075.434
5. Friction Factor ( )
=
=
= 0.038387
6. Nusselt Number (Nu) =

=
8.2366 W/m k
Efficiency
()
=
DAY 1
Nu
f
0.03793
17.40431
0.038686 16.43478
H
8.294172
8.068529
08
09
10
4872.321
4713.989
4615.267
0.038877
0.039281
0.039543
16.19992
15.71759
15.41371
8.012027
7.891648
7.814381
11
12
13
14
4567.994
4525.847
4520.616
4525.847
0.039698
0.039787
0.039712
0.039787
15.23626
15.13627
15.33441
15.13627
7.768983
7.742631
7.794074
7.742631
15
4539.636
0.039612
15.33441
7.794074
16
4615.267
0.039543
15.41371
7.814381
17
4628.191
0.039508
15.45363
7.824499
18
19
20
21
4688.786
4817.027
4879.294
4907.392
0.039421
0.039016
0.038869
0.038791
15.61401
16.03215
16.22141
16.30591
7.851713
7.971321
8.017112
8.037553
22
23
00
4950.145
4950.145
4971.804
0.038686
0.038686
0.038634
16.43478
16.43478
16.49992
8.068529
8.068529
8.084162
01
4993.652
0.038581
16.56548
8.09893
02
5075.434
0.038387
16.81001
8.158435
03
5236.559
0.038018
17.28755
8.267847
04
5236.559
0.038018
17.28755
8.267847
05
5276.239
0.03793
17.40431
8.294172
Table 1: Calculated values of Reynolds number, friction

factor, Nusselt number and Convective heat transfer
coefficient for mass flow rate 1
DAY 2
Time(hrs.)
Re
=
= 24.572%
www.ijsres.com
Nu
06
5075.434
0.038387
16.81001
8.158435
07
4907.392
0.038791
16.30591
8.037553
08
4768.388
0.039141
15.88399
7.933838
09
4628.191
0.039508
15.45363
7.824499
10
11
12
13
14
15
4596.017
4567.994
4525.847
4520.616
4487.864
4487.864
0.039595
0.039698
0.039787
0.039712
0.039893
0.039893
15035416
15.23626
15.13627
15.33441
15.01778
15.01778
7.79912
7.768983
7.742631
7.794074
7.711343
7.711343
16
4539.636
0.039612
15.33441
7.794074
17
18
4596.017
4775.276
0.039595
0.039122
15.35416
15.9051
7.79912
7.93916
0.038981
16.07 428
7.981808
20
4830.893
4872.321
0.038877
16.19992
8.012027
21
4886.288
0.0338843
16.24215
8.022207
22
23
00
01
4907.392
4907.392
4950.145
4993.652
0.038791
0.038791
0.038686
0.038581
16.30591
16.30591
16.43478
16.56548
8.037553
8.037553
8.068529
8.09893
02
5075.434
0.038387
16.81001
8.158435
19
=16.81001
7. Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient (h) =
8.
06
07
Re
5276.239
4950.145
Time(hrs.)
Page 54

ISSN: 2349-8862
03
5075.434
0.038387
16.81001
8.158435
04
5228.695
0.038036
17.26436
8.262616
05
5228.695
0.038036
17.26436
8.262616

DAY 3
Time(hrs.)
Re
06
07
03
6888.826
0.034997
21.91741
10.43668
04
6971.593
0.034874
22.13868
10.59543
05
6971.593
0.034874
22.13868
10.59543

