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com

International Journal of Advanced


Power Electronics
www.sci-journals.com

SIMULATION OF BUCK, BOOST AND BUCK-BOOST POWER


CONVERTERS FOR SOLAR PANEL
Chandani Sharma1, Anamika Jain2
1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. Research Scholar, Graphic Era University, Dehradun
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. Professor, Graphic Era University, Dehradun
e-mail: chandani19nov@gmail.com, anamikajain2829@gmail.com

Abstract: Power systems design, layout and computation for Photovoltaics forms the basis of national
action plan for Solar India. Power switching converters are used in numerous solar based applications.
The rapid increase in standalone and grid based structures employ circuit regulation using Buck, Boost and
Buck-Boost Converters. In this perspective, electricity generation and supply is required to adapt changes
relative to duty cycle for continuous and discrete time systems. An effort is made in this paper to visualize
potential of converters in meeting global energy requirements. Analysis of power electronic converters is
carried out in continuous and discrete Simulink environment considering effect of phase delay. Duty cycle
and efficiency calculations for 60W panel using 36 solar cells are compared.
Keywords: Solar India, Power switching converters, standalone and grid structures, Duty cycle,
Efficiency, Simulink.

1. INTRODUCTION

Solar being abundant, distributed, pollution less and


recyclable appear as primary source of energy to
meet global demand in power engineering. However,
converters form an important interface between panel
and load for applications. Since direct connection of
panel with load raises installation costs, converters
are used. There is therefore a need to systematically

analyze and understand how solar and converters


operate together as an optimal system.
DC/DC converters are described as power electronic
switching circuits since they convert one form of
voltage to other. These may be applicable for
conversion of different voltage levels. Generally
three basic types of converters are accountable as per
their use. They either step up by boosting voltage at
output known as Boost converter or by stepping
down reducing voltage known as Buck converters.
There is another class of converters used for both

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stepping up or down the voltage output described as


Buck-Boost converters. Buck-Boost converters
reverse polarity of output voltage, as such they are
sometimes known as inverters.
Unlike AC we cannot step up or step down DC
directly. Power flow through components need to be
determined. The nonlinear components connected in
the network produce harmonic components at output
of waveform. These may affect efficiency and duty
cycle. Expressions may be given by following
assumptions for ideal case,

monitor the output voltage from converter and


maintain it at the desired level. This is done by
switching MOSFET on and off at a fixed rate known
as converters operating frequency. By varying duty
cycle based on proportion of each switching period Q
is turned on and operation of system can be
identified.

PIN = POUT + PLOSS

(1)

VOUT/VIN = IIN/IOUT

(2)

(%) = POUT/PIN

(3)

Various simulated circuits for continuous and


discrete GUI blocks showing waveforms for with and
without phase delay are determined for three
different converters. The Power GUI simulink blocks
help to run circuit for variable solver using
continuous GUI or find a solution for fixed time steps
using discrete GUI. However to vary duty cycle
prior to switching MOSFET on and off states phase
delay block is used. Outputs are presented for
different converters in succeeding sections.

VOUT/VIN = D,

(4)

2.1 BUCK CONVERTER

Where,
Power fed into Converter from panel:
Power output of Converter:
Power lost into Converter:
Voltage input from panel to Converter:
Voltage output from Converter:
Current input from panel to converter:
Current output from Converter:
Efficiency:
Duty cycle:

PIN
POUT
PLOSS
VIN
VOUT
IIN
IOUT

Efficiency of converters is about 80-90%. The DC


output voltage that appears across the load is an
integral value or a fraction of the input voltage which
turns out to be equal to the duty cycle. Duty cycle is
also defined as ratio of TON/T, where T is complete
time period described by inverse of the operating
frequency.
2. SIMULINK MODELING OF CONVERTERS
The equations of PV cell are simulated using
simulink MATLAB software [6], [7]. Output of PV
panel is fed to converter and used to drive gate
voltage. Four main components are used in designing
converters. These include switching power MOSFET
symbolically Q, flywheel diode D, inductor L and
filter capacitor at output C. MOSFET gate is
connected to PV panel. A control circuit is used to

Buck converters are used to buck or reduce output


from solar panel. Panel output voltage is fed into gate
of MOSFET. On switching MOSFET, current flows.
As inductor starts building up oscillations by
developing magnetic field across it due to which
voltage is buck up or reduced. When MOSFET is
turned off, EMF is suddenly reversed in the inductor
that opposes further drop in current. It supplies
current to the load itself via Diode.
The basic circuit configuration used in the buck
converter for continuous GUI is shown in Fig.1.

