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Abstract. We study the global existence and large time asymptotic behavior
of solutions to the initial-boundary value problem for the nonlinear nonlocal
Schr
odinger equation on a segment (0, a)
ut + i|u|2u + u = 0, t > 0, x (0, a)
u(x, 0) = u0 (x), x (0, a) ,
(0.1)
where the pseudodierential operator has the dissipation propery and the
symbol of order (0, 1). We prove that if the initial data u0 L are small,
then there exists a unique solution u C ([0, ) ; L ) of the initial-boundary
value problem (0.1) Moreover there exists a function A L such that the
solution has the following large time asymptotics
1
u(x, t) = A (x) t
where (x) =
1
2i
i
ez
+zx
x
t
+ O t
1+
dz.
1.
Introduction
Our aim in the present paper is to study the global existence and large time
asymptotic behavior of solutions to the initial-boundary value problem for the
nonlinear Shr
odinger equation on a segment [0, a]
(1.1)
76
1
Ku = (1 (x a))
2i
epx K(p)
u(p, t)dp,
(1.3)
1
2i
epx K(p)
u
(p, t)
[]
(1.4)
pj
dp
1
epx K(p)
(x a)
2i 1
[]
j1
pa j1
x u(0, t) e x u(a, t)
u
(p, t)
dp,
pj
j=1
where the contour 1 goes along the boundary of the domain of analyticity
of the symbol K (p) , we assume that K (p) is always analytic in the domain
Re p > 0. Note that in the case of holomorphic symbol K (p) (for example, a
polynomial) the last integral in the denition (1.4) is equal to zero, hence we
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
77
get a usual dierential operator. Also we can rewrite the denition (1.4) in
the form
i
1
epx K(p)
Ku = (1 (x a))
2i i
[]
j1
pa j1
x u(0, t) e x u(a, t)
u
(1.5)
dp,
(p, t)
pj
j=1
(1.6)
px
= q C; q (ei , i0) +i0, ei
and
u
(p, t) = u
(p, t)
[]
pj
i e(qp)a 1
1
t), t > 0,
+
K(q)
u
(q, t)dq = f(p,
u
t
2i
qp
i
u
(p, 0) = u
0 (p),
j
78
Integrating with respect to time t in view of (1.6) we obtain for the Laplace
transform u
(p, t)
t
(1.8)
eK(p)(t ) f1 (p, )d ,
u
(p, t) = eK(p)t u0 (p) +
0
where
t) + K(p)
f1 (p, t) = f(p,
1
2i
[]
pj
e(qp)a
K(q)u
(q, )dq.
qp
In order to get the integral formula for solutions of (1.3), we need to know
the boundary values xj1 u (0, t), xj1 u(a, t). Some of the boundary values we
put in the problem as given boundary data and the rest we will nd from the
equation using the growth condition
(1.9)
|
u(p, t)| M (1 + |p|) 1 + epa for all |p| 1,
with some M, > 0, which guarantee us that the inverse Laplace transform
u(x, t) vanish for all x < 0 and x > a. It is easy to prove that condition (1.9) is
fullled in domains Re K(p) > 0. In domains, where Re K(p) < 0, we rewrite
formula (1.8) as
+
K(p)t
K(p)
e
f1 (p, )d
u
0 (p) +
u
(p, t) = e
0
+
eK(p)(t ) f1 (p, )d .
t
eK(p)(t ) f1 (p, )d
satises condition (1.9) for all |p| 1, such that Re K(p) < 0. However
the rst summand with exponentially growing factor eK(p)t does not satisfy
condition (1.9), therefore we have to put the following conditions
+
(1.10)
eK(p) f1 (p, )d = 0
u
0 (p) +
0
for all |p| > 1 in the domains, where Re K(p) < 0. We use equations (1.10)
to nd some of the boundary values xj u(0, t), xj u(a, t) involved in formula
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
79
(1.11)
u
0 (l ) + f(
l , )
+
[]
j1
l a j1
x u(0, t) e
x u(a, t)
e
d
j
l
0
j=1
+
(ql ())a
e
1
e (
u(q, )
K(q)
=
2i q l ()
0
[]
d dq,
qj
j=1
el y u0 (y)dy, f(l , ) =
+ a
0
(j1)
u(x, t) = (1 (x a))A(x)t
+ O t
1
t
80
1
ez +z dz
() =
2i i
and
A(x) =
0
u0 (y)dy +
here R+ , (0, 1 ) , =
d
0
if min (, 1) , and = 1 if 1.