DAY 5
Time(hrs.)
06
07
Re
6919.632
6619.417
f
0.034951
0.035475
Nu
21.99986
21.28678
H
10.56631
10.36632
08
09
10
11
6581.081
6441.191
6413.357
6348.693
0.035575
0.035703
0.035751
0.035858
21.08678
20.70494
20.62863
20.45092
10.36632
10.28119
10.26344
10.22161
Nu
5276.239
0.03793
17.40431
8.294172
5075.434
0.038387
16.81001
8.158435
08
4907.392
0.038791
16.30591
8.037553
09
10
4879.294
4775.276
0.038869
0.039122
16.22141
15.9051
8.017112
7.93916
12
6205 .674
0.036135
20.32579
10.19215
13
14
6102.569
6102.569
0.036286
0.036286
19.76877
19.76877
10.06082
10.06082
15
16
6102.569
6348.693
0.036286
0.035858
19.76877
20.45092
10.06082
10.22161
17
18
19
6258.545
6413.357
6441.191
0.035812
0.035751
0.035703
20.20214
20.62863
20.70494
10.16302
10.26344
10.28119
20
6450.331
0.035688
20.72997
10.28688
21
6450.331
0.035688
20.72997
10.28688
22
6477.911
0.03 5643
20.80543
10.30353
23
6581.081
0.035575
21.08678
10.36632
00
01
6619.417
6667.971
0.035475
0.035337
21.28678
21.32259
10.36632
10.4189
11
4615.267
0.039543
15.41371
7.814381
12
4539.636
0.039612
15.33441
7.794074
13
14
15
16
17
4525.847
4525.847
4560.616
4567.994
4628.191
0.039787
0.039787
0.039368
0.039698
0.039508
15.13627
15.13627
15.61514
15.23626
15.45363
7.742631
7.742631
7.865618
7.768983
7.824499
18
4775.276
0.039122
15.9051
7.93916
19
20
4830.893
4886.288
0.038981
16.07 428
0.0338843
16.24215
7.981808
8.022207
21
22
23
00
01
4907.392
4971.804
4971.804
5075.434
5075.434
0.038791
0.038634
0.038634
0.038387
0.038387
16.30591
16.49992
16.49992
16.81001
16.81001
8.037553
8.084162
8.084162
8.158435
8.158435
02
6858.292
0.035043
21.83554
10.53263
02
5228.695
0.038036
17.26436
8.262616
03
6899.064
0.034982
21.94482
10.55637
03
04
5228.695
5236.559
0.038036
0.038018
17.26436
17.28755
8.262616
8.267847
04
05
6899.064
6899.064
0.034982
0.034982
21.94482
21.94482
10.55637
10.55637
05
5276.239
0.03793
17.40431
8.294172

DAY 4
f
DAY 6
Time(hrs.)
Time(hrs.)
Re

Nu
06
Re
6899.064
f
0.034982
Nu
21.94482
H
10.55637
07
08
6629.071
6450.331
0.035399
0.035688
21.11715
20.72997
10.39539
10.28688
09
10
6258.545
6348.693
0.035812
0.035858
20.20214
20.45092
10.16302
10.22161
11
12
6348.693
6303.296
0.035858
0.036104
20.45092
20.05566
10.22161
10.12849
13
6303.296
0.036104
20.05566
10.12849
14
15
6231.997
6231.997
0.036058
0.036058
20.12864
20.12864
10.14571
10.14571
16
6258.545
0.035812
20.20214
10.16302
17
6450.331
0.035688
20.72997
10.28688
18
6487.155
0.035628
20.83071
10.30975
19
20
21
6487.155
6496.427
6629.071
0.035628
0.035612
20.83071
20.85604
21.11715
10.30975
10.31483
10.39539
22
6619.417
0.035399
0.035475
21.28678
10.36632
23
6667.971
0.035337
21.32259
10.41891
00
6667.971
0.035337
21.32259
10.41891
21.83554
10.53263
06
6971.593
0.034874
22.13868
10.59543
07
6667.971
0.035337
21.32259
10.4189
08
6477.911
0.035643
20.80543
10.30353
09
10
11
6258.545
6303.296
6102.569
0.035812
0.036104
0.036286
20.20214
20.05566
19.76877
10.16302
10.12849
10.06082
12
13
6060.108
6042.987
0.036363
0.036394
19.65014
19.60223
10.03242
10.02071
14
15
6042.987
6060.108
0.036394
0.036363
19.60223
19.65014
10.02071
10.03242
16
6170.921
0.036165
19.95914
10.10574
17
6205 .674
0.036135
20.32579
10.19215
18
6348.693
0.035858
20.45092
10.22161
19
6258.545
0.035812
20.20214
10.16302
20
6441.191
0.035703
20.70494
10.28119
21
6487.155
0.035628
20.83071
10.30975
22
6477.911
0.035643
20.80543
10.30353
23
00
6581.081
6619.417
0.035575
0.035475
21.08678
21.28678
10.36632
10.36632
01
6619.417
0.035475
21.28678
10.36632
02
6667.971
0.035337
21.32259
10.4189
www.ijsres.com
01
6858.292
0.035043
Page 55

