Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
NATIONALPOWERTRAININGINSTITUTE
(Under Ministry of Power, Govt. of India)
Affiliatedto
AUGUST 2012
DECLARATION
Seminar
presentation
of
the
Training
Report
was
made
on
Presentation In-Charge
Mohak Thakur
(Faculty)
Countersigned
Director/Principal of the Institute
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank all those who have been instrumental in completion of my
training. Words could never be enough to express my true regards to all those who helped me
in completing this project. I cannot in full measure, reciprocate the kindness shown and
contribution made by various persons in this endeavor of mine. I shall always remember them
with gratitude and sincerity. First of all I would like to take the opportunity to thankMr.
KartikWahi,MrGaurav Kumar, Mr. Soumitra Mishra, Directors, Claro Energy Pvt.
Ltd, for giving me the opportunity to undergo my summer internship in their company.
I would forever be indebted to my Project GuideMr. AmarjeetYadav, Deputy General
Manager, Claro Energy Pvt.Ltd. for his guidance and support throughout the course of my
project. The Inputs provided by him have been invaluable for the completion of my Project.
I feel deep sense of gratitude towards Mr. J.S.S.Rao(Principal Director,
CP&M/BDD/CAMPS), Mr. S.K.
Chowdhary(PrincipalDirector,CAMPS) ,theentirefacultyinCAMPS andmy internal
Project Guide Ms. SugandhaAggarwal, Senior Fellow, NPTIfor assisting me throughout
the project.
My sincerethankstoMrsInduMaheswari, Deputy Director, NPTI and Mrs. Manju Mam,
Deputy Director, NPTI for arranging my internship at CLARO ENERGY PVT Ltd. and
being a constant source of motivation and guidance throughout the course of my Internship.
Also like to thank all my NPTI senior and batch mates who helped me time and again.
Mohak
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
water pumps represent a higher initial investment, however, over a period of 5 years they
represent a cost benefit due to minimal maintenance costs compared to diesel pumps.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) has been the most
significant policy step towards promoting solar power in India. The mission proposes to
achieve 20,000 MW of capacity from solar energy by 2022 through a three phase approach.
It aims to achieve a long-term reduction in the cost of solar power generation
througheconomies of scale. The mission has also set specific targets for the off-grid solar
segment.
Solar energy is a clean source of energy which does not require any running fuel. Apart from
the initial installation cost, solar pumps have low maintenance cost. The subsidies along with
the available soft loans which can be availed through The Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency (IREDA) andNational Bank for Rural and Agricultural
Development(NABARD) make solar pump a viable option.
The focus area of this project has been the Bundelkhandregion in India. This region faces the
problem of lack of grid supply which creates the need to look out for other alternatives for
irrigation pumps. Solar thus stands out against Diesel operated pumps which have high
operating costs and are environment polluting.
After an initial extensive study of NSM (to understand the framework of Solar policy) and
understanding the mechanism of availing the subsidy and soft loans, a primary research of the
region was undertaken to gather data related to water head, soil structure and agricultural
practices in order to formulate a customized solar pumping solution for the specific site.
Various business models were taken into consideration of which Pay-per-use business model
was found to be financially viable w.r.t the conditions in Bundelkhand.
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1: FIGURE 1.1 ALL INDIA GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY..............3
FIGURE 1.2 : SOLAR ENERGY RADIATION MAP OF INDIA...........................................7
FIGURE 1.3 : SOLAR WATER PUMP...................................................................................10
FIGURE2.1 : THE EIGHT MISSION OF NAPCC................................................................22
FIGURE2.2 : FINANCING FRAMEWORK..........................................................................29
FIGURE2.3 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................31
FIGURE3.1 : LOCATION OF BUNDELKHAND.................................................................32
FIGURE3.2 : SOLAR A SOLUTION TO THE WATER AND ELECTRICITY PROBLEM
IN BUNDELKHAND.............................................................................................................36
FIGURE3.3 : WORKING OF PV CELL................................................................................39
FIGURE3.4 : THE THREE TYPES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.....................................40
FIGURE3.5 : SOLAR V/S DIESEL.......................................................................................47
FIGURE3.6 : DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF SOALR PUMPING SYSTEM.48
FIGURE3.7 : SOLAR POWER WATER PUMP KEY FEATURES...................................51
FIGURE3.8 : DUAL EXIS TRACKER STURCTURE..........................................................54
FIGURE3.9 : SNAP SHOT OF OUTPUT OF ONLINE MONITORING SYSTEM............56
FIGURE4.1 : PAY-PER-USE MODEL...................................................................................60
FIGURE4.2 : SHARED CHANNEL MODEL.......................................................................62
FIGURE4.3 : DIRECT SALES MODEL................................................................................64
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 : NSM TARGETS................................................................................................25
TABLE 2.2 : ROLE OF IREDA IN JNNSM..........................................................................27
TABLE 2.3 : BENCHMARK COST & MAXIMUM GRANT BY MNRE..........................28
TABLE 2.4 : SUBSIDY UNDER THE OFF GRID SCHEME..........................................28
TABLE 3.1 : COMPONENTS OF SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM......................................43
TABLE 3.2 : SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS............................................................43
ABBREVIATIONS
BPL
CDM
CEA
GHG
GW
Giga Watt
GOI
Government of India
IREDA
JNNSM
MW
MWh
MOP
MU
NABAR
D
NAPCC
NTPC
REC
RO
ROC
RPO
Development
National Action Plan for Climate Change
National Thermal Power Corporation
Renewable Energy Certificates
Renewable Obligation
Renewable Obligation Certificate
Renewable Purchase Obligation
Table of Contents
DECLARATION
................................................................................... i
CERTIFICATE
........................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
........................................................................................................ iv-v
LIST OF
FIGURES
................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF
TABLES
....................................................................................................
ABBREVIATIONS
....................................................................................... vii
1
INTRODUCTION
10
11
1.7.2
Claros
Expertise
. 11
1.7.3
Organization
Structure
12
1.7.4
Claro's key Clients and
Collaborations
14
14
21
2.2.1
21
2.2.2
23
26
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5 Subsidies
30
2.6.1
Secondary Research 30
2.6.2
Primary Research:
2.6.3
30
30
33
3.1.2
33
3.1.3
3.1.4
Climate
3.1.5
3.1.6
33
34
34
27
28
3.
26
10
36
35
35
31
13
3.4.1
Solar On grid 38
3.4.2
3.5.2
Solar Thermal 42
44
3.6.1
Introduction
44
3.6.2
Advantages
45
3.6.3
Limitations
45
3.6.4
3.6.5
46
47
49
3.7.1
Centrifugal pump
49
3.7.2
Submersible pump
50
39
50
50
57
58
60
4.4.2
4.4.3
Direct Sales
4.4.4
61
63
64
5.CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS 66
5.1 Conclusion
66
11
65
5.2 Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
67
78
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1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Role of Energy in Indian Economy
Consistent growth in Indias GDP since the introduction of the economic reforms
program in the 1990s has made India one of the fastest growing major
economies of the world. Within this economic environment, Indias energy
consumption growth has also recorded a significant increase. India is a rapidly
growing economy which needs energy to meet its growth objectives in a
sustainable manner.
Energy is needed for economic growth, for improving the quality of life and for increasing
opportunities for development. Some 600 million Indians do not have access to electricity
and about 700 million Indians use biomass as their primary energy resource for cooking.
Ensuring life line supply of clean energy to all is essential for nurturing inclusive growth,
meeting the millennium development goals and raising Indias human development index that
compares poorly with several countries that are currently below Indias level of development.
Energy not only provides light and access to modern electrical appliances but as an effect can
cause a huge effect on economic development, livelihoods, social dignity, and environmental
sustainability. The broad vision behind Indias integrated energy policy is to reliably meet the
demand for energy services of all sectors including the lifeline energy needs of vulnerable
households in all parts of the country with safe, clean and convenient energy at the least-cost.
