Transformer Protection Tutorial

Application 4
Calculate the CT requirements for the system shown below. The equivalent
sources 1 and 2 represent the system under maximum generation. Through faults
1 and 2 should considered to determine the highest knee point voltage. For
simplicity, only consider three phase and single phase faults. Consider that RL =
2, RCT1 =0.4, RCT2 = 0.8 and In = 1A. Assume that the CT dimensioning
factor is as given below:
System
conditions

K
(CT dimensioning factor)

Knee point voltage

In < IF 40In
5 X/R 20

K = 20

VK 20 In (RCT + 2RL + Rr)(1)

VK 20 In (RCT + RL + Rr)(2)

40In < IF 64In

5 X/R 20

K = 30

VK 30 In (RCT + 2RL + Rr)(1)

VK 30 In (RCT + RL + Rr)(2)

In < IF 40In
20 < X/R 120

K = 30

VK 30 In (RCT + 2RL + Rr)(1)

VK 30 In (RCT + RL + Rr)(2)

40In < IF 64In

20 < X/R 120

K = 40

VK 40 In (RCT + 2RL + Rr)(1)

VK 40 In (RCT + RL + Rr)(2)

Where:
K

= CT dimensioning factor

IF

= maximum external fault current

X/R = primary system X/R ratio

In

= Relay rated current

Rr = resistance of any other protective relays sharing the current transformer

()
(1)

= single phase fault or phase-phase-ground fault

(2)

= three phase fault or phase-phase fault

To ensure that through fault stability is achieved the following ratios:

Vk-HV / Rtot-HV : Vk-LV / Rtot-LV
Vk-HV / Rtot-HV : Vk-TV / Rtot-TV
Vk-LV / Rtot-LV : Vk-TV / Rtot-TV

should not exceed a maximum disparity of 4:1. This ensures that during a
through fault condition the flux density in the current transformers is not greatly
different.
Where:
Vk-HV = Knee point voltage of CT at HV side
Rtot-HV = Total burden connected to CT at HV side = (RCT + 2Rl + Rr) or (RCT +
Rl + Rr)
Vk-LV = Knee point voltage of CT at LV side
Rtot-LV = Total burden connected to CT at LV side = (RCT+ 2Rl + Rr) or (RCT + Rl
+ Rr)
Vk-TV = Knee point voltage of CT at TV side
Rtot-TV = Total burden connected to CT at TV side = (RCT+ 2Rl + Rr) or (RCT + Rl
+ Rr)

Solution Application 4
Through Fault 1 Single Phase Fault:
Through Fault 1 is an A phase to ground fault. The sequence network is shown
below. For a detailed calculation of the currents refer to application 3. The
current flowing through CT1 and CT2 has been calculated as well as X/R
considering source 2 and the transformer impedance.

The currents flowing through CT1 and CT2 are calculated as follows:

Ia 1

Ib = 1
Ic 1

1
2

a
a

1 I0

a I1
a 2 I2

Current flowing through CT1:

Ia = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 5.1 88.8 o + 1.2 88.5 o + 1.2 88.5 o = 7.5 88.7 o pu
7 .5

240 10 6
3 275 10 3

= 3779 Aprim

3779
= 6.3 A sec
600
Ib = I 0 + a 2 I 1 + a I 2

Ib = 5.1 88.8 o + 1240 o 1.2 88.5 o + 1120 o 1.2 88.5 o = 3.9 88.9 o pu
Ic = I 0 + a I 1 + a 2 I 2
Ib = 5.1 88.8 o + 1120 o 1.2 88.5 o + 1240 o 1.2 88.5 o = 3.9 88.9 o pu
Current flowing through CT2:
Ia = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 0.5195.9 o + 1.2 88.5 o + 1.2 88.5 o = 1.89 89.7 o pu
1.89

240 10 6
3 132 10 3

= 1984 Aprim

1984
= 1.65 A sec
1200
Ib = I 0 + a 2 I 1 + a I 2

Ib = 0.5195.9 o + 1240 o 1.2 88.5 o + 1120 o 1.2 88.5 o = 1.7192.8 o pu

Ic = I 0 + a I 1 + a 2 I 2
Ib = 0.5195.9 o + 1120 o 1.2 88.5 o + 1240 o 1.2 88.5 o = 1.7192.8 o pu
Equivalent X/R:
The equivalent system responsible for the current flowing through CT1 and CT2
consists of source 2 and the autotransformer impedance. The equivalent system
X/R is determined as follows:

V A = V0 + V1 + V 2 = 10 o pu
I A = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 5.1 88.8 o + 1.2 88.5 o + 1.2 88.5 o = 7.588.7 o
VA
10 o
X
Z=
=
= 0.13388.7 o = tan(88.7) = 44
o
I A 7.5 88.7
R

Through Fault 2 Single Phase Fault:

Through Fault 2 sequence network is shown below. The current flowing
through CT1 and CT2 is calculated as well as X/R considering source 1 and the
transformer impedance.

