Name:

Latin Verb Summary 15-16

For the present, see the handout on chapters 1-4. For the imperfect and perfect, see the
handout on chapters 5-6. For the irregular verb supersum, see the chs. 1-4 handout for
the present of sum, see the chs. 7-8 handout for the imperfect of sum or read below.
Chapter 16 introduces the pluperfect (or past perfect) tense in Latin. It is formed from the
stem of the third principal part of the verb (the third part minus the -) + the imperfect
forms of sum as its endings. Pluperfect always translates as "had done," "had seen," etc.

amveram--I had loved

amvermus--we had loved
amvers--you had loved
amvertis--you all had loved
amverat--s/he, it had loved amverant--they had loved
Pluperfect is as far back in the past as it is possible to go. It serves to set one action in
the past prior to another action in the past. Postquam cnaveram, obdormv (After I had
eaten, I fell asleep).
First Conjugation Verbs
bl
blre
cachinn
cachinnre
cert
certre
claudic
claudicre
compar
comparre
equit
equitre
vol
volre
frequent
frequentre
honr
honrre
iact
iactre
ignr
ignrre
lb
lbre
liqu
liqure
nat
natre
nvig
nvigre
sacrific
sacrificre
tract
tractre

blv
------cerv
------comparv
equitv
volv
frequentv
honrv
iactv
ignrv
lbv
------natv
nvigv
sacrificv
tractv

------------certtus
------compartus
equittus
voltus
frequenttus
honrtus
iacttus
ignrtus
lbtus
liqutus
nattus
nvigtus
sacrifictus
tracttus

Second Conjugation Verbs

aude
audre
drde
drdre
move
movre

ausus sum
drs
mv

[ausus]
drsus
mtus

Second Conjugation (continued)

haere
haerre
move
movre
posside
possidre

haes
mv
possd

haesus
mtus
possessus

Third Conjugation Verbs

arcess
arcessere
ascend
ascendere
cnscend
cnscendere
cnsd
cnsdere
cnsist
cnsistere
drig
drigere
effund
effundere
impell
impellere
incend
incendere
invd
invdere
prcumb
prcumbere
resist
resistere
tang
tangere
toll
tollere
vinc
vincere

arcessv
ascend
cnscend
cnsd
cnstit
drx
effd
impul
incend
invs
prcubu
restit
tetig
sustul
vc

arcesstus
ascnsus
cnscnsus
cnsessus
------drctus
effsus
impulsus
incnsus
invsus
prcubitus
------tctus
subltus
vctus

Third-i Conjugation Verbs

conici
conicere

conic

coniectus

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

dsili
dsilre
impedi
impedre
prsili
prsilre

dsilu
impedv
prsilu

dsultus
impedtus
-------

Irregular Verbs
supersum

superfu

-------

superesse

Note on aude. One of four semi-deponent verbs, aude has special forms in the
perfect system of tenses. Instead of the traditional perfect endings, it combines the fourth
principal part (ausus) + the present tense of sum. The form ausus, called a participle,
must show the gender and number of the subject to which it refers. The example given
here assumes that the subjects of the following verb forms are all masculine.
ausus sum--I (have) dared
aus sumus--we (have) dared
ausus es--you (have) dared
aus estis--you all (have) dared
ausus est--he, it (has) dared
aus sunt--they (have) dared
To form the pluperfect of aude, simply replace the present of sum with its imperfect
forms: ausus eram, ausus ers, ausus erat, aus ermus, aus ertis, aus erant. Then
translate pluperfect, as always, with the auxiliary (or helping) verb "had."