Fig. 1 Buck Converter without Phase Delay for


Continuous GUI Circuit
To determine output ti input voltage fraction, duty
cycle is calculated given by expression,
VOUT/VIN = D,
(5)
or VOUT = VIN x D

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(6)

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Thus Buck Converter output voltage can be varied in


proportion to input voltage varying the switching
duty cycle. Resulting output is represented by
following waveform.

using discrete GUI as detailed below for delay and no


delay circuits,

Fig. 1.4 Buck Converter without Phase Delay For


Discrete GUI Circuit

Fig. 1.1 Buck Converter Output without Phase


Delay for Continuous GUI Circuit
The circuit is simulated with phase delay that causes
more oscillations in output.

Fig. 1.5 Buck Converter Output without Phase


Delay for Discrete GUI Circuit

Fig. 1.2 Buck Converter with Phase Delay for


Continuous GUI Circuit

Fig. 1.6 Buck Converter with Phase Delay for


Discrete GUI Circuit

Fig. 1.3 Buck Converter Output with Phase Delay


for Continuous GUI Circuit
To determine steady state behavior under regulated
time intervals converter circuit was experimented

When above circuit is simulated, outputs obtained


from Discrete GUI matches exactly similar to
continuous GUI using no phase delay. However,
introduction of phase delay results more oscillations
in output waveforms giving reduced output for
discrete circuit in comparison to continuous. The
delay factor incorporates this change as represented
in Fig. 1.7.

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Working of circuit is given through waveforms


plotted in Fig 2.1.

Fig. 1.7 Buck Converter Output with Phase Delay


for Discrete GUI Circuit
2.2 BOOST CONVERTER
The components arrangement appears different for
boost converter as in Fig.2.

Fig. 2.1 Boost Converter Output without Phase


Delay for Continuous GUI Output
When simulating diagrams in Matlab scope for delay
using GUI model, outputs result higher overshoot
with increased responses as in Fig 2.2 and 2.3.

Fig. 2 Boost Converter without Phase Delay for


Continuous GUI Circuit
This is used to step up the voltage. It consists of high
speed switch MOSFET, with output voltage control
by variation of switching duty cycle. Current flows
via inductor L and MOSFET Q when connected from
the input source. The energy is stored in Magnetic
field developed across L. There is no current flowing
presently through D. However load current is
supplied by the charge in C. L opposes current by
immediately reversing EMF when Q is turned off.
Thus inductor voltage adds i.e., boosts the source
voltage, and through L current is directed to flow
across D and the load, recharging C.
The voltage step-up ratio for circuit is,
VOUT/VIN = 1/ (1-D)

(7)

Where 1-D is actually the proportion of the switching


cycle when Q is off, rather than on. So the step-up
ratio is also,
VOUT/VIN = T/TOFF
(8)

Fig. 2.2 Boost Converter with Phase Delay for


Continuous GUI Circuit

Fig 2.3 Boost Converter with Phase Delay for


Continuous GUI Circuit
Performing different orientations for discrete GUI
circuits, results match performances of boost
converter circuit using no phase delay but with

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slightly raised outputs. These are shown below,

for Discrete GUI Output


2.3 BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
The configuration of Buck and Boost converters is
implemented in a different way as in Fig 3.

Fig. 2.4 Boost Converter without Phase Delay for


Discrete GUI Output

Fig. 3 Buck-Boost Converter without Phase Delay


for Continuous GUI Circuit

Fig. 2.5 Boost Converter Output without Phase


Delay for Discrete GUI Output
Discrete GUI formulate reduced outputs for delay
circuits with sloping stretches as indicated in
diagrams to follow.

The voltage could be either step up or step down,


depending on the duty cycle. Inductor L directly
stores energy by developing magnetic field when
MOSFET is in on state. Diodes being reverse biased
results in no current flow through load. Capacitor C
works during this Ton phase. But as MOSFET is
turned off, L is disconnected from the source. It
opposes current to drop by instantly reversing EMF.
Hence output is available for phase delay making
circuit functional on and off frequently and not for
circuit without delay. This switching generates a
voltage that forward biases Diode and current flows
into the load charging C. But this occurs for phase
delay circuit causing variations in waveforms as in
Figures below.

