Nihilism

Moral nihilism (also known as ethical nihilism) is the meta-ethical view that nothing is
intrinsically moral or immoral. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing
someone, for whatever reason, is neither inherently right nor inherently wrong. Moral
nihilists consider morality to be constructed, a complex set of rules and recommendations
that may give a psychological, social, or economical advantage to its adherents, but is
otherwise without universal or even relative truth in any sense.
Moral nihilism is distinct from moral relativism, which does allow for moral statements
to be true or false in a non-objective sense, but does not assign any static truth-values to
moral statements, and of course moral universalism, which holds moral statements to be
objectively true or false. Insofar as only true statements can be known, moral nihilism
implies moral skepticism.
Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing) is a philosophical doctrine that suggests the
negation of one or more reputedly meaningful aspects of life. The Greek philosopher and
Sophist, Gorgias (C. 485 BCE-380 BCE), is perhaps the first to consider the Nihilistic
belief. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which
argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists
assert that morality does not inherently exist, and that any established moral values are
abstractly contrived. Nihilism can also take epistemological or ontological/metaphysical
forms, meaning respectively that, in some aspect, knowledge is not possible, or that
reality does not actually exist.
The term is sometimes used in association with anomie to explain the general mood of
despair at a perceived pointlessness of existence that one may develop upon realising
there are no necessary norms, rules, or laws. Movements such as Futurism and
deconstruction, among others, have been identified by commentators as "nihilistic" at
various times in various contexts.
Nihilism is also a characteristic that has been ascribed to time periods: for example, Jean
Baudrillard and others have called postmodernity a nihilistic epoch, and some Christian
theologians and figures of religious authority have asserted that postmodernity and many
aspects of modernity represent a rejection of theism, and that such rejection of their
theistic doctrine entails nihilism.

 Eugenics
Eugenics (from Greek eugenes "well-born" from ,
"good, well" and "race") is the belief and practice
of improving the genetic quality of the human
population. It is a social philosophy advocating
the improvement of human genetic traits through
the promotion of higher reproduction of people
with desired traits (positive eugenics), and
reduced reproduction of people with less-desired
or undesired traits (negative eugenics)

The idea of eugenics existed previous to the existence of the word eugenics; for example,
William Goodell (1829-1894) advocated the castration and spaying of the insane.
However, eugenics as a modern concept was originally developed by Francis Galton.
Galton had read his half-cousin Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which sought to
explain the development of plant and animal species, and desired to apply it to humans.
Galton believed that desirable traits were hereditary based on biographical studies. In
1883, one year after Darwin's death, Galton gave his research a name: eugenics.
Throughout its recent history, eugenics has remained a controversial concept.
Eugenics became an academic discipline at many colleges and universities, and received
funding from many sources. Three International Eugenics Conferences presented a global
venue for eugenists with meetings in 1912 in London, and in 1921 and 1932 in New
York. Eugenic policies were first implemented in the early 1900s in the United States. It
has roots in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. Later, in the 1920s
and 30s, the eugenic policy of sterilizing certain mental patients was implemented in
other countries, including Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and Sweden.
The scientific reputation of eugenics started to decline in the 1930s, a time when Ernst
Rdin used eugenics as a justification for the racial policies of Nazi Germany.
Nevertheless, in Sweden the eugenics program continued until 1975. In addition to being
practiced in a number of countries, eugenics was internationally organized through the
International Federation of Eugenics Organizations.[20] Its scientific aspects were carried
on through research bodies such as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human
Heredity, and Eugenics, the Cold Spring Harbour Carnegie Institution for Experimental
Evolution, and the Eugenics Record Office. Its political aspects involved advocating laws
allowing the pursuit of eugenic objectives, such as sterilization laws. Its moral aspects
included rejection of the doctrine that all human beings are born equal, and redefining
morality purely in terms of genetic fitness. Its racist elements included pursuit of a pure
"Nordic race" or "Aryan" genetic pool and the eventual elimination of "less fit" races.

 Companionate marriage
Eva Illouz argues that the 'love' (companionate) marriage emerged at the same time as the
rise of capitalism in European and American society. 'Love' is not the raw emotion that
Western representations make it out to be, but a cultural construction shaped by the social
and economic conditions of modern industrial society. Industrialization weakened the ties
between extended families, and made the nuclear family the norm. In this view, love is a
culturally constructed label for physiological arousal that is shrouded in cultural symbols
that situate the emerging relationship within a particular set of cultural expectations one
of which leads to marriage as an institution. These cultural expectations are shaped by a
number of cultural industries, such as advertising, film and television, and the 'wedding
industry'. Until the turn of the twentieth century, marriage was viewed as one of the most
important financial decisions of one's life, determined in large part by property transfers
such as dowry (or dower), and romantic love was viewed as disruptive of the rational
economic decision making needed. Under the development of capitalism, this changed:
Romantic love, then, precedes capitalism per se but articulates two leitmotifs that will
later resonate with capitalism's central ideological themes. One concerns the sovereignty
of the individual vis vis the group, such sovereignty being affirmed in illicit sexual
choices and in the lovers' refusal to conform to the rules of endogamy set by the group.
The other concerns the distinction central to bourgeois ideology between interest and
sentiments, selfishness and selflessness, embodied respectively in the public and private
spheres. In this division, romantic love asserts the privilege of sentiments over social and
economic interests, of gratuity over profit, of abundance over the deprivations caused by
accumulation. In proclaiming the supremacy of human relationships governed by the
disinterested gift of oneself, love not only celebrates the fusion of individual souls and
bodies but also opens the possibility of an alternative social order. Love thus projects an
aura of transgression and both promises and demands a better world.
A love marriage is a marriage of two individuals
based upon mutual love, affection, commitment and
attraction. While nowadays, the term has little
discrete meaning in the Western world, where most
marriages are considered to be 'based in love,' the
term has meaning elsewhere to indicate a concept of
marriage which differs from the norms of arranged
marriage and forced marriage.
The term has found usage in South Asia and MiddleEastern countries which have strong traditional arranged marriage systems where the
family of the woman, the man, or of both, arrange the marriage for the individuals.
Depending on the culture, love marriages may be unpopular or frowned upon.

