S.Y.

BTECH

Measurement Using Precision Instruments

Experiment No. 1
LINEAR MEASUREMENT USING PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
1) VERNIER CALIPER:-

A) Principle:When two scales or division slightly different in size are used, the difference
between them can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of measurement.

B) Classification:Three types of vernier calipers have been specified for internal and external
measurement up to 200 mm with vernier accuracy of 0.02,0.05,0.1 mm. The three
types are called A, B, and C type.
Type A has jaws on both side for internal and external measurement and also
has a blade for depth measurement.
Type B is provided with jaw on one side for internal and external
measurement.
Type C has jaws on both sides for making the and for making operations.

C) Condition and Working:Vernier caliper consists of two steel rules and these can slide along each other.
The main scale is engraved on solid L-shaped frame. On this scale cm. graduation are
divided in to 20 parts. So that one small division equals 0.05 cm. One end of the
frame consist a fixed jaw which is shaped into a contact lip at its extremely. The
alignment of the distance boundaries with the corresponding graduation of the rule is
ensured by means of the positive contact member. The sliding jaw, coupled to a
vernier scale contains another measuring at its left. The final adjustment of movable
jaws can be done by the adjusting screw. Figure(A)

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Measurement Using Precision Instruments

Figure (A). Vernier caliper

First the whole movable jaws assembly is adjusted so that the two measuring
tips just touch the part to be measured. The lock nut B is tightened. Final adjustment
depending upon the sense of correct feel is made by the adjusting screw. The
movement of adjusting screw makes the part containing locking nut A and sliding
jaws to move, q\as the adjusting screw rotates on a screw which is in way fixed to the
movable jaw. After final adjustment has been done, the locking nut A is also tightened
and the reading is noted down. The measuring tips are so designed as to measure
inside as well outside dimensions

Materials:All parts of the vernier caliper are made of good quality steel and the
measuring faces hardened to 650 H.V. min.

Application :Internal as well as external linear dimensions for a length as less than 200mm.
with an accuracy up to ( 90+0.021)m.

Least count :Let us consider vernier scale reading =50 division. This division consider with
exactly 49th on the main scale. So one vernier division
L.C.=(division coincide with main scale / division coincide with vernier scale)
=( 49 / 50 ) =0.98

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Measurement Using Precision Instruments

Therefore Difference between main scale and vernier scale small division and
one vernier division is 1 0.98 = 0.02 mm.

Reading :Let us assume that is small division of the main scale is 0.025 unit. Say the
vernier scale contain 25 division and these coincide exactly 24 division of main scale.
So now one vernier division is equal to 1/25 of 24 scale division i.e.
(1/25 x 24 x 0.025 ) = 0.024 units. Therefore the difference between one main scale
small division and one vernier division ( Least count of instrument ) equal 0.025
0.024 i.e. 0.001 unit.

Errors in reading :The error in reading the vernier caliper should not read, the values obtained by
following formulaVernier with L.C. permissible errors in reading
0.1 mm.

( 75 + 0.05 l1 ) m.

0.05 mm.

( 50 + 0.05 l1 ) m.

0.02 mm.

( 20 + 0.05 l1 ) m.

where l1 equal to upper limit of the measuring range in mm.

Observation Table :Sr.no

M.S.R.
(A)

V.S.R x LC
(B)

Total
C=A+B

Average
Dimension

1
2
3
4
All readings are in mm

Conclusion :The determined dimension by Digital Vernier Caliper (X) =

mm.

The Average Dimension by Simple Vernier Caliper (Y) =

mm.

Error in Dimension Z= X Y

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Measurement Using Precision Instruments

[2] MICROMETER :A) Principle:When two scales or division slightly different in size are used, the difference
between them can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of measurement.

B) Classification :1. Inside micrometer.

2. Stick micrometer.
3. Micrometer depth gauge.
4. Thread micrometer caliper.
5. Outside micrometer caliper.
6. V-Anvil micrometer caliper.
7. Blade type micrometer.
8. micrometer for measuring thickness of cylinder, walls.
9. Dial micrometer caliper.
10. Taper-screw operated internal micrometer.
11. Grove micrometer.
12. Digital micrometer.
13. Differential screw micrometer.

C) Construction and working:The micrometer screw gauge essentially consist of an accurate screw having
about 10 or 20 thread per cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw forms
one measuring tip and the other measuring tip is constituted by a stationary anvil in
the base of the frame the screw is threaded for certain length and is plain at inward.
The plain portion is called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface. The spindle is
advanced or retracted by turning a thimble connected to the spindle. The barrel is
graduated in unit of 0.05 cm i.e. 20 divisions per cm, which is the lead of the screw
for one complete revolution. The thimble has. 25 divisions around its periphery on
circular portion. Thus it sub-divides each revolution of the screw in 25 equal parts i.e.
each division corresponds to 0.002 cm.
A lock nut is provided for locking a dimension by preventing motion of the
spindle. A ratchet stop is provided to maintain uniform measuring pressure. When
spindle is brought in contact with the work at correct measuring pressure, the clutch

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Measurement Using Precision Instruments

starts slipping and no further movement of the spindle takes place the rotation of
ratchet. In the backward movement it is positive due to shape of ratchet.

Figure. Micrometer

Materials :The frame is generally made of steel, cast steel, malleable cast iron or light
alloy. The measuring faces are hardened to about 800 H.V. and aged. The material
used for thimble, barrel, ratchet and other locking and clamping devices for all sizes
of micrometer should be suitable quality wear resistant steel.

Applications:1. Internal and external diameters.

2. Long internal lengths.
3. Depth of holes, slots and recessed areas.
4. Thread measurement.
5. Large work having dimensions above 250mn out of roundness condition.
6. Fast and accurate measurement of circular formed tools, dia. and depth of all
sizes.
7. Narrow grooves, slots, keyways, recesses etc.
8. Thickness of cylinder walls.

Least Count:L.C. =
=

smallest division on main scale

No. of division on vernier scale
0.5 / 50

0.01mm.

Reading :-

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Measurement Using Precision Instruments

Before taking reading anvil and spindle must be brought together carefully and
the initial reading noted down. In metric micrometers the pitch of the screw thread is
0.5mm so that one revolution of the screw moves it exactly by 0.5mm. Main scale on
barrel has least division of 0.5mm. The thimble has 50 division on its circumference
therefore one division on thimble is = 0.5 / 50 =0.01mm.

figure.[b]- Reading of Micrometer

The reading of micrometer in figure.[b] is 3.5mm on barrel and 7 divisions on
thimble.

= 3.5 + 7 x 0.01
= 3.57mm.

Errors in reading:-.
The errors in parallelism of the measuring faces of micrometer of various
ranges should be such that the some of interference triangle observed on the two
measuring faces should not exceed 6, 8 and 10 for ranges 0 to 25, 25 to 75 and 75 to
100mm.

Observation Table :Sr.no

M.S.R.
(A)

V.S.R x LC
(B)

Total
C=A+B

Average
Dimension

1
2
3
4
All readings are in mm

Conclusion :The determined dimension by Digital Vernier Caliper (X) =

mm.

The Average Dimension by Micrometer

mm.

(Y) =

Error in Dimension Z= X - Y

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