Fig. 2.6 Boost Converter with Phase Delay for


Discrete GUI Output

Fig. 3.1 Buck-Boost Converter Output without


Phase Delay for Continuous GUI Circuit
Fig. 2.7 Boost Converter Output with Phase Delay

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Fig. 3.2 Buck-Boost Converter with Phase Delay


for Continuous GUI Circuit

Fig. 3.5 Boost Converter Output without Phase


Delay for Discrete GUI Output
On introducing delay in circuit outputs appear
inverse to origin just similar to continuous GUI
model. Succeeding Figures highlight modeling and
simulations using delay.

Fig. 3.3 Buck-Boost Converter Output with Phase


Delay for Continuous GUI Circuit
With this configuration, ratio between the output and
input voltages can be expressed as,
VOUT/VIN = - D/ (1-D)
(9)
This equates to
VOUT/VIN = - TON/TOFF
(10)

Fig. 3.6 Boost Converter with Phase Delay for


Discrete GUI Output

So buck-boost converter can be concluded to step


down voltage when the duty cycle is less than 50%
(i.e., Ton < Toff). For step up duty cycle is greater
than 50% (Ton > Toff). Further results are
determined using discrete GUI that results output for
no phase delay condition too in Fig. 3.5.

Fig. 3.7 Boost Converter Output with Phase Delay


for Discrete GUI Output
Fig. 3.4 Boost Converter without Phase Delay for
Discrete GUI Output

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3. COMPARISONS
The modelling performance of three different
converters is studied based on four modelling
constraints. It can be concluded that prior to voltage
boosting, reducing or both actions Boost, Buck or
Buck-Boost converter is selected. Phase delay affects
the results by introduction of oscillations. Since for
variable step solver in continuous systems output is
not available the behaviour of circuits in discrete
steps
becomes
compulsory.
By analyzing
performance it can be determined that Buck
converter output is almost same for delay or no delay
circuit for 36 cells solar panel. Boost converter
reduces output of phase delay circuit. Buck-Boost
converter can help in achieving dual purpose with
inverted outputs. Thus while choosing converter for a
specified application, choice of model must be
selective to achieve appropriate responses.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

4. FUTURE WORK
Solar Converters work as best renewable power
sources for charging battery or operation of
appliances. Studies could be made prior to analyse
efficiency and determine losses in converters. Design
and development of advanced lossless converters
with appropriate duty cycle can be considered for
further research in varying panel sizes.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements may be made to those
individuals or institutions not mentioned elsewhere in
the paper that made an important contribution.

[7]

[8]

[9]

2014www.sciforum.net/conference/ece1/paper/2
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Robert W. Erickson, DC-DC Power
Converters Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical
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Simscape Model Of Photovoltaic cell,
International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 5, May 2013.
Savita Nema, R.K.Nema, Gayatri Agnihotri,
Matlab / simulink based study of photovoltaic
cells / modules / array and their experimental
verification, International Journal of Energy
and Environment, Volume 1, Issue 3, 2010
pp.487-500.
M.A Islam, N Mohammad, P.K.S Khan,
Modeling and performance analysis of a
generalized photovoltaic array in Matlab Joint
International Conference IN 2010 on Power
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems by
IEEE.
Chandani Sharma, Anamika Jain; Solar Panel
Mathematical Modelling using Simulink in
International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 4),
May 2014, pp.67-72.
Chandani Sharma, Anamika Jain; Simulink
Based Multi variable Solar Panel Modeling in
Telkominika Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 8, Aug 2014.
Chandani Sharma, Anamika Jain; Maximum
Power Point Techniques: A Review in
International Journal of Recent Research in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1,
Issue 1, April-June 2014, pp.25-33.

REFERENCES
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Ahmed Masmoudi MATLAB/Simulink Based
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International Journal of Renewable Energy
Research Tarak Salmi Et Al., Vol.2, No.2, 2012.
[2] Jaw Kuen Shiau, Min Yi Lee, Yu Chen Wei, and
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