This must be done in a technically efficient, economically viable and environmentally
sustainable manner using different fuels and forms of energy, both conventional and nonconventional, as well as new and emerging energy sources to ensure supply at all times with a
prescribed confidence level considering that shocks and disruption can be reasonably
expected. In other words, the goal of the energy policy is to provide energy security to all.
Although India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world, the countrys per capita
energy consumption continues to be well below the world average and has significant
potential for growth. Coming out of the global economic crisis, India continues to grow at a
steady pace compared to several other economies around the world. Considering that the
economic growth is sustained for the next few years, the energy requirement for India is
pretty high.Re-affirming the view, that India remains a very attractive investment destination.
Indias growth story in the next few years will be driven by its growth in the energy and
infrastructure sectors.
Coal, which already provides a major portion of Indias power, is expected to remain the
dominant primary fuel. With Indias commitment to the world on its per capita carbon
emission targets and reducing carbon intensity by 20-25%, openings exist for renewable,
nuclear and gas power to increase their share in the fuel mix for the additional power
capacities.
India has over 24998.46 MWof installed renewable power generating capacity as on
31.07.2012. JNNSM targets total capacity of 20 GW grid-connected solar power by 2022.
Renewable energy technologies are being deployed at industrial facilities to provide
supplemental power from the grid, and over 70% of wind installations are used for this
purpose. Biofuels have not yet reached a significant scale in India. Indias Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) supports the further deployment of renewable technologies
through policy actions, capacity building, and oversight of their wind and solar research
institutes. The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides financial
assistance for renewable projects with funding from the Indian government and international
organizations; they are also responsible for implementing many of the Indian governments
renewable energy incentive policies. There are several additional Indian government bodies
with initiatives that extends into renewable energy, and there have been several major policy
actions in the last decade that have increased the viability of increased deployment of
renewable technologies in India, ranging from electricity sector reform to rural electrification
initiatives. Several incentive schemes are available for the various renewable technologies,
and these range from investment-oriented depreciation benefits to generationoriented
preferential tariffs. Many states are now establishing Renewable Purchase Obligations
(RPOs), which has stimulated development of a tradable Renewable Energy Certificate
(REC) program.
Though share of renewable energy is relatively smaller in the overall energy basket, it is set
to increase significantly in future. The major driving factors for promotion of renewable in
India includes Indias commitment to cut carbon intensity by 25% coupled with the need to
meet rising energy needs of vast population as well as to meet targeted growth of 9%. To
address these challenges, National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was announced
on 30 June, 2008, which outlined strategies to increase the proportion of renewable energy
sources in fuel mix, promoting energy efficiency, conservation of national resources, and
increasing carbon sink.
tonnes of HSD (high-speed diesel)in 2003/04, accounting for 19.2% of the total HSD
consumption during the year.Consumption of LDO (light diesel oil) and furnace oil for
plantation in 2003/04 was 44 000and 243 000 tonnes, respectively, accounting for 2.7% of
the total LDO and 2.9% of thetotal furnace oil consumed in the country. Consumption of
furnace oil for transport(agriculture retail trade) in the agriculture sector was 94 thousand
tonnes (Ministry ofPower and Natural Gas 2004). However, it is difficult to assess the total
dieselconsumption for agriculture from the available data.
The rapid expansion of energisation of pumpsets has significantly altered the irrigation
scenario. During the sixties, the share of ground water irrigation in India's total irrigated area
was only about 29 per cent, but it has increased to over 62 per cent today.
As electricity is essential to operate pumpsets, the consumption of electricity by the
agricultural sector has also risen sharply from 833 Gwh in 1960-61 to 1,29,051Gwh in
2010-11, an increase of about 155 times. Today, the agricultural sector accounts for close to
20 per cent of India's total electricity consumption; it was only around 5 per cent during
1960-61.
This sharp increase has occurred due to extensive use of ground water.Most crops, especially
during rabi and post-rabi (summer) seasons, are cultivated using primarily ground water.
It has been reported that farmers in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu don't even get six hours' continuous supply of electricity for irrigation pumpsets.
Heavily interrupted and limited supply of electricity poses great hardship to farmers who are
unable to supply irrigation water to the standing crops from their own wells.
Electrical energy shortage is a major problem the country faces today. An estimate by the
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) shows that the average shortage of power during the
period April 2011 to February 2012 was as high as 71,200 million units, which is about 8 per
cent less than the requirement.
The shortage of power supply is affecting the growth of agriculture, where electrical power is
used to operate pumpsets to lift water from wells and other sources for irrigation.
Reports from different parts of the country suggest that high-value crops such as sugarcane,
banana, cotton, paddy, etc, have dried up due to irregular supply of irrigation water as a result
of power shortage. How to protect the standing crops is the biggest question haunting farmers
today.
To facilitate this process of enabling development of both capacity and generation as planned,
the Government of India is taking various steps which are positively directed with
articulating a Mission Statement followed up with a revamp of the Regulations focused at
increasing serious participation in the sector.
Though blessed with a large number of sunny days, the penetration of solar energy has been
limited in India. Rural households particularly present ideal conditions for the usage of
photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems are portable, increasingly affordable and require
minimal maintenance. Aside from pollutants expelled during the manufacturing process,
photovoltaic systems did not create a waste stream. By converting a free and abundant source
of energy into direct current electricity, photovoltaic technologies may be used to power a
wide variety of appliances from basic lighting to refrigerators. Photovoltaic systems may be
installed by an individual household or may be linked together to form a grid with sufficient
energyproduction to power an entire community. Finally, when linked with appropriate
financing mechanisms, photovoltaic systems represent a cost-effective tool for securing
needed electrical capacity. Photovoltaic technologies hold great potential for extending
electrification into rural areas of developing countries. Certain projects in Africa, with the
help of Rural Energy foundation, were successful in setting up satellites that connected these
remote villages to the rest of the world. This connectivity not only helped the young to gain
knowledge from around the world, but also provided the rural community a feeling of
connectivity to the rest of the world.
1.3.1 Importance and relevance of solar energy for India:
1. Cost: Solar is currently high on absolute costs compared to other sources ofpower such as
coal. The objective of the Solar Mission is to createconditions, through rapid scale-up of
capacity and technological innovation todrive down costs towards grid parity. The Mission
anticipates achieving gridparity by 2022 and parity with coal-based thermal power by 2030,
butrecognizes that this cost trajectory will depend upon the scale of globaldeployment and
technology development and transfer. The cost projectionsvary from 22% for every
doubling of capacity to a reduction of only 60% withglobal deployment increasing 16 times
the current level. The Missionrecognizes that there are a number of off-grid solar applications
particularlyfor meeting rural energy needs, which are already cost-effective and providesfor
their rapid expansion.
2. Scalability: India is endowed with vast solar energy potential. About 5,000trillion kWh per
year energy is incident over Indias land area with most partsreceiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per
day. Hence both technology routes forconversion of solar radiation into heat and electricity,
namely, solar thermaland solar photovoltaics, can effectively be harnessed providing
hugescalability for solar in India. Solar also provides the ability to generate power
on a distributed basis and enables rapid capacity addition with short leadtimes. Off-grid
decentralized and low-temperature applications will beadvantageous from a rural
electrification perspective and meeting otherenergy needs for power and heating and cooling
in both rural and urbanareas. The constraint on scalability will be the availability of space,
since in allcurrent applications, solar power is space intensive. In addition, without
effective storage, solar power is characterized by a high degree of variability.In India, this
would be particularly true in the monsoon season.
3. Environmental impact: Solar energy is environmentally friendly as it haszero emissions
while generating electricity or heat.