 Birth Control
The ethics of birth control has always been a topic of debate. All of the worlds major
religions endorse responsible parenthood, but when it comes to methods the consensus
often dissolves. Hindu and Buddhist teachings are linked by a belief in reincarnation, but
this has not been extended to an obligation to achieve maximum fertility. The Buddhist
religion requires abstinence from any form of killing, and strict Buddhist groups have
interpreted this requirement as support for opposition to contraception. At the same time,
Buddhist scripture contains the phrase Many children make you poor, and the few
prevailing constraints against birth control have been interpreted as affecting individuals,
not state policy.
Religious adherents vary widely in their views on birth control. This can be true even
between different branches of one faith, as in the case of Judaism. Some religious
believers find that their own opinions of the use of birth control differ from the beliefs
espoused by the leaders of their faith, and many grapple with the ethical dilemma of what
is conceived as "correct action" according to their faith, versus personal circumstance,
reason, and choice.
Among Christian denominations today there are a large variety of positions towards
contraception. The Roman Catholic Church has disallowed artificial contraception for as
far back as one can historically trace. Contraception was also officially disallowed by
non-Catholic Christians until 1930 when the Anglican Communion changed its policy.
Soon after, most Protestant groups came to accept the use of modern contraceptives as a
matter of Biblically allowable freedom of conscience
At the very least, every Christian married couple should cover every aspect of their
marriage with prayer, including future children God may bless them with. Through
prayer, the Christian couple is demonstrating faith in the goodness and sovereignty of
God over all of life, including the womb.
Some Christian couples determine to use only prayer in their family planning. As a result,
they simply enjoy normal marital sexual relations and trust that if God desires that they
have children, he will provide according to his timing. When a Christian couple chooses
this approach, trusting that whatever happens is Gods good will, it is acceptable.
Natural birth control methods have many benefits, including the involvement of both
husband and wife, as well as the fact that such methods are free, safe, and reversible.
Additionally, these methods require no surgery, chemicals, devices, or drugs. Natural
methods can also be used with other methods, such as a condom, during fertile times.
One of the potential difficulties is that natural methods require discipline and planning,
which not everyone is equally faithful to ensure. In conclusion, natural birth control is
permissible for a Christian couple.

 Bolshevism
Cultural Bolshevism was a term widely used during the Third Reich by critics to
denounce modernism in the arts, particularly when seeking to discredit more nihilistic
forms of expression. This became an issue during the 1920s in Weimar Germany.
German artists such as Max Ernst and Max Beckmann, were denounced by the Nazis as
"cultural Bolsheviks".
Jewish Bolshevism (also known as Judeo-Bolshevism or Jewish Communism) is part
of the Jewish World Conspiracy theory that Jews control the world. The expression has
been used as a catchword for the assertion that Communism is a Jewish conspiracy, and it
has often coincided with overtly aggressive nationalistic tendencies in the 20th century
and 21st century. In Poland, Judeo-Bolshevism was known as ydokomuna and was used
as an antisemitic stereotype.[ Scholars dismiss this theory.
The expression was the title of a pamphlet, The Jewish Bolshevism, and became current
after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, featuring prominently in the propaganda of
the anti-communist "White" forces during the Russian Civil War.
The label "Judeo-Bolshevism" was used in Nazi Germany to equate Jews with
communists, implying that the communist movement served Jewish interests and/or that
all Jews were communists. According to Hannah Arendt it was "the most efficient fiction
of Nazi Propaganda". In Poland before World War II, the label ydokomuna was used in
the same way to allege that the Jews were conspiring with the USSR to capture Poland.
National capital does not exist. The nature of capital is international. It ignores all
obstacles to economic profit. Any restrictions to freedom of markets are an obstacle to
this profit. This includes state, national, confessional, and other divisions. Fascism,
which misunderstood its own essence as far as the necessity to combine nationalism
specifically with socialism, fell victim to this monstrous, unforgivable delusion.
Nationalism cannot be market-based or liberal. This ideology appeals to immaterial,
collective, supereconomic life. Communal life is both at the center of nationalism and at
the center of socialism. Capitalism is based on a radically different, irreconcilable
position, the concept of material profit, effectiveness, rationalization of the present,
momentary, objective world. Let us remember that early national-socialism was based
on a radically socialist, rigidly anti-bourgeois concept of Ernst Junger, the Laborer, Der
Arbeiter.