ISSN: 2349-8862
06
8793.732
0.032601
26.18161
12.78042
07
08
8459.057
8250.242
0.032965
0.033203
25.38328
25.45724
12.61051
12.49804
10.43668
09
8040.094
0.033351
24.92367
12.38415
10.43668
10
7702.867
0.033869
24.05821
12.18901
11
7746.187
0.033814
24.17004
12.21421
12
7681.388
0.033897
24.00269
12.17651
13
7617.664
0.033979
23.83767
12.13934
14
7617.664
0.033979
23.83767
12.13934
15
7585.881
0.034021
23.75521
12.12053
16
7702.867
0.033869
24.05821
12.18901
17
8085.863
0.033396
25.04024
12.40947
18
8108.944
0.033369
25.09895
12.42154
19
8132.156
0.033341
25.15794
12.43505
20
8132.156
0.033341
25.15794
12.43505
02
03
6899.064
6899.064
0.034982
0.034982
21.94482
21.94482
10.55637
10.55637
04
6888.826
0.034997
21.91741
05
6888.826
0.034997
21.91741
Table 6 : Calculated values of Reynolds number, friction

DAY 7
Time(hrs.)
Re
06
07
8807.079
8446.482
Nu
0.032587
26.85125
0.032979
25.95171
12.78708
12.60376
08
09
8238.279
8040.094
0.033217
0.033351
25.42698
24.92367
12.49158
12.38415
21
8178.983
0.033286
25.27679
12.46089
10
7789.997
0.033759
24.28294
12.23965
22
8178.983
0.033286
25.27679
12.46089
11
7681.388
0.033897
24.00269
12.17651
23
8238.279
0.033217
25.42698
12.49158
12
7617.664
0.033979
23.83767
12.13934
00
8250.242
0.033203
25.45724
12.49804
01
02
8396.552
8649.542
0.033035
0.032755
25.82624
26.45967
12.57692
12.70831
03
04
8688.394
8688.394
0.032714
0.032714
26.55644
26.55644
12.72776
12.72776
05
8807.079
0.032587
26.85125
12.78708
13
7585.881
0.034021
23.75521
12.12053
14
7585.881
0.034021
23.75521
12.12053
15
7585.881
0.034021
23.75521
12.12053
16
7681.388
0.033897
24.00269
12.17651
17
7702.867
0.033869
24.05821
12.18901
18
7856.649
0.033675
24.45432
12.27828
19
8085.863
0.033396
25.04024
12.40947
20
8085.863
0.033396
25.04024
12.40947
21
8108.944
0.033369
25.09895
12.42154
22
8108.944
0.033369
25.09895
12.42154

DAY 9
Time(hrs.)
Re
Nu
06
8807.079
0.032587
26.85125
12.78708
07
8396.552
0.033035
25.82624
12.57692
08
8178.983
0.033286
25.27679
12.46089
09
10
8085.863
7789.997
0.033396
0.033759
25.04024
24.28294
12.40947
12.23965
11
7702.867
0.033869
24.05821
12.18901
12
7746.187
0.033814
24.17004
12.21421
23
8132.156
0.033341
25.15794
12.43505
13
7746.187
0.033814
24.17004
12.21421
00
8226.351
0.033231
25.39681
12.48513
14
7681.388
0.033897
24.00269
12.17651
15
7681.388
0.033897
24.00269
12.17651
01
8347.209
0.033091
25.70202
12.55035
02
8396.552
0.033035
25.82624
12.57692
16
7789.997
0.033759
24.28294
12.23965
03
8446.482
0.032979
25.95171
12.60376
17
18
7856.649
8040.094
0.033675
0.033351
24.45432
24.92367
12.27828
12.38415
04
8649.542
0.032755
26.45967
12.70831
19
8226.351
0.033231
25.39681
12.48513
20
8238.279
0.033217
25.42698
12.49158
21
8238.279
0.033217
25.42698
12.49158
22
8250.242
0.033203
25.45724
12.49804
23
8396.552
0.033035
25.82624
12.57692
00
8459.057
0.032965
25.38328
12.61051
01
8446.482
0.032979
25.95171
12.60376
02
8649.542
0.032755
26.45967
12.70831
05
8688.394
0.032714
26.55644
12.72776

DAY 8
Time(hrs.)
Re
Nu
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Page 56

ISSN: 2349-8862
03
8688.394
0.032714
26.55644
12.72776
04
8793.732
0.032601
26.18161
12.78042
05
8793.732
0.032601
26.18161
12.78042