4. Security of source: From an energy security perspective, solar is the mostsecure of all
sources, since it is abundantly available. Theoretically, a smallfraction of the total incident
solar energy (if captured effectively) can meet theentire countrys power requirements. It is
also clear that given the largeproportion of poor and energy un-served population in the
country, everyeffort needs to be made to exploit the relatively abundant sources of energy
available to thecountry. While, today, domestic coal based power generationis the cheapest
electricity source, future scenarios suggest that this could wellchange. Already, faced with
crippling electricity shortages, price of electricitytraded internally, touched Rs 7 per unit for
base loads and around Rs 8.50 perunit during peak periods. The situation will also change, as
the country movestowards imported coal to meet its energy demand. The price of power will
have to factor in the availability of coal in international markets and the cost ofdeveloping
import infrastructure. It is also evident that as the cost ofenvironmental degradation is
factored into the mining of coal, as it must, theprice of this raw material will increase. In the
situation of energy shortages,the country is increasing the use of diesel-based electricity,
which is bothexpensive costs as high as Rs 15 per unit - and polluting. It is in this
situation the solar imperative is both urgent and feasible to enable the countryto meet longterm energy needs.
10
11
Claro offers its services as a turn-key project developer to clients. Claro sources proven,
reliable,and high quality solar technologies to design, engineer, procure, install, and
commission the solar power system. Claro collaborates with firms, domestic and international
for its EPC services and financial investment when required.
Claro is the leader in solar pumping domain in Bihar with over 90% market share. While the
competition is expected to pick up in near term, Claro hopes to enjoy its position in the
industry due to continuous improvisations in the solution as well as post sale services.
Currently, small players face lack of technological, operational, and business development
capabilities in the solar pumping space. Large players have not been able to focus on this
niche sector due to their other involvements. In spite of their technological and business
development capabilities, they lack last-mile connect on ground. This gives Claro significant
advantage over large players.
Claros technological, operational, and business development capabilities along with its lastmile connect on ground has motivated key large players to collaborate with us in some form.
Such a market dynamics will help Claro be ahead of the competition. At the same time,
Claros investment in innovations around solution improvisation and exploring different types
of business models will help achieve a new high in the marketplace.
12
13
14
A. Mathew in his study MPPT based stand-alone water pumping system (2011,
Coimbatore, India) emphasized how Renewable energy sources are becoming a viable
substitute for conventional energy sources due to increases in world's energy demand and
scarce resources. Solar pump operated with AC drive offer better choice in terms of size,
ruggedness, efficiency and maintainability. In this work, dc power from solar panel is boosted
and fed to an inverter which gives ac output. Inverter drives the motor coupled to the water
pump. To get the maximum power available at any instant an MPPT controller is used to
control the converter. Of different types of MPPT algorithms artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques are popular. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) & fuzzy logic (FL) two different
types of AI techniques that are used to design the MPPT controller for PV system. In this
proposed work, depending on solar radiation and temperature, the MPPT controller gives
optimized duty cycle. Neural network and fuzzy logic are two MPPT controllers, simulated to
give optimum duty cycle. These MPPT controllers are compared based on the power obtained
from the boost converter. Simulation results are also presented.
SonaliGoel, PrajnasmitaMohapatra& R. K. Pati, School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, India in the study titled Solar Application for Transfer of
Technology A Case of Solar Pump described howAgriculture requires energy as an
important input to production. Agriculture consumes about 35 per cent of the total
power generated through electrically operated pump sets. It is expected that about 30 per cent
of savings is possible through appropriate technology. Agriculture uses energy directly as fuel
or electricity to operate machinery and equipment, to heat or cool buildings, and for lighting
on the farm, and indirectly in the fertilizers and chemicals produced off the farm. Agricultural
technology is changing rapidly. Farm machinery, farm building and production facilities are
constantly being improved. Agricultural applications suitable for photovoltaic (PV) solutions
are numerous. These applications are a mix of individual installations and
systems installed by utility companies when they have found that a PV solution is the best
solution for remote agricultural need such as water pumping for crops or livestock. A solar
powered water pumping system is made up of two basic components. These are PV panels
and pumps. The smallest element of a PV panel is the solar cell. Each solar cell has two or
more specially prepared layers of semiconductor material that produce direct current (DC)
electricity when exposed to light. This DC current is collected by the wiring in the panel. It is
then supplied either to a DC pump, which in turn pumps water whenever the sun shines
,orstored in batteries for later use by the pump. The aim of this article is to explain how solar
15
powered water pumping system works and what the differences with the other energy sources
are.
The paper titled RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIAbyS. M. Ali, ArjyadharaPradhan, SthitaPrajna Mishra
School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar presents an overview of
some solar photovoltaic grid-tied installations in India, and gives adescription of their
purpose and date of commencement, besides other data. A presentation of the India past and
present situations and the future prospects of solar photovoltaic is given. A brief comparison
between theperformances of existing grid-tied PV systems is made to demonstrate the good
potential of generatingelectricity from the sun, thus making photovoltaic a future contributor
to the energy mix in India. Finally, someproposals are presented, which could be used by
national legislative and statistical offices, in order to foster thewide-spread application of
solar photovoltaic in a professional and orderly manner.
International Reviews:
Matlin R.W. in the study titledPhotovoltaic-powered water pumps for third world
applications(1980, USA) described how small photovoltaic water pumping systems are of
interest because they offer the potential of solving irrigation needs for millions of small farms
that do not have access to a utility grid and require much less power than that supplied by the
smallest Diesels. A unit was developed by the author to meet these needs. The technical
tradeoffs involved in its development are described. Several dozen of these units are currently
operating in Third World countries, with several hundred more due to be installed in fourteen
different developing countries by the fall of 1980.
In the study titled Small solar pump for direct irrigation applications (1982, United
States) by Chadwick, D.G.; Willardson, L.S., a prototype solar powered water pump is
described. The low-head vacuum lift pump uses a thermodynamic liquid to drive a floating
piston which alternately draws water into a pumping chamber then pushes it past a check
valve to a higher elevation. A discussion of typical crop requirements illustrates how this
pump might be used in practice.
16
The study titled Performance of small progressive cavity pumps with solar power
(1987) by Peter R. B. Ward, William G. Dunford, David L. Pulfrey described how a small
progressive cavity pump, rated at about 900W, has been assembled and tested as part of a
photovoltaic-cell-powered water pumping system. Torque-speed relationships for the
progressive cavity pump, not readily available in published engineering journals, were
measured and are presented. The pump was extremely well suited to lifting groundwater for
small (domestic) supplies with solar power because it was capable of producing the full
design head over a very wide range of speeds. In addition, the progressive cavity pump was
robust, and unlike most other positive displacement pumps, would tolerate small
concentrations of silt and sand in the water without damage. Very many of these pumps are
already in use in parts of Africa and other developing areas, and excellent prospects exist for
operating progressive cavity pumps with solar-energy-powered drives.
Kagarakis,C.Aoutlined some of the main problems of design and assessment connected with
practical applications of photovoltaic generation and discussed major points of controversy
concerning such issues as comparisons between DC and AC systems and between centrifugal
and positive displacement pumps for water pumping units in the study titled Assessment of
solar photovoltaic systems at the level of rural lectrification(1989). The advantages and
disadvantages of each approach are pointed out, and it is concluded that, in most cases, the
specific conditions and requirements must be carefully considered in order to reach the
optimum design of a photovoltaic system. The experience obtained from the operation of a
photovoltaic water pumping system on the island of Karpathos, Greece, is discussed.
Mueller, M.A. presented a study Solar powered water pumps: problems, pitfalls and
potential,(2002,UK) . For many years, solar (photovoltaic) powered water pumping has
been portrayed as being able to revolutionise water provision in rural and developing
communities. Mass produced pumps and cheaper PV panels have been promised, with the
possibility of bringing safe water to those people who currently lack this basic human right.
