Mat 4030

HW 5 Solution
1 Dec, 2007

Oprea 3.1.6

(1) By the Eulers formula,

1
2

Z
0

1
k()d =
2

(cos2 k1 + sin2 k2 )d

0
2

1 cos 2
1 + cos 2
k1 +
k2 )d
2
2
0



 2
1
sin 2

=
+
k1 +
f racsin 24 k2
2
2
4
2
0
1
= (k1 + k2 ) = H.
2
1
=
2

(2) Let k1 = k(u1 ), k2 = k(u2 ). As k is a quatratic form so that k(v) = k(v)

for all v, without loss of generality we can assume (u1 , u2 ) and (v1 , v2 ) are
positively oriented. Note that we can write v1 = cos u1 + sin u2 , then
we must have v2 = cos( + 2 )u1 + cos( + 2 ) = sin u1 + cos u2 . Thus
by Eulers formula again, we have
k(v1 ) + k(v2 )
cos2 k1 + sin2 k2 + sin2 k1 + cos2 k2
=
2
2
k1 + k2
= H.
=
2

Oprea 3.2.4

Since x(u, v) = y y1 x(u, v) = y(r(u, v), s(u, v)), we have by applying chain
rule
xu = yr ru + ys su ,
xv = yr rv + ys sv .

As the first and second fundamental

formsofthe surface are
bilinear

 symmetric


Ex Fx
l x mx
E y Fy
forms, and that the matrices
,
, and
,
Fx G x
mx nx
Fy Gy


ly my
are their matrix representations under the ordered bases (xu , xv )
my n y
and 
(yr , ys ) respectively.
Note that the change of bases matrix is given by

ru rv
J=
, we have
su sv




E x Fx
E y Fy
= Jt
J,
Fx Gx
Fy Gy




l x mx
l y my
= Jt
J.
mx nx
my ny
Thus,
Ex Gx Fx2 = det
lx nx m2x = det

Ex
Fx

Fx
Gx

lx
mx

mx
nx

 
 
E y Fy
= det J t
J = [ru sv rv su ]2 (Ey Gy Fy2 ),
Fy Gy

 
 
l y my
= det J t
J = [ru sv rv su ]2 (ly ny m2y ).
my ny

In particular,
Kx =

[ru sv rv su ]2 (ly ny m2y )

ly ny m2y
lx nx m2x
=
=
= Ky .
Ex Gx Fx2
[ru sv rv su ]2 (Ey Gy Fy2 )
Ey Gy Fy2

Oprea 3.2.5

yu = cxu , yv = cxv , yuu = cxuu , yuv = cxuv , yvv = cxvv , Uy =

2

c xu xv
c2 |xu xv |

yu yv
|yu yv |

= Ux . Then Ey = c Ex , Fy = c Fx , Gy = c Gx , ly = clx , my =
clx , my = cmx , and
Ky =

ly ny m2y
c2 (lx nx m2x )
1
=
= 2 Kx .
Ey Gy Fy2
c4 (Ex Gx Fx2 )
c

In the case where x(u, v) is the standard parametrization of an R-sphere,

1
its Kx = R12 and so by the formula Ky = (cR)
2 . As y(u, v) = cx(u, v) is the
corresponding standard parametrization of the (cR)-sphere, such answer makes
sense.

Oprea 3.2.6

xtu = xu + tUu = xu tS(xu ), xtv = xv + tUv = xv tS(xv ). Let S(xu ) =

a11 xu + a21 xv , S(xv ) = a12 xu + a22 xv . Then xtu xtv = xu xv t(xu S(xv ) +

S(xu ) xv ) + t2 S(xu ) S(xv ) = xu xv t(xu (a22 xv ) + (a11 xu ) xv ) +

t2 (a11 a22 a12 a21 )xu xv = (1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv Note that
Kt =
=
=
=
Ht =
=
=
=

hdet(S t )xtu xtv , xtu xtv i

|xtu xtv |2

t t

S (xu ) S t (xtv ), (1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv
|(1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv |2


S(xu ) S(xv ), (1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv
1
1 2Ht + Kt2
|xu xv |2
K
,
1 2Ht + Kt2
hxtu S t (xtv ) + S t (xtu ) xtv , xtu xtv i
2|xtu xtv |2


(xu tS(xv )) S(xv ) + S(xtu ) (xv tS(xv )), (1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv
2|(1 2Ht + Kt2 )xu xv |2
1
hxu S(xv ) + S(xu ) xv , xu xv i hS(xu ) S(xv ), xu xv i

1 2Ht + Kt2
2|xu xv |2
2|xu xv |2
H Kt
.
1 2Ht + Kt2

(1) Put t =

1
2c ,

then K 2c =
1

(2) Put t = 1c , then H 2 =

K
1
1 2
12c( 2c
+K( 2c
) )

Hc2 1c
12H( 1c )+c2 ( 1c )2

= 4c2 .