Remark 1. Note that the symbols K (p) under consideration are not analytic
in the left half-complex plane (see denition (1.5)), so the contour of integration in the inverse Laplace transform could not be shifted in order to obtain
some more rapid time decay (see formula (2.4) below). As a consequence,
the solutions of nonlocal equation (1.3) have a potential decay rate such as
1
t , in comparison with the case of purely dierential operator K. For example, it is well-known that solutions of the heat equation on a segment decay
exponentially with respect to time.
Remark 2. By the method of this paper we also can consider more general
nonlinearities of the form |u| u with super critical power > .
We organize our paper as follows. In Section 2 we solve the linear initialboundary value problem corresponding to (1.1) and prove some preliminary
estimates in Lemma 3. Section 3 is devoted to the proof of Theorem 1. Everywhere below by the same letter C we denote dierent positive constants.
2.
Linear problem
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
81
where
1
f1 (p, t) = f(p, t) +
2i
e(qp)a
K(q)
u (q, )dq.
qp
(2.4)
K(q)
u(q, )dq
2i i q p
I1 + I2 + I3 ,
where > 0.
Now we prove that the last integral in (2.4) is equal to zero for all x [0, a] .
Indeed, since Re K(p) > 0 for all Re p > 0 by the Cauchy Theorem we get for
Re q = 0, x [0, a] , (0, t)
i+
1
dpep(xa) eK(p)(t )
dp = 0.
qp
i+
82
Therefore changing the order of integration we obtain for x [0, a] (we can
change the order of integration since all integrals converge absolutely)
t i
1
I3 =
d
eqa K(q)
u(q, )dq
2i 0
i
i+
1
1
dpep(xa) eK(p)(t )
dp
2i i+
qp
(2.5)
= 0.
Since u(x, t) = 0 for all x > a and for x < 0 substituting the Laplace trans ) into (2.4) and using (2.5), we obtain the following
forms u
0 (p) and f(p,
integral representation for solutions u(x, t) of the problem (2.1)
a
t a
u(x, t) =
(2.6)
u0 (y)G(x, y, t)dy +
d
f (y, )G(x, y, t )d ,
0
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
83
So changing the order of integration in formula (2.7) and calculating the integrals with respect to x we get
i
a
1
e(qp)a 1
u
(p, t) =
u0 (y)dy
eK(q)tqy
dq
2i 0
qp
i
i
t a
e(qp)a 1
1
d
f (y, )dy
eqyK(q)(t )
+
dq
2i 0
qp
0
i
a
t
a
K(p)t
py
K(p)
py
e u0 (y)dy +
e
d
e f (y, )dy
= e
0
0
0
1 pa a
1
+
u0 (y)dy eK(q)t+q(ay)
e
dq
2i
q
p
0
a
1
1 pa t
d
f (y, )dy eK(q)(t )+q(ay)
(2.8)
e
dq.
+
2i
qp
0
0
t a
1
+
d
f (y, )dy
eK(q)(t )+q(ay) dq
2i
0
0
+i
K(p)
1
ep(xa)
dp,
2i i
qp
whence using the fact that
+i
ep(xa)
K(p)
dp = 0
qp
u0 (y)dy
ep(xy) eK(p)t dp
Ku =
t 0
2i i
t a
i
1
d
f (y, )dy
ep(xy) eK(p)(t ) dp
t 0
2i
0
i
a
i
1
p(xy)
f (y, )dy
e
dp = ut (x, t) + f (x, t).
+
2i i
0
84
Thus there exists a solution to the problem (2.1), which is given by formula
(2.6). The uniqueness follows from the fact that all solutions have representation (2.6).