Tim
e
(hrs
.)
07
DAY
1
(%)
44.50
DAY
2
(%)
46.78
DAY
3
(%)
24.57
DAY
4
(%)
64.34
DAY
5
(%)
50.14
DAY
6
(%)
55.00
08
40.44
45.62
33.54
63.20
48.35
47.56
09
39.07
49.11
42.21
61.75
55.57
42.11
10
34.96
40.32
44.20
50.68
52.19
37.18
11
32.16
33.25
39.89
46.66
48.16
35.45
12
35.07
37.33
40.45
39.82
39.40
38.45
13
36.94
33.91
40.03
34.03
25.20
31.44
14
38.78
39.76
34.62
35.66
15.76
24.86
15
31.06
35.07
26.52
29.04
15.90
21.54
16
16.64
31.00
25.37
21.65
21.68
23.79
17
13.11
30.83
33.79
16.30
25.42
28.76
18
24.95
52.17
42.68
13.54
33.78
36.59
Av
g
32.13
39.60
35.66
39.72
35.76
35.23
DAY
7
(%)
53.4
9
55.5
2
48.0
5
43.3
9
38.3
7
42.7
0
43.4
6
43.1
3
41.8
2
40.8
1
33.1
8
37.1
8
43.4
3
DAY
8
(%)
40.66
DAY
9
(%)
31.71
41.13
42.47
43.14
39.50
39.70
37.48
37.40
36.36
39.81
41.02
41.67
41.60
37.34
37.41
23.60
26.79
22.22
21.61
27.78
35.68
30.66
54.21
35.42
37.15
Table No 10: Calculated values of Collector Efficiency in day

time for mass flow rate 1 (0.015 Kg/s)
Local measured data of global solar radiation incident on
inclined surface and meteorological data (Temperature) on
nine days are obtained by direct measurement at B.I.T.Sindri
campus (latitude). The hourly variation of solar intensity (I)
and ambient temperature (T a) for the testing days are shown in
figures 2 and 3 respectively.
Figure 2: Hourly variation of solar radiation in all run days.
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Figure 3: Ambient air temperature in all run days.

From the fig. 2 it is seen that for the fourth day, the solar
radiation increases to maximum value of 984.53 W/m2 at 1
pm. similar behavior have been observed during all run days.
From the fig. 3 ambient temperature exhibits the same
behavior as the solar radiation. However, they achieve their
maximum values of 47 C at 3 pm, and having minimum value
of 22C in morning at 5 am, during the period of
experimentation. Daily average values of solar radiation and
ambient temperature are obtained as 730.48W/m2 and
33.75C, respectively.
Figure 4: Outlet temperature Vs. Time for run days

As from the fig. 12 it is observed that the outlet
temperature of the system decreases with the increase in mass
flow rate of the air. For, mass flow rate(1), maximum outlet
temperature is 60.5 C, at 12 pm of second day and minimum
outlet temperature is 27C,at 6am in first day. For, mass flow
rate(2), maximum outlet temperature is 56 C, at 11am of
third day and minimum outlet temperature is 29C,at 5 am in
second day. Similarly for mass flow rate(3), maximum outlet
temperature is 55 C, at 1 pm of first day and minimum outlet
temperature is 25C,at 5 am in third day. So, it may concluded
that the outlet temperature increases with the decrease in mass
flow rate of air or vice versa.
Page 57

ISSN: 2349-8862
Figure 5: Variation of mean temperature of absorber plate

and air stream for test day 1 of mass flow rate 0.015 Kg/s
Figure 8: variation of efficiency with Mass flow rate

It is shown from fig. 8 that the air heater efficiency is
strongly depends on mass flow rate; it increases with
increasing mass flow rate (). Increasing the mass flow rate
causes a consequent increase of the time average
instantaneous collector efficiency. Average efficiency of the
collector are 35.79 %, 36.91 %, and 38.66%, on three different
mass flow rate (i.e. 1= 0.015 Kg/s, 2=0.020 Kg/s, and 3=
0.025 Kg/s) of air respectively.