Although inroads have been made to reaching such an ideal situation, the current reality is
somewhat different. This paper considers the challenges faced by electronic and electrical
components in a solar powered water pumping system. It reviews how these problems have
been addressed historically, investigates the ways in which the solutions have failed and
explores novel ways of utilising modern electrical systems in order to allow full exploitation
of this potentially life-transforming technology
17
18
obstacle it has become an important asset that contributes by means of reduced expenses,
less effort and saved time- to the improvement of livestock, the main livelihood provider for
these ranches.
Kala Meah, Steven Fletcher and SadrulUla(2008) in their paper named Solar photovoltaic
water pumping for remote locations discussed how many parts of the world as well as the
western US are rural in nature and consequently do not have electrical distribution lines in
many parts of villages, farms, and ranches. Distribution line extension costs can run from
USD 10,000 to USD 16,000/km, thereby making availability of electricity to small water
pumping projects economically unattractive. But, ground water and sunlight are available,
which make solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered water pumping more cost effective in these
areas' small scale applications. Many western states including Wyoming are passing through
the sixth year of drought with the consequent shortages of water for many applications. The
Wyoming State Climatologist is predicting a possible 5-10 years of drought. Drought impacts
the surface water right away, while it takes much longer to impact the underground aquifers.
To mitigate the effect on the livestock and wildlife, Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal
initiated a solar water pumping initiative in cooperation with the University of Wyoming,
County Conservation Districts, Rural Electric Cooperatives, and ranching organizations.
Solar water pumping has several advantages over traditional systems; for example, diesel or
propane engines require not only expensive fuels, they also create noise and air pollution in
many remote pristine areas. Solar systems are environment friendly, low maintenance, and
have no fuel cost. In this paper the design, installation, site selection, and performance
monitoring of the solar system for small-scale remote water pumping will be presented. This
paper also presents technical, environmental, and economic benefits of the SPV water
pumping system compared to stand alone generator and electric utility.
J. S. Ramos and Helena M. Ramos in their paper titled Solar powered pumps to supply
water for rural or isolated zones (2009, Portugal)concluded their work which aimed at
studying the possible application of solar energy to deep well water pumps for water supply
in rural or isolated zones. Developing countries are composed of numerous small villages and
farmers, making it economically unviable to extend the electrical national grid to every
location where it is needed. Also the difficulty in collecting dues makes this solution even
less viable. These countries still struggle with the lack of water in many villages and farms.
These factors, along with the increase in the price of conventional energy sources and
19
concerns regarding sustainable growth, have led to the development of solar powered water
pumps. Most African, South Asian and Latin-American countries have good sun exposure
almost all year and many of its villages still have lack of water. For this study we considered
a small village composed of 10 families with a daily consumption of 100 l each, a well with a
depth of 100 m, a reservoir 10 m above ground level, an autonomy of 6 days and a permitted
loss of load of 2%. In this work a PV advanced model was used. For the conditions
mentioned, a water cost of 1.07 /m3 and an investment cost of 3019 were obtained. A
pump power of 154 W and a solar array of 195 Watt peak (Wp) are necessary. The water cost
obtained is believed to be a competitive value proving these types of solutions as good
alternatives to extending the electric grid or having a diesel generator connected to the pump.
Yingdong Yu, Jiahong Liu, Hao Wang, Miao Liu (2011, China), in the paper titled Assess
the potential of solar irrigation systems for sustaining pasture lands in arid regions A
case study in Northwestern Chinadiscussed using the solar irrigation systems as an
effective way for sustaining pasture lands in arid regions following the combined impact of
global climate change and increasing human activities that has led to the severe deterioration
of grasslands in China. A solar irrigation system is the device that uses the solar cell from the
suns radiation to generate electricity for driving the pump. And photovoltaic pump consists
of an array of photovoltaic cells and pumps water from a well or reservoir for irrigation.
Although ecologists and organizations constantly work and find ways to conserve grasslands
through irrigation systems that use solar energy, issues on water resources are not yet
thoroughly discussed. This paper takes into account the main factors in the study of water
resources, including precipitation and groundwater, to analyze the feasibility of using a
photovoltaic (PV) pumping irrigation. The appropriate area for such a PV pumping irrigation
in Qinghai Province is also presented. The results show that the grasslands appropriate for PV
pumping cover about 8.145 million ha, accounting for 22.3% of the grasslands in the entire
province. Finally, the problems and countermeasures of PV pumping irrigation, including the
impact on regional water balance, groundwater level and highland permafrost, are also
considered.
A.Shafie and M.A.B. Abdelaziz (2011, Malaysia) in their paper named Photovoltaic based
irrigation system software discussed the use of photovoltaic as a power source for water
pumping activities which is one of the promising area in photovoltaic
application.Photovoltaic is a technology in which solar radiation is converted into electrical
20
power,that is, direct current. The objective of this study is to to develop a software that can be
used as guidelines for developing suitable photovoltaivbesed irrigation system. The study
presents the design and technical requirements of a photovoltaic powered water pumping
system for irrigation. The design is based on the estimation of water requirement, pumping
system selection and sizing, photovoltaic array sizing, load matching design, along with
metrological data of site location. Java language was employed in the development of the
software.
The much awaited The National Action plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was released
on 30th June, 2008 to state Indias contribution towards combating climate change. The plan
outlines Eight National Missions running through 2017. The Ministries involved submitted
detailed plans to the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change in December 2008.
The NAPCC consists of several targets on climate change issues and addresses the urgent and
critical concerns of the country through a directional shift in the development pathway. It
outlines measures on climate change related adaptation and mitigation while simultaneously
advancing development. The Missions form the core of the Plan, representing multi-pronged,
long termed and integrated strategies for achieving goals in the context of climate change.
21
National Mission
National Mission
for Strategic
for Enhanced
National Mission
Energy Efficiency
for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency
Knowledge for
National Mission
NAPCC
National Mission
for Sustainable
(National Action
on Sustainable
Agriculture
Habitat
National Water
National Mission
for a Green
National Mission
India
for Sustaining
Mission
the Himalayan
22
2.2.2
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched on the 11th January, 2010 by the
Prime Minister. The Mission has set the ambitious target of deploying 20,000 MW of grid
connected solar power by 2022 is aimed at reducing the cost of solar power generation in the
country through
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The Mission creates an enabling policy framework to achieve this objective and make
India a global leader in solar energy.
The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State
Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing Indiasenergy
security challenge. It also constitutes a major contribution by India to theglobal effort to meet
the challenges of climate change.
Ambitious targets of National Solar Mission
The objective of the National Solar Mission is to establish India as a global leader insolar
energy, by creating the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country asquickly as
possible.
The Mission will adopt a 3-phase approach, spanning the remaining period of the11th Plan
and first year of the 12th Plan (up to 2012-13) as Phase 1, the remaining 4years of the 12th
Plan (2013-17) as Phase 2 and the 13th Plan (2017-22) as Phase 3.
At the end of each plan, and mid-term during the 12th and 13th Plans, there will be
anevaluation of progress, review of capacity and targets for subsequent phases, basedon
emerging cost and technology trends, both domestic and global. The aim wouldbe to protect
Government from subsidy exposure in case expected cost reductiondoes not materialize or is
more rapid than expected.
23
The immediate aim of the Mission is to focus on setting up an enabling environmentfor solar
technology penetration in the country both at a centralized anddecentralized level. The first
phase (up to 2013) will focus on capturing of the lowhangingoptions in solar thermal; on
promoting off-grid systems to serve populationswithout access to commercial energy and
modest capacity addition in grid-basedsystems. In the second phase, after taking into account
the experience of the initialyears, capacity will be aggressively ramped up to create
conditions for up scaled andcompetitive solar energy penetration in the country.