= 2c .

Oprea 3.2.13
2

Note that x(u, v) = (u, v, ua2 + vb2 ) is a parametrization of the elliptic paraboloid.
2v
2
Then xu = (1, 0, 2u
a2 ), xv = (0, 1, b2 ), xuu = (0, 0, a2 ), xuv = (0, 0, 0), xvv =
2v
(0, 0, b22 ), xu xv = ( 2u
a2 , b2 , 1), U =

1+

4v 2
b4 , l

K=

1
a2

u2
a4

+ vb4 + 14

, m = 0, n =

( au2 , bv2 , 12 )
q
,E
2
u2
+ vb4 + 14
a4
1

b2

u2
a4

+ vb4 + 14

= 1 + 4u
a4 , F =

4uv
a2 b2 , G

. So

ln m2
1
1
=

2
2
2
u
v
1
2
4
2
2
2
EG F
a b ( a4 + b4 + 4 ) (1 + f rac4u a )(1 + f rac4v 2 b4 ) ( a4uv
2 b2 )
1
.
=
2
u2
2
2
4a b [ a4 + vb4 + 41 ]2

Hence in cartesian coordinates, K =

1
.
2
2
4a2 b2 [ x
+ yb4 + 14 ]2
a4

Oprea 3.2.14
2

Note that x(u, v) = (u, v, ua2 vb2 ) is a parametrization of the hyperbolic

2v
2
paraboloid. Then xu = (1, 0, 2u
a2 ), xv = (0, 1, b2 ), xuu = (0, 0, a2 ), xuv =
2v
(0, 0, 0), xvv = (0, 0, b22 ), xu xv = ( 2u
a2 , b2 , 1), U =
4u2
a4 , F

K=

= a4uv
2 b2 , G = 1 +

4v 2
b4 , l

1
a2

u2
a4

, m = 0, n =

,E = 1 +

1
b2

u2
a4

+ vb4 + 14

. So

ln m2
1
1
=

2
2
2
EG F 2
a2 b2 ( ua4 + vb4 + 14 ) (1 + f rac4u2 a4 )(1 + f rac4v 2 b4 ) ( a4uv
2 b2 )
1
=
.
2
u2
2
2
4a b [ a4 + vb4 + 14 ]2

Hence in cartesian coordinates, K =

+ vb4 + 14

( u , v , 1 )
q a2 b2 2
2
u2
+ vb4 + 14
a4

1
.
2
2
+ yb4 + 14 ]2
4a2 b2 [ x
a4

Oprea 3.2.18

(1) It is shown in the textbook that K =

either l or n is 0 and m =

(
W

lnm2
EGF 2 .

So, it suffices to check

).

x(u, v) = (u) + v(u)

xu = 0 + v 0 ,
xv =

xu xv = 0 + v 0
W = |xu xv | = | 0 + v 0 |
Note that xuu = 00 + v 00 , xuv = 0 , xvv = 0. And so n = 0.
m = xuv U
0 + v 0
)
| 0 + v 0 |
0 0
=
for is orthogonal to 0
W
0 0
=
.
W
= 0 (

(2) Parametrize M by x(u, v) = (u, v, uv) = (u, 0, 0) + v(0, 1, u)

0 = (1, 0, 0)
0 = (0, 0, 1)
0 0 = 1
W 2 = |(0, u, 1) + v(1, 0, 0)|2 = u2 + v 2 + 1
1
K= 2
.
(u + v 2 + 1)2
4

(3)
x(u, v) = p + v(u)
As 0 = 0, K = 0.
(4)
x(u, v) = (u) + vq
As 0 = 0, K = 0.
(5)
x(u, v) = (av cos u, av sin u, bu) = (0, 0, bu) + v(a cos u, a sin u, 0)
0 = (0, 0, b)
0 = (a sin u, a cos u, 0)
0 0 = a2 b
W 2 = |(ab sin u, ab cos u, 0) + v(0, 0, a2 )|2 = a2 b2 + a4 v 2
K=