Figure 9: Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds number

From fig. 5, 6 and 7 it is seen that the average temperature
difference is maximum for mass flow rate of 0.015 Kg/s and it
is minimum for mass flow rate of 0.025 Kg/s. So, it is
concluded that as the mass flow rate of air increases, the mean
temperature difference of absorber plate and air stream
decreases.
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Page 58

ISSN: 2349-8862

Fig. 9, 10 and 11 show the variation of Nusselt number
with Reynolds number As, per the graphs it is seen that
Nusselt number is minimum (15.01778), when the Reynolds
number is minimum (4487.864) and it is maximum (26.8125),
when the Reynolds number is maximum (8807.079).So, it may
concluded that the heat transfer decreases as the mass flow
rate and Reynolds number increases.
Figure 14: variation of Convective heat transfer coefficient

with respect to Reynolds number for mass flow rate of
0.025Kg/s.
Fig. 12, 13, and 14 illustrate the variation of convective
heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number. It is seen that
convective heat transfer coefficient is maximum
(12.7708W/m2 k), when the mass flow rate(0.025 Kg/s) and
Reynolds number (8807.079).It may concluded that the heat
transfer decreases by increasing the mass flow rate. As the
mass flow rate increases, the temperature difference between
absorber plate and air stream increases, so higher the absorber
plate temperature. Higher the plate temperature leads to
increase the air viscosity. The increase in air viscosity affects
the wall shear stress and decrease the local Reynolds number
as well which cause an increase in thermal boundary layer
thickness, and results in decreasing the convective heat
transfer coefficient.
Figure 12: Variation of convective heat transfer coefficient

with respect to Reynolds number for mass flow rate of 0.015
Kg/s.
Figure 13: variation of Convective heat transfer coefficient

with respect to Reynolds number for mass flow rate of
0.020Kg/s.
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Figure 15: Variation of Friction factor with Reynolds number

for mass flow rate of 1
Fig. 15, 16 and 17 shows the variation of friction factor
with Reynolds number. Friction factor attain the maximum
value, when the mass flow rate is minimum (0.015 Kg/s) and
Reynolds number is also minimum (4487.864). Same as it
attain minimum value, when mass flow rate (0.025 Kg/s) at
maximum Reynolds number (8807.079). So, it may conclude
that as the mass low rate and Reynolds number increases the
friction factor decreases, this is due more turbulence of
flowing fluid less the skin friction.
Page 59

ISSN: 2349-8862
Air mass flow rate and solar radiation are predominant

factor which affect the performance of air heater.
Increasing the mass flow rate causes a consequent
decrease of air and plate temperatures.
This air heater is capable to produce hot air consistently
for 24 hours, the average temperature rise of 9.60 C, 7.19
C and 5.61 C, for all three different mass flow rate of air
respectively, from the atmospheric air temperature.
Increasing the mass flow rate causes a consequent
increase of the time average instantaneous collector
efficiency. Average efficiency of the collector are 35.79
%, 36.903 %, and 38.66%, on three different mass flow
rate (i.e. 1= 0.015 Kg/s, 2=0.020 Kg/s, and 3= 0.025
Kg/s) of air respectively.

REFERENCES

V.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the experimental results obtained for nine

run days on three different mass flow rate of air, for force
convection solar air heating system with phase change
material (Paraffin wax) energy storage, manufactured and
tested in B.I.T.Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, the
following conclusion can be drawn.
Air and plate temperature in general increases along the
air heater.
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[1] Ekechukwua O. V., Norton B. Review of solar-energy

drying systems III: low temperature air-heating solar
collectors for crop drying applications Energy
Conversion & Management 40 (1999) 657-667.
[2] Keith Gawlik, Craig Christensen, Charles Kutscher.A
numerical and experimental investigation of lowconductivity unglazed, transpired solar air heaters. J Sol
Energy Eng 2005;127:1535.
[3] AR Jaurker, JS Saini, BK Gandhi. Heat transfer and
friction characteristics of rectangular solar air heater duct
using rib-grooved artificial roughness. Sol Energy
2006;80:895907.
[4] Cemil YamalI, Ismail Solmus Theoretical investigation of
a humidification dehumidification desalination system
configured by a double-pass flat plate solar air heater
Desalination 205 (2007) 163177.
[5] Zambolin E., Del Col D. Experimental analysis of
thermal performance of flat plate and evacuated tube solar
collectors in stationary standard and daily conditions
Solar Energy 84 (2010) 13821396.
[6] Kostic Ljiljana T., Pavlovic Tomislav M., Pavlovic Zoran
T. Influence of reflectance from flat aluminum
concentrators on energy efficiency of PV/Thermal
collector Applied Energy 87 (2010) 410416.
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Experimental Investigation of Forced Circulation Solar Air Heater Along With Integrated Solar Collector and Phase Change Material (Paraffin Wax)

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 4, October 2014