To achieve this, the Mission targets are:
To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MWof solar power by
2022.
To ramp up capacity of grid-connected solar power generation to 1000 MWwithin three
years by 2013; an additional 3000 MW by 2017 through themandatory use of the renewable
purchase obligation by utilities backed with apreferential tariff. This capacity can be more
than doubled reaching10,000MW installed power by 2017 or more, based on the enhanced
andenabled international finance and technology transfer. The ambitious target
for 2022 of 20,000 MW or more, will be dependent on the learning of the firsttwo phases,
which if successful, could lead to conditions of grid-competitivesolar power. The transition
could be appropriately up scaled, based onavailability of international finance and
technology.
To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability, particularlysolar thermal
for indigenous production and market leadership.
To promote programmes for off grid applications, reaching 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000
MW by 2022 .
To achieve 15 million sq. meters solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20million by
2022.
To deploy 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022.
24
Application Segment
Phase I
Phase-II
Phase- III
2010-13
2013-17
2017-22
1,000-2000
4000-10,000
MW
MW
200 MW
1,000 MW
7 million Sqm
15 million Sqm
20,000 MW
2,000 MW
20 million
Sqm
The key driver promoting solar power projects has been the solar-specific RPOs. As
per the solar mission, the solar power purchase obligation for states may start with
0.25% in Phase I and go up to 3% by 2022. Developers will have the option of
participating in the solar-specific REC mechanism or availing benefits from the feedin tariff. The RECs will also allow states with relatively poor solar resources to meet
their RPO commitments. Several estimates have been made on solar power potential,
and most of them have identified the feasible solar power potential in India to be more
than 100,000 MW. This potential coupled with the thrust from the government to
develop solar power, has made investments in solar power very attractive to solar
developers.
India's geographical location coupled with various schemes and incentives announced
by the government is aimed at accelerating the growth momentum of the Indian solar
power Industry from both capacity and generation perspective. The Government of
India (GoI) has initiated many schemes such as providing subsidy, tax holiday and
accelerated depreciation for power producers, concessional duty on the imports of raw
material, soft loan, elimination of excise duty on specific devices/systems,etc. to
increase the production as well as use of solar energy in the country.
25
26
Role of IREDA
Financing of Projects
Financing of Projects
Monitoring
top systems
Solar Manufacturing
Funding of projects
Soft loans
Working capital
27
2.
3.
2.5 Subsidies:
For Phase 1 of the NSM the Government of India launched the Off-grid Schemewith an
allocated fund of INR 2,510 million ($ 62.75 million) for off-grid applications.This subsidy
scheme comprises of two components:
1. A grant of 30% of the benchmark capital cost
2. A soft loan on 50% of the benchmark capital cost with an interest rate of 5% p.a.
This benchmark cost is defined annually by the government. The benchmark cost for off-grid
PV plants with and without storage system for the financial year 2012/13 is displayed in table
2.3. Depending on the category shown in Table 2.4, to which a specific project belongs to,
one or both subsidy components can be applied.
PV System
With Storage
Without
Storage
28
No
.
1
Application
Size of System
Components
Individuals
1.
A
Applicable
1 kWp
5 kWp
2
2.
Non-commercial entities
2.B electrification
3
3.
Industrial/Commercial entities
3.B electrification
p.a.)
250 kWp per site
Table 2.4: Subsidy under the Off-grid Scheme
Off-grid systems, which are imported completely, are not eligible to the funding. System
components have to meet the IEC standards or BIS equivalents given in Annexure 3 of the
Off-grid Scheme.
29
Understood the role of MNRE, IREDA, NABARD for financing the solar pumping
project and to understand the mechanism to avail subsidy.
Studied the economic conditions, agricultural practices, topology, soil structure, water
resources and water level in the region of Bundelkhand.
Contacted people from MNRE, IREDA and NABARD to get a better understanding
of the policies and mechanism to avail subsidy and soft loan.
Visited fields in bundelkhand (Jhansi and adjoining areas) to get primary data related
to:
o Water head (10-100mts)
o Soil type (red soil)
o Agricultural Practices ( two crops/year)
o Water availability details
o Grid supply pattern(4-6hrs/day)
These details helped us to customize the solar water pumping system for the specific
locations.
Pay-per-use model.
30
After evaluating the various models pay-per-use modelwas found to be most viable and
therefore was selected during the implementation stage.
31
by three mountain ranges, the Vindhya, Fauna and Bander chains, the highest elevation not
exceeding 600 meters above sea-level. Beyond these ranges the country is further diversified
by isolated hills rising abruptly from a common level, and presenting from their steep and
nearly inaccessible scarps eligible sites for forts and strongholds of local kings. The general
slope of the country is towards the northeast, as indicated by the course of the rivers which
traverse or bound the territory, and finally discharge themselves into the Yamuna River.
Bundelkhand
Dhasan and Chambal. The Kali Sindh, rising in Malwa, marks the western frontier of
Bundelkhand. Parallel to this river, but further east, is the course of the Betwa. Still farther to
the east flows the Ken, followed in succession by the Bagahin and Tons. The Yamuna and the
Ken are the only two navigable rivers. Notwithstanding the large number of streams, the
depression of their channels and height of their banks render them for the most part
unsuitable for the purposes of irrigation, which is conducted by means of ponds and tanks.
These artificial lakes are usually formed by throwing embankments across the lower
extremities of valleys, and thus arresting and impounding the waters flowing through them.
32
33
3.1.4 Climate
The Bundelkhand Region is marked by extremes of temperature, reaching the mid to upper
40s centigrade during the summer months and dropping as low as 1 degree centigrade in
winter. During the summer season, high temperatures in the plain cause low pressure areas
that induce movement of the monsoon. The temperature begins to rise in February and peaks
in May-June. Hot breezes known locally as loo are common during this period.
The rainfall distribution pattern is irregular, with approximately 90% of all rainfall in the
region caused by the monsoon, falling from June to October. Average rainfall per year is 800900mm but most is lost to runoff. July and August are the months of maximum rainfall, while
November and April are the driest months of the year. The scant winter rainfall is useful for
the cultivation of rabi crops, but it is usually inadequate without access to supplementary
irrigation sources.
3.1.5 Population and human development
The Bundelkhand region is characterized by some of the lowest levels of per capita income
and human development in the country. Literacy levels are poor, especially among women,
and infant mortality is relatively high. Local inhabitants rely primarily on subsistence rainfed
single crop agriculture and small-scale livestock production for their livelihood, with wheat,
grams and oil seeds the predominant crops. Population density in the region largely correlates
with such factors as soil types, natural vegetation, industrialization, and urbanization. In rural
areas, rising population has led to fragmentation of family land holdings. Human pressures on
the existing natural resource base are compounded by livestock pressures: the human to cattle
(or livestock) ratio is relatively high, almost 1:1, compared with a national ratio of 1:.45.. In
addition, the growth of private land ownership and past environmental mismanagement of
lands have led to the rapid decline of forest cover, reducing traditional sources of fuel, fodder
and food. These factors, combined with limited rainfall and fresh water resources, have
resulted in low agricultural productivity. Many families are no longer able to meet their
subsistence needs. Temporary and long-term out-migration of males from rural villages in
search of alternative sources of livelihood has become increasingly common.
3.1.6 Water sources and availability
Water sources are varied and often seasonal, ranging from ponds, tanks, lakes and streams to
open wells, bore wells and irrigation canals radiating out from large-scale dams. Most
34
agriculture is single-crop rainfed with supplementary water from private open irrigation
wells. Thus, large numbers of farmers are highly dependent on the monsoon rains to recharge
these wells.