Note that by the Cauchy Theorem the Green function G(x, y, t) = 0 for all
x < y and t < 0, therefore formula (2.6) can be written as
t x
x
(2.9)
u0 (y)G(x, y, t)dy +
d
f (y, )G(x, y, t )d ,
u(x, t) =
0
where
(2.10)
1
G(x, y, t) = (1 (x a))
2i
ep(xy)K(p)t dp.
(2.11)
O
t ,
+
y
G(x, y, t) = (1 (x a)) t
1
t
for y (0, x) .
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
85
q +qx
e
dq + R(
x, y
) ,
= t (1 (x a))
2i
i
1
where x
= xt , y
= yt , and
R(
x, y
) =
eq
+qx
(eqy 1)dq.
Using estimates eqy 1 < C |q
y | and Re q > 0 for Re q = 0 we easily get
i
1+
1
1
Req
t |R(
x, y
)| Ct
e
|q
y | dq = y O t .
i
Lemma 3 is proved.
Denote G (t) =
(2.10).
x
0
Lemma 4. Suppose that the function L (0, a). Then the estimate
1
G (t) C(1 + t)
is valid for all t > 0.
(x) = L1 ep . Note that the function G
(x) is a smooth
Proof. Denote G
(x) C (R+ ) and decays at innity so that
function G
sup x
1+ G
(2.12)
(x) C,
xR+
pxp
pxp
1
e
dp =
e
p
dp
G (x) =
i
2i i
2ix e 2 +i
e i2 i
1
p 1+
e
p
dp Cx1 ,
Cx
i
e 2 +i
86
where > 0, 0 < < 1. Therefore estimate (2.12) is true. By virtue of (2.12)
we nd
1
1
t ()
t G
() C x
1 C,
= G
L1
L1
L1x
hence by the Young inequality and using estimate 1 < C we obtain
1 1
t ()
G (t) C t G
1 C
L
and
G (t)
1 1
t ()
C t G
Ct
1 Ct
1
for all t > 0. Whence the estimate of the lemma follows. Lemma 4 is proved.
3.
Global existence
u(x, t) = G (t) u0 i
where
G (t) ( ) =
G (t ) |v( )|2 v( )d ,
G (x, y, t) (y, ) dy
0
< .
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
87
and
G(x, y, t) = (1 (x a))
Via estimate
1
2i
ep(xy)p t dp.
3
2
3
|v| v(t) v(t) C3 (1 + t)
1
applying L (0, a) norm to formula (3.2) and using results of Lemma (4) we
get
t
u(t) C G (t) u0 + C
G (t ) |v( )|2 v( ) d
C (1 + t) u0
t
t
2
1
+C
d |v|2 v( ) (t ) d + C
d |v|2 v( ) d
1
1 (1 + t)
(3.3)
+ C
0
t
2
t
2
(t )
d +
t
t
2
(1 + t) .
1
d(v1 , v2 ),
2
+ O t
u(x, t) = (1 (x a))A (x) t
1
t
88
1
ez +zxdz
(x) =
2i i
and
A (x) =
u0 (y)dy i
d
0
(3.5)
+ R(x, t),
u(x, t) = (1 (x a))A (x) t
1
t
where
t a
1+
1+
d
|u|3 dy
+t
1
t
0
t
t a
d
|u(y, )|3 |G(x, y, t ) G(x, y, t)| dy.
+
0
We have
|Gt (x, y, t)| C
Re |p| t
1
|p| dp Ct1 .
Therefore we obtain
1
d
0
Ct
0
1
1
t
0
(1 + ) d Ct1
1+
+t
Ct
1+
u0 + Ct
(1 + ) d
0
+
1
3
1
(1 + ) d + Ct1
xt
1+
+ Ct
1+
t
1
3
+1
+ Ct1
Ct if min (, 1) ,
1
Ct1 if 1.
SCHRODINGER
TYPE EQUATIONS
89
Theorem 1 is proved.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to an unknown referee for many useful suggestions and comments. This work is partially supported by CONACYT and COSNET.
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90
Elena I. Kaikina
Departamento de Ciencias B
asicas
Instituto Tecnol
ogico de Morelia