The currents flowing through CT1 and CT2 are calculated as follows:
Ia 1
Ib = 1

Ic 1

1
2

a
a

1 I 0

a I 1
a 2 I 2

Current flowing through CT1:

Ia = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 0.7894.6 o + 1.88 89.9 o + 1.88 89.9 o = 2.98 91o pu

2.98

240 10 6
3 275 10 3

= 1502 Aprim

1502
= 2.5 A sec
600
Ib = I 0 + a 2 I 1 + a I 2

Ib = 0.7894.6 o + 1240 o 1.88 89.9 o + 1120 o 1.88 89.9 o = 2.6691.4 o pu

Ic = I 0 + a I 1 + a 2 I 2
Ib = 0.7894.6 o + 1120 o 1.88 89.9 o + 1240 o 1.88 89.9 o = 2.6691.4 o pu
Current flowing through CT2:
Ia = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 5.16 87.2 o + 1.88 89.9 o + 1.88 89.9 o = 8.9 88.3 o pu
8 .9

240 10 6
3 132 10 3

= 9343 Aprim

9343
= 7.8 A sec
1200
Ib = I 0 + a 2 I 1 + a I 2

Ib = 5.16 87.2 o + 1240 o 1.88 89.9 o + 1120 o 1.88 89.9 o = 3.28 85.7 o pu
Ic = I 0 + a I 1 + a 2 I 2
Ib = 5.16 87.2 o + 1120 o 1.88 89.9 o + 1240 o 1.88 89.9 o = 3.2885.7 o pu
Equivalent X/R:
The equivalent system responsible for the current flowing through CT1 and CT2
consists of source 1 and the autotransformer impedance. The equivalent system
X/R can be determined as follows:
V A = V0 + V1 + V 2 = 10 o pu
I A = I 0 + I 1 + I 2 = 1.88 89.9 o + 1.88 89.9 o + 5.16 87.2 o = 8.92 88.3 o
Z=

VA
10 o
X
=
= 0.11288.3 o = tan(88.3) = 34
o
I A 8.92 88.3
R

Through Fault 1 Three Phase Fault:

The three-phase through fault 1 sequence network is shown below. The current
flowing through CT1 and CT2 is calculated as well as the X/R considering
source 2 and the transformer impedance.

Current flowing through CT1:

I = 3.28 88.1o pu
3.28

240 10 6
3 275 10 3

= 1653 Aprim

1653
= 2.75 A sec
600

Current flowing through CT2:

I = 3.28 88.1o pu
3.28

240 10 6
3 132 10 3

3443
= 2.9 A sec
1200

= 3443 Aprim

Equivalent X/R:
The system equivalent X/R is determined as follows:

V = 10 o pu
I = 3.28 88.1o
Z=

V
10 o
X
=
= 0.3088.1o = tan(88.1) = 30
o
I 3.28 88.1
R

Through Fault 2 Three Phase Fault:

The three-phase through fault 2 sequence network is shown in Error!
Reference source not found.. The current flowing through CT1 and CT2 must
be calculated as well as the X/R considering source 1 and the transformer
impedance.

0.024

14.7

10.42

4.29
-j 0.024

TV

HV
CT1

LV

j 0.134
j 0.075

CT2

Current flowing through CT1:

I = 4.29 89.4 o pu
4.29

240 10 6
3 275 10 3

= 2162 Aprim

2162
= 3.6 A sec
600

Current flowing through CT2:

I = 4.29 89.4 o pu
4.29

240 10 6
3 132 10 3

= 4503 Aprim

4503
= 3.75 A sec
1200

Equivalent X/R:
The equivalent system X/R can be determined as follows:

0.096

V = 10 o pu
I = 4.29 89.4 o
V
10 o
X
Z= =
= 0.2389.4 o = tan(89.4) = 95
o
I 4.29 89.4
R

The results have been summarized as follows:

Through Fault

Through Fault

Through Fault

Through Fault

Single Phase

Single Phase

Three Phase

Three Phase

X/R

44

34

30

95

CT1

6.3 A sec

2.5 A sec

2.75 A sec

3.6 A sec

CT2

1.65 A sec

7.8 A sec

2.9 A sec

3.75 A sec

According to these results the minimum K factor required is 30 and the CT knee
point voltage must comply with VK 30 In (RCT + 2RL + Rr) for single phase
faults and VK 30 In (RCT + RL + Rr) for three phase faults. Consider that
RL = 2 and RCT1 =0.4 and RCT2 = 0.8, then the knee point voltages are as
follows:

Through Fault

Through Fault

Through Fault

Through Fault

Single Phase

Single Phase

Three Phase

Three Phase

CT1

132V

132V

72V

72V

CT2

144V

144V

84V

84V

Therefore, CT1 requires a minimum knee point voltage of 132V and CT2 a
minimum knee point voltage of 144V.
The maximum disparity ratio allowed is 4:1, then Vk-HV / Rtot-HV : Vk-LV / Rtot-LV
should not exceed 4:1. If CT1 and CT2 have 132V and 144V knee point
voltages respectively, then the disparity ratio is 1:1.
Only one system operating condition was studied. Note that the different system
operating conditions must be analysed and the highest knee point voltage must
be considered. The operating conditions to be determined by the Utility.