3.2 Agriculture in Bundelkhand
Agriculture in Bundelkhand is vastly rain-dependent, diverse, complex, under-invested, risky
and vulnerable. In addition, extreme weather conditions, like droughts, short-term rain and
flooding in fields add to the uncertainties and seasonal migrations.
3.2.1 The Critical Conditions in the Region of Bundelkhand
The scarcity of water in the semi-arid region, with poor soil and low productivity further
aggravates the problem of food security. With a population of approximately 21 million in
Bundelkhand, 82.32 per cent is rural and more than one third of the households in these areas
are considered to be Below the Poverty Line (BPL).
The poverty situation in the region has also become extremely critical in the recent years.
This is because of lack of employment and lack of opportunities. The insecurity of
livelihoods and lack of supportive governance have led to forced large-scale migration of the
local population. Further, climatic uncertainties, leading to extended and frequent spells of
drought and drastically reduced agricultural yields, have also aggravated the problem.
3.3 Unavailability and erratic grid supply in Bundelkhand
The Power supply in most of the regions of Bundelkhand is erratic and uncertain. Most of the
rural regions are still not connected to the grid, and even those connected get a supply of 4-6
hours a day. In such a scenario, diesel pumps turn out to be an option but not a feasible one
due to the high cost operating and maintenance cost involved.Mini grid or off-grid solutions
thus are the need of the hour.
35
CROP IRRIGATION
GRID POWER
Unavailable
Intermittent
Infrastructure
dependent
DIESEL
High running
cost
Inconvenient
Polluting
SOLAR
Convenient
Reliable
Standalone
Renewable
No
Solar
Solar pumps provide electricity and irrigation water in a non disruptive way
Figure 3.2 Solar- A solution to the water and electricity problem in Bundelkhand
36
to everyone, unlike other sources. With dwindling supplies of petroleum,gas and coal,tapping
solar energy is a logical and necessary course of action.
Solar Power
Put most simply, Solar Power is a way of converting sunlight into a useful energy source.
There are two ways of using solar energy; as heat and as electricity. Devices like solar water
heaters, driers and solar cookers use the heat to produce hot water, to dry grains or to cook
food respectively. This way of using solar energy is called solar thermal. On the other hand,
solar panels use the light to produce electricity, which can then be used for multitude of
purposes.
Here are the main advantages of solar energy.
Ideal for remote areas, where electricity is not reliable and diesel is difficult to obtain.
Safe to handle. Once installed properly, most devices can be used by laymen without
risk.
Can be used as stand alone or grid connected systems as well as with other
energysources as hybrid systems.
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans
since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy
technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal
electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to
solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.
37
38
heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make
considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.
3.5.1 Photovoltaic cells (PV)
Photovoltaic cells are devices which collect the light and convert it into electricity. The cells
are wired in series, sealed between sheets of glass or plastic, and supported inside a metal
frame. These frames are called solar modules or panels. They are used to power a variety of
applications ranging from calculators and wrist-watches to complete home systems and large
power plants.
PV cells are made of thin silicon wafers; a semi-conducting material similar to that used in
computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks
electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to
produce electricity. This process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called
the photovoltaic effect.
39
Monocrystalline
Polycrystalline
Amorphous
40
Watt: the unit of measuring the power i.e. the rate at which energy is supplied.
Watt peak (Wp): measures the capacity of the panel. It is the maximum amount of power the
solar panel can produce under standard test conditions. It is called the rated power of the solar
panel. Peak sunshine hours: the equivalent number of hours each day when the intensity
ofsunshine over one square meter is enough theoretically to produce 1000 watts ofenergy. For
India, the average is 5.5 hrs.
PV cell performance:
The performance of a PV cell is measured in terms of its efficiency at turning sunlight into
electricity. Only sunlight of certain energies will work efficiently to create electricity, and
most of it is reflected or absorbed by the material that makes up the cell. Because of this, a
typical commercial PV cell has an efficiency of 10-16%. This means that about one-eighth of
the sunlight striking the cell generates electricity.
Solar panels work on light, not heat. So, as long as there is some light, even if its cloudy, the
cells continue producing a certain amount of electricity. The amount of electricity produced
however varies significantly and is lower during rainy days.
PV applications
The applications vary from small simple lanterns to large elaborate power plants.
Communities, small industries and institutions like schools, for lighting as well as
forpowering television sets, computers, etc.
41
Such solar refrigerators are also utilised to store blood plasma. WHO supports
programmes that install solar power for medical purposes.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentrate
sunlight onto receivers that collect the solar energy and convert it to heat. This thermal
energy can then be used to produce electricity via a steam turbine or heat engine driving a
generator. Following are the types of CSP technologies deployed in solar thermal systems:
a. Power Tower
b. Parabolic Trough
c. Stirling Dish Engine
42
Principle of Solar Thermal To convert solar energy into heat energy by absorbing it.
Principle components
Solar collector to covert energy efficiently
Medium for energy transport
Water/ air /others
Storage system to overcome the mismatch
between energy available and demand
Systems to transport and use energy/ medium
Control systems
Table 3.1 Components of Solar Thermal System
Low
Medium
High
Temperature (>
Temperature
Temperature (>
30C)
(30C 100C)
100C)
Electricity generation
Commercial cafeterias, laundries,
hotels
43
The solar water pumping system is a stand-alone system operating on power generated using
solar PV (photovoltaic)system. The power generated by solar cells is used for operating DC
surface centrifugal mono-block pumpset for lifting water from bore / open well or water
reservoir for irrigation and drinking water purpose.
3.6.1 Introduction
Unlike conventional diesel or electrical pumps, solar pumps are powered by an array of solar
panels. Solar pumps are designed to operate on DC power produced by solar panels. These
pumps are gaining popularity all over the world wherever electricity is either unavailable or
unreliable. Solar pumps are becoming a preferred choice in remote locations to replace diesel
44
pumps. In such places, solar pumps are even viable economically in comparison to extension
of grid or running the pump on diesel.
3.6.2 Advantages
Along with the environmental advantages of solar power, solar pumps offer many other
advantages as well.
Low operating cost: One of the important advantages is the negligible operating costof the
pump. Since there is no fuel required for the pump like electricity or diesel, the operating cost
is minimal.
Low maintenance: A well-designed solar system requires little maintenance beyond cleaning
of the panels once a week.
Harmonious with nature: Another important advantage is that it gives maximum water
output when it is most needed i.e. in hot and dry months. Slow solar pumping allows us to
utilize low-yield water sources.
Flexibility: The panels need not be right beside the well. They can be anywhere up to 20
meters/ 60 feet away from the well, or anywhere you need the water. So, it offers freedom
regarding the placement of panels.
These pumps can also be turned on and off as per the requirement, provided the period
between two operations is more than 30 seconds.
3.6.3 Limitations
Variable yield: The water yield of the solar pump changes according to the sunlight. It is
highest around noon and least in the early morning and evening. This variability should be
taken into consideration while planning the irrigation.
Dry operation: The submersible pump has an in-built protection against dry run. However,
the surface pumps are very sensitive to dry run. A dry run of 15 minutes or more can cause
considerable damage to a surface pump.
45
Water quality: As with any other pump, solar pumps work best if the water is clean, devoid
of sand or mud. However, if the water is not so clean, it is advisable to clean the well before
installation or use a good filter at the end of the immersed pipe.
Theft: Theft of solar panels can be a problem in some areas. So the farmers need to take
necessary precautions. Ideally, the solar system should insured against theft as well as natural
hazards like lightning.
3.6.4 Solar v/s Diesel
A tight matching of peak irrigation demand and solar power supply during day
Solar
Advantage
Cost
Improved management of peak power demand between urban and rural areas
Power
Operation &
Maintenanc
Health &
Environmen
Societal
46
47
output of water, a manual tracking device is fixed to the support structure. Tracking increases
the output of water by allowing the panels to face the sun as it moves across the sky.