(a2 b2

a2 b
.
+ a4 v 2 )2

(6)
x(u, v) = (a cos u, b sin u, 0) + v(a sin u, b cos u, c)
0 = (a sin u, b cos u, 0)
0 = (a cos u, b sin u, c)
0 0 = abc
W 2 = b2 c2 (cos u v sin u)2 + a2 c2 (sin u + v cos u)2 + a2 b2 v 2
K=

(b2 c2 (cos u

v sin u)2

a2 b2 c2
.
+ a2 c2 (sin u + v cos u)2 + a2 b2 v 2 )2

(7) For hyperbolic paraboloid,

z = x2 y 2
z = (x + y)(x y)
By putting x0 = x + y, y 0 = x y, we have z = x0 y 0 . And in this case, we
0
0
can have a parametrization like x(u, v) = (u0 , v 0 , u0 v 0 ). Solving x = x +y
2 ,
0
0
y = x y
2 , hyperbolic parabloid can be parametrized as
x(u, v) = (

u+v uv
u u
1 1
,
, uv) = ( , , 0) + v( , , u)
2
2
2 2
2 2

1 1
0 = ( , , 0)
2 2
0 = (0, 0, 1)
1
0 0 =
2
1
1
1
1 1
W = |( u, u, ) + v( , , 0)|2
2
2
2
2 2
1 2
1
2
= (u + v ) +
2
4
2
K= 2
.
(u + v 2 + 12 )2

Oprea 3.3.5

x(u, v) = (g(u), h(u) cos v, h(u) sin v), xu = (g 0 , h0 cos v, h0 sin v), xv = (0, h sin v, h cos v),
0
0
h cos v,g 0 h sin v)
, xuu = (g 00 , h00 cos v, h00 sin v),
xu xv = (hh0 , g 0 h cos v, g 0 h sin v), U = (hh ,g
02
02
g +h

xuv = (0, h0 sin v, h0 cos v), xvv = (0, h cos v, h sin v), E = g 02 + h02 , F =

1 

00 0
00 0
0
E F
l m
1
0, G = h2 , l = gh 02h 02g , m = 0, n = hg
.
Hence
G
H
=
=
g +h
g 02 +h02
F G
m n
g00 h0 h00 g0
g00 h0 h0 g00

 2

02 02 0
0
3
h 0
g +h
1

= (g02 +h02 ) 2
.
0
02
02
hg
g0
h2 (g 02 +h02 )
0 g +h
02 02
0
0
1
02
02
g +h

So k =
H=

g 00 h0 h0 g 00
3

and k =

g0

h(g +h ) 2

1 . Then K = k k =

(g 02 +h02 ) 2
h(g 02 +h02 ) 2
k +k
g 00 h0 hg 0 h0 h+g 03 +h02 g 0
=
.
3
2
2h(g 02 +h02 ) 2

g 0 (g 00 h0 h00 g 0 )
h(g 02 +h02 )2

and

The k of the torus x(u, v) = (r sin u, (R + r cos u) cos v, (R + r cos u) sin v)

is given by, for g(u) = r sin u, h(u) = R + r cos u, g 0 = r cos u, g 00 = r sin u, h0 =
r sin u, h00 = r cos u,
k =

(r sin u)(r sin u) (r cos u)(r cos u)

3

(r2 cos2 u + r2 sin2 u) 2

1
.
r

Geometrically, it means that the meridians of the torus are the circles with
radious r.

Oprea 3.4.5
1

2 EG

1
=
2 EG
1
=
2 EG
=

Eu G u
1

4E 2 G E





Ev
Gu

EG u
EG
!
!!
r
r

G Ev

G Gu
2
+
2

v
E 2G
u
E 2G
!
r 
r
r 
r


G Ev
E EGv Ev G Ev
G Gu
E EGu Eu G Gu
2

+2
+

E 2G v
G
E2
2G
E 2G u
G
E2
2G




Ev E v
Ev
Ev Gv
1 Gu
Gu Gv
+

2G v 4EG2
4E 2 G E 2G u 4EG2

=R.H.S.