Foundations (array and pump): Foundations are provided for support structures and pump.
Electrical interconnections: A set of cables of appropriate size, junction boxes, connectors
and switches are provided along with the installation.
Earthing kit: Earthing kit is provided for safety in case of lightning or short circuit.
Plumbing: Pipes and fittings required to connect the pump come as part of the installation.
Figure
3.6
Diagrammatic
representation of solar
pumping system
All the components apart from the
called balance of system. It is necessary to choose
carefully according to requirements and field conditions so as to make the best use of the
system. It must be kept in mind that unlike electricity grid, the solar system provides limited
48
energy. So, solar pumping systems must be managed so that the energy collected by the solar
cell module balances the amount of electricity used by the pump.
3.7 Types of pumps
3.7.1 Centrifugal pump
The term centrifugal means moving or directed away from the center (or axis).
Centrifugal pumps are the most commonly used to move liquid through a piping
system. A centrifugal pump has two main components, one moving and the other
stationary. The moving component consists of an impeller and a shaft. The stationary
component consists of a casing, cover, and bearings.
Fluid enters pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis, and is accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it
exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal acceleration creates energy
proportional to the speed of the impeller. The faster the impeller rotates, the faster the
fluid movement and the stronger its force.
Based on the direction of flow relative to the axis of the shaft, impellers can be
classified into the following:
The number of impellers determines the number of stages of a pump. Based on the
stages, centrifugal pumps can be classified into the following:
Single-stage pump - It has one impeller and is suitable for low-head service
Two-stage pump - This has two impellers mounted in series and are apt for mediumhead service
Multi-stage pump - It has three or more impellers mounted in series for high-head
service such as deep-well pumps
49
3.7.2Submersible pump
A submersible pump is one that is immersed in water. It pumps water by displacement.
Submersible pumps are suited both to deep well and to surface water sources. Most deep
wells use submersible pumps. These pumps are costlier but have a longer life and greater
reliability than surface pumps.
3.8 Choice of pump
Solar pumps are available in different capacities. For wells deeper than that, a submersible
pump is moreadvisable.The choice of solar pump depends on the quantity of water required
& the depth at whichwater is available.To design a system, however, it is necessary to view
the whole picture and consider allthe resources. So, the final installation must be based on a
thorough site study by theexperts.
Generally surface pumps of not more than 2 hp are used for irrigation purposes.
3.9Solar Pumping Model for the Project:
This model offers solar powered pumping solution that is sustainable and pollution free, and
has less than five years of payback period against diesel power.
The model has engineered an optimal solution that is offered to farmers. System integration
expertise between solar modules and centrifugal pumps that is enabled via a power
electronics middleware has been developed.A proprietary intelligent controller and variable
frequency drive solution have been developed that facilitates optimized system configuration,
which is more reliable and low in cost. The solutions are customized according to the need of
a particular farmer. Both AC and DC solar pumping solutions are provided that covers all
types of irrigation need in various parts of rural India.
In addition, an Online Remote Monitoring and Control Systemhasbeen developed that allows
online monitoring of the performance of the solar pump. It allows user to monitor as well as
control the system remotely, including system ON and OFF, power control, and water
discharge control.
50
Solar panels: Solar panel is a device which is used to convert energy contained withinthe
suns rays into electricity.
A photovoltaic module is an interconnected collection of cells combined into one item.
Solar modules allow for a wide range of varying sizes of solar panel products to be
manufactured.When a number of solar or photovoltaic modules are installed together, this is
commonly referred to as a solar array, or photovoltaic array.Arrays are a great way to increase
the potential of a solar electricity system, to provide a greater output of electricity.
The use of solar/photovoltaic panels allows us to generate electricity in remote corners of the
earth, or outer-space. This can be extremely useful when there is no other source of electricity
in the specific area.
51
There are two main forms of solar panels which are able to achieve different goals.. A
different design of solar panels which are increasing in popularity all the time, are the solar
water heating panels, which can be used to provide all or part of a homes hot water supply,
heat swimming pools, or be used for other purposes.
When using solar electricity panels, there will most likely be some form of battery storage
attached to the system. This allows for the storage of electricity (produced through the day) to
be used at a later date (such as at night).
Solar cells can be a great way to provide a boost to your electricity supply in a range of
different global locations, while also helping to lower your electricity bills, and helping the
fight against climate change.
Centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating
the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump.
Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is
accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye
that continuously draws more fluid into the pump.
The energy created by the pump is kinetic energy according the Bernoulli Equation. The
energy transferred to the liquid corresponds to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the
impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, the higher will the
velocity of the liquid energy transferred to the liquid be. This is described by the Affinity
Laws.
52
perpendicularly onto the solar panels. Thus, the work is divided into three main parts namely
the mounting system, the tracking controller system and the electrical power system.
In solar tracking systems, solar panels are mounted on a structure which moves to track the
movement of the sun throughout the day. There are three methods of tracking: active,
passive and chronological tracking. These methods can then be configured either as singleaxis or dual-axis solar trackers. In active tracking, the position of the sun in the sky during the
day is continuously determined by sensors. The sensors will trigger the motor or actuator to
move the mounting system so that the solar panels will always face the sun throughout the
day. This method of sun-tracking is reasonably accurate except on very cloudy days when it
is hard for the sensor to determine the position of the sun in the sky thus making it hard to
reorient the structure.
A single-axis solar tracker follows the movement of the sun from east to west by rotating the
structure along the vertical axis. The solar panels are usually tilted at a fixed angle
corresponding to the latitude of the location. The use of single-axis tracking can increase the
electricity yield by as much as 27 to 32 percent.
On the other hand, a dual-axis solar tracker follows the angular height position of the sun in
the sky in addition to following the suns east-west movement .The dual-axis tracking
increases the electricity output as much as 35 to 40 percent.
53
MPPT/VFD integration
Solar arrays have a power curve with a maximum power point and the device that sets this
point is called a Maximum Power Point Tracker.A MPPT, or maximum power point tracker is
an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the match between the solar array (PV
panels), and the battery bank or utility grid. To put it simply, they convert a higher voltage
DC output from solar panels (and a few wind generators) down to the lower voltage needed
to charge batteries.A maximum power point tracker (or MPPT) is a high efficiency DC to DC
converter which functions as an optimal electrical load for a photovoltaic (PV) cell, most
commonly for a solar panel or array, and converts the power to a voltage or current level
which is more suitable to whatever load the system is designed to drive.In any applications
which PV module is energy source, MPPT is used to correct for detecting the variations in the
current-voltage characteristics of solar cell and shown by I-V curve.MPPT solar charge
controller is necessary for any solar power systems need to extract maximum power from PV
module; it forces PV module to operate at voltage close to maximum power point to draw
maximum available power.MPPT allows users to use PV module with a higher voltage output
than operating voltage of battery system.For example, if PV module has to be placed far away
from charge controller and battery, its wire size must be very large to reduce voltage drop.
With a MPPT solar charge controller, users can wire PV module for 24 or 48 V (depending on
charge controller and PV modules) and bring power into 12 or 24 V battery system. This
means it reduces the wire size needed while retaining full output of PV module.
MPPT solar charge controller reduces complexity of system while output of system is high
efficiency. Additionally, it can be applied to use with more energy sources. Since PV output
power is used to control DC-DC converter directly.
MPPT solar charge controller can be applied to other renewable energy sources such as small
water turbines, wind-power turbines, etc.
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By using an AC variable speed controller called a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), the pump
motor will have the proper voltage and current. The trick is to supply DC from the PV array
directly into the DC bus inside the VFD. The normal AC input is not used.
As the sun rises and PV voltage and current increase, some VFD products will accept the
input and when the power is high enough, it will start the pump. The PV array must be large
enough to provide enough power to start the pump with including the head of water. The size
of the PV array required for this method can be very expensive.
This method will only pump when there is plenty of sunshine, but large pumps can be driven
by large PV arrays. Selecting the right pump and the VFD are critical factors then they will
dictate the size of the PV array.
The devised dolution provides a web-based data analysis interface that allows the user to
perform various pump related operations
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place, the better. A viable business model is a key determinant (along with product
development) in obtaining funding. Also, a business model must be scalable. Investors must
be able to envision a start-ups business model (from an organizational and process
perspective) as the company grows.
A business model describes the value an organization offers to its customers. It illustrates the
capabilities and resources required to create, market and deliver this value, and to generate
profitable, sustainable revenue streams.
In principle, a business model does not matter to customers; it is important to the company
and the organization of its business. The business model determines the external relationships
with suppliers, customers and partners. However, it is primarily focused on the companys
business processes.
4.3 How the business model works
The business model describes, as a system, how the components of the business (i.e.,
organizational strategy, business processes) fit together to produce a profit. It answers the
question,How does this business work? The answer to the question consists of two parts:
1. It includes a description of the efforts that generate sales, which produce revenue. The
value proposition is delivered to the target customer through a distribution channel. The flow
and update of the value proposition is influenced by the relationship capital created through
the companys marketing activities.
2. It includes a description of the value-generating parts that make up the cost structure. A
companys value proposition is created through the application of its key functions and
abilities, through a configuration of operational activities that includes input and interaction
with a partner network.
At a conceptual level, a business model includes all aspects of a companys approach to
developing a profitable offering and delivering it to its target customers. A review of the
relevant literature reveals that more than 40 different components such as target customer,
type of offering and pricing approach have been included in various definitions of
business models put forward over the past few decades, with much of the variation stemming
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from differences between the industries and circumstances in which a definition has been
applied.
For our purposes, we will explore the concept of a business model by addressing several core
questions that the majority of business model researchers deal within their models:
Even though the concept of business model is potentially relevant to all companies, But it has
a special relevance in case of solar water pumping because solar water pumping is not just a
model but a solution pertaining to specific geographical conditions and therefore different
Business models may be applicable according to different condition.
The Bottom Line
By engaging in business model experimentation with a small, focused team, companies can
accomplish three important goals. First, they can understand the implications of different
business models and make clearer, better informed decisions about where and how they want
to compete. Second, they can identify the business models that will create the most value for
customers and themselves and appropriately leverage their existing resources. And third, they
can use business model innovation to extract the maximum potential from other growthfocused activities their technical R&D, customer insight and strategic development efforts.
Given the high potential of business model innovation and how few companies have
mastered it, we see business model experimentation as a potent source of competitive
advantage.
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Pay-Per-Use
Lease Back
Shared channel
Direct Sale
4.4.1 Pay Per Use Model: In pay-per-use models, customers typically pay for each use
instead of owning an asset. A Pay-Per-Use approach in which consumers pay lower costs for
each use of a group-owned facility, product, or service. This limits the impact on their cash
flow while the sheer numbers of consumers makes the proposition sufficiently attractive for
third party providers models share certain features:
Accommodating terms, in which customers pay as they have cash available (or may
subscribe for a set quantity of product or service) and may collect the product or service at
centralized distribution point or pay surcharge for delivery. Products can be metered, prepaid, rented, sold in individual portions, etc.
Group infrastructure, which is provided not for individuals or families but for a larger
aggregation yielding higher efficiency and lower unit costs than individual assets. Local
(village-level) management provides day-today operations of facilities, distribution, accounts,
equipment maintenance (engaging equipment suppliers, repairmen), etc., and a collective
local entity often serves as a means of enforcement (e.g. timely payments).
Third-party administration, which an external entrepreneur e.g. an individual, firm,
NGO, village consortium undertakes to organize and provide services or products to a
low-income market (typically a village or group of villages), bringing requisite
administrative, operational, financial, marketing expertise/experience/success.
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Although Indias retail sector is changing rapidly,45 formalretail outlets target primarily
upper income groups in urbanareas. These channels rarely provide the education or
push needed to vend socially beneficial products such as condoms, water purifiers,
solar lanterns, and insurance down toward the base of the pyramid. As such, it
is imperative but difficult to find suitable channels able to reach low-income
customers and also fulfill important customer education or sensitization roles. The
task is made harder by the fact that many socially beneficial products are push
products, unfamiliar to the low-income segments and requiring behavior change or
paying for something they formerly received free. Credit is a notable exception, and
its presence can at least create a pull context, but cannot solve these problems
alone. And as indicated above, borrowers have distinct preferences for their creditenabled
purchases.
Not surprisingly, the traditional way of selling socially beneficial products is by
creating a proprietary sales force and along with after sales, service, and other
primary functions use it to provide any needed customer education. Although it
may seem obvious, this was the single most frequently occurring mistake the study
found. Custom channels often result in uncompetitive product prices and nonscalable
business models. Because socially beneficial products need to be pricedas low as possible to
reach the greatest number of potential customers, expensive proprietary distribution channels
add to ticket price and thus diminish the potentialmarket. So too do attempts to employ poor
people in proprietary distribution channelsas an explicit part of the distribution strategy.
4.4.3 Direct Sales:A direct sales business model involves the marketing of a product or
service directly to the customer without the use of advertising, distribution or retail outlets. A
direct-selling approach utilizes a sales staff that employs personal demonstrations and
presentations to explain the uses of potentially complicated or involved services. The direct
sales business model eliminates the middleman and increases the sale-to-delivery speed of a
companys products to consumers. Popularized by Dell, this model capitalizes on customers
who buy directly from the manufacturer. Since no additional margins are paid to middlemen,
the cost of sales is less, and customers buy at reduced prices. For example, airlines often give
a small discount to customers who book tickets on their Web sites. Some manufacturers may
prefer, however, to use middlemen to streamline the sales process, share the costs for local
marketing, and reduce costs by consolidating goods and services for distribution.
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The following is the snap shot of the excel sheet of the Pay-Per-Use business model for solar
pumping in bundelkhand:
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5.CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The detailed analysis of the various solar policies , financial inclusions and extensive study of
Bundelkhand region let me to conclude that Pay-Per-Use
Business model was the most suited and financially viable for the considered sites of
bundelkhand.
The selection of a specific business model is totally a function of the region being considered,
no model is in general a best model. Different models will be most suited for different
situations.
It was also found that solar appears to be the best alternative source of energy in case of
bundelkhnad where grid supply is erratic and majorly unavailable and solar pumping is a
more viable option in comparison of the DIGI pump sets because of the ever increasing price
of diesel and high maintenance charges.
The government should focus on the solar energy taking into consideration the present energy
scenario. Government should create an enabling environment for solar water pumping by
introducing policy initiatives and subsidy schemes.
Future scope
Replication of similar projects in agrigane region of India and other country countries
Solar water pumping could be extended to the verticals of drinking water and water
purification which form one of the major problem of Bundelkhand region.
Extension to battery system could be done so that surplus power could be stored and
used for other purposes.
Also, systems such as mobile charging unit could be attached to the system which
becomes an alternative source of income for the owner of the solar pumping system.
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5.2 Recommendations
Solar pumps must be sized for the specific location of use, considering local solar
irradiance.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Central Electricity Authority , All India Regionwise Generating Installed
Capacity(MW) of Power utilities Including allocated shares in joint and central sector
utilities available at http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/jul12/8.pdf
5. MNRE,
http://www.energynext.in/grid-connected-solar-power-capacity-india-reaches-104067-mw-2012-says-mnre-minister/
9. Journal of Applied Sciences 11(7): 1371-1375, 2011 2011 Asian Network for
